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The venous system during pregnancy. Part 1: physiologic considerations on the venous system. Int J Obstet Anesth 2022; 50:103273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2022.103273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hariharan A, Weir N, Robertson C, He L, Betsholtz C, Longden TA. The Ion Channel and GPCR Toolkit of Brain Capillary Pericytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:601324. [PMID: 33390906 PMCID: PMC7775489 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.601324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain pericytes reside on the abluminal surface of capillaries, and their processes cover ~90% of the length of the capillary bed. These cells were first described almost 150 years ago (Eberth, 1871; Rouget, 1873) and have been the subject of intense experimental scrutiny in recent years, but their physiological roles remain uncertain and little is known of the complement of signaling elements that they employ to carry out their functions. In this review, we synthesize functional data with single-cell RNAseq screens to explore the ion channel and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) toolkit of mesh and thin-strand pericytes of the brain, with the aim of providing a framework for deeper explorations of the molecular mechanisms that govern pericyte physiology. We argue that their complement of channels and receptors ideally positions capillary pericytes to play a central role in adapting blood flow to meet the challenge of satisfying neuronal energy requirements from deep within the capillary bed, by enabling dynamic regulation of their membrane potential to influence the electrical output of the cell. In particular, we outline how genetic and functional evidence suggest an important role for Gs-coupled GPCRs and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in this context. We put forth a predictive model for long-range hyperpolarizing electrical signaling from pericytes to upstream arterioles, and detail the TRP and Ca2+ channels and Gq, Gi/o, and G12/13 signaling processes that counterbalance this. We underscore critical questions that need to be addressed to further advance our understanding of the signaling topology of capillary pericytes, and how this contributes to their physiological roles and their dysfunction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Hariharan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nick Weir
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Colin Robertson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Liqun He
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Huddinge (MedH), Karolinska Institutet & Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Thomas A Longden
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Hayashi R, Ohmori E, Moriwaki M, Kumagai H, Isogaya M. Indolylpiperidine derivatives as potent and selective α1B adrenoceptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3921-3. [PMID: 26238322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel indolylpiperidine derivatives were synthesized, and their pharmacological profiles were assessed at rat α1A and α1B adrenoceptors through in vitro binding studies. Compound 12 (2-(3-(4-(6-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl)propyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline) was a potent α1B adrenoceptor antagonist (Ki=0.61 nM) and was about 40-fold more selective for the α1B adrenoceptor than for the α1A adrenoceptor. In addition, useful structure-activity relationship information was acquired for further improving selectivity for the α1B adrenoceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Hayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan.
| | - Eiji Ohmori
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Moriwaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kumagai
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Masafumi Isogaya
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
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Lewis H, Lewis J. Safe and effective methylphenidate therapy in a pediatric patient with glaucoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:37-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-012-0071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The overactive bladder is a common and distressing condition that has a significant impact on the quality of life of many people worldwide. Anticholinergics remain the first line in pharmacotherapy, however the use of these agents is hindered by adverse effects and limited efficacy. Thus there is a need for more effective treatments. Recently, there has been a move towards targeting novel pathways thought to play a role in overactivity. This review aims to provide an insight into the recent developments in pharmacotherapy of the overactive bladder. RECENT FINDINGS With recent advances in our understanding of the basic science of the overactive bladder it is becoming clear that the control of bladder functioning is far more complex than previously believed. Peripherally, a prominent role has emerged for the urothelium and the underlying suburothelium in mechanosensory control, and the role of afferent pathways in pathophysiology is increasingly recognized. SUMMARY Recent research has highlighted several potential targets for treatment of the overactive bladder, particularly within the mechanosensory pathways. With the exception of botulinum toxin, however, few new therapies have emerged showing clinical benefits. A clearer understanding of the pathophysiology of the bladder will hopefully lead to more effective and tolerated treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna J Sellers
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
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Takahashi S, Tajima A, Matsushima H, Kawamura T, Tominaga T, Kitamura T. Clinical efficacy of an alpha1A/D-adrenoceptor blocker (naftopidil) on overactive bladder symptoms in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Urol 2006; 13:15-20. [PMID: 16448426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2006.01222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM We evaluated the efficacy of an alpha1a/d blocker, naftopidil, on storage symptoms in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), using frequency/volume charts (FVC). METHODS A total of 81 patients with BPH (52-91 years, mean age 69.0 years) were studied. The inclusion criteria were: (i) one or more episode(s) of urinary urgency/day; (ii) a score of eight or more points on the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS); and (iii) three or more points in any of the scores for three items (frequency, nocturia, and urgency) of the I-PSS. The patients received 50-75 mg/day of naftopidil for 6 weeks. All the patients were examined for 2-day FVC before and after the administration of naftopidil. I-PSS, quality of life index, and uroflowmetry were also evaluated. RESULTS Total I-PSS decreased from 19.1 to 10.5 points (P < 0.0001), with significant improvement of both storage and voiding symptom scores (P < 0.0001, both). The score for urgency decreased from 3.1 to 1.4 (P < 0.0001). Daytime and night-time frequency decreased from 9.3 to 8.0 (P < 0.0001) and from 2.7 to 2.0 (P = 0.0009), respectively. Mean volume/void increased from 174.0 to 188.6 mL (P = 0.0453). Nocturia decreased from 3.2 to 2.3 (P < 0.0001) in 40 patients who suffered from nocturia two times or more. Notably, significant improvement of nocturia was observed in the patients both with and without nocturnal polyuria (P = 0.0006 and 0.0135, respectively). CONCLUSION The alpha1a/d blocker naftopidil improves not only voiding symptoms but also storage symptoms, and is effective for nocturia in patients with BPH regardless of the existence of nocturnal polyuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hayashi R, Ohmori E, Isogaya M, Moriwaki M, Kumagai H. Design and synthesis of selective alpha1B adrenoceptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4045-7. [PMID: 16723224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel indolylpiperidine derivatives were synthesized and assessed for their pharmacological profiles at alpha1 adrenoceptor subtypes by in vitro binding studies at rat alpha1A and alpha1B receptors. Compound 11 was a potent (Ki=0.63 nM) and selective (approximately 30-fold more selective for the alpha1B receptor than for the alpha1A receptor) alpha1B adrenoceptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Hayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 1111 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan.
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Chen Q, Takahashi S, Zhong S, Hosoda C, Zheng HY, Ogushi T, Fujimura T, Ohta N, Tanoue A, Tsujimoto G, Kitamura T. FUNCTION OF THE LOWER URINARY TRACT IN MICE LACKING α1d-ADRENOCEPTOR. J Urol 2005; 174:370-4. [PMID: 15947692 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000161210.17365.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE alpha1-Adrenoceptor (AR) blockers are known to relieve not only voiding symptoms, but also storage symptoms in elderly men. We investigated lower urinary tract function in mice lacking alpha1d-AR using frequency/volume analysis and filling cystometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 10, 12-week-old female alpha1d-knockout (KO) mice and 10 age matched female wild-type (WT) mice were studied. Each mouse was placed in a metabolic cage connected to a digital scale and personal computer. Under a 12/12-hour dark/light photocycle voiding frequency and volume were recorded for 48 hours. After frequency/volume analysis filling cystometry was performed with the mice awake and without restraint. The expression of alpha1-AR subtype mRNA in the bladder of mice in each group was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Mean daily voiding frequency +/- SD in alpha1d-KO mice was 9.0 +/- 2.1, significantly lower than 15.9 +/- 5.2 in WT mice (p = 0.0048). Mean volume per void in alpha1d-KO mice was significantly larger than in WT mice (0.24 +/- 0.02 vs 0.16 +/- 0.03 ml, p = 0.0096). Similarly cystometric analysis demonstrated larger bladder capacity (140%, p = 0.0008) and voided volume (146%, p = 0.0048) in alpha1d-KO mice compared with those in WT mice. No significant difference in maximum pressure at void was observed between the 2 groups. In WT mice the amount of alpha1a, alpha1b and alpha1d-AR subtype mRNA in the bladder was 5.2 +/- 0.7, 1.0 +/- 0.1 and 6.3 +/- 0.7 gene copies per ng total RNA, respectively. In contrast, alpha1d-AR transcript was not detectable in alpha1d-KO mice but alpha1a and alpha1b-AR expression was similar to that in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the alpha1d-AR subtype has an important role in regulating bladder function. They theoretically support a clinical finding that alpha1-blockers with significant affinity for alpha1d-AR are effective for treating storage symptoms associated with benign prostatic obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Salvatore S, Soligo M, Proietti F, Citterio S, Artibani W, Milani R. Overactive bladder syndrome: considerations in pharmacotherapy and new perspectives. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 120:129-33. [PMID: 15925039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The great epidemiological relevance of the overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome and its impact on quality of life of sufferers has encouraged a growing amount of research both in basic science and in clinical fields, with the pharmacological treatment of OAB syndrome being particularly investigated. Recently a new perspective for the use of alpha-lytic drugs in the treatment of OAB syndrome has been disclosed due to encouraging anecdotal data, and to the identification of different adrenoceptor subtypes in the female lower urinary tract. Starting with a reference picture of female lower urinary tract disorders, the authors review the present pharmacological treatment of female lower urinary tract disorders, and delineate the new perspectives acquired from recent studies of adrenoceptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Salvatore
- Department of Gynaecologic Surgery, Bassini Hospital, University of Milan, Bicocca, Via Ciro Menotti 76, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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Romeo G, Materia L, Salerno L, Russo F, Minneman KP. Novel antagonists for α1-adrenoceptor subtypes. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.5.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Haight AR, Bailey AE, Baker WS, Cain MH, Copp RR, DeMattei JA, Ford KL, Henry RF, Hsu MC, Keyes RF, King SA, McLaughlin MA, Melcher LM, Nadler WR, Oliver PA, Parekh SI, Patel HH, Seif LS, Staeger MA, Wayne GS, Wittenberger SJ, Zhang W. A Scaleable Synthesis of Fiduxosin. Org Process Res Dev 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/op049889k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Haight
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Anne E. Bailey
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - William S. Baker
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Michael H. Cain
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Richard R. Copp
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - John A. DeMattei
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Kelley L. Ford
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Rodger F. Henry
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Margaret C. Hsu
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Robert F. Keyes
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Steven A. King
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Maureen A. McLaughlin
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Laura M. Melcher
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - William R. Nadler
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Patricia A. Oliver
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Shyamal I. Parekh
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Hemant H. Patel
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Louis S. Seif
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Mike A. Staeger
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Gregory S. Wayne
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Steven J. Wittenberger
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
| | - Weijiang Zhang
- GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Building R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, U.S.A
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Hernández Fernández C, Moncada Iribarren I, Jara Rascón J, Castaño González I, Moralejo Gárate M. Tratamiento con doxazosina en 3.347 pacientes con síntomas del tracto urinario inferior. efecto sobre su función sexual. estudio impros. Actas Urol Esp 2004; 28:290-7. [PMID: 15248400 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(04)73077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An open, non-comparative, multicenter study was performed to ascertain the prevalence in Spain of erectile dysfunction (ED) associated to benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), with moderate to severe urinary symptoms, and to confirm the improvement or disappearance of ED in response to treatment with 4 mg/day of Doxazosin. METHODS Out of the 3901 patients recruited 3545 took the medication and 3347 completed all the protocol visits. BPH patients were considered to have some degree of erectile dysfunction when they reported a difficulty for obtaining and/or maintaining an erection in the four weeks prior to their inclusion in the study (questions 3 and 4 of the International Index of Erectile Function). All the patients were treated with Doxazosin at increasing doses: from 1 mg/day up to 4 mg/day thereafter until 6 months of medication were completed. RESULTS The mean number of patients showing erectile dysfunction was 69.1%, ranging from 48.3% in the 40-49 years age group to 76.3% in the group aged from 60 to 69 years. In most Spanish regions, the prevalence of ED ranged from 76.9% in Cantabria to 67.2% in Aragon. The mean number of patients in whom erectile dysfunction disappeared after treatment, with a 95% confidence interval, was 4.5%, ranging from 17.5% in the 40-49 age group to 1.1% in the over 70s. CONCLUSIONS ED is a symptom very often associated to BPH, even in relatively young men. Doxazosin appears to have a beneficial effect in ED improvement, particularly in the younger patients.
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Kumar V, Templeman L, Chapple CR, Chess-Williams R. Recent developments in the management of detrusor overactivity. Curr Opin Urol 2003; 13:285-91. [PMID: 12811292 DOI: 10.1097/00042307-200307000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Detrusor overactivity is a relatively common yet embarrassing symptom complex with significant impact on quality of life. The mainstay of current pharmacological treatment involves use of muscarinic receptor antagonists, but their therapeutic efficacy is limited by their troublesome side effects resulting in the non-continuance of treatment in a significant number of patients. Therefore, the development of new drugs can proceed by targeting alternative pathways affecting detrusor overactivity. In this article, the pharmacological basis for the current therapeutic alternatives for managing detrusor overactivity and possible future developments are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS It is clear that far from being a passive container for urine, the urothelium is a crucial part of the bladder. Its functions are complex, dynamic and important, and only now becoming understood. The release of ATP from urothelium in response to distension and its action on P2X receptors resulting in activating both motor and sensory neurons is being increasingly recognised. In the normal bladder, muscarinic receptor stimulation produces the main part of detrusor contraction. However, in functionally abnormal bladders, a non-cholinergic activation via the purinergic receptors may occur. The central nervous mechanisms controlling the micturition reflex have also recently attracted attention. SUMMARY Recent research has suggested that several transmitters may modulate voiding. However, few drugs with clinical benefits have been developed so far. Present treatments for overactive bladders have significant non-compliance rates. Hopefully, future research will lead to drugs with greater therapeutic benefits and better tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar
- Department of Urology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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Dekeyne A, Iob L, Millan MJ. Generalization of clozapine as compared to other antipsychotic agents to a discriminative stimulus elicited by the serotonin (5-HT)2A antagonist, MDL100,907. Neuropharmacology 2003; 44:604-15. [PMID: 12668046 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(03)00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Employing a two-lever, food-reinforced FR10 procedure, rats were trained to recognize a discriminative stimulus (DS) elicited by the 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist and potential antipsychotic agent, MDL100,907 (0.16 mg/kg, i.p.). In generalization tests, by analogy to MDL100,907 itself (Effective Dose(50) (ED(50)), 0.002 mg/kg, s.c.), the 'atypical' antipsychotic, clozapine, which displays high affinity for 5-HT(2A) as compared to D(2) receptors, dose-dependently and fully generalized to MDL100,907 (ED(50), 0.2 mg/kg, s.c.). S16924 (0.05 mg/kg, s.c.), S18327 (0.09 mg/kg, s.c.), quetiapine (1.8 mg/kg, s.c.), risperidone (0.02 mg/kg, s.c.) and ziprasidone (0.01 mg/kg, s.c.), antipsychotics which possess-like clozapine-marked affinity for 5-HT(2A) versus D(2) receptors, also generalized to MDL100,907. In distinction, raclopride, an antipsychotic which selectively interacts with D(2) versus 5-HT(2A) receptors, did not display significant generalization. Interestingly, haloperidol, which shows only modest affinity for 5-HT(2A) versus D(2) sites, generalized to MDL100,907 (ED(50), 0.02 mg/kg, s.c.). In light of the antagonist properties of haloperidol, clozapine and all other antipsychotics tested (except raclopride) at alpha(1)-adrenoceptors (ARs), the selective alpha(1)-AR antagonists, prazosin and WB4101, were examined. Both dose-dependently and fully generalized to MDL100,907 (ED(50)s, 0.07 and 0.11 mg/kg, s.c., respectively). At doses showing pronounced generalization to MDL100,907, the only drugs which significantly suppressed response rates were haloperidol and, weakly, quetiapine. Raclopride also markedly decreased response rates. In conclusion, the antipsychotic agents, clozapine, ziprasidone, risperidone, S16924, S18327, quetiapine and haloperidol, all generalized to a DS elicited by MDL100,907. While D(2) receptors are not implicated in their actions, in addition to antagonist properties at 5-HT(2A) receptors, blockade of alpha(1)-ARs and other, as yet unidentified, mechanisms may be involved. These data underpin interest in MDL100,907 as a potential antipsychotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dekeyne
- Psychopharmacology Department, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, 125 Chemin de Ronde, Croissy-sur-Seine, Paris 78290, France.
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Abstract
Generations of urologists have presumed that the cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men is infravesical (prostatic) obstruction. When symptoms such as urinary urgency and frequency can't easily be explained directly by obstruction, secondary effects of obstruction on the bladder are identified as causative factors. Although to some extent this explanation may still be accurate, emerging concepts in the pathophysiology of LUTS in men may be at odds with these traditional explanations. The idea that primary bladder pathology may explain the symptom complex in at least one subset of men with LUTS has both experimental and clinical support. This review discusses the physiologic and clinical observations used to explain the mechanisms underlying LUTS. Specifically, this review focuses on two data sets: one supporting infravesical obstruction as the causative factor for LUTS, and another positing that a primary bladder abnormality is responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled F Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Urology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9110, USA
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Lyseng-Williamson KA, Jarvis B, Wagstaff AJ. Tamsulosin: an update of its role in the management of lower urinary tract symptoms. Drugs 2002; 62:135-67. [PMID: 11790159 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200262010-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tamsulosin is a selective alpha1A- and alpha1D-adrenoceptor antagonist. These alpha1-receptors are predominant in the prostate, prostatic capsule, prostatic urethra and bladder. The relaxation of prostate and bladder smooth muscles may result in improvement in maximum urine flow (Qmax) and reduction of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Tamsulosin 0.4 and 0.8 mg/day in a modified-release formulation was significantly more effective than placebo in large (n >250) double-blind, randomised, multicentre, 12- to 13- week clinical trials in patients with LUTS. A greater increase in Qmax from baseline was seen in patients receiving tamsulosin 0.4 or 0.8 mg/day (1.4 to 1.79 ml/sec from a baseline of 9.46 to 10.7 ml/sec) than in placebo recipients (0.4 to 0.93 ml/sec from a baseline of 9.75 to 10.4 ml/sec); the between-group difference was significant in two of three studies. Tamsulosin 0.4 or 0.8 mg/day improved total Boyarsky symptom scores from baseline by a significantly greater extent (by 3.0 to 5.2 points from a baseline of 9.5 to 11.1 points) than placebo (1.9 to 3.2 points from a baseline of 9.3 to 11.0 points). In noncomparative extension studies, the improvement in efficacy parameters with tamsulosin treatment was maintained for up to 4 years. Tamsulosin is effective in patients with mild to severe LUTS, patients with diabetes mellitus or those aged > or = 65 years and does not interfere with the antihypertensive action of nifedipine, enalapril or atenolol. Tamsulosin 0.4 mg/day for 12 weeks and tamsulosin 0.2 mg/day for 4 weeks were as effective as alfuzosin 2.5mg three times daily and terazosin 2 mg/day, respectively, in improving Qmax and symptom scores in randomised comparative trials. With the exception of a numberically greater incidence of abnormal ejaculation, dizziness and rhinitis, the incidence of adverse events with tamsulosin 0.4 mg/day was similar to that seen with placebo in randomised, double-blind studies. The overall incidence of symptoms indicative of orthostasis was 1.4% with tamsulosin 0.4 or 0.8 mg/day treatment. Tamsulosin had less effect on blood pressure than alfuzosin or terazosin. CONCLUSION Tamsulosin, an alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist, has a well established place in the treatment of LUTS and has a tolerability profile similar to that of placebo (apart from a higher incidence of abnormal ejaculation, dizziness and rhinitis). Comparative data have shown tamsulosin to be as effective as other alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists at increasing Qmax and improving symptom scores. However, tamsulosin is unlikely to produce orthostatic hypotensive adverse effects or interfere with concomitant antihypertensive drug therapy. Therefore, tamsulosin is a useful therapeutic option in the management of patients with moderate to severe LUTS.
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19
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Witte DG, Brune ME, Katwala SP, Milicic I, Stolarik D, Hui YH, Marsh KC, Kerwin JF, Meyer MD, Hancock AA. Modeling of relationships between pharmacokinetics and blockade of agonist-induced elevation of intraurethral pressure and mean arterial pressure in conscious dogs treated with alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:495-504. [PMID: 11805209 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.2.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiduxosin is a new alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist targeted for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the potencies of the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, and fiduxosin, based on relationships between plasma drug concentrations and blockade of phenylephrine (PE)-induced intraurethral (IUP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses after single oral dosing in conscious male beagle dogs. Magnitude of blockade and plasma concentrations were evaluated at selected time points over 24 h. All drugs produced dose-dependent antagonism of PE-induced IUP and MAP responses. When IUP and MAP blockade effects were plotted against drug plasma concentrations, direct relationships were observed that were well described by the sigmoidal maximal effect model. IUP IC(50) values for terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, and fiduxosin were 48.6, 48.7, 0.42, and 261 ng/ml, respectively. MAP IC(50) values were 12.2, 13.8, 1.07, and 1904 ng/ml, respectively. Uroselectivity index values, defined as MAP IC(50)/IUP IC(50), were 0.25, 0.28, 2.6, and 7.3, respectively. These results extend previous observations with terazosin in this model, showing that doxazosin exhibits a uroselectivity index comparable to terazosin, consistent with the lack of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtype selectivity or uroselectivity of these drugs. Tamsulosin, an alpha(1a)-/alpha(1d)-subtype selective agent, had an index value approximately 10-fold greater than the nonselective drugs. Based on its pharmacokinetic profile and a relative uroselectivity 29-fold greater than the nonselective drugs, fiduxosin is expected to exhibit greater selectivity for urethral compared with vascular alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in human and should be a novel, long-acting, uroselective alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Witte
- Pharmaceutical Products Discovery, Neurological Urological Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123, USA.
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20
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Cheng J, Kamiya K, Kodama I. Carvedilol: molecular and cellular basis for its multifaceted therapeutic potential. CARDIOVASCULAR DRUG REVIEWS 2002; 19:152-71. [PMID: 11484068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2001.tb00061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carvedilol is a unique cardiovascular drug of multifaceted therapeutic potential. Its major molecular targets recognized to date are membrane adrenoceptors (beta 1, beta 2, and alpha 1), reactive oxygen species, and ion channels (K+ and Ca2+). Carvedilol provides prominent hemodynamic benefits mainly through a balanced adrenoceptor blockade, which causes a reduction in cardiac work in association with peripheral vasodilation. This drug assures remarkable cardiovascular protection through its antiproliferative/atherogenic, antiischemic, antihypertrophic, and antiarrhythmic actions. These actions are a consequence of its potent antioxidant effects, amelioration of glucose/lipid metabolism, modulation of neurohumoral factors, and modulation of cardiac electrophysiologic properties. The usefulness of carvedilol in the treatment of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and congestive heart failure is based on a combination of hemodynamic benefits and cardiovascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cheng
- Department of Circulation, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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21
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Schwinn DA. The role of alpha1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in lower urinary tract symptoms. BJU Int 2001; 88 Suppl 2:27-34; discussion 49-50. [PMID: 11589667 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Schwinn
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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22
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Ohno T, Shimizu T, Kato S, Hayashi H, Hirai S. Effect of tamsulosin hydrochloride on sympathetic hyperactivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Auton Neurosci 2001; 88:94-8. [PMID: 11474551 DOI: 10.1016/s1566-0702(01)00217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We assessed subclinical sympathetic hyperactivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, which might be followed by an autonomic spell leading to circulatory collapse, or sudden death as the disease progresses, and investigated the effect of tamsulosin hydrochloride (TSHC) on sympathetic hyperactivity. We measured the plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations of 41 ALS patients and 10 normal controls. TSHC, a selective alpha 1 blocker. was then administered to 10 ALS patients who had high plasma NE and to the 10 normal controls. Subsequent plasma NE change was evaluated for the possible alleviating effect of TSHC on subclinical sympathetic hyperactivity in ALS. Plasma NE was high in 20 of the ALS patients (48.8%), but had no relation to respiratory problems, which supports the previous speculation that plasma NE increases in ALS are not secondary to respiratory deficit, but reflect the primary pathomechanism of the disease. ALS patients showed a marked decrease in the NE concentration after TSHC administration, whereas there was no change in the controls. In conclusion, TSHC may be useful for suppressing central sympathetic hyperactivity, presumably the primary pathomechanism in ALS, and for preventing autonomic spells during the advanced stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohno
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Japan
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23
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Ruffolo RR, Feuerstein GZ. Neurohormonal activation, oxygen free radicals, and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 32 Suppl 1:S22-30. [PMID: 9731692 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199800003-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A variety of pathophysiologic processes are activated in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), and some of these have been implicated in the progression of the disease. The most important processes to be activated in CHF are the neurohormonal systems, which include the renin-angiotensin system, the sympathetic nervous system, and the endothelin system. In addition to the neurohormonal systems, the formation of reactive oxygen free radicals is increased in patients with CHF. It has been postulated that stimulation of neurohormonal pathways and the formation of oxygen free radicals ultimately lead to the activation of a family of transcription factors that are involved in cardiac remodeling, which is a hallmark of CHF. In addition, the formation of oxygen free radicals has been implicated in the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death, which may be responsible for a continued loss of myocardial cells, resulting in the progressive decrease in left ventricular function that occurs over time in patients with CHF. Carvedilol is a multiple-action neurohormonal antagonist that is effective in slowing the progression of CHF. In double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials, carvedilol decreased mortality by 65% (p <0.001) and significantly reduced hospitalization. Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-blocker and vasodilator, the latter activity resulting from alpha1-adrenoceptor blockade. The hemodynamic responses produced by carvedilol result primarily from the blockade of beta1-, beta2-, and alpha1-adrenoceptors. Carvedilol reduces total peripheral vascular resistance and preload without significantly compromising cardiac output or eliciting reflex tachycardia. Carvedilol is also a potent antioxidant that may protect the myocardium from damage produced by oxygen radicals and, as a consequence of its antioxidant activity, carvedilol also inhibits apoptosis in the myocardium. The ability of carvedilol to inhibit apoptosis in the heart may be responsible, in part, for the ability of the drug to reduce mortality and to inhibit the progression of CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Ruffolo
- Division of Pharmacological Sciences, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939, USA
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24
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Michelotti GA, Price DT, Schwinn DA. Alpha 1-adrenergic receptor regulation: basic science and clinical implications. Pharmacol Ther 2000; 88:281-309. [PMID: 11337028 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(00)00092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adrenergic receptors (ARs) are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family, which includes alpha 1ARs, alpha 2ARs, beta 1ARs, beta 2ARs, beta 3ARs, adenosine, muscarinic, angiotensin, endothelin receptors, and many others that are responsible for a large variety of physiologic effects through G-protein coupling. This review focuses on alpha 1ARs and their regulation at both the mRNA and protein levels. Currently, three alpha 1AR subtypes have been characterized both pharmacologically and at the gene level: alpha 1aAR, alpha 1bAR, and alpha 1dAR. These are expressed in a species- and tissue-dependent manner. Mutagenesis approaches have been extremely valuable in the identification of key residues that govern alpha 1AR ligand binding and signaling. These studies reveal that alpha 1ARs have evolved an exquisitely sensitive regulation of their activity in which any disruption of the native structure has profound effects on subsequent function and effector coupling. Significant advances have also been made in the elucidation of signaling pathway components, resulting in the identification of novel pathways that can lead to pathologic conditions. Specific topics include mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and G-protein-coupled receptor cross-talk pathways. Within this context, recent studies identifying underlying transcriptional mechanisms involved in the regulation of the alpha 1AR subtypes are also discussed. Finally, given the potentially important role of alpha 1ARs in the vasculature, as well as in the pathology of many diseases, such as myocardial hypertrophy and benign prostatic hyperplasia, the clinical relevance of alpha 1AR distribution, pharmacology, and therapeutic intervention is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Michelotti
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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25
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Schwinn DA. Novel role for alpha1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in lower urinary tract symptoms. BJU Int 2000; 86 Suppl 2:11-20; discussion 20-2. [PMID: 11501613 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Schwinn
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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26
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Millan MJ, Lejeune F, Gobert A. Reciprocal autoreceptor and heteroreceptor control of serotonergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic transmission in the frontal cortex: relevance to the actions of antidepressant agents. J Psychopharmacol 2000; 14:114-38. [PMID: 10890307 DOI: 10.1177/026988110001400202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The frontal cortex (FCX) plays a key role in processes that control mood, cognition and motor behaviour, functions which are compromised in depression, schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. In this regard, there is considerable evidence that a perturbation of monoaminergic input to the FCX is involved in the pathogenesis of these states. Correspondingly, the modulation of monoaminergic transmission in the FCX and other corticolimbic structures plays an important role in the actions of antipsychotic and antidepressant agents. In order to further understand the significance of monoaminergic systems in psychiatric disorders and their treatment, it is essential to characterize mechanisms underlying their modulation. Within this framework, the present commentary focuses on our electrophysiological and dialysis analyses of the complex and reciprocal pattern of auto- and heteroreceptor mediated control of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic transmission in the FCX. The delineation of such interactions provides a framework for an interpretation of the influence of diverse classes of antidepressant agent upon extracellular levels of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in FCX. Moreover, it also generates important insights into strategies for the potential improvement in the therapeutic profiles of antidepressant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Millan
- Psychopharmacology Department, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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27
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Schwinn DA, Michelotti GA. alpha1-adrenergic receptors in the lower urinary tract and vascular bed: potential role for the alpha1d subtype in filling symptoms and effects of ageing on vascular expression. BJU Int 2000; 85 Suppl 2:6-11. [PMID: 10781179 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Schwinn
- Departments of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology/Cancer Biology and Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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28
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Melchiorre C, Angeli P, Bolognesi ML, Chiarini A, Giardinà D, Gulini U, Leonardi A, Marucci G, Minarini A, Pigini M, Quaglia W, Rosini M, Tumiatti V. Alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonists bearing a quinazoline or a benzodioxane moiety. PHARMACEUTICA ACTA HELVETIAE 2000; 74:181-90. [PMID: 10812956 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6865(99)00049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Melchiorre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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29
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Hieble JP. Adrenoceptor subclassification: an approach to improved cardiovascular therapeutics. PHARMACEUTICA ACTA HELVETIAE 2000; 74:163-71. [PMID: 10812954 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6865(99)00030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The subdivision of alpha adrenoceptors into the alpha 1 and alpha 2 classes was the impetus for the design of the selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists, which remain useful antihypertensives. alpha 2-Adrenoceptor agonists also have application as antihypertensive drugs, based on their ability to reduce sympathetic outflow. Likewise, subdivision of the beta adrenoceptors has lead to the development of selective beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonists as antihypertensive and selective beta 2 agonists as bronchodilators. In the past decade, both the alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenoceptors have been further subdivided, each into three subclasses. In addition, there is strong functional evidence to suggest the presence of additional adrenoceptor subtypes, such as the "alpha 1L" adrenoceptor and "beta 4" adrenoceptor. alpha 1A (or alpha 1L)-Adrenoceptor antagonists have been evaluated for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and selective alpha 1A agonists for stress incontinence. Gene knockout experiments in mice suggest an important role for the alpha 1B adrenoceptor in the control of vascular tone. Hence, selective alpha 1B antagonists may offer a new approach toward hypertension. Although targeting of specific adrenoceptors can be used to optimize the therapeutic profile of a drug, there are also cases where blockade of multiple adrenoceptors is desirable, as with the alpha/beta-adrenoceptor antagonist carvedilol in congestive heart failure. It is possible that combination of affinities for selected adrenoceptor subtypes within a single molecule may be desirable for certain applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Hieble
- Division of Pharmacological Sciences, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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30
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Subtype selective alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1999; 8:2073-2094. [PMID: 11139841 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.12.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is highly prevalent in the male population beyond the age of 60. Impairment of urinary flow due to prostate enlargement gives rise to symptoms of 'prostatism' that have a detrimental impact on the quality of life. The current trend in the management of symptomatic BPH favours pharmacotherapy as a first line option, while the number of surgical procedures being performed has experienced a steady decline during the last ten years. Among the pharmacological treatments, the use of alpha1-adrenoceptor blockers has demonstrated to be an effective treatment option for BPH. These agents reduce the adrenergic tone to the prostate and increase urinary flow, with a concomitant reduction of lower urinary tract symptoms. The alpha1-blockers currently approved include compounds such as alfuzosin, terazosin and doxazosin, originally developed for the treatment of hypertension, and more recently tamsulosin, an alpha1-subtype selective drug. The blockade of alpha1-adrenoceptors present in vascular smooth muscle is largely responsible for the most prominent side effects of current drugs, which can be severe and require patients dose titration. The limitation imposed by side effects naturally raises the possibility that complete blockade of prostatic alpha1 receptors is not attained at the maximum tolerated dose. The extensive efforts by the pharmaceutical industry towards the development of uroselective alpha1-blockers, is the subject of this review. Advances in the molecular cloning of genes encoding three alpha1-adrenoceptors led to the identification of the alpha1A-subtype as the predominant receptor responsible for the contraction of prostate smooth muscle. In preclinical animal models, selective alpha1A-antagonists have consistently been found to have minimal cardiovascular effects, thus providing a pharmacological rationale for uroselectivity. It has also become apparent, however, that uroselectivity can emerge in a poorly understood manner from the pharmacodynamic properties of compounds without alpha1A-subtype selectivity. Clinical experience with tamsulosin, an alpha1A/alpha1D selective drug, has failed to demonstrate a significant improvement in efficacy beyond that demonstrated for non-subtype selective alpha1-blockers, and gives support to the notion that alpha1A-selective antagonists might achieve greater efficacy for the treatment of BPH. Given the demonstrated uroselectivity of alpha1A-selective antagonists in preclinical models, it is anticipated that third generation alpha1-blockers will exhibit improved urinary flow efficacy and be better tolerated than tamsulosin. The extent to which the improvement in urinary flow will translate to the relief of symptoms of prostatism, however, remains to be demonstrated in randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials of alpha1A-selective antagonists.
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31
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Bolognesi ML, Budriesi R, Cavalli A, Chiarini A, Gotti R, Leonardi A, Minarini A, Poggesi E, Recanatini M, Rosini M, Tumiatti V, Melchiorre C. WB 4101-related compounds. 2. Role of the ethylene chain separating amine and phenoxy units on the affinity for alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor subtypes and 5-HT(1A) receptors. J Med Chem 1999; 42:4214-24. [PMID: 10514291 DOI: 10.1021/jm991065j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WB 4101 (1)-related benzodioxanes were synthesized by replacing the ethylene chain separating the amine and the phenoxy units of 1 with a cyclopentanol moiety, a feature of 6, 7-dihydro-5-[[(cis-2-hydroxy-trans-3-phenoxycyclopentyl)amino]meth yl] -2-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)-one that was reported to display an intriguing selectivity profile at alpha(1)-adrenoreceptors. This synthesis strategy led to 4 out of 16 possible stereoisomers, which were isolated in the case of (-)-3, (+)-3, (-)-4, and (+)-4 and whose absolute configuration was assigned using a chiral building block for the synthesis of (-)-3 starting from (+)-(2R)-2, 3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-2-carboxylic acid ((+)-9) and (1S,2S, 5S)-2-amino-5-phenoxycyclopentan-1-ol ((+)-10). The aim of this project was to further investigate whether it is possible to differentiate between these compounds with respect to their affinity for alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor subtypes and the affinity for 5-HT(1A) receptors, as 1 binds with high affinity at both receptor systems. The biological profiles of reported compounds at alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor subtypes were assessed by functional experiments in isolated rat vas deferens (alpha(1A)), spleen (alpha(1B)), and aorta (alpha(1D)) and by binding assays in CHO and HeLa cells membranes expressing the human cloned alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor subtypes and 5-HT(1A) receptors, respectively. Furthermore, the functional activity of (-)-3, (+)-3, (-)-4, and (+)-4 toward 5-HT(1A) receptors was evaluated by determining the induced stimulation of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in cell membranes from HeLa cells transfected with human cloned 5-HT(1A) receptors. The configuration of the cyclopentane unit determined the affinity profile: a 1R configuration, as in (+)-3 and (-)-4, conferred higher affinity at alpha(1)-adrenoreceptors, whereas a 1S configuration, as in (-)-3 and (+)-4, produced higher affinity for 5-HT(1A) receptors. For the enantiomers (+)-4 and (-)-4 also a remarkable selectivity was achieved. Functionally, the stereoisomers displayed a similar alpha(1)-selectivity profile, that is alpha(1D) > alpha(1B) > alpha(1A), which is different from that exhibited by the reference compound 1. The epimers (-)-3 and (+)-4 proved to be agonists at the 5-HT(1A) receptors, with a potency comparable to that of 5-hydroxytryptamine.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/chemical synthesis
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/chemistry
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/metabolism
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/chemistry
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/metabolism
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- CHO Cells
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- Dioxanes/chemical synthesis
- Dioxanes/chemistry
- Dioxanes/metabolism
- Dioxanes/pharmacology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1
- Serotonin Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Serotonin Antagonists/chemistry
- Serotonin Antagonists/metabolism
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/chemical synthesis
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/chemistry
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/metabolism
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vas Deferens/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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32
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Quaglia W, Pigini M, Piergentili A, Giannella M, Marucci G, Poggesi E, Leonardi A, Melchiorre C. Structure-activity relationships in 1,4-benzodioxan-related compounds. 6. Role of the dioxane unit on selectivity for alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor subtypes. J Med Chem 1999; 42:2961-8. [PMID: 10425105 DOI: 10.1021/jm9910324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WB 4101-related benzodioxans 3-9 were synthesized, and their biological profiles at alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor subtypes and 5-HT(1A) serotoninergic receptors were assessed by binding assays in CHO and HeLa cells membranes expressing the human cloned receptors. Furthermore, receptor selectivity of selected benzodioxan derivatives was further determined in functional experiments in isolated rat vas deferens (alpha(1A)) and aorta (alpha(1D)) and guinea pig spleen (alpha(1B)), in additional receptor binding assays in rat cortex membranes containing alpha(2)-adrenoreceptors and 5-HT(2) serotoninergic receptors, and in rat striatum membranes containing D(2) dopaminergic receptors. An analysis of the results of receptor binding experiments for benzodioxan-modified derivatives 3-9 showed high affinity and selectivity toward the alpha(1a)-adrenoreceptor subtype for compounds 3-5 and 7 and a reversed selectivity profile for 9, which was a selective alpha(1d) antagonist. Furthermore, the majority of structural modifications performed on the prototype 1 (WB 4101) led to a marked decrease in the affinity for 5-HT(1A) serotoninergic receptors, which may have relevance in the design of selective alpha(1A)-adrenoreceptor antagonists. The exception to these findings was the chromene derivative 8, which exhibited a 5-HT(1A) partial agonist profile.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/chemical synthesis
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/chemistry
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/metabolism
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/chemistry
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/metabolism
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- CHO Cells
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Cricetinae
- Dioxanes/chemical synthesis
- Dioxanes/chemistry
- Dioxanes/metabolism
- Dioxanes/pharmacology
- Guinea Pigs
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/physiology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vas Deferens/drug effects
- Vas Deferens/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- W Quaglia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
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Hieble JP, Kolpak DC, McCafferty GP, Ruffolo RR, Testa R, Leonardi A. Effects of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists on agonist and tilt-induced changes in blood pressure: relationships to uroselectivity. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 373:51-62. [PMID: 10408251 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the uroselectivity of a series of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists by comparing their potency against phenylephrine-induced increases in urethral perfusion pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the anesthetized rabbit and pithed rat. In the rabbit, Rec 15/2739 (N-[3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl]-3-methyl-4-oxo-2-phenyl -4H-1-benzopyran-8-carboxamide) as well as analogs with a chlorine substituent on the methoxyphenyl ring (Rec 15/2869) or this substituent combined with the replacement of the phenyl substituent on the pyran ring by cyclohexyl (Rec 15/3011) were 2-6-fold more potent against the urethral vs. vascular response to phenylephrine. Rec 15/2841 (N-[3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl]-3-methyl-4-oxo-2-cyc lohexy-4H-1-benzopyran-8-carboxamide) was only 1.5-fold more potent against the urethral response. SL 89.0591 and tamsulosin also showed selectivity for the urethral response (2-2.5-fold), while the quinazolines produced equipotent blockade of urethral and vascular responses (selectivity ratio = 0.9-1.1). The urethral selectivities of Rec 15/2739 and its derivatives were confirmed by evaluation of the response to tilt in sedated, hypovolemic rabbits. Phenylephrine challenge assays did not show any of the antagonists, with the exception of terazosin at 300 microg kg(-1), to be uroselective in the rat (selectivity ratios = 0.2-1.5); potentiation of tilt-induced hypotension in the anesthetized rat showed substantial differences from the rabbit, with Rec 15/2739, but not Rec 15/3011 and Rec 15/2841 showing orthostatic effects equivalent to that observed for prazosin. Hence, Rec 15/2739 was uroselective in the rabbit, but not in the rat, while two of its close structural analogs were highly uroselective in both species. An assay for orthostatic activity in the conscious rat yielded different results, showing prazosin and terazosin, but not Rec 15/2739, to cause a reversal of the pressor response to tilt. Hence, the apparent uroselectivity of an alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist is both species- and assay-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Hieble
- Division of Pharmacological Sciences, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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34
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Smith MS, Schambra UB, Wilson KH, Page SO, Schwinn DA. Alpha1-adrenergic receptors in human spinal cord: specific localized expression of mRNA encoding alpha1-adrenergic receptor subtypes at four distinct levels. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 63:254-61. [PMID: 9878769 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
alpha1-Adrenergic receptors (alpha1ARs) are important in lower urinary tract syndromes such as benign prostatic hypertrophy and bladder irritability. Spinal cord alpha1ARs have been postulated to play a role in modulating these diseases, yet alpha1AR subtype (alpha1a, alpha1b, alpha1d) neuronal localization in human spinal cord has not been described. We therefore tested the hypothesis that alpha1AR subtype distribution varies according to specific spinal cord tract and level. In situ hybridization was performed to identify cell bodies containing alpha1AR subtype mRNA at four levels of human spinal cord (cervical enlargement, thoracic, lumbar, sacral). alpha1AR mRNA is present in ventral gray matter only (ventral>dorsal; sacral>lumbar=thoracic>cervical). Signaling cell bodies were detected in anterior horn motor neurons at all levels; dorsal nucleus of Clarke and intermediolateral columns in cervical enlargement, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord regions; and parasympathetic nucleus in sacral spinal cord. Although all three alpha1AR subtypes are present throughout human spinal cord, alpha1d mRNA predominates overall. If confirmed at a protein level, these findings may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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35
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Malloy BJ, Price DT, Price RR, Bienstock AM, Dole MK, Funk BL, Rudner XL, Richardson CD, Donatucci CF, Schwinn DA. Alpha1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in human detrusor. J Urol 1998; 160:937-43. [PMID: 9720591 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)62836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify and quantitate alpha1-adrenergic receptor (alpha1AR) subtype expression in human detrusor. MATERIALS AND METHODS Initial studies to determine alpha1AR expression in human detrusor were performed using saturation binding with [125I]HEAT. Once the presence of alpha1ARs was documented, subtype (alpha1a, alpha1b, alpha1d) expression at the mRNA level (and comparison with rat) was determined with RNase protection assays (human detrusor) and RT-PCR (human detrusor, rat whole bladder). Competition binding analysis with the alpha1dAR-selective ligand BMY7378 was used to measure alpha1AR subtype expression at a protein level in human detrusor. RESULTS Alpha1AR expression in human detrusor was low but reproducible (6.3 +/- 1.0 fmol./mg. total protein). RNase protection assays performed on total RNA extracted from human detrusor revealed the following alpha1AR subtype expression: alpha1d (66%) > alpha1a (34%), and no alpha1b. RT-PCR confirmed alpha1AR subtype mRNA distribution in human detrusor with alpha1d (approximately 60-70%) > alpha1a (approximately 30-40%), and a lack of alpha1b mRNA. Rat whole bladder expressed different alpha1AR subtype mRNA than human detrusor, with alpha1a approximately alpha1b approximately alpha1d. The presence of alpha1d > alpha1a expression in human detrusor was confirmed at a protein level by competition analysis utilizing BMY7378 which revealed a two-site fit, with Ki and high affinity binding (66%) consistent with the alpha1dAR subtype. CONCLUSIONS Human detrusor contained two alpha1AR subtypes (alpha1d > alpha1a), a finding that is different from rat, another commonly used animal model. Since non-subtype selective alpha1AR antagonists ameliorate irritative bladder symptoms (in men and women with/without outlet obstruction), and Rec 15/2739 (alpha1a selective antagonist) does not improve symptom scores in BPH, our findings suggest bladder alpha1dARs may provide a potentially novel mechanism underlying these therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Malloy
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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36
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Feuerstein G, Liu GL, Yue TL, Cheng HY, Hieble JP, Arch JR, Ruffolo RR, Ma XL. Comparison of metoprolol and carvedilol pharmacology and cardioprotection in rabbit ischemia and reperfusion model. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 351:341-50. [PMID: 9721026 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carvedilol, a selective alpha1 and non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist and antioxidant, has been shown to provide significant cardiac protection in animal models of myocardial ischemia. To further explore the mechanisms contributing to carvedilol cardioprotection efficacy, the effects of carvedilol on hemodynamic variables, infarct size and myeloperoxidase activity (an index of neutrophil accumulation) were compared with a beta1-selective adrenoceptor antagonist, metoprolol. Carvedilol (1 mg/kg) or metoprolol (1 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg + 0.5 mg/kg 90 min later) was given intravenously 5 min before reperfusion. In vehicle-treated rabbits, ischemia (60 min) and reperfusion (180 min) resulted in significant increments in left ventricular end diastolic pressure, large infarcts (59+/-2.6% of area-at-risk) and marked increase in myeloperoxidase activity (0.59+/-0.09 U/100 mg tissue). Carvedilol treatment resulted in sustained reduction of pressure-rate-index and significantly smaller infarcts (22.0+/-2.5%, P < 0.01 vs. vehicle) as well as decreased myeloperoxidase activity (0.186+/-0.056 U/100 mg tissue, P < 0.01 vs. vehicle). The highest dose of metoprolol, 1 mg/kg + 0.5 mg/kg, that resulted in pressure-rate-index comparable to that of 1.0 mg/kg carvedilol, failed to reduce myeloperoxidase activity in the ischemic myocardial tissue, and the infarct size (35+/-3.1%) was significantly larger than in carvedilol-treated animals. Taken together, this study suggests that the superior cardioprotection of carvedilol over metoprolol is not a consequence of hemodynamic variances but possibly the result of the additional pharmacological properties of carvedilol such as the antioxidant and anti-neutrophil effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Feuerstein
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939, USA
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37
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Neurohormonal Activation, Oxygen Free Radicals, and Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis of Congestive Heart Failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998. [DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199806321-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mátyus
- Semmelweis University of Medicine, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Budapest, Hungary
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