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Kautiainen R, Aleksonis H, King TZ. A Systematic Review of Host Genomic Variation and Neuropsychological Outcomes for Pediatric Cancer Survivors. Neuropsychol Rev 2023; 33:278-306. [PMID: 35305234 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric survivors of brain tumors and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at risk for long-term deficits in their neuropsychological functioning. Researchers have begun examining associations between germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which interact with cancer treatment, and neuropsychological outcomes. This review synthesizes the impact of treatment-related toxicity from germline SNPs by neuropsychological domain (i.e., working memory, processing speed, psychological functioning) in pediatric survivors. By focusing on specific neuropsychological domains, this review will examine outcome measurement and critique methodology. Fourteen studies were identified and included in this review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). All studies were published in peer-reviewed journals in English by November 24th, 2021. Reviewed studies were not of sufficient quality for a meta-analysis due to varying measurement strategies, gaps in reported descriptive variables, and low power. All neuropsychological domains evaluated in this review had associations with SNPs, except fine motor and visual integration abilities. Only five SNPs had consistent neuropsychological findings in more than one study or cohort. Future research and replication studies should use validated measures of discrete skills that are central to empirically validated models of survivors' long-term outcomes (i.e., attention, working memory, processing speed). Researchers should examine SNPs across pathophysiological pathways to investigate additive genetic risk in pediatric cancer survivors. Two SNPs were identified that confer resiliency in neuropsychological functioning, and future work should investigate resiliency genotypes and their underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rella Kautiainen
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Holly Aleksonis
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tricia Z King
- Department of Psychology and the Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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2
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Mpoulimari I, Zintzaras E. Synthesis of genetic association studies on autism spectrum disorders using a genetic model-free approach. Psychiatr Genet 2022; 32:91-104. [PMID: 35353796 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite the extensive efforts of scientists, the etiology of ASD is far from completely elucidated. In an effort to enlighten the genetic architecture of ASDs, a meta-analysis of all available genetic association studies (GAS) was conducted. METHODS We searched in the Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator (HuGE Navigator) and PubMed for available case-control GAS of ASDs. The threshold for meta-analysis was two studies per genetic variant. The association between genotype distribution and ASDs was examined using the generalized linear odds ratio (ORG). For variants with available allele frequencies, the examined model was the allele contrast. RESULTS Overall, 57 candidate genes and 128 polymorphisms were investigated in 159 articles. In total 28 genetic polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with ASDs, that are harbored in 19 genes. Statistically significant results were revealed for the variants of the following genes adenosine deaminase (ADA), bone marrow stromal cell antigen-1 (CD157/BST1), Dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1), engrailed homolog 2 (EN2), met proto-oncogene (MET), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), solute carrier family 6 member 4 (SLC6A4), Synaptosomal-associated protein, 25kDa (SNAP-25) and vitamin D receptor (VDR). In the allele contrast model of cases versus healthy controls, significant associations were observed for Adrenoceptor Alpha 1B (ADRA1B), acetyl serotonin O - methyltransferase (ASMT), complement component 4B (C4B), dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3), met proto-oncogene (MET), neuroligin 4, X-linked (NLGN4), neurexin 1 (NRXN1), oxytocin receptor (OXTR), Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase PFTAIRE-1 (PFTK1), Reelin (RELN) and Ras-like without CAAX 2 (RIT2). CONCLUSION These significant findings provide further evidence for genetic factors' implication in ASDs offering new perspectives in means of prevention and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Mpoulimari
- Department of Biomathematics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Elias Zintzaras
- Department of Biomathematics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Medicine, The Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Biological Aspects of Inflamm-Aging in Childhood Cancer Survivors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194933. [PMID: 34638416 PMCID: PMC8508005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer treatments improve survival in children with cancer. A total of 80% of children treated for childhood cancer achieve 5-year survival, becoming long-term survivors. However, they undergo several chronic late effects related to treatments. In childhood cancer survivors a chronic low-grade inflammation, known as inflamm-aging, is responsible for frailty, a condition characterized by vital organ failure and by premature aging processes. Inflamm-aging is closely related to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which induce inflammation, accumulation of senescent cells, DNA mutations, and the production of reactive oxygen species. All these conditions are responsible for the onset of secondary diseases, such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and infertility. Considering that the pathobiology of frailty among childhood cancer survivors is still unknown, investigations are needed to better understand frailty's biological and molecular processes and to identify inflamm-aging key biomarkers in order to facilitate the screening of comorbidities and to clarify whether treatments, normally used to modulate inflamm-aging, may be beneficial. This review offers an overview of the possible biological mechanisms involved in the development of inflamm-aging, focusing our attention on immune system alteration, oxidative stress, cellular senescence, and therapeutic strategies.
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4
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Williams AM, Cole PD. Biomarkers of Cognitive Impairment in Pediatric Cancer Survivors. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:1766-1774. [PMID: 33886369 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- AnnaLynn M Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Peter D Cole
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
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5
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Barazzuol L, Coppes RP, van Luijk P. Prevention and treatment of radiotherapy-induced side effects. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1538-1554. [PMID: 32521079 PMCID: PMC7332214 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains a mainstay of cancer treatment, being used in roughly 50% of patients. The precision with which the radiation dose can be delivered is rapidly improving. This precision allows the more accurate targeting of radiation dose to the tumor and reduces the amount of surrounding normal tissue exposed. Although this often reduces the unwanted side effects of radiotherapy, we still need to further improve patients' quality of life and to escalate radiation doses to tumors when necessary. High-precision radiotherapy forces one to choose which organ or functional organ substructures should be spared. To be able to make such choices, we urgently need to better understand the molecular and physiological mechanisms of normal tissue responses to radiotherapy. Currently, oversimplified approaches using constraints on mean doses, and irradiated volumes of normal tissues are used to plan treatments with minimized risk of radiation side effects. In this review, we discuss the responses of three different normal tissues to radiotherapy: the salivary glands, cardiopulmonary system, and brain. We show that although they may share very similar local cellular processes, they respond very differently through organ-specific, nonlocal mechanisms. We also discuss how a better knowledge of these mechanisms can be used to treat or to prevent the effects of radiotherapy on normal tissue and to optimize radiotherapy delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rob P. Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter van Luijk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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6
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Chow EJ, Ness KK, Armstrong GT, Bhakta N, Yeh JM, Bhatia S, Landier W, Constine LS, Hudson MM, Nathan PC. Current and coming challenges in the management of the survivorship population. Semin Oncol 2020; 47:23-39. [PMID: 32197774 PMCID: PMC7227387 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With the widespread adoption of multimodality treatment, 5-year survival of children diagnosed with cancer has improved dramatically in the past several decades from approximately 60% in 1970 to greater than 85% currently. As a result, there are an estimated nearly half a million long-term survivors of childhood cancer living in the United States today. However, survivors have, on average, significantly greater serious medical and psychosocial late effects compared with the general population. In this review, we will discuss the current epidemiology of childhood cancer survivorship, including new methods to estimate the burden of late effects and genetic susceptibility toward late effects. We will also review the development of surveillance guidelines for childhood cancer survivors and early toxicity signals from novel agents now being tested and used increasingly to treat pediatric and adult cancers. We conclude with an overview of current models of survivorship care and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Chow
- Division of Clinical Research and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Kirsten K Ness
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gregory T Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Nickhill Bhakta
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer M Yeh
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Smita Bhatia
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wendy Landier
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Louis S Constine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Melissa M Hudson
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Paul C Nathan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Chen YC, Sheen JM, Hsu MH, Hsiao CC, Wang SC, Huang LT. Melatonin rescued methotrexate-induced spatial deficit and hyperhomocysteinemia and increased asymmetric dimethylarginine in plasma and dorsal hippocampus in developing rats. Life Sci 2019; 242:116931. [PMID: 31618610 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS With the improvement of the survival rates in children acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), some children ALL survivors show impaired cognitive function. Methotrexate (MTX), an essential component in ALL treatment, has been reported to be related to neurologic sequelae and to increased oxidative stress through its interactions with enzymes in the folate pathway. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is the main endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, and increased ADMA may result from increased oxidants. Melatonin is an antioxidant; however, its role in MTX neuropathy is not well studied. We developed a rat model mimicking child ALL treatment to explore peripheral and central homocysteine and ADMA regulation after MTX and found potential treatment choice. MAIN METHODS Preweaning male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Experiment 1 evaluated spatial performance in rats with intrathecal (IT) MTX, intraperitoneal (IP) MTX, or combined IT and IP MTX, protocols mimicking ALL treatment in children. Experiment 2 focused on rats with combined IT and IP MTX, evaluating spatial performance and plasma and dorsal hippocampal homocysteine and ADMA levels, their regulation, and the protective effect of melatonin. KEY FINDINGS Combined IT and IP MTX treatment caused in spatial deficits in developing rats, and melatonin restored the spatial performance. Alterations in peripheral and central homocysteine and ADMA concentrations and their regulation were found and could be alleviated by melatonin treatment. SIGNIFICANCES Combined IP and IT MTX treatment caused spatial deficits in developing rats. Melatonin could restore spatial performance through alleviating the effects on the imbalance of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkow, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Ming Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkow, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Hsiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkow, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tung Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkow, Taiwan.
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8
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Siegel BI, King TZ, Rupji M, Dwivedi B, Carter AB, Kowalski J, MacDonald TJ. Host Genome Variation is Associated with Neurocognitive Outcome in Survivors of Pediatric Medulloblastoma. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:908-916. [PMID: 31078964 PMCID: PMC6515414 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genome analysis is a promising source of predictive information for long-term morbidity in cancer survivors. However, studies on genetic predictors of long-term outcome, particularly neurocognitive function following chemoradiation in pediatric oncology, are limited. Here, we evaluated variation in host genome of long-term survivors of medulloblastoma and its association with neurocognitive outcome. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on peripheral blood of long-term survivors of pediatric medulloblastoma who also completed neuropsychological testing. Cognitively impaired and less impaired survivors did not differ in exposure to chemoradiation therapy or age at treatment. Unsupervised consensus clustering yielded two distinct variant clusters that were significantly associated with neurocognitive outcome. Interestingly, 34 of the 36 significant variants were found in noncoding DNA regions with unknown regulatory function. A separate unsupervised cluster analysis of variants within DNA repair genes identified discrete variant groups that were not associated with neurocognitive outcome, suggesting that variations in genes corresponding to a single functional group may be insufficient to predict long-term outcome alone. These findings are supportive of the presence of a genetic diathesis for treatment-related neurocognitive morbidity in medulloblastoma that may be driven by variation in noncoding regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin I Siegel
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tricia Z King
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Manali Rupji
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Bhakti Dwivedi
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alexis B Carter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeanne Kowalski
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tobey J MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
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9
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Gervasini G, Mota-Zamorano S. Clinical Implications of Methotrexate Pharmacogenetics in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:313-330. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190130161758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background:In the past two decades, a great body of research has been published regarding the effects of genetic polymorphisms on methotrexate (MTX)-induced toxicity and efficacy. Of particular interest is the role of this compound in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), where it is a pivotal drug in the different treatment protocols, both at low and high doses. MTX acts on a variety of target enzymes in the folates cycle, as well as being transported out and into of the cell by several transmembrane proteins.Methods:We undertook a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature using a focused review question.Results:This review has intended to summarize the current knowledge concerning the clinical impact of polymorphisms in enzymes and transporters involved in MTX disposition and mechanism of action on paediatric patients with ALL.Conclusion:In this work, we describe why, in spite of the significant research efforts, pharmacogenetics findings in this setting have not yet found their way into routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Gervasini
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas s/n 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sonia Mota-Zamorano
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas s/n 06006, Badajoz, Spain
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10
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Sleurs C, Madoe A, Lagae L, Jacobs S, Deprez S, Lemiere J, Uyttebroeck A. Genetic Modulation of Neurocognitive Development in Cancer Patients throughout the Lifespan: a Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:190-219. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-019-09399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Gutierrez-Camino A, Umerez M, Santos B, Martin-Guerrero I, García de Andoin N, Sastre A, Navajas A, Astigarraga I, Garcia-Orad A. Pharmacoepigenetics in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: involvement of miRNA polymorphisms in hepatotoxicity. Epigenomics 2018; 10:409-417. [PMID: 29569486 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Hepatotoxicity is one of the most common drug-related toxicities during the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Many genes involved in liver-specific signaling pathways are tightly controlled by miRNAs, and miRNA function could be modulated by SNPs. As a consequence, we hypothesized that variants in miRNAs could be associated with drug-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS We analyzed 213 SNPs in 206 miRNAs in a cohort of 179 children with ALL homogeneously treated. RESULTS rs2648841 in miR-1208 was the most significant SNP during consolidation phase after false discovery rate correction, probably through an effect on its target genes DHFR, MTR and MTHFR. CONCLUSION These results point out the possible involvement of SNPs in miRNAs in toxicity to chemotherapy in children with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gutierrez-Camino
- Department of Genetics, Physic Anthropology & Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Maitane Umerez
- Department of Genetics, Physic Anthropology & Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Borja Santos
- Department of Genetics, Physic Anthropology & Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Idoia Martin-Guerrero
- Department of Genetics, Physic Anthropology & Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Nagore García de Andoin
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana Sastre
- Department of Oncohematology, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Navajas
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain.,BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Itziar Astigarraga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain.,BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Africa Garcia-Orad
- Department of Genetics, Physic Anthropology & Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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12
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Gramatges MM, Bhatia S. Evidence for Genetic Risk Contributing to Long-Term Adverse Treatment Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors. Annu Rev Med 2018; 69:247-262. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-041916-124328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Survivors of childhood cancer are at increased risk for therapy-related morbidities and mortality. Although the demographic and clinical factors predicting the risk for long-term effects of cancer therapy are well known, the impact of genetic risk for specific late effects is less clearly defined. Here, we review the extant literature and recent research describing genetic modifiers to risk for the more common late effects of childhood cancer therapy. Results of this research support the need for clinical trials that attempt to further refine risk prediction by incorporating genetic testing into existing algorithms that are primarily based on clinical and demographic factors. Confirmation of genetic predisposition, as defined by reproducibility and prospective validation, would permit therapeutic modification and discussion of individualized survivor care plans even at initial cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Smita Bhatia
- University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA
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13
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Finkelstein Y, Blonquist TM, Vijayanathan V, Stevenson KE, Neuberg DS, Silverman LB, Vrooman LM, Sallan SE, Cole PD. A thymidylate synthase polymorphism is associated with increased risk for bone toxicity among children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 27957785 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone fractures and osteonecrosis frequently complicate therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Bone toxicity has been associated with exposure to corticosteroids and methotrexate (MTX) and age greater than 10 years. We tested whether common genetic polymorphisms were associated with bone toxicity during treatment for ALL. PROCEDURE A total of 615 of 794 children enrolled on Dana Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium protocol 05-001 (NCT00400946) met eligibility criteria for inclusion in this analysis. Nineteen candidate polymorphisms were selected a priori, targeting genes related to glucocorticoid metabolism, oxidative damage, and folate physiology. Polymorphisms were genotyped using either PCR-based allelic discrimination or PCR product length analysis. RESULTS Twenty percent of subjects were homozygous for two 28 bp repeats (2R/2R, where 2R is two 28-nucleotide repeats within the 5' untranslated region [UTR] of the thymidylate synthase [TS] gene) within the 5' UTR of the gene for TS. This 2R/2R genotype was associated with increased risk of osteonecrosis among children younger than 10 years at diagnosis (multivariable hazard ratio [HR] 2.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-5.95; P = 0.013), and with bone fracture among children ≥ 10 years (multivariable HR 2.10; 95% CI 1.11-3.96; P = 0.022). No significant association was observed between TS genotype and red blood cell (RBC) folate, RBC MTX, or relapse risk. CONCLUSIONS A common genetic variant is associated with increased risk of osteonecrosis among children younger than 10 years at diagnosis and with bone fractures among older children. These findings suggest that children and adolescents with the 2R/2R TS genotype should be closely monitored for the development of bone toxicity during therapy for ALL, and support a clinical trial testing the efficacy of protective interventions specifically in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veena Vijayanathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | | | - Lewis B Silverman
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lynda M Vrooman
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen E Sallan
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter D Cole
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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14
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Marcoux S, Drouin S, Laverdière C, Alos N, Andelfinger GU, Bertout L, Curnier D, Friedrich MG, Kritikou EA, Lefebvre G, Levy E, Lippé S, Marcil V, Raboisson MJ, Rauch F, Robaey P, Samoilenko M, Séguin C, Sultan S, Krajinovic M, Sinnett D. The PETALE study: Late adverse effects and biomarkers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 27917589 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood cancer survivorship issues represent an established public health challenge. Most late adverse effects (LAEs) have been demonstrated to be time and treatment dependent. The PETALE study is a multidisciplinary research project aiming to comprehensively characterize LAEs and identify associated predictive biomarkers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) survivors. METHODS cALL survivors treated at Sainte-Justine University Health Center with Dana-Farber Cancer Institution-ALL protocols 87-01 through 2005-01 were eligible. During Phase I of the study, the participants underwent comprehensive clinical, biologic, and psychosocial investigation targeting metabolic syndrome, cardiotoxicity, bone morbidity, neurocognitive problems, and quality of life issues. Whole-exome sequencing was performed for all participants. Subjects identified with an extreme phenotype during Phase I were recalled for additional testing (Phase II). RESULTS Phase I included 246 survivors (recall rate 71.9%). Of those, 85 participants completed Phase II (recall rate 88.5%). Survivors agreeing to participate in Phase I (n = 251) were similar to those who refused (n = 31) in terms of relapse risk profile, radiotherapy exposure, and age at the time of study. Participants, however, tended to be slightly older at diagnosis (6.1 vs. 4.7 years old, P = 0.08), with a higher proportion of female agreeing to participate compared with males (93.2 vs. 86.5%, P = 0.07). CONCLUSION The PETALE study will contribute to comprehensively characterize clinical, psychosocial, biologic, and genomic features of cALL survivors using an integrated approach. Expected outcomes include LAE early detection biomarkers, long-term follow-up guidelines, and recommendations for physicians and health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marcoux
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Drouin
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Laverdière
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Alos
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregor U Andelfinger
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurence Bertout
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Curnier
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Emile Levy
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Lippé
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Raboisson
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Frank Rauch
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Robaey
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Chantal Séguin
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Sultan
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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15
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Maxwell RR, Cole PD. Pharmacogenetic Predictors of Treatment-Related Toxicity Among Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2017; 12:176-186. [DOI: 10.1007/s11899-017-0376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Mlakar V, Huezo-Diaz Curtis P, Satyanarayana Uppugunduri CR, Krajinovic M, Ansari M. Pharmacogenomics in Pediatric Oncology: Review of Gene-Drug Associations for Clinical Use. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091502. [PMID: 27618021 PMCID: PMC5037779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the 3rd congress of the European Society of Pharmacogenomics and Personalised Therapy (ESPT) in Budapest in 2015, a preliminary meeting was held aimed at establishing a pediatric individualized treatment in oncology and hematology committees. The main purpose was to facilitate the transfer and harmonization of pharmacogenetic testing from research into clinics, to bring together basic and translational research and to educate health professionals throughout Europe. The objective of this review was to provide the attendees of the meeting as well as the larger scientific community an insight into the compiled evidence regarding current pharmacogenomics knowledge in pediatric oncology. This preliminary evaluation will help steer the committee’s work and should give the reader an idea at which stage researchers and clinicians are, in terms of personalizing medicine for children with cancer. From the evidence presented here, future recommendations to achieve this goal will also be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Mlakar
- Cansearch Research Laboratory, Geneva University Medical School, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Patricia Huezo-Diaz Curtis
- Cansearch Research Laboratory, Geneva University Medical School, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Maja Krajinovic
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, 4515 Rue de Rouen, Montreal, QC H1V 1H1, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Marc Ansari
- Cansearch Research Laboratory, Geneva University Medical School, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Pediatric Department, Onco-Hematology Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Willy-Donzé 6, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
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17
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Wefel JS, Noll KR, Scheurer ME. Neurocognitive functioning and genetic variation in patients with primary brain tumours. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17:e97-e108. [PMID: 26972863 PMCID: PMC5215729 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of neurocognitive functioning is a common result of cerebral neoplasms and treatment, although there is substantial heterogeneity in the pattern and severity of neurocognitive dysfunction across individuals and tumour types. The effects of many clinical and patient characteristics on neurocognitive functioning have been documented, but little research has been devoted to understanding the effect of genetic variation on neurocognitive outcomes in patients with brain tumours. This Review highlights preliminary evidence that suggests an association between various genes and risk of adverse neurocognitive outcomes in patients with brain tumours. Studies include genes specific to neuronal function, and those associated with more systemic cellular regulation. Related scientific literature in other disease populations is briefly discussed to indicate additional candidate genes. We consider methodological issues central to the study of neurocognitive functioning and genetic associations for patients with brain tumours, and emphasise the need for future research integrating novel investigative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Wefel
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Kyle R Noll
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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18
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Cole PD. Does genetic susceptibility increase risk for neurocognitive decline among patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia? Future Oncol 2015; 11:1855-8. [PMID: 26161922 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Cole
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1225 Morris Park Avenue, Van Etten Building, Room VE 6A03, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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19
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Cheung YT, Krull KR. Neurocognitive outcomes in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on contemporary treatment protocols: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 53:108-20. [PMID: 25857254 PMCID: PMC4425605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The intensified administration of chemotherapeutic drugs has gradually replaced cranial radiation therapy (CRT) for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). While CRT is often implicated in neurocognitive impairment in ALL survivors, there is a paucity of the literature that evaluates the persistence of neurocognitive deficits in long-term survivors of pediatric ALL who were treated with contemporary chemotherapy-only protocols. Results from this systematic review concurred to the probable cognitive-sparing effect of chemotherapy-based protocols over CRT in long-term survivors. However, coupled with multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors, survivors who received chemotherapy treatment still suffered from apparent cognitive impairment, particularly in the attention and executive function domains. Notably, there is evidence to suggest that the late neurotoxic effect of methotrexate on survivors' neurocognitive performance may be dose-related. This review also recommends future pharmacokinetic, neuroimaging and genetic studies to illuminate the multifactorial nature of this subject matter and discusses the potential value of neurochemical, physiological, inflammatory and genetic markers for the prediction of susceptibility to neurocognitive impairment in long-term survivors of childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ting Cheung
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
| | - Kevin R Krull
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA.
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20
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Cole PD, Finkelstein Y, Stevenson KE, Blonquist TM, Vijayanathan V, Silverman LB, Neuberg DS, Sallan SE, Robaey P, Waber DP. Polymorphisms in Genes Related to Oxidative Stress Are Associated With Inferior Cognitive Function After Therapy for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:2205-11. [PMID: 25987702 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) exhibit increased rates of neurocognitive deficits. This study was conducted to test whether interpatient variability in neurocognitive outcomes can be explained by polymorphisms in candidate genes conferring susceptibility to neurocognitive decline. METHODS Neurocognitive testing was conducted in 350 pediatric leukemia survivors, treated on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocols 95-01 or 00-01. Genomic DNA was isolated from bone marrow collected at remission. Candidate polymorphisms were selected on the basis of prior literature, targeting genes related to drug metabolism, oxidative damage, altered neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, and folate physiology. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected using either a customized multiplexed Sequenom MassARRAY assay or polymerase chain reaction-based allelic discrimination assays. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the effects of genotype on neurocognitive outcomes, adjusted for the effects of demographic and treatment variables. False-discovery rate correction was made for multiple hypothesis testing, indicated as a Q value. RESULTS Inferior cognitive or behavioral outcomes were associated with polymorphisms in three genes related to oxidative stress and/or neuroinflammation: NOS3 (IQ, Q = 0.008; Vocabulary Q = 0.011; Matrix Reasoning Q = 0.008), SLCO2A1 (IQ Q = 0.043; Digit Span Q = 0.006; Block Design Q = 0.076), and COMT (Behavioral Assessment System for Children-2 Attention Q = 0.080; and Hyperactivity Q = 0.084). Survivors homozygous for NOS3 894T, with at least one SLCO2A1 variant G allele or with at least one GSTP1 variant allele, had lower mean estimated IQ scores than those without these genotypes. CONCLUSION These data are consistent with the hypothesis that oxidative damage contributes to chemotherapy-associated neurocognitive decline among children with leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Cole
- Peter D. Cole, Veena Vijayanathan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Yaron Finkelstein, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Philippe Robaey, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Kristen E. Stevenson, Traci M. Blonquist, Donna S. Neuberg, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI); Lewis B. Silverman, Stephen E. Sallan, DFCI, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and Deborah P. Waber, DFCI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Yaron Finkelstein
- Peter D. Cole, Veena Vijayanathan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Yaron Finkelstein, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Philippe Robaey, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Kristen E. Stevenson, Traci M. Blonquist, Donna S. Neuberg, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI); Lewis B. Silverman, Stephen E. Sallan, DFCI, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and Deborah P. Waber, DFCI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kristen E Stevenson
- Peter D. Cole, Veena Vijayanathan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Yaron Finkelstein, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Philippe Robaey, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Kristen E. Stevenson, Traci M. Blonquist, Donna S. Neuberg, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI); Lewis B. Silverman, Stephen E. Sallan, DFCI, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and Deborah P. Waber, DFCI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Traci M Blonquist
- Peter D. Cole, Veena Vijayanathan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Yaron Finkelstein, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Philippe Robaey, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Kristen E. Stevenson, Traci M. Blonquist, Donna S. Neuberg, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI); Lewis B. Silverman, Stephen E. Sallan, DFCI, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and Deborah P. Waber, DFCI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Veena Vijayanathan
- Peter D. Cole, Veena Vijayanathan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Yaron Finkelstein, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Philippe Robaey, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Kristen E. Stevenson, Traci M. Blonquist, Donna S. Neuberg, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI); Lewis B. Silverman, Stephen E. Sallan, DFCI, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and Deborah P. Waber, DFCI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Peter D. Cole, Veena Vijayanathan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Yaron Finkelstein, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Philippe Robaey, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Kristen E. Stevenson, Traci M. Blonquist, Donna S. Neuberg, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI); Lewis B. Silverman, Stephen E. Sallan, DFCI, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and Deborah P. Waber, DFCI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Donna S Neuberg
- Peter D. Cole, Veena Vijayanathan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Yaron Finkelstein, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Philippe Robaey, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Kristen E. Stevenson, Traci M. Blonquist, Donna S. Neuberg, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI); Lewis B. Silverman, Stephen E. Sallan, DFCI, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and Deborah P. Waber, DFCI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stephen E Sallan
- Peter D. Cole, Veena Vijayanathan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Yaron Finkelstein, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Philippe Robaey, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Kristen E. Stevenson, Traci M. Blonquist, Donna S. Neuberg, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI); Lewis B. Silverman, Stephen E. Sallan, DFCI, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and Deborah P. Waber, DFCI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Philippe Robaey
- Peter D. Cole, Veena Vijayanathan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Yaron Finkelstein, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Philippe Robaey, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Kristen E. Stevenson, Traci M. Blonquist, Donna S. Neuberg, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI); Lewis B. Silverman, Stephen E. Sallan, DFCI, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and Deborah P. Waber, DFCI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Deborah P Waber
- Peter D. Cole, Veena Vijayanathan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Yaron Finkelstein, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Philippe Robaey, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Kristen E. Stevenson, Traci M. Blonquist, Donna S. Neuberg, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI); Lewis B. Silverman, Stephen E. Sallan, DFCI, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and Deborah P. Waber, DFCI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Dulucq S, Laverdière C, Sinnett D, Krajinovic M. Pharmacogenetic considerations for acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:699-719. [PMID: 24673379 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.893294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in our understanding of the pathobiology of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have led to risk-targeted treatment regimens and remarkable improvement in survival rates. Still, up to 20% of patients experience treatment failure due to drug resistance. Treatment-related toxicities are often life-threatening and are the primary cause of treatment interruption, while ALL survivors may develop complications due to exposure to chemotherapy and/or irradiation during a vulnerable period of development. Different factors may contribute to variable treatment outcomes including patient genetics that has been shown to play important role. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes candidate gene and genome-wide association studies that identified common polymorphisms underlying variability in treatment responses including a few studies addressing late effects of the treatment. Genetic variants influencing antileukemic drug effects or leukemic cell biology have been identified, including for example variants in folate-dependent enzymes, influx and efflux transporters, metabolizing enzymes, drug receptor or apoptotic proteins. EXPERT OPINION Many pharmacogenetic studies have been conducted in ALL and a variety of potential markers have been identified. Yet more comprehensive insight into genome variations influencing drug responses is needed. Whole exome/genome sequencing, careful study design, mechanistic explanation of association found and collaborative studies will ultimately lead to personalized treatment and improved therapeutic and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Dulucq
- University Health Center Bordeaux, Heamatology Laboratory , Bordeaux , France
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22
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Role of NOS3 DNA variants in externalizing behavioral problems observed in childhood leukemia survivors. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2013; 35:e157-62. [PMID: 23612386 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e31828e518d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropsychological problems occurrence varies among childhood cancer survivors, and associated risk factors have not been fully deciphered. We wanted to study the role of genetic variants in behavioral problems in this population. STUDY DESIGN Behavioral problems in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients (n=138) were investigated longitudinally, using the Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire and multilevel statistical modeling. Thirty-four candidate polymorphisms, related to anticancer drug effects, were investigated. RESULTS NOS3 gene functional polymorphisms showed significant association: patients homozygous for the minor allele at investigated loci showed decreased externalizing behavioral problems scores over time (t tests: T-786C n=69, P=0.003; G894T n=71, P=0.065). The effect was even more pronounced for individuals that are homozygous for the -786C844T haplotype (t test, n=69, P<0.001) and results were supported by multilevel modeling analyses (P<0.001). No such association was observed for internalizing behavioral problems. CONCLUSION NOS3 variants modulate externalizing problems individual trajectories, likely in relationship with glucocorticoid exposure.
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Higher frequency of genetic variants conferring increased risk for ADRs for commonly used drugs treating cancer, AIDS and tuberculosis in persons of African descent. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2013; 14:160-70. [PMID: 23588107 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2013.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is established clinical evidence for differences in drug response, cure rates and survival outcomes between different ethnic populations, but the causes are poorly understood. Differences in frequencies of functional genetic variants in key drug response and metabolism genes may significantly influence drug response differences in different populations. To assess this, we genotyped 1330 individuals of African (n=372) and European (n=958) descent for 4535 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 350 key drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity genes. Important and remarkable differences in the distribution of genetic variants were observed between Africans and Europeans and among the African populations. These could translate into significant differences in drug efficacy and safety profiles, and also in the required dose to achieve the desired therapeutic effect in different populations. Our data points to the need for population-specific genetic variation in personalizing medicine and care.
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Gervasini G, Vagace JM. Impact of genetic polymorphisms on chemotherapy toxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Front Genet 2012; 3:249. [PMID: 23189085 PMCID: PMC3504364 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapy in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients has significantly increased in the last 20 years; as a result, the focus of research is slowly shifting from trying to increase survival rates to reduce chemotherapy-related toxicity. At the present time, the cornerstone of therapy for ALL is still formed by a reduced number of drugs with a highly toxic profile. In recent years, a number of genetic polymorphisms have been identified that can play a significant role in modifying the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs. The best example is that of the TPMT gene, whose genotyping is being incorporated to clinical practice in order to individualize doses of mercaptopurine. However, there are additional genes that are relevant for the metabolism, activity, and/or transport of other chemotherapy drugs that are widely use in ALL, such as methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, L-asparaginase, etoposide, cytarabine, or cytotoxic antibiotics. These genes can also be affected by genetic alterations that could therefore have clinical consequences. In this review we will discuss recent data on this field, with special focus on those polymorphisms that could be used in clinical practice to tailor chemotherapy for ALL in order to reduce the occurrence of serious adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Gervasini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Division of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Extremadura Badajoz, Spain
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25
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Abstract
A wide variety of diseases have a significant genetic component, including major causes of morbidity and mortality in the western world. Many of these diseases are also angiogenesis dependent. In humans, common polymorphisms, although more subtle in effect than rare mutations that cause Mendelian disease, are expected to have greater overall effects on human disease. Thus, common polymorphisms in angiogenesis-regulating genes may affect the response to an angiogenic stimulus and thereby affect susceptibility to or progression of such diseases. Candidate gene studies have identified several associations between angiogenesis gene polymorphisms and disease. Similarly, emerging pharmacogenomic evidence indicates that several angiogenesis-regulating polymorphisms may predict response to therapy. In contrast, genome-wide association studies have identified only a few risk alleles in obvious angiogenesis genes. As in other traits, regulatory polymorphisms appear to dominate the landscape of angiogenic responsiveness. Rodent assays, including the mouse corneal micropocket assay, tumor models, and a macular degeneration model have allowed the identification and comparison of loci that directly affect the trait. Complementarity between human and animal approaches will allow increased understanding of the genetic basis for angiogenesis-dependent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Rogers
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusettes, USA.
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Waber DP, Queally JT, Catania L, Robaey P, Romero I, Adams H, Alyman C, Jandet-Brunet C, Sallan SE, Silverman LB. Neuropsychological outcomes of standard risk and high risk patients treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia on Dana-Farber ALL consortium protocol 95-01 at 5 years post-diagnosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:758-65. [PMID: 21721112 PMCID: PMC3189432 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as High Risk (HR) patients may be more vulnerable to neurocognitive late effects because of the greater intensity of their therapy. We compared neuropsychological outcomes in children treated for Standard Risk (SR) or HR ALL on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) Consortium ALL Protocol 95-01. We also evaluated their performance relative to normative expectations. PROCEDURE Between 1996 and 2000, 498 children with newly diagnosed ALL were treated on Protocol 95-01, 298 of whom were eligible for neuropsychological follow-up. A feature of this protocol was modification of risk group criteria to treat more children as SR rather than HR patients, intended to minimize toxicities. Testing was completed at a median of 5.3 years post-diagnosis for 211 patients (70.8%; ages 6-25 years; 45.5% male; 40% HR), all of whom were in continuous complete remission. RESULTS Test scores for both groups were generally at or above normative expectation, with the exception of verbal working memory, processing complex visual information, and parent ratings of metacognitive skills. After adjusting for covariates, the SR group performed better on measures of IQ and academic achievement, working memory and visual learning. Effect sizes, however, were only in the small to moderate range. CONCLUSIONS HR patients exhibited neuropsychological deficits relative to SR patients, though the differences were modest in degree. Modification of the risk group criteria to treat more children on the SR protocol therefore likely afforded some benefit in terms of neurocognitive late effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah P. Waber
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer Turek Queally
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lori Catania
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Philippe Robaey
- Research Center of Ste-Justine Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa
| | | | - Heather Adams
- Division of Child Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center
| | - Cheryl Alyman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Jandet-Brunet
- Division of Psychology, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval de Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen E. Sallan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lewis B. Silverman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Sepe DM, McWilliams T, Chen J, Kershenbaum A, Zhao H, La M, Devidas M, Lange B, Rebbeck TR, Aplenc R. Germline genetic variation and treatment response on CCG-1891. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:695-700. [PMID: 21618417 PMCID: PMC3165089 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that polymorphisms in genes encoding enzymes involved in drug detoxification and metabolism may influence disease outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We sought to extend current knowledge by using standard and novel statistical methodology to examine polymorphic variants of genes and relapse risk, toxicity, and drug dose delivery in standard risk ALL. PROCEDURE We genotyped and abstracted chemotherapy drug dose data from treatment roadmaps on 557 patients on the Children's Cancer Group ALL study, CCG-1891. Fourteen common polymorphisms in genes involved in folate metabolism and/or phase I and II drug detoxification were evaluated individually and clique-finding methodology was employed for detection of significant gene-gene interactions. RESULTS After controlling for known risk factors, polymorphisms in four genes: GSTP1*B (HR = 1.94, P = 0.047), MTHFR (HR = 1.61, P = 0.034), MTRR (HR = 1.95, P = 0.01), and TS (3R/4R, HR = 3.69, P = 0.007) were found to significantly increase relapse risk. One gene-gene pair, MTRR A/G and GSTM1 null genotype, significantly increased the risk of relapse after correction for multiple comparisons (P = 0.012). Multiple polymorphisms were associated with various toxicities and there was no significant difference in dose of chemotherapy delivered by genotypes. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that various polymorphisms play a role in relapse risk and toxicity during childhood ALL therapy and that genotype does not play a role in adjustment of drug dose administered. Additionally, gene-gene interactions may increase the risk of relapse in childhood ALL and the clique method may have utility in further exploring these interactions. childhood ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Sepe
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Jinbo Chen
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Huaqing Zhao
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mei La
- Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, CA
| | - Meenakshi Devidas
- Children’s Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center and University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Beverly Lange
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Richard Aplenc
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Yang L, Hu X, Xu L. Impact of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms on methotrexate-induced toxicities in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1445-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Kamdar KY, Krull KR, El-Zein RA, Brouwers P, Potter BS, Harris LL, Holm S, Dreyer Z, Scaglia F, Etzel CJ, Bondy M, Okcu MF. Folate pathway polymorphisms predict deficits in attention and processing speed after childhood leukemia therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:454-60. [PMID: 21618410 PMCID: PMC3134130 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive impairment occurs in 20-40% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors, possibly mediated by folate depletion and homocysteine elevation following methotrexate treatment. We evaluated the relationship between folate pathway polymorphisms and neurocognitive impairment after childhood ALL chemotherapy. PROCEDURE Seventy-two childhood ALL survivors treated with chemotherapy alone underwent a neurocognitive battery consisting of: Trail Making Tests A (TMTA) and B (TMTB), Grooved Pegboard Test Dominant-Hand and Nondominant-Hand, Digit Span subtest, and Verbal Fluency Test. We performed genotyping for: 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR 677C>T and MTHFR 1298A>C), serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT 1420C>T), methionine synthase (MS 2756 A>G), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR 66A>G), and thymidylate synthase (TSER). Student's two sample t-test and analysis of covariance were used to compare test scores by genotype. RESULTS General impairment on the neurocognitive battery was related to MTHFR 1298A>C (P = 0.03) and MS 2756A>G (P = 0.05). Specifically, survivors with MTHFR 1298AC/CC genotypes scored, on average, 13 points lower on TMTB than those with MTHFR 1298AA genotype (P = 0.001). The MS 2756AA genotype was associated with a 12.2 point lower mean TMTA score, compared to MS 2756 AG/GG genotypes (P = 0.01). The TSER 2R/3R and 3R/3R genotypes were associated with an 11.4 point lower mean score on TMTB, compared to the TSER 2R/2R genotype (P = 0.03). Survivors with ≥6 folate pathway risk alleles demonstrated a 9.5 point lower mean TMTA score (P = 0.06) and 14.5 point lower TMTB score (P = 0.002) than survivors with <6 risk alleles. CONCLUSIONS Folate pathway polymorphisms are associated with deficits in attention and processing speed after childhood ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala Y. Kamdar
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, Childhood Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kevin R. Krull
- Department of Epidemiology & Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Randa A. El-Zein
- Childhood Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Center, Houston, TX, Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pim Brouwers
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, Division of AIDS Research, NIMH, Rockville, MD
| | - Brian S. Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Lynnette L. Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Suzanne Holm
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - ZoAnn Dreyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Carol J. Etzel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa Bondy
- Childhood Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Center, Houston, TX, Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - M. Fatih Okcu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, Childhood Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Center, Houston, TX
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Waber DP. Central nervous system late effects: a new frontier? Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:355-6. [PMID: 21638757 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah P Waber
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ergul E, Sazci A, Kara I. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms in Turkish children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 16:67-9. [PMID: 21819229 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, multifactorial genetic disorder. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible association between 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms and ADHD. There is evidence to suggest that MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms alter the function of the enzyme, causing reduced folate and increased homocysteine levels in plasma. Two polymorphisms of the MTHFR gene, C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131), were analyzed in a sample of 100 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-diagnosed ADHD and 300 healthy controls using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. We did not find any association between MTHFR 677T allele, MTHFR 1298C allele, and ADHD. In addition, there was no genotype association between the MTHFR gene and ADHD (χ(2)=1.711; df=2; p=0.425; χ(2)=2.946; df=2; p=0.229). Our data suggest that neither the MTHFR C677T polymorphism nor the MTHFR A1298C polymorphism was associated with ADHD in Turkish children. Thus, the MTHFR gene does not seem to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of ADHD in the cohort studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Ergul
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kocaeli, Umuttepe, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There are more than 11 million survivors of pediatric cancers living in the US. The largest proportion had leukemia and the group most severely impacted by their cancer and their therapies are the survivors of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. This review describes the neurocognitive outcome for these groups and outlines work aimed at understanding the pathophysiology of and approach to ameliorating neurocognitive dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS The impact of chemotherapy on children treated for leukemia without radiation has been elucidated and the differential impact of different radiation fields and doses among children with CNS malignancies has been described. Newer imaging techniques may predict damage earlier and animal models of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity may prove valuable in designing less toxic therapies or finding protective agents. Cognitive training programs, notably computerized programs that can be accessed at home, may be part of successful programs for minimizing neurotoxicity. SUMMARY This review seeks to describe the neurocognitive consequences of cancer and its therapy among pediatric patients treated for leukemia or a CNS tumor. The consequences of therapy with and without cranial radiation are described and information on potentially valuable animal models and imaging techniques are presented. The impact of host pharmacogenomics is outlined.
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Demacq C, Vasconcellos VB, Izidoro-Toledo TC, da Silva Silveira V, Canalle R, Queiroz RGDP, Tone LG, Tanus-Santos JE. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) polymorphisms are associated with high relapse risk in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1335-40. [PMID: 20510681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis has been shown as an important process in hematological malignancies. It consists in endothelial proliferation, migration, and tube formation following pro-angiogenic factors releasing, specially the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which angiogenic effect seems to be dependent on nitric oxide (NO). We examined the association among functional polymorphisms in these two angiogenesis related genes: VEGF (-2578C>A, -1154G>A, and -634G>C) and NOS3 (-786T>C, intron 4 b>a, and Glu298Asp) with prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). METHODS The genotypes were determined and haplotypes estimated in 105 ALL patients that were divided in 2 groups: high risk (HR) and low risk of relapse (LR) patients. In addition, event-free survival curves according to genotypes were assessed. RESULTS The group HR compared to the LR showed a higher frequency of the alleles -2578C and -634C and the haplotype CGC for VEGF (0.72 vs. 0.51, p<0.008; 0.47 vs. 0.26, p<0.008; and 42.1 vs. 14.5, p<0.006; respectively) and a lower frequency of the haplotype CbGlu (0.4 vs. 8.8,p<0.006), for NOS3. CONCLUSION Polymorphisms of VEGF and NOS3 genes are associated with high risk of relapse, therefore may have a prognostic impact in childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Demacq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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C677T and A1298C MTHFR polymorphisms, a challenge for antifolate and fluoropyrimidine-based therapy personalisation. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1333-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Robaey P, Krajinovic M, Marcoux S, Moghrabi A. Pharmacogenetics of the neurodevelopmental impact of anticancer chemotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:211-20. [PMID: 18924160 DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics holds the promise of minimizing adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes of cancer patients by identifying patients at risk, enabling the individualization of treatment and the planning of close follow-up and early remediation. This review focuses first on methotrexate, a drug often implicated in neurotoxicity, especially when used in combination with brain irradiation. The second focus is on glucocorticoids that have been found to be linked to adverse developmental effects in relation with the psychosocial environment. For both examples, we review how polymorphisms of genes encoding enzymes involved in specific mechanisms of action could moderate adverse neurodevelopmental consequences, eventually through common final pathways such as oxidative stress. We discuss a multiple hit model and possible strategies required to rise to the challenge of this integrative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Robaey
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec.
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Dutta S, Das Bhowmik A, Sinha S, Chattopadhyay A, Mukhopadhyay K. Screening for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in Indian patients with idiopathic mental retardation. Nutr Neurosci 2009; 11:18-24. [PMID: 18510799 DOI: 10.1179/147683008x301351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Although genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors have been found to aggravate mental retardation in approximately 1% of individuals, no cause is known till date. In this study, two genetic polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), C677T (rs#1801133) and A1298C (rs#1801131), have been investigated in idiopathic mental retardation (IMR) subjects. Significantly higher frequency of the C677 allele was observed in IMR (n = 155; chi(2) = 5.5; P = 0.019) and moderate IMR (n = 67; chi(2) = 6.16; P = 0.013) groups as compared to controls (n = 126); for A1298C, no significant difference was noticed. TDT analysis revealed preferential transmission of C677 allele to a small group of mild IMR probands (chi(2) = 5.545; P = 0.018). Higher frequency of CA haplotype was also noticed in IMR cases as compared to controls (chi(2) = 6.28; P = 0.012). We infer from the present investigation that these polymorphisms are not contributing to the aetiology of IMR in this population since both case-control and family-based analysis revealed no significant transmission of the mutated allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samikshan Dutta
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Kolkata, India
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Dietrich J, Monje M, Wefel J, Meyers C. Clinical patterns and biological correlates of cognitive dysfunction associated with cancer therapy. Oncologist 2008; 13:1285-95. [PMID: 19019972 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard oncological therapies, such as chemotherapy and cranial radiotherapy, frequently result in a spectrum of neurocognitive deficits that includes impaired learning, memory, attention, and speed of information processing. In addition to classical mechanisms of neurotoxicity associated with chemo- and radiotherapy, such as radiation necrosis and leukoencephalopathy, damage to dynamic progenitor cell populations in the brain is emerging as an important etiologic factor. Radiation- and chemotherapy-induced damage to progenitor populations responsible for maintenance of white matter integrity and adult hippocampal neurogenesis is now believed to play a major role in the neurocognitive impairment many cancer survivors experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Stephen E and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Barahmani N, Carpentieri S, Li XN, Wang T, Cao Y, Howe L, Kilburn L, Chintagumpala M, Lau C, Okcu MF. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms may predict adverse effects after therapy in children with medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2008; 11:292-300. [PMID: 18952980 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2008-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are polymorphic enzymes that catalyze the glutathione conjugation of alkylating agents, platinum compounds, and free radicals formed by radiation used to treat medulloblastoma. We hypothesized that GST polymorphisms may be responsible, in part, for individual differences in toxicity and responses in pediatric medulloblastoma. We investigated the relationship between GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and survival and toxicity in 42 children with medulloblastoma diagnosed and treated at the Texas Children's Cancer Center. We conducted Kaplan-Meier analyses to determine if the GST polymorphisms were related to progression-free survival (PFS) and performed logistic regression to explore associations between GST polymorphisms and occurrence of grade 3 or greater (> or =Gr 3) myelosuppression, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and intellectual impairment. Patients with at least one null genotype had a 4.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-16.8), 3.7 (1-13.6), and 6.4 (1.2-34) times increased risk for any > or =Gr 3 toxicity, any > or =Gr 3 toxicity excluding peripheral neuropathy, and any > or =Gr 3 toxicity requiring omission or cessation of chemotherapy, respectively. Compared with all others, patients with at least one null genotype had, on average, 27.2 (p x= 0.0002), 29 (p = 0.0004), and 21.7 (p = 0.002) lower full-scale, performance, and verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) scores, respectively. GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms may predict adverse events, including cognitive impairment after therapy, in patients with medulloblastoma. A larger study to validate these findings is under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Barahmani
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Neurocognitive late effects are common sequelae of cancer in children, especially in those who have undergone treatment for brain tumors or in those receiving prophylactic cranial radiation therapy to treat leukemia. Neurocognitive morbidity in attention, executive functioning, processing speed, working memory, and memory frequently occurs and contributes to declines in intellectual and academic abilities. Oncologists are faced with the challenge of using the most effective, often the most intense, therapy to achieve the primary goal of medical success, balanced with the desire to prevent adverse late effects. Not all children with similar diagnoses and treatment have identical neurocognitive outcomes; some do very poorly and some do well. Attention now turns to the reliable prediction of risk for poor outcomes and then, using risk-adapted therapy, to preserve neurocognitive function. Prevention of late effects through rehabilitative strategies, continuation of school, and pharmacotherapy will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A. Askins
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Hospital, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Houston, TX 77030
| | - Bartlett D. Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Hospital, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Houston, TX 77030
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Wefel JS, Witgert ME, Meyers CA. Neuropsychological sequelae of non-central nervous system cancer and cancer therapy. Neuropsychol Rev 2008; 18:121-31. [PMID: 18415683 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-008-9058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer patients report numerous adverse symptoms associated with their disease and treatment including cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, and affective distress. Cognitive dysfunction is ubiquitous in patients with primary central nervous system (CNS) cancer and recent evidence has documented similar deficits in patients with non-CNS cancer as well. Both the cancer itself and treatments including chemotherapy, biological response modifiers, and hormonal therapies have been demonstrated to adversely impact cognitive and neurobehavioral function. Neuroimaging and neurophysiological investigations have likewise revealed alterations in brain function that are helping to account for the nature of these cognitive disorders. Similarly, preclinical animal research is assisting to identify the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie treatment-related neurotoxicities. The coalescence of multidisciplinary clinical and research efforts hold promise for the development of interventions that may offer neuroprotection in addition to currently available symptomatic therapies and cognitive rehabilitation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Wefel
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Section of Neuropsychology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 431, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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Folate pathway genetic polymorphisms are related to attention disorders in childhood leukemia survivors. J Pediatr 2008; 152:101-5. [PMID: 18154909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that 5,10-methylenetetrahydroreductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms can partially explain the individual variation in developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) after acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy. STUDY DESIGN Parents of 48 survivors of childhood ALL completed a clinical diagnostic process to identify subtypes of ADHD. Genotyping was performed with peripheral blood DNA for MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) polymorphisms. RESULTS Eleven of the 48 patients (22.9%) had scores consistent with the inattentive symptoms of ADHD. Patients with genotypes related to lower folate levels (11 out of 39; 39.2%) were more likely to have ADHD. The A1298C genotype appeared to be the predominant linkage to the inattentive symptoms, leading to a 7.4-fold increase in diagnosis, compared with a 1.3-fold increase for the C677T genotype. Age at diagnosis and sex were not associated with inattentiveness. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary data imply a strong relationship between MTHFR polymorphisms and the inattentive symptoms of ADHD in survivors of childhood ALL.
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Waber DP, Turek J, Catania L, Stevenson K, Robaey P, Romero I, Adams H, Alyman C, Jandet-Brunet C, Neuberg DS, Sallan SE, Silverman LB. Neuropsychological outcomes from a randomized trial of triple intrathecal chemotherapy compared with 18 Gy cranial radiation as CNS treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: findings from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:4914-21. [PMID: 17971588 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.10.8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated late neuropsychological toxicity in children treated for standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who were randomly assigned to receive either cranial radiation therapy (CRT) with double intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy or intensive triple IT chemotherapy (no CRT) as CNS-directed therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 1996 and 2000, 164 children with standard-risk ALL treated on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Consortium Protocol 95-01 were randomly assigned to receive either 18 Gy CRT delivered in twice daily fractions (0.9 [DOSAGE ERROR CORRECTED] Gy) with double IT therapy (methotrexate and cytarabine) or intensive triple IT drug (methotrexate, cytarabine and hydrocortisone) without CRT. Neuropsychological testing was completed at a median 6 years postdiagnosis for 79 children (CRT, n = 39; triple IT, n = 40), all of whom were in continuous complete remission. RESULTS Cognitive function for both groups was solidly in the average range, with no consistent group differences in basic cognitive skills. Children treated on the CRT plus double IT arm did, however, exhibit less fluent output and were less effective at modulating their behavior by parent report. CONCLUSION This randomized trial revealed only subtle differences 6 years after diagnosis between children who received CNS therapy as CRT plus double IT drug or as intensive triple IT drug. In most situations where comparable therapeutic efficacy can be achieved without CRT, it is preferable to do so. Where therapeutically necessary, however, CRT at lower doses may not add risk for significant neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah P Waber
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Cunningham L, Aplenc R. Pharmacogenetics of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment response. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:2519-31. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.15.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Seidemann K, Book M, Zimmermann M, Meyer U, Welte K, Stanulla M, Reiter A. MTHFR 677 (C→T) polymorphism is not relevant for prognosis or therapy-associated toxicity in pediatric NHL: results from 484 patients of multicenter trial NHL-BFM 95. Ann Hematol 2006; 85:291-300. [PMID: 16463153 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-005-0072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the relationship of genetic variation within the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR 677 C-->T) with clinical characteristics, outcome, and therapy-related toxicity in pediatric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in our multicenter trial NHL-BFM 95. In this trial, high-dose methotrexate (MTX) infusion regimens were randomized (4- vs 24-h infusion) in patients with B-cell lymphoma; MTX was applied as 24-h infusion in all patients with lymphoblastic lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Toxicity data were collected per patient and therapy course according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC). The genotypes in 484 pediatric patients were distributed as follows: MTHFR 677 CC, 206 patients (42.6%); MTHFR 677 CT, 214 patients (44.2%); and MTHFR 677 TT, 64 patients (13.2%). Lymphoblastic lymphoma was significantly associated with homozygosity for the MTHFR 677 T allele. No association of MTHFR 677 genotype with clinical characteristics (sex, age, and tumor stage), outcome, or therapy-related toxicity could be detected. Therefore, we conclude that the MTHFR 677 C-->T polymorphism does not appear to influence outcome or therapy-associated toxicity in pediatric patients with NHL treated on BFM protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Seidemann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany.
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