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Shimizu M, Makiguchi M, Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Quinuclidine N-Oxygenation Mediated by Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases 1 and 3 in Kidney and Liver Microsomes from Humans, Monkeys, Dogs, and Pigs. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:906-910. [PMID: 38769015 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are a family of enzymes that are involved in the oxygenation of heteroatom-containing molecules. In humans, FMO3 is the major hepatic form, whereas FMO1 is predominant in the kidneys. FMO1 and FMO3 have also been identified in monkeys, dogs, and pigs. The predicted contribution of human FMO3 to drug candidate N-oxygenation could be estimated using the classic base dissociation constants of the N-containing moiety. A basic quinuclidine moiety was found in natural quinine and medicinal products. Consequently, N-oxygenation of quinuclidine was evaluated using liver and kidney microsomes from humans, monkeys, dogs, and pigs as well as recombinant FMO1, FMO3, and FMO5 enzymes. Experiments using simple reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence monitoring revealed that recombinant FMO1 mediated quinuclidine N-oxygenation with a high capacity in humans. Moreover, recombinant FMO1, FMO3, and/or FMO5 in monkeys, dogs, and pigs exhibited relatively broad substrate specificity toward quinuclidine N-oxygenation. Kinetic analysis showed that human FMO1 efficiently, and pig FMO1 moderately, mediated quinuclidine N-oxygenation with high capacity, which is consistent with the reported findings for larger substrates readily accepted by pig FMO1 but excluded by human FMO1. In contrast, human FMO3-mediated quinuclidine N-oxygenation was slower than that of the typical FMO3 substrate trimethylamine. These results suggest that some species differences exist in terms of FMO-mediated quinuclidine N-oxygenation in humans and some animal models (monkeys, dogs, and minipigs); however, the potential for quinuclidine, which has a simple chemical structure, to be inhibited clinically by co-administered drugs should be relatively low, especially in human livers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The high capacity of human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 1 to mediate quinuclidine N-oxygenation, a basic moiety in natural products and medicines, was demonstrated by simple reversed-phase liquid chromatography using fluorescence monitoring. The substrate specificity of FMO1 and FMO3 toward quinuclidine N-oxygenation in monkeys, dogs, and pigs was suggested to be relatively broad. Human FMO3-mediated quinuclidine N-oxygenation was slower than trimethylamine N-oxygenation. The likelihood of quinuclidine, with its simple chemical structure, being clinically inhibited by co-administered drugs is relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (M.S., M.M., H.Y.) and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Miaki Makiguchi
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (M.S., M.M., H.Y.) and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (M.S., M.M., H.Y.) and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (M.S., M.M., H.Y.) and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
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Matamá T, Costa C, Fernandes B, Araújo R, Cruz CF, Tortosa F, Sheeba CJ, Becker JD, Gomes A, Cavaco-Paulo A. Changing human hair fibre colour and shape from the follicle. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00350-8. [PMID: 37967812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural hair curvature and colour are genetically determined human traits, that we intentionally change by applying thermal and chemical treatments to the fibre. Presently, those cosmetic methodologies act externally and their recurrent use is quite detrimental to hair fibre quality and even to our health. OBJECTIVES This work represents a disruptive concept to modify natural hair colour and curvature. We aim to model the fibre phenotype as it is actively produced in the follicle through the topical delivery of specific bioactive molecules to the scalp. METHODS Transcriptome differences between curly and straight hairs were identified by microarray. In scalp samples, the most variable transcripts were mapped by in situ hybridization. Then, by using appropriate cellular models, we screened a chemical library of 1200 generic drugs, searching for molecules that could lead to changes in either fibre colour or curvature. A pilot-scale, single-centre, investigator-initiated, prospective, blind, bilateral (split-scalp) placebo-controlled clinical study with the intervention of cosmetics was conducted to obtain a proof of concept (RNEC n.92938). RESULTS We found 85 genes transcribed significantly different between curly and straight hair, not previously associated with this human trait. Next, we mapped some of the most variable genes to the inner root sheath of follicles, reinforcing the role of this cell layer in fibre shape moulding. From the drug library screening, we selected 3 and 4 hits as modulators of melanin synthesis and gene transcription, respectively, to be further tested in 33 volunteers. The intentional specific hair change occurred: 8 of 14 volunteers exhibited colour changes, and 16 of 19 volunteers presented curvature modifications, by the end of the study. CONCLUSION The promising results obtained are the first step towards future cosmetics, complementary or alternative to current methodologies, taking hair styling to a new level: changing hair from the inside out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Matamá
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Cristiana Costa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno Fernandes
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rita Araújo
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO - Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Célia F Cruz
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Francisco Tortosa
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, CHLN - Hospital de Santa Maria / Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Unidade de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Rua Mário Botas (Parque das Nações), 1998-018, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Caroline J Sheeba
- ICVS - Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; NIHR Central Commissioning Facility (CCF), Grange House, 15 Church Street, Twickenham, TW1 3NL, UK
| | - Jörg D Becker
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Andreia Gomes
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Solfarcos - Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Solutions Ltd, Avenida Imaculada Conceição n. 589, 4700-034 Braga, Portugal.
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Cleary Y, Kletzl H, Grimsey P, Heinig K, Ogungbenro K, Silber Baumann HE, Frey N, Aarons L, Galetin A, Gertz M. Estimation of FMO3 Ontogeny by Mechanistic Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Risdiplam and Its Impact on Drug-Drug Interactions in Children. Clin Pharmacokinet 2023; 62:891-904. [PMID: 37148485 PMCID: PMC10256639 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a progressive neuromuscular disease caused by insufficient levels of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Risdiplam (EvrysdiTM) increases SMN protein and is approved for the treatment of SMA. Risdiplam has high oral bioavailability and is primarily eliminated through hepatic metabolism by flavin-containing monooxygenase3 (FMO3) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, by 75% and 20%, respectively. While the FMO3 ontogeny is critical input data for the prediction of risdiplam pharmacokinetics (PK) in children, it was mostly studied in vitro, and robust in vivo FMO3 ontogeny is currently lacking. We derived in vivo FMO3 ontogeny by mechanistic population PK modelling of risdiplam and investigated its impact on drug-drug interactions in children. METHODS Population and physiologically based PK (PPK and PBPK) modelling conducted during the development of risdiplam were integrated into a mechanistic PPK (Mech-PPK) model to estimate in vivo FMO3 ontogeny. A total of 10,205 risdiplam plasma concentration-time data from 525 subjects aged 2 months-61 years were included. Six different structural models were examined to describe the in vivo FMO3 ontogeny. Impact of the newly estimated FMO3 ontogeny on predictions of drug-drug interaction (DDI) in children was investigated by simulations for dual CYP3A-FMO3 substrates including risdiplam and theoretical substrates covering a range of metabolic fractions (fm) of CYP3A and FMO3 (fmCYP3A:fmFMO3 = 10%:90%, 50%:50%, 90%:10%). RESULTS All six models consistently predicted higher FMO3 expression/activity in children, reaching a maximum at the age of 2 years with an approximately threefold difference compared with adults. Different trajectories of FMO3 ontogeny in infants < 4 months of age were predicted by the six models, likely due to limited observations for this age range. Use of this in vivo FMO3 ontogeny function improved prediction of risdiplam PK in children compared to in vitro FMO3 ontogeny functions. The simulations of theoretical dual CYP3A-FMO3 substrates predicted comparable or decreased CYP3A-victim DDI propensity in children compared to adults across the range of fm values. Refinement of FMO3 ontogeny in the risdiplam model had no impact on the previously predicted low CYP3A-victim or -perpetrator DDI risk of risdiplam in children. CONCLUSION Mech-PPK modelling successfully estimated in vivo FMO3 ontogeny from risdiplam data collected from 525 subjects aged 2 months-61 years. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of in vivo FMO3 ontogeny by population approach using comprehensive data covering a wide age range. Derivation of a robust in vivo FMO3 ontogeny function has significant implications on the prospective prediction of PK and DDI in children for other FMO3 substrates in the future, as illustrated in the current study for FMO3 and/or dual CYP3A-FMO3 substrates. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBERS NCT02633709, NCT03032172, NCT02908685, NCT02913482, NCT03988907.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Cleary
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Heidemarie Kletzl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Grimsey
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Welwyn, UK
| | - Katja Heinig
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kayode Ogungbenro
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hanna Elisabeth Silber Baumann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Frey
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leon Aarons
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Gertz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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Yamazaki H, Shimizu M. Species Specificity and Selection of Models for Drug Oxidations Mediated by Polymorphic Human Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:123-129. [PMID: 35772770 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many drug oxygenations are mainly mediated by polymorphic cytochromes P450 (P450s) and also by flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). More than 50 years of research on P450/FMO-mediated drug oxygenations have clarified their catalytic roles. The natural product coumarin causes hepatotoxicity in rats via the reactive coumarin 3,4-epoxide, a reaction catalyzed by P450 1A2; however, coumarin undergoes rapid 7-hydroxylation by polymorphic P450 2A6 in humans. The primary oxidation product of the teratogen thalidomide in rats is deactivated 5'-hydroxythalidomide plus sulfate and glucuronide conjugates; however, similar 5'-hydroxythalidomide and 5-hydroxythalidomide are formed in rabbits in vivo. Thalidomide causes human P450 3A enzyme induction in liver (and placenta) and is also activated in vitro and in vivo by P450 3A through the primary human metabolite 5-hydroxythalidomide (leading to conjugation with glutathione/nonspecific proteins). Species differences exist in terms of drug metabolism in rodents and humans, and such differences can be very important when determining the contributions of individual enzymes. The approaches used for investigating the roles of human P450 and FMO enzymes in understanding drug oxidations and clinical therapy have not yet reached maturity and still require further development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Drug oxidations in animals and humans mediated by P450s and FMOs are important for understanding the pharmacological properties of drugs, such as the species-dependent teratogenicity of the reactive metabolites of thalidomide and the metabolism of food-derived odorous trimethylamine to non-odorous (but proatherogenic) trimethylamine N-oxide. Recognized differences exist in terms of drug metabolism between rodents, non-human primates, and humans, and such differences are important when determining individual liver enzyme contributions with substrates in in vitro and in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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Ding N, Yamamoto S, Chisaki I, Nakayama M, Matsumoto SI, Hirabayashi H. Utility of Göttingen minipigs for the prediction of human pharmacokinetic profiles after intravenous drug administration. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 41:100408. [PMID: 34710650 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Göttingen minipigs are increasingly used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of drug candidates. However, their accuracy in predicting human PK parameters is unclear. In this study, we investigated the utility of Göttingen minipigs for predicting human PK profiles. We evaluated the PK parameters of 30 compounds with diverse metabolic pathways after intravenous administration in minipigs. Human total clearance (CLtotal) was corrected using the blood to plasma ratio, and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vd(ss)) was corrected with plasma unbound fraction (fup). CLtotal and Vd(ss) were predicted using single-species allometric scaling using data from minipigs and other reported animal models (monkeys, human liver chimeric mice, and rats). The predicted values were compared with actual values reported in humans. Göttingen minipig were superior to rats because of their better predictability of Vd(ss) and CLtotal, as represented by lower absolute average fold error values. However, their predictability for Vd(ss) was inferior to monkey and human liver chimeric mice. Prediction of CLtotal from blood-based minipig data showed excellent correlation with human data, and comparable predictability with monkey and human liver chimeric mice. Thus, Göttingen minipigs can be used as an optional model for preclinical pharmaceutical research for predicting human CLtotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ikumi Chisaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miyu Nakayama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Matsumoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Non-cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics: Focus on the regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108020. [PMID: 34637840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism is one of the major biotransformation reactions that regulates the exposure of xenobiotics and their metabolites in the circulatory system and local tissues and organs, and influences their efficacy and toxicity. Although cytochrome (CY)P450s play critical roles in the oxidative reaction, extensive CYP450-independent oxidative metabolism also occurs in some xenobiotics, such as aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, monoamine oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, or aldehyde dehydrogenase-dependent oxidative metabolism. Drugs form a large portion of xenobiotics and are the primary target of this review. The common reaction mechanisms and roles of non-CYP450 enzymes in metabolism, factors affecting the expression and activity of non-CYP450 enzymes in terms of inhibition, induction, regulation, and species differences in pharmaceutical research and development have been summarized. These non-CYP450 enzymes are detoxifying enzymes, although sometimes they mediate severe toxicity. Synthetic or natural chemicals serve as inhibitors for these non-CYP450 enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions through these inhibitors have rarely been reported in vivo. Although multiple mechanisms participate in the basal expression and regulation of non-CYP450 enzymes, only a limited number of inducers upregulate their expression. Therefore, these enzymes are considered non-inducible or less inducible. Overall, this review focuses on the potential xenobiotic factors that contribute to variations in gene expression levels and the activities of non-CYP450 enzymes.
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Shimizu M, Mizugaki A, Koibuchi N, Sango H, Uenuma Y, Yamazaki H. A series of simple detection systems for genetic variants of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) with impaired function in Japanese subjects. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 41:100420. [PMID: 34634752 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of single-nucleotide substitutions of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) gene are being recorded in mega-databases. Phenotype-gene analyses revealed impaired FMO3 variants associated with the metabolic disorder trimethylaminuria. Here, a series of reliable FMO3 genotyping confirmation methods was assembled and developed for 45 impaired FMO3 variants, mainly found in Japanese populations, using singleplex or duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods and singleplex, duplex, or tetraplex allele-specific PCR methods. Nine PCR-RFLP procedures with single restriction enzymes and fourteen duplex PCR-RFLP procedures (for p.Trp41Ter and p.Thr329Ala, p.Met66Val and p.Leu163Pro, p.Pro70Leu and p.Glu308Gly, p.Asn114Ser and p.Ser195Leu, p.Glu158Lys and p.Ile441Thr, p.Cys197Ter and p.Trp388Ter, p.Arg205Cys and p.Val257Met, p.Arg205His and p.Cys397Ser, p.Met211ArgfsTer10 and p.Arg492Trp, p.Arg223Gln and p.Leu473Pro, p.Met260Val and p.Thr488Ala, p.Tyr269His and p.Ala311Pro, p.Ser310Leu and p.Gly376Glu, and p.Gln470Ter and p.Arg500Ter) were newly established along with eight singleplex (for p.Pro153GlnfsTer14, p.Gly191Cys, p.Pro248Thr, p.Ile486Met, and p.Pro496Ser, among others), one duplex (p.Ile199Ser and p.Asp286Tyr), and one tetraplex (p.Ile7Thr, p.Val58Ile, p.Thr201Lys, and p.Gly421Val) allele-specific PCR systems. This series of systems should facilitate the easy detection in a clinical setting of FMO3 variants in Japanese subjects susceptible to low drug clearances or drug reactions possibly caused by impaired FMO3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ami Mizugaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Koibuchi
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruna Sango
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Uenuma
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Taniguchi-Takizawa T, Kato N, Shimizu M, Kume T, Yamazaki H. Different substrate elimination rates of model drugs pH-dependently mediated by flavin-containing monooxygenases and cytochromes P450 in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 40:100412. [PMID: 34352706 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The predicted contributions of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) to drug candidate N-oxygenations can be estimated using classic base dissociation constants of the N-containing moiety. In this study, metabolic clearance values in human liver microsomes were experimentally determined for available model drugs. Typical metabolic clearance values (34-96 μL/min/mg protein) at pH 8.4 of trimethylamine, benzydamine, and itopride were two-to fourfold higher than those at pH 7.4. In contrast, the metabolic clearance of control drug midazolam at pH 8.4 was half that at pH 7.4. The ratios of clearance values at pH 8.4 to those at pH 7.4 and the substrate pKa (base) values of reported metabolic N-oxygenation sites of trimethylamine, benzydamine, clomipramine, chlorpromazine, tamoxifen, itopride, loxapine, xanomeline, tozasertib, dasatinib, and clozapine were significantly correlated (r = 0.60, p < 0.05, n = 11). These results suggested that the simple comparison of metabolic clearance values at pH 8.4 and at pH 7.4 could be useful for predicting the contributions of FMO3 to the N-oxygenations of new drug candidates. This method, along with in silico pKa (base) values > 8.4, could prove useful for predicting the contributions of FMO3 to N-oxygenations as part of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Taniguchi-Takizawa
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Nozomu Kato
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kume
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan.
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Taniguchi-Takizawa T, Kato H, Shimizu M, Yamazaki H. Predicted Contributions of Flavin-containing Monooxygenases to the N-oxygenation of Drug Candidates Based on their Estimated Base Dissociation Constants. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:208-214. [PMID: 33290197 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666201207195758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Base dissociation constants of 30 model chemicals were investigated to constitute potential determinant factors predicting the contributions of flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). BACKGROUND The contributions of FMOs to the metabolic elimination of new drug candidates could be underestimated under certain experimental conditions during drug development. OBJECTIVE A method for predicting metabolic sites and the contributions of FMOs to N-oxygenations is proposed using a molecular descriptor, the base dissociation constant (pKa base), which can be estimated in silico using commonly available chemoinformatic prediction systems. METHODS Model drugs and their oxidative pathways were surveyed in the literature to investigate the roles of FMOs in their N-oxygenations. The acid and base dissociation constants of the nitrogen moieties of 30 model substrates were estimated using well-established chemoinformatic software. RESULTS The base dissociation constants of 30 model chemicals were classified into two groups based on the reported optimal in vitro pH of 8.4 for FMO enzymes as a key determinant factor. Among 18 substrates (e.g., trimethylamine, benzydamine, and itopride) with pKa (base) values in the range of 8.4-9.8, all N-oxygenated metabolites were reported to be predominantly catalyzed by FMOs. Except for three cases (xanomeline; L-775,606; and tozasertib), the nine substrates with pKa (base) values in the range 2.7-7.9 were only moderately or minorly N-oxygenated by FMOs in addition to their major metabolic pathway of oxidation mediated by cytochrome P450s. N-Oxygenation of T-1032 (with a pKa of 4.8) is mediated predominantly by P450 3A5, but not by FMO1/3. CONCLUSION The predicted contributions of FMOs to the N-oxygenation of drug candidates can be simply estimated using classic base dissociation constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Taniguchi-Takizawa
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Kato
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Sohyaku Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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Shimizu M, Koibuchi N, Mizugaki A, Hishinuma E, Saito S, Hiratsuka M, Yamazaki H. Genetic variants of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) in Japanese subjects identified by phenotyping for trimethylaminuria and found in a database of genome resources. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 38:100387. [PMID: 33831674 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The oxygenation of food-derived trimethylamine to its N-oxide is a representative reaction mediated by human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). Impaired FMO3 enzymatic activity is associated with trimethylaminuria (accumulation of substrate), whereas trimethylamine N-oxide (metabolite) is associated with arteriosclerosis. We previously reported FMO3 single-nucleotide and/or haplotype variants with low FMO3 metabolic capacity using urinary phenotyping and the whole-genome sequencing of Japanese populations. Here, we further analyze Japanese volunteers with self-reported malodor and interrogate an updated Japanese database for novel FMO3 single-nucleotide and/or haplotype variants. After 3 years of follow up, seven probands were found to harbor the known impaired FMO3 variant p.(Gly191Cys) identified in the database or novel variants/haplotypes including p.(Met66Val), p.(Arg223Gln), p.(Glu158Lys;Glu308Gly;Arg492Trp), and p.(Glu158Lys;Glu308Gly;Pro496Ser). The known severe mutation p.(Cys197Ter) (a TG deletion) and four variants including p.(Tyr269His) and p.(Pro496Ser) were first detected in the updated genome panel. Among previously unanalyzed FMO3 variants, the trimethylamine/benzydamine N-oxygenation activities of recombinant p.(Met66Val), p.(Arg223Gln), p.(Tyr269His), p.(Glu158Lys;Glu308Gly;Arg492Trp), and p.(Glu158Lys;Glu308Gly;Pro496Ser) FMO3 variant proteins were severely decreased (Vmax/Km <10% of wild-type). Although the present novel mutations or alleles were relatively rare, both in self-reported Japanese trimethylaminuria sufferers and in the genomic database panel, three common FMO3 missense or deletion variants severely impaired FMO3-mediated N-oxygenation of trimethylamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Koibuchi
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ami Mizugaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Hishinuma
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sakae Saito
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T, Ohara K, Kamei T, Koyanagi J, Akimoto M. Role of human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 5 in the metabolism of nabumetone: Baeyer-Villiger oxidation in the activation of the intermediate metabolite, 3-hydroxy nabumetone, to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid in vitro. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:155-166. [PMID: 33146575 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1843089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nabumetone (NAB) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used clinically, and its biotransformation includes the major active metabolite 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA). One of the key intermediates between NAB and 6-MNA may be 3-hydroxy nabumetone (3-OH-NAB). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) isoform 5 in the formation of 6-MNA from 3-OH-NAB. To elucidate the biotransformation of 3-OH-NAB to 6-MNA, an authentic standard of 3-OH-NAB was synthesised and used as a substrate in an incubation with human liver samples or recombinant enzymes. The formation of 3-OH-NAB was observed after the incubation of NAB with various cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. However, 6-MNA itself was rarely detected from NAB and 3-OH-NAB. Further experiments revealed a 6-MNA peak derived from 3-OH-NAB in human hepatocytes. 6-MNA was also detected in the extract obtained from 3-OH-NAB by a combined incubation of recombinant human FMO5 and human liver S9. We herein demonstrated that the reaction involves carbon-carbon cleavage catalyzed by the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation (BVO) of a carbonyl compound, the BVO substrate, such as a ketol, by FMO5. Further in vitro inhibition experiments showed that multiple non-CYP enzymes are involved in the formation of 6-MNA from 3-OH-NAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Junichi Koyanagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Masayuki Akimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
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12
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In vivo drug interactions of itopride and trimethylamine mediated by flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 in humanized-liver mice. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 37:100369. [PMID: 33513464 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) catalyzes the oxygenation of a wide variety of medicines and dietary-derived compounds. However, little information is available regarding drug interactions mediated by FMO3 in vivo. Consequently, we investigated interactions between FMO substrates in humanized-liver mice. Trimethylamine-d9 and itopride were, respectively, intravenously and orally administered to humanized-liver mice (n = 5-7). The pharmacokinetic profiles of itopride (the victim drug) in the presence of trimethylamine (the perpetrator drug) were determined for 24 h after co-administration using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Itopride (10 mg/kg) was extensively oxygenated in humanized-liver mice to its N-oxide. The plasma concentrations of itopride N-oxide after co-administration of itopride and trimethylamine (10 and 100 mg/kg) were significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner, but only during the early phase, i.e., up to 2 h after co-administration. With the higher dose of trimethylamine, the areas under the concentration-time curves of itopride and its N-oxide significantly increased (1.6-fold) and decreased (to 60%), respectively; modeling suggested that these modified pharmacokinetics resulted from suppression of the in vivo hepatic intrinsic clearance (to 67%). These results suggest that food-derived trimethylamine may result in interactions with FMO drug substrates immediately after administration; however, the potential for this to occur in vivo may be limited.
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13
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Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Membrane-Bound Enzymes in Biomimetic Configurations. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20123393. [PMID: 32560121 PMCID: PMC7349357 DOI: 10.3390/s20123393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In nature, many enzymes are attached or inserted into the cell membrane, having hydrophobic subunits or lipid chains for this purpose. Their reconstitution on electrodes maintaining their natural structural characteristics allows for optimizing their electrocatalytic properties and stability. Different biomimetic strategies have been developed for modifying electrodes surfaces to accommodate membrane-bound enzymes, including the formation of self-assembled monolayers of hydrophobic compounds, lipid bilayers, or liposomes deposition. An overview of the different strategies used for the formation of biomimetic membranes, the reconstitution of membrane enzymes on electrodes, and their applications as biosensors is presented.
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14
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Abstract
Flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) are ancient enzymes present in all kingdoms of life. FMOs typically catalyze the incorporation of an oxygen atom from molecular oxygen into small molecules. To date, the majority of functional characterization studies have been performed on mammalian, fungal and bacterial FMOs, showing that they play fundamental roles in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. By contrast, our understanding of FMOs across the plant kingdom is very limited, despite plants possessing far greater FMO diversity compared to both bacteria and other multicellular organisms. Here, we review the progress of plant FMO research, with a focus on FMO diversity and functionality. Significantly, of the FMOs characterized to date, they all perform oxygenation reactions that are crucial steps within hormone metabolism, pathogen resistance, signaling and chemical defense. This demonstrates the fundamental role FMOs have within plant metabolism, and presents significant opportunities for future research pursuits and downstream applications.
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15
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Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Flavin-containing monooxygenases: new structures from old proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:3-4. [DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T, Ohara K, Takei C, Kamei T, Koyanagi J, Takahashi T, Akimoto M. A metabolic pathway for the prodrug nabumetone to the pharmacologically active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA) by non-cytochrome P450 enzymes. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:783-792. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1704097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Junichi Koyanagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tamiko Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Masayuki Akimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
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17
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Ancestral-sequence reconstruction unveils the structural basis of function in mammalian FMOs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 27:14-24. [PMID: 31873300 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are ubiquitous in all domains of life and metabolize a myriad of xenobiotics, including toxins, pesticides and drugs. However, despite their pharmacological importance, structural information remains bereft. To further our understanding behind their biochemistry and diversity, we used ancestral-sequence reconstruction, kinetic and crystallographic techniques to scrutinize three ancient mammalian FMOs: AncFMO2, AncFMO3-6 and AncFMO5. Remarkably, all AncFMOs could be crystallized and were structurally resolved between 2.7- and 3.2-Å resolution. These crystal structures depict the unprecedented topology of mammalian FMOs. Each employs extensive membrane-binding features and intricate substrate-profiling tunnel networks through a conspicuous membrane-adhering insertion. Furthermore, a glutamate-histidine switch is speculated to induce the distinctive Baeyer-Villiger oxidation activity of FMO5. The AncFMOs exhibited catalysis akin to human FMOs and, with sequence identities between 82% and 92%, represent excellent models. Our study demonstrates the power of ancestral-sequence reconstruction as a strategy for the crystallization of proteins.
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18
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Dalvie D, Di L. Aldehyde oxidase and its role as a drug metabolizing enzyme. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:137-180. [PMID: 31128989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a cytosolic enzyme that belongs to the family of structurally related molybdoflavoproteins like xanthine oxidase (XO). The enzyme is characterized by broad substrate specificity and marked species differences. It catalyzes the oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and various heteroaromatic rings as well as reduction of several functional groups. The references to AO and its role in metabolism date back to the 1950s, but the importance of this enzyme in the metabolism of drugs has emerged in the past fifteen years. Several reviews on the role of AO in drug metabolism have been published in the past decade indicative of the growing interest in the enzyme and its influence in drug metabolism. Here, we present a comprehensive monograph of AO as a drug metabolizing enzyme with emphasis on marketed drugs as well as other xenobiotics, as substrates and inhibitors. Although the number of drugs that are primarily metabolized by AO are few, the impact of AO on drug development has been extensive. We also discuss the effect of AO on the systemic exposure and clearance these clinical candidates. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of drug discovery compounds involving AO with the focus on developmental candidates that were reported in the past five years with regards to pharmacokinetics and toxicity. While there is only one known report of AO-mediated clinically relevant drug-drug interaction (DDI), a detailed description of inhibitors and inducers of AO known to date has been presented here and the potential risks associated with DDI. The increasing recognition of the importance of AO has led to significant progress in predicting the site of AO-mediated metabolism using computational methods. Additionally, marked species difference in expression of AO makes it is difficult to predict human clearance with high confidence. The progress made towards developing in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches for predicting AO metabolism and estimating human clearance of compounds that are metabolized by AO have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dalvie
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corporation, 10300, Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, UK
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19
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Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3): genetic variants and their consequences for drug metabolism and disease. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:19-33. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1643515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Phillips
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Shephard
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
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20
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Choi YJ, Lee JY, Ryu CS, Chi YH, Paik SH, Kim SK. Role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in fimasartan metabolism in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:375-384. [PMID: 29596975 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fimasartan (FMS), an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, is metabolized to FMS S-oxide, FMS N-glucuronide, oxidative desulfurized FMS (BR-A-557), and hydroxy-n-butyl FMSs. The purpose of this study was to characterize enzymes involved in NADPH-dependent FMS metabolism using recombinant enzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), as well as selective chemical inhibitors. The results showed that CYP, but not FMO, plays a major role in FMS metabolism. CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 were involved in the formation of FMS S-oxide, which was further metabolized to BR-A-557 by CYP3A4/5. CYP2C9 played an exclusive role in n-butyl hydroxylation. The specificity constant (kcat/Km) values for S-oxidation by CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 were 0.21, 0.34, and 0.19 μM-1∙min-1, respectively. The kcat/Km values of hydroxylation at the 1-, 2-/3-, and 4-n-butyl group in CYP2C9 were 0.0076, 0.041, and 0.035 μM-1∙min-1, respectively. The kcat and Km values provide information for the prediction of FMS metabolism in vivo. In addition, simultaneous determination of the FMS metabolites may be used to evaluate CYP2C9 and CYP3A4/5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seon Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ha Chi
- Central Research Institute, Boryung Pharm. co., Ltd. Ansan, Gyeonggi 425-839, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Heui Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Xu M, Bhatt DK, Yeung CK, Claw KG, Chaudhry AS, Gaedigk A, Pearce RE, Broeckel U, Gaedigk R, Nickerson DA, Schuetz E, Rettie AE, Leeder JS, Thummel KE, Prasad B. Genetic and Nongenetic Factors Associated with Protein Abundance of Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 in Human Liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:265-274. [PMID: 28819071 PMCID: PMC5697103 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.243113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic flavin-containing mono-oxygenase 3 (FMO3) metabolizes a broad array of nucleophilic heteroatom (e.g., N or S)-containing xenobiotics (e.g., amphetamine, sulindac, benzydamine, ranitidine, tamoxifen, nicotine, and ethionamide), as well as endogenous compounds (e.g., catecholamine and trimethylamine). To predict the effect of genetic and nongenetic factors on the hepatic metabolism of FMO3 substrates, we quantified FMO3 protein abundance in human liver microsomes (HLMs; n = 445) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass chromatography proteomics. Genotyping/gene resequencing, mRNA expression, and functional activity (with benzydamine as probe substrate) of FMO3 were also evaluated. FMO3 abundance increased 2.2-fold (13.0 ± 11.4 pmol/mg protein vs. 28.0 ± 11.8 pmol/mg protein) from neonates to adults. After 6 years of age, no significant difference in FMO3 abundance was found between children and adults. Female donors exhibited modestly higher mRNA fragments per kilobase per million reads values (139.9 ± 76.9 vs. 105.1 ± 73.1; P < 0.001) and protein FMO3 abundance (26.7 ± 12.0 pmol/mg protein vs. 24.1 ± 12.1 pmol/mg protein; P < 0.05) compared with males. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs2064074, rs28363536, rs2266782 (E158K), rs909530 (N285N), rs2266780 (E308G), and rs909531, were associated with significantly decreased protein abundance. FMO3 abundance in individuals homozygous and heterozygous for haplotype 3 (H3), representing variant alleles for all these SNPs (except rs2066534), were 50.8% (P < 0.001) and 79.5% (P < 0.01), respectively, of those with the reference homozygous haplotype (H1, representing wild-type). In summary, FMO3 protein abundance is significantly associated with age, gender, and genotype. These data are important in predicting FMO3-mediated heteroatom-oxidation of xenobiotics and endogenous biomolecules in the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Xu
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Deepak Kumar Bhatt
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Catherine K Yeung
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Katrina G Claw
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Amarjit S Chaudhry
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Robin E Pearce
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Ulrich Broeckel
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Roger Gaedigk
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Erin Schuetz
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - J Steven Leeder
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (M.X., D.K.B., K.G.C., K.E.T., B.P.), Medicinal Chemistry (C.K.Y., A.E.R.), and Genome Sciences (D.N.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (M.X.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.S.C., E.S.); Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri (A.G., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); and Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (U.B.)
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Botta L, Bizzarri BM, Crucianelli M, Saladino R. Advances in biotechnological synthetic applications of carbon nanostructured systems. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:6490-6510. [PMID: 32264413 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00764g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years carbon nanostructures have been applied for the immobilization of enzymes and biomimetic organo-metallic species useful for biotechnological applications. The nature of the support and the method of immobilization are responsible for the stability, reactivity and selectivity of the system. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the use of carbon nanostructures, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanorods, fullerene and graphene for the preparation of biocatalytic and biomimetic systems and for their application in the development of green chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Botta
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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23
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Catucci G, Polignano I, Cusumano D, Medana C, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Identification of human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 substrates by a colorimetric screening assay. Anal Biochem 2017; 522:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Castrignanò S, Bortolussi S, Catucci G, Gholami O, Valetti F, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Bioelectrochemical profiling of two common polymorphic variants of human FMO3 in presence of graphene oxide. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3: Structural mapping of gene polymorphisms and insights into molecular basis of drug binding. Gene 2016; 593:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Drug metabolism by flavin-containing monooxygenases of human and mouse. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:167-181. [PMID: 27678284 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1239718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) play an important role in drug metabolism. Areas covered: We focus on the role of FMOs in the metabolism of drugs in human and mouse. We describe FMO genes and proteins of human and mouse; the catalytic mechanism of FMOs and their significance for drug metabolism; differences between FMOs and CYPs; factors contributing to potential underestimation of the contribution of FMOs to drug metabolism; the developmental and tissue-specific expression of FMO genes and differences between human and mouse; and factors that induce or inhibit FMOs. We discuss the contribution of FMOs of human and mouse to the metabolism of drugs and how genetic variation of FMOs affects drug metabolism. Finally, we discuss the utility of animal models for FMO-mediated drug metabolism in humans. Expert opinion: The contribution of FMOs to drug metabolism may be underestimated. As FMOs are not readily induced or inhibited and their reactions are generally detoxifications, the design of drugs that are metabolized predominantly by FMOs offers clinical advantages. Fmo1(-/-),Fmo2(-/-),Fmo4(-/-) mice provide a good animal model for FMO-mediated drug metabolism in humans. Identification of roles for FMO1 and FMO5 in endogenous metabolism has implications for drug therapy and initiates an exciting area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Phillips
- a Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology , University College London , London , UK.,b School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Elizabeth A Shephard
- a Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology , University College London , London , UK
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27
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Ren Q, Xiao D, Han X, Edwards SL, Wang H, Tang Y, Zhang S, Li X, Zhang X, Cai X, Liu Z, Paul SK, Ji L. Genetic and Clinical Predictive Factors of Sulfonylurea Failure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2016; 18:586-93. [PMID: 27403931 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2015.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfonylureas are widely used to treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Although genetic variations are associated with sulfonylurea treatment responses in T2DM patients, whether these variations can be used to predict heterogeneous treatment responses is unclear. In this study, we assessed the potential utility of combining information from multiple variants and phenotypes to predict sulfonylurea response. METHODS Using data from the "Glibenclamide" arm (365 patients) of the Xiaoke Pill Trial that evaluated the safety and efficacy of sulfonylurea, we identified genetic variants associated with sulfonylurea treatment response, and we explored their ability to predict drug response when combined with phenotype information. RESULTS The association of 780 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (using Infinium HD iSelect chip) with drug efficacy was evaluated, and four genes identified with drug metabolism (FMO2, FMO3, UGT2B15, and CYP51A1, P < 0.05) were found to be associated with changes in HbA1c. In a clinical model, the baseline values of HbA1c and disposition index (DI) were significantly associated with HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) target achievements. Compared with clinical models, the inclusion of genetic markers significantly increased the predictive ability for both HbA1c- and FPG-based outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that altered protein function in multiple pathways may cooperatively contribute to the increased discrimination by area under receiver operating curve for T2DM patients, and it may explain, in part, the relationship between inter-individual variability and the sulfonylurea response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Di Xiao
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, P.R. China
- 3 Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University , Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Xueyao Han
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Stacey L Edwards
- 4 Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Huaiqing Wang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yong Tang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Simin Zhang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xi Li
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, P.R. China
- 3 Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University , Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Cai
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoqian Liu
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, P.R. China
- 3 Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University , Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Sanjoy K Paul
- 5 Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Unit, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linong Ji
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
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Wagmann L, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. What is the contribution of human FMO3 in the N-oxygenation of selected therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse? Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:55-70. [PMID: 27320963 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) in the metabolism of xenobiotics. FMO3 is the isoform in adult human liver with the highest impact on drug metabolism. The aim of the presented study was to elucidate the contribution of human FMO3 to the N-oxygenation of selected therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse (DOAs). Its contribution to the in vivo hepatic net clearance of the N-oxygenation products was calculated by application of an extended relative activity factor (RAF) approach to differentiate from contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. FMO3 and CYP substrates were identified using pooled human liver microsomes after heat inactivation and chemical inhibition, or single enzyme incubations. Kinetic parameters were subsequently determined using recombinant human enzymes and mass spectrometric analysis via authentic reference standards or simple peak areas of the products divided by those of the internal standard. FMO3 was identified as enzyme mainly responsible for the formation of N,N-diallyltryptamine N-oxide and methamphetamine hydroxylamine (>80% contribution for both). A contribution of 50 and 30% was calculated for the formation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide and methoxypiperamide N-oxide, respectively. However, FMO3 contributed with less than 5% to the formation of 3-bromomethcathinone hydroxylamine, amitriptyline N-oxide, and clozapine N-oxide. There was no significant difference in the contributions when using calibrations with reference metabolite standards or peak area ratio calculations. The successful application of a modified RAF approach including FMO3 proved the importance of FMO3 in the N-oxygenation of DOAs in human metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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Foti RS, Dalvie DK. Cytochrome P450 and Non-Cytochrome P450 Oxidative Metabolism: Contributions to the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Xenobiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1229-45. [PMID: 27298339 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The drug-metabolizing enzymes that contribute to the metabolism or bioactivation of a drug play a crucial role in defining the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of that drug. Although the overall effect of the cytochrome P450 (P450) family of drug-metabolizing enzymes in this capacity cannot be understated, advancements in the field of non-P450-mediated metabolism have garnered increasing attention in recent years. This is perhaps a direct result of our ability to systematically avoid P450 liabilities by introducing chemical moieties that are not susceptible to P450 metabolism but, as a result, may introduce key pharmacophores for other drug-metabolizing enzymes. Furthermore, the effects of both P450 and non-P450 metabolism at a drug's site of therapeutic action have also been subject to increased scrutiny. To this end, this Special Section on Emerging Novel Enzyme Pathways in Drug Metabolism will highlight a number of advancements that have recently been reported. The included articles support the important role of non-P450 enzymes in the clearance pathways of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs over the past 10 years. Specific examples will detail recent reports of aldehyde oxidase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, and other non-P450 pathways that contribute to the metabolic, pharmacokinetic, or pharmacodynamic properties of xenobiotic compounds. Collectively, this series of articles provides additional support for the role of non-P450-mediated metabolic pathways that contribute to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of current xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Foti
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, La Jolla, California (D.K.D.)
| | - Deepak K Dalvie
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, La Jolla, California (D.K.D.)
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30
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Fennema D, Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine N-Oxide, a Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 (FMO3)-Mediated Host-Microbiome Metabolic Axis Implicated in Health and Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1839-1850. [PMID: 27190056 PMCID: PMC5074467 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) is known primarily as an enzyme involved in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs. On a daily basis, however, we are exposed to one of the most abundant substrates of the enzyme trimethylamine (TMA), which is released from various dietary components by the action of gut bacteria. FMO3 converts the odorous TMA to nonodorous TMA N-oxide (TMAO), which is excreted in urine. Impaired FMO3 activity gives rise to the inherited disorder primary trimethylaminuria (TMAU). Affected individuals cannot produce TMAO and, consequently, excrete large amounts of TMA. A dysbiosis in gut bacteria can give rise to secondary TMAU. Recently, there has been much interest in FMO3 and its catalytic product, TMAO, because TMAO has been implicated in various conditions affecting health, including cardiovascular disease, reverse cholesterol transport, and glucose and lipid homeostasis. In this review, we consider the dietary components that can give rise to TMA, the gut bacteria involved in the production of TMA from dietary precursors, the metabolic reactions by which bacteria produce and use TMA, and the enzymes that catalyze the reactions. Also included is information on bacteria that produce TMA in the oral cavity and vagina, two key microbiome niches that can influence health. Finally, we discuss the importance of the TMA/TMAO microbiome-host axis in health and disease, considering factors that affect bacterial production and host metabolism of TMA, the involvement of TMAO and FMO3 in disease, and the implications of the host-microbiome axis for management of TMAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede Fennema
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London (D.F., I.R.P., E.A.S.), and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London (I.R.P.), London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Phillips
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London (D.F., I.R.P., E.A.S.), and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London (I.R.P.), London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Shephard
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London (D.F., I.R.P., E.A.S.), and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London (I.R.P.), London, United Kingdom
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31
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Fan PW, Zhang D, Halladay JS, Driscoll JP, Khojasteh SC. Going Beyond Common Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: Case Studies of Biotransformation Involving Aldehyde Oxidase, γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, Cathepsin B, Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase, and ADP-Ribosyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1253-61. [PMID: 27117704 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The significant roles that cytochrome P450 (P450) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes play in drug discovery cannot be ignored, and these enzyme systems are commonly examined during drug optimization using liver microsomes or hepatocytes. At the same time, other drug-metabolizing enzymes have a role in the metabolism of drugs and can lead to challenges in drug optimization that could be mitigated if the contributions of these enzymes were better understood. We present examples (mostly from Genentech) of five different non-P450 and non-UGT enzymes that contribute to the metabolic clearance or bioactivation of drugs and drug candidates. Aldehyde oxidase mediates a unique amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834 (N-[3-[6-[4-[(2R)-1,4-dimethyl-3-oxopiperazin-2-yl]anilino]-4-methyl-5-oxopyrazin-2-yl]-2-methylphenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide), leading to high clearance of the drug. Likewise, the rodent-specific ribose conjugation by ADP-ribosyltransferase leads to high clearance of an interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase inhibitor. Metabolic reactions by flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) are easily mistaken for P450-mediated metabolism such as oxidative defluorination of 4-fluoro-N-methylaniline by FMO. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is involved in the initial hydrolysis of glutathione metabolites, leading to formation of proximate toxins and nephrotoxicity, as is observed with cisplatin in the clinic, or renal toxicity, as is observed with efavirenz in rodents. Finally, cathepsin B is a lysosomal enzyme that is highly expressed in human tumors and has been targeted to release potent cytotoxins, as in the case of brentuximab vedotin. These examples of non-P450- and non-UGT-mediated metabolism show that a more complete understanding of drug metabolizing enzymes allows for better insight into the fate of drugs and improved design strategies of molecules in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Fan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - Jason S Halladay
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
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32
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Bohnert T, Patel A, Templeton I, Chen Y, Lu C, Lai G, Leung L, Tse S, Einolf HJ, Wang YH, Sinz M, Stearns R, Walsky R, Geng W, Sudsakorn S, Moore D, He L, Wahlstrom J, Keirns J, Narayanan R, Lang D, Yang X. Evaluation of a New Molecular Entity as a Victim of Metabolic Drug-Drug Interactions-an Industry Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1399-423. [PMID: 27052879 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.069096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Under the guidance of the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ), scientists from 20 pharmaceutical companies formed a Victim Drug-Drug Interactions Working Group. This working group has conducted a review of the literature and the practices of each company on the approaches to clearance pathway identification (fCL), estimation of fractional contribution of metabolizing enzyme toward metabolism (fm), along with modeling and simulation-aided strategy in predicting the victim drug-drug interaction (DDI) liability due to modulation of drug metabolizing enzymes. Presented in this perspective are the recommendations from this working group on: 1) strategic and experimental approaches to identify fCL and fm, 2) whether those assessments may be quantitative for certain enzymes (e.g., cytochrome P450, P450, and limited uridine diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase, UGT enzymes) or qualitative (for most of other drug metabolism enzymes), and the impact due to the lack of quantitative information on the latter. Multiple decision trees are presented with stepwise approaches to identify specific enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of a given drug and to aid the prediction and risk assessment of drug as a victim in DDI. Modeling and simulation approaches are also discussed to better predict DDI risk in humans. Variability and parameter sensitivity analysis were emphasized when applying modeling and simulation to capture the differences within the population used and to characterize the parameters that have the most influence on the prediction outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonika Bohnert
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Aarti Patel
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Ian Templeton
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Yuan Chen
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Chuang Lu
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - George Lai
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Louis Leung
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Susanna Tse
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Heidi J Einolf
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Ying-Hong Wang
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Michael Sinz
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Ralph Stearns
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Robert Walsky
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Wanping Geng
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Sirimas Sudsakorn
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - David Moore
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Ling He
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Jan Wahlstrom
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Jim Keirns
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Rangaraj Narayanan
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Dieter Lang
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.B.); GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (A.P.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (I.T.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (Y.C.); Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.L.); Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts (G.L.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (L.L., S.T.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (Y.-H.W.); Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.); EMD Serono R&D Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W., W.G.); Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.S.); Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York (D.M.); Daiichi Sankyo, Edison, New Jersey (L.H.); Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.W.); Astellas, Northbrook, Illinois (J.K.); Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey (R.N.); Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany (D.L.); and Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware (X.Y.)
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Meng J, Zhong D, Li L, Yuan Z, Yuan H, Xie C, Zhou J, Li C, Gordeev MF, Liu J, Chen X. Metabolism of MRX-I, a Novel Antibacterial Oxazolidinone, in Humans: The Oxidative Ring Opening of 2,3-Dihydropyridin-4-One Catalyzed by Non-P450 Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:646-59. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Castrignanò S, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Human Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 on Graphene Oxide for Drug Metabolism Screening. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2974-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504535y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Castrignanò
- Department
of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia
Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department
of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia
Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
- Centre
for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sheila J. Sadeghi
- Department
of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia
Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
- Centre
for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Warrier M, Shih DM, Burrows AC, Ferguson D, Gromovsky AD, Brown AL, Marshall S, McDaniel A, Schugar RC, Wang Z, Sacks J, Rong X, Vallim TDA, Chou J, Ivanova PT, Myers DS, Brown HA, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Liu X, Parini P, Tontonoz P, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL, Temel RE, Brown JM. The TMAO-Generating Enzyme Flavin Monooxygenase 3 Is a Central Regulator of Cholesterol Balance. Cell Rep 2015; 10:326-338. [PMID: 25600868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of the gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) have recently been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Here, we performed transcriptional profiling in mouse models of altered reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and serendipitously identified the TMAO-generating enzyme flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) as a powerful modifier of cholesterol metabolism and RCT. Knockdown of FMO3 in cholesterol-fed mice alters biliary lipid secretion, blunts intestinal cholesterol absorption, and limits the production of hepatic oxysterols and cholesteryl esters. Furthermore, FMO3 knockdown stimulates basal and liver X receptor (LXR)-stimulated macrophage RCT, thereby improving cholesterol balance. Conversely, FMO3 knockdown exacerbates hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation in part by decreasing hepatic oxysterol levels and subsequent LXR activation. FMO3 is thus identified as a central integrator of hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol metabolism, inflammation, and ER stress. These studies suggest that the gut microbiota-driven TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway is a key regulator of lipid metabolism and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manya Warrier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Diana M Shih
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amy C Burrows
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anthony D Gromovsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Allison McDaniel
- Departments of Pathology and Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Rebecca C Schugar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica Sacks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xin Rong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Jeff Chou
- Departments of Pathology and Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David S Myers
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Mark J Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Paolo Parini
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aldon J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Potential for drug interactions mediated by polymorphic flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 in human livers. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 30:70-4. [PMID: 25760532 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) in the liver catalyzes a variety of oxygenations of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing medicines and xenobiotic substances. Because of growing interest in drug interactions mediated by polymorphic FMO3, benzydamine N-oxygenation by human FMO3 was investigated as a model reaction. Among the 41 compounds tested, trimethylamine, methimazole, itopride, and tozasertib (50 μM) suppressed benzydamine N-oxygenation at a substrate concentration of 50 μM by approximately 50% after co-incubation. Suppression of N-oxygenation of benzydamine, trimethylamine, itopride, and tozasertib and S-oxygenation of methimazole and sulindac sulfide after co-incubation with the other five of these six substrates was compared using FMO3 proteins recombinantly expressed in bacterial membranes. Apparent competitive inhibition by methimazole (0-50 μM) of sulindac sulfide S-oxygenation was observed with FMO3 proteins. Sulindac sulfide S-oxygenation activity of Arg205Cys variant FMO3 protein was likely to be suppressed more by methimazole than wild-type or Val257Met variant FMO3 protein was. These results suggest that genetic polymorphism in the human FMO3 gene may lead to changes of drug interactions for N- or S-oxygenations of xenobiotics and endogenous substances and that a probe battery system of benzydamine N-oxygenation and sulindac sulfide S-oxygenation activities is recommended to clarify the drug interactions mediated by FMO3.
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Tang WHW, Hazen SL. The contributory role of gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4204-11. [PMID: 25271725 DOI: 10.1172/jci72331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our group recently discovered that certain dietary nutrients possessing a trimethylamine (TMA) moiety, namely choline/phosphatidylcholine and L-carnitine, participate in the development of atherosclerotic heart disease. A meta-organismal pathway was elucidated involving gut microbiota-dependent formation of TMA and host hepatic flavin monooxygenase 3-dependent (FMO3-dependent) formation of TMA-N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite shown to be both mechanistically linked to atherosclerosis and whose levels are strongly linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks. Collectively, these studies reveal that nutrient precursors, gut microbiota, and host participants along the meta-organismal pathway elucidated may serve as new targets for the prevention and treatment of CVD.
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Vellonen KS, Malinen M, Mannermaa E, Subrizi A, Toropainen E, Lou YR, Kidron H, Yliperttula M, Urtti A. A critical assessment of in vitro tissue models for ADME and drug delivery. J Control Release 2014; 190:94-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality in Western societies. It is well accepted that the consumption of foods abundant in saturated fats and cholesterol, like meats, egg yolk and high-fat dairy products, are associated with increased CVD risk. New evidence suggests that trimethylamine (TMA)-containing nutrients within these foods, including phosphatidylcholine, choline, and L-carnitine, can enter into a microbial metabolic pathway that promotes CVD. In this review, we highlight the role of gut microbiota-driven nutrient metabolism as a novel pathway promoting CVD. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies demonstrate a link between ingestion of dietary phosphatidylcholine, choline, and L-carnitine and CVD risk. At the center of this pathway is gut microbiota-dependent synthesis of a metabolic intermediate called TMA, and subsequent host-driven conversion of TMA to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Microbiota-dependent generation of TMAO is associated with increased risk of incident major adverse cardiovascular events in humans, and provision of TMAO promotes atherosclerosis in mice. SUMMARY Microbial metabolism of TMA containing nutrients can lead to formation of the proatherogenic compound TMAO. Recent insights into this diet-microbe-host interaction provide new clues surrounding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and may serve as a framework for new CVD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Stanley L. Hazen, M.D., Ph.D. 9500 Euclid Avenue, NC-10, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195. Tel: 216-445-9763; Fax: (216)-636-0392;
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General Introduction on Pharmaceuticals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62657-8.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Lavado R, Aparicio-Fabre R, Schlenk D. Effects of salinity acclimation on the pesticide-metabolizing enzyme flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 157:9-15. [PMID: 22981832 PMCID: PMC3508337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thioether-containing pesticides are more toxic in certain anadromous and catadromous fish species that have undergone acclimation to hypersaline environments. Enhanced toxicity has been shown to be mediated through the bioactivation of these xenobiotics by one or more flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs), which are induced by hyperosmotic conditions. To better understand the number of FMO genes that may be regulated by hyperosmotic conditions, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were maintained and acclimated to freshwater (<0.5 g/L salinity) and to 18 g/L salinity. The expression of 3 different FMO transcripts (A, B and C) and associated enzymatic activities methyl p-tolyl sulfoxidation (MTSO) and benzydamine N-oxigenation (BZNO) were measured in four tissues. In freshwater-acclimated organisms FMO catalytic activities were as follows: liver>kidney>gills=olfactory tissues; in hypersaline-acclimated animals activities were higher in liver>gills>olfactory tissues>kidney. Acclimation to 18 g/L caused a significant induction in the stereoselective formation of R-MTSO in gill. In olfactory tissues, stereoselective (100%) formation of S-MTSO was observed and was unaltered by acclimation to hypersaline water. When specific transcripts were evaluated, salinity-acclimation increased FMO A in liver (up to 2-fold) and kidney (up to 3-fold) but not in olfactory tissues and gills. FMO B mRNA was significantly down-regulated in all tissues, and FMO C was unchanged by hypersaline acclimation. FMO B and C failed to correlate with any FMO catalytic activity, but FMO A mRNA expression linearly correlated to both FMO catalytic activities (MTSO and BZNO) in liver (r(2)=0.92 and r(2)=0.88) and kidney microsomes (r(2)=0.93 and r(2)=90). FMO A only correlated with MTSO activity in gills (r(2)=0.93). These results indicate unique tissue specific expression of FMO genes in salmonids and are consistent with salinity-mediated enhancement of thioether-containing pesticide bioactivation by FMO which may occur in liver or kidney after salinity acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 92521, USA.
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Entrapment of human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 in the presence of gold nanoparticles: TEM, FTIR and electrocatalysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:2072-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ballard P, Brassil P, Bui KH, Dolgos H, Petersson C, Tunek A, Webborn PJH. The right compound in the right assay at the right time: an integrated discovery DMPK strategy. Drug Metab Rev 2012; 44:224-52. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.691099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lin H, Liu JY, Wang HB, Ahmed AAQ, Wu ZL. Biocatalysis as an alternative for the production of chiral epoxides: A comparative review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schlenk D, Lavado R. Impacts of climate change on hypersaline conditions of estuaries and xenobiotic toxicity. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:78-82. [PMID: 22099348 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has had significant impacts on the hydrologic cycle of the planet. Of particular concern are estuarine environments, such as San Francisco Bay (USA) which is fed by diminishing snow pack runoff leading to gradual increases in salinity. Salinity enhances the acute toxicity of several agricultural chemicals in anadromous fish through augmented biochemical activation catalyzed by enzymes that are induced during hypersaline acclimation. This review discusses the mechanisms of the enhanced toxicity, the enzymes involved and the regulation of the enzymes by hypersaline conditions. Given the rapid changes taking place in the world's waterways, environmental modification of toxicological pathways should be a significant focus of the research community as the toxicity of multiple xenobiotics may be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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Potega A, Dabrowska E, Niemira M, Kot-Wasik A, Ronseaux S, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Mazerska Z. The Imidazoacridinone Antitumor Drug, C-1311, Is Metabolized by Flavin Monooxygenases but Not by Cytochrome P450s. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1423-32. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.038984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Strolin Benedetti M. FAD-dependent enzymes involved in the metabolic oxidation of xenobiotics. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2010; 69:45-52. [PMID: 21296217 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the majority of oxidative metabolic reactions are mediated by the CYP superfamily of enzymes, non-CYP-mediated oxidative reactions can play an important role in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Among the major oxidative enzymes, other than CYPs, involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics, the flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs), the molybdenum hydroxylases [aldehyde oxidase (AO) and xanthine oxidase (XO)] and the FAD-dependent amine oxidases [monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and polyamine oxidases (PAOs)] are discussed in this minireview. In a similar manner to CYPs, these oxidative enzymes can also produce therapeutically active metabolites and reactive/toxic metabolites, modulate the efficacy of therapeutically active drugs or contribute to detoxification. Many of them have been shown to be important in endobiotic metabolism (e.g. XO, MAOs), and, consequently, interactions between drugs and endogenous compounds might occur when they are involved in drug metabolism. In general, most non-CYP oxidative enzymes (e.g. FMOs, MAOs) appear to be noninducible or much less inducible than the CYP system. Some of these oxidative enzymes exhibit polymorphic expression, as do some CYPs (e.g. FMO3). It is possible that the contribution of non-CYP oxidative enzymes to the overall metabolism of xenobiotics is underestimated, as most investigations of drug metabolism have been performed using experimental conditions optimised for CYP activity, although in some cases the involvement of non-CYP oxidative enzymes in xenobiotic metabolism has been inferred from not sufficient experimental evidence.
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Reddy RR, Ralph EC, Motika MS, Zhang J, Cashman JR. Characterization of human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 3 and FMO5 expressed as maltose-binding protein fusions. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:2239-45. [PMID: 20810540 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.033639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) family of enzymes oxygenates nucleophilic xenobiotics and endogenous substances. Human FMO3 and FMO5 are the predominant FMO forms in adult liver. These enzymes are naturally membrane-bound, and recombinant proteins are commercially available as microsomal preparations from insect cells (i.e., Supersome FMO). As an alternative, FMO3 has previously been expressed as a soluble protein, through use of an N-terminal maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusion. In the current study, MBP fusions of both human FMO3 and FMO5 were prepared to >90% purity in the presence of detergent and characterized for biochemical and kinetic parameters, and the parameters were compared with those of Supersome FMO samples. Although MBP-FMO enzymes afforded lower rates of turnover than the corresponding Supersome FMOs, both types of FMO showed identical substrate dependencies and similar responses to changes in assay conditions. Of interest, the FMO3 enzymes showed a 2-fold activation of k(cat)/K(m) in the presence of Triton X-100. Oligomeric analysis of MBP-FMO3 also showed disassociation from a high-order oligomeric form to a monomeric status in the presence of Triton X-100. This report serves as the first direct comparison between Supersome FMOs and the corresponding MBP fusions and the first report of a detergent-based activation of k(cat)/K(m) that corresponds to changes in oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Reddy
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Castrignanò S, Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G. Electro-catalysis by immobilised human flavin-containing monooxygenase isoform 3 (hFMO3). Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1403-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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