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Nijland R, Toering T, Watson CG, de Jong J, Lemmink KAPM. A Scoping Review on the Influence of Contextual Factors on Training Load in Adolescent Soccer Players: What Do We Know? Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:172. [PMID: 39058063 PMCID: PMC11280791 DOI: 10.3390/sports12070172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to systematically explore the breadth and extent of the literature regarding the relationship between contextual factors (CFs) and training load (TL) in adolescent soccer players. Further aims included comprehending potential underlying mechanisms and identifying knowledge gaps. CFs were defined as factors not part of the main training process, such as the coach-athlete relationship and educational responsibilities. PubMed, EBSCO APA PsycINFO, Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I, and SportRxiv were searched. Studies involving adolescent soccer players that investigated the CF-TL relationship and measured TL indicators were deemed eligible. Seventeen studies were included, reflecting the limited number of articles published regarding the CF-TL relationship. CFs were mostly related to match-play (N = 13) and phase of the season (N = 7). Moreover, these factors appeared to affect TL. CF related to players' personal environment (N = 3) were underrepresented in the reviewed studies. Overall, the CF-TL relationship appears to be rarely scrutinized. A likely cause for this lack of research is the segregation of the physiological and psychological research domains, where the CF-TL relationship is often speculated upon but not measured. Therefore, a holistic approach is warranted which also investigates the effect of personal environment, such as stressful life stress events, on TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Nijland
- School of Sports Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands; (T.T.); (J.d.J.)
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands (K.A.P.M.L.)
| | - Tynke Toering
- School of Sports Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands; (T.T.); (J.d.J.)
| | - Cameron G. Watson
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands (K.A.P.M.L.)
| | - Johan de Jong
- School of Sports Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands; (T.T.); (J.d.J.)
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands (K.A.P.M.L.)
| | - Koen A. P. M. Lemmink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands (K.A.P.M.L.)
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Mandorino M, Tessitore A, Lacome M. Loading or Unloading? This Is the Question! A Multi-Season Study in Professional Football Players. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:148. [PMID: 38921842 PMCID: PMC11209073 DOI: 10.3390/sports12060148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the impact of training load periodization on neuromuscular readiness in elite football players using the Locomotor Efficiency Index (LEI) as a measure of performance optimization. Throughout the 2021/22 and 2022/23 seasons, 106 elite male players (age: 19.5 ± 3.9 years) from an Italian professional football club were monitored using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) external load data. The LEI was derived from a machine learning model, specifically random forest regression, which compared predicted and actual PlayerLoad™ values to evaluate neuromuscular efficiency. Players were categorized by weekly LEI into three readiness states: bad, normal, and good. Analysis focused on the variation in weekly LEI relative to weekly load percentage variation (large decrease, moderate decrease, no variation, moderate increase, large increase), which included total distance, high-speed distance (above 25.2 km/h), and mechanical load, defined as the sum of accelerations and decelerations. Statistical analysis showed significant differences only with variations in total distance and mechanical load. Specifically, reducing weekly loads improved LEI in players in lower readiness states, while maintaining or slightly increasing loads promoted optimal readiness. This approach enables coaches to tailor training prescriptions more effectively, optimizing workload and recovery to sustain player performance throughout a demanding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mandorino
- Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, 43121 Parma, Italy;
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mathieu Lacome
- Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, 43121 Parma, Italy;
- Sport Expertise and Performance Laboratory, French National Institute of Sports (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
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Wang S, Qin Y. The impact of crowd effects on home advantage of football matches during the COVID-19 pandemic-A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289899. [PMID: 37972063 PMCID: PMC10653546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to (1) analyze whether the home advantage was diminished; (2) investigate the impact of the crowds' support on the match outcome and team performance; (3) explore the bias of the referee without crowds. Based on the PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines, this systematic review searched of literature was conducted in December 2022. The keywords related to soccer, COVID-19 and home advantage were used. The search returned 135 articles. After screening the records against set criteria, 28 articles were analyzed. Results showed that the absence of crowds would reduce the home advantage of teams, but the findings varied by country. Most leagues have evidence that without the support of the spectators, their technical, tactical and physical performances would be worse. The referee seems likely to be fairer when the spectators are absent. Therefore, crowd supports is an important factor affecting home advantage, the clubs can at least try to strengthen the home advantage and increase the winning possibility by encouraging spectators to enter the stadium or reducing the ticket price.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihang Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Physical Education, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
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Modric T, Esco M, Perkovic S, Basic Z, Versic S, Morgans R, Sekulic D. Artificial Turf Increases the Physical Demand of Soccer by Heightening Match Running Performance Compared with Natural Grass. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2222-2228. [PMID: 37883399 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Modric, T, Esco, M, Perkovic, S, Basic, Z, Versic, S, Morgans, R, and Sekulic, D. Artificial turf increases the physical demand of soccer by heightening match running performance compared with natural grass. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2222-2228, 2023-This study aimed to determine differences in match running performance (MRP) of elite soccer players (n = 31) during matches played on artificial turf (AT) and natural grass (NG). The players' MRP (AT; 131 observations, NG; 135 observations) were collected during official matches (n = 32) using global positioning system and classified according to their playing positions as central defenders, central midfielders, fullbacks, forwards, and wingers. The MRP variables included total distance covered (TD), low-intensity running (LIR), moderate-intensity running (MIR), high-intensity running (HIR), total (Tacc) and high-intensity accelerations (Hacc), and total (Tdec) and high-intensity decelerations (Hdec). The influence of match outcome, location, and opponent quality was controlled for as contextual factors. Playing matches on AT resulted in (a) increased TD (Cohen's d (d) = 0.55, 0.61, and 0.28, respectively), MIR (d = 0.91, 0.79, and 0.49, respectively), and HIR (d = 0.67, 0.44, and 0.38, respectively) for central defenders, central midfielders, fullbacks; (b) increased Tacc (d = 0.38, 0.37, and 0.4, respectively) and Tdec (d = 0.31, 0.34, and 0.31, respectively) for central defenders, central midfielders, and wingers; and (c) decreased Hdec (d = -1.5) for forwards. These results show that playing on AT is more physically demanding for defensive and midfield players than playing on NG. Soccer coaches should consider implementing preparatory strategies that mitigate the increased demands of playing on AT for these players, especially before a competitive period when transitions between pitch surfaces routinely occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Football Club Riga FC, Riga, Latvia
| | - Michael Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | | | | | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Football Club HNK Hajduk Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; and
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- High Performance Sport Center, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, Croatia
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Marqués-Jiménez D, Sampaio J, Calleja-González J, Echeazarra I. A random forest approach to explore how situational variables affect perceived exertion of elite youth soccer players. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 67:102429. [PMID: 37665882 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore how situational variables affect youth soccer players' perceived exertion (RPE) after official matches. Thirty-five elite youth male players (14.33 ± 0.86 years; 173.49 ± 6.16 cm; 63.44 ± 5.98 kg) who belonged to two different teams of a professional club participated in this study. Data collection was conducted during two seasons (2016-2017, 2017-2018) and included 60 official matches (30 official matches per team). Ten minutes after each match players rated their RPE and using a modified Borg CR-10 scale. A Random Forest Regression was used to quantify the importance of match-related situational variables in RPE. Afterwards, a linear mixed model analysis was applied to identify the variability in RPE among the situational variables. The game-playing time, the player status (starter or substitute) and the player identity were the strongest predictors of RPE. Moreover, the match outcome and the final scoreline showed significant effects on both starter and substitute players but the main effect of the quality of the opponent was only identified in starter players (p < 0.05). These results allow practitioners to know how situational variables interact and modulate RPE after official matches and help them to prescribe and adapt the players' training content and load before and after matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Marqués-Jiménez
- Valoración del rendimiento deportivo, actividad física y salud y lesiones deportivas (REDAFLED), Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, 42004, Soria, Spain.
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ibon Echeazarra
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Evaluation and Data Department, Real Sociedad, 20014, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
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6
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Guerrero-Calderón B, Fradua L, Morcillo JA, Castillo-Rodríguez A. Analysis of the Competitive Weekly Microcycle in Elite Soccer: Comparison of Workload Behavior in Absolute and Relative Terms. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:343-350. [PMID: 36696259 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Berni Guerrero-Calderón
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain ; and
| | - Luis Fradua
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain ; and
| | - José A Morcillo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Alfonso Castillo-Rodríguez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain ; and
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de Dios-Álvarez V, Suárez-Iglesias D, Bouzas-Rico S, Alkain P, González-Conde A, Ayán-Pérez C. Relationships between RPE-derived internal training load parameters and GPS-based external training load variables in elite young soccer players. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:58-73. [PMID: 34121539 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1937165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the GPS-based external training load variables that influence the internal training loads (RPE-derived parameters: RPE and session RPE - sRPE), and generate a model to predict GPS-based external load variables from RPE and perceived wellness values. Training load data for 21 elite young players were collected over 72 training sessions and 23 matches from the same competitive season, and 564 observations (training sessions, 462; matches, 102) were analysed. Considering all observations (training sessions and matches), significant moderate and large correlations (p < 0.01) were detected between RPE values and EL measures. The correlation between the GPS outcomes with both the RPE and sRPE values was higher during training sessions than during matches. Moreover, increased RPE and perceived wellness measures had a significant positive effect on external load variables (p < 0.001). The present work provides preliminary evidence of the utility of the RPE and sRPE method to quantify the training loads in young soccer players since most of the GPS-based EL indicators were moderate to highly correlated with the RPE-derived parameters. Additionally, EL variables may be estimated when combining perceived IL and subjective wellness indicators in young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente de Dios-Álvarez
- Sport science department, Real Club Celta De Vigo & Fundación Celta, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Sara Bouzas-Rico
- Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Ayán-Pérez
- Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,WellMove Research Group, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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8
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Dambroz F, Teoldo I. Better decision-making skills support tactical behaviour and reduce physical wear under physical fatigue in soccer. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1116924. [PMID: 37123262 PMCID: PMC10130636 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1116924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify whether decision-making skills influence the tactical behavior and physical performance of soccer players under acute physical fatigue, assessed in an actual game-play. The sample was comprised of 24 trained soccer players (18.25 ± 1.48 years old) from two Brazilian clubs grouped into two categories with 12 players each (with high and low decision-making skills). The assessment of decision making, tactical behavior, and physical performance were carried out using TacticUP®, FUT-SAT, and GPSports®, respectively. Acute physical fatigue was induced through the T-SAFT90 test. Results showed that under acute physical fatigue players with high decision-making skills maintained tactical behavior efficiency and had their paces reduced, in addition to displaying reduced total distance covered (p < 0.001), number of accelerations (p < 0.001), and decelerations (p < 0.001), and average movement speed (p < 0.001). On the other hand, players with low decision-making skills displayed reduced tactical behavior efficiency (p = 0.002) and maintained their movement pace under physical fatigue. It is concluded that decision-making skills contribute to players' tactical behavior efficiency under acute physical fatigue, besides promoting reduced physical strain in movement actions throughout the field.
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Douchet T, Paizis C, Babault N. Physical Impact of a Typical Training Session with Different Volumes on the Day Preceding a Match in Academy Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13828. [PMID: 36360708 PMCID: PMC9655752 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
French academies almost all implement reactivity drills and small-sided games (SSG) the day preceding a match (MD-1). The present study aimed to determine the physical impact of different training durations on MD-1 on the subsequent matchday performance (MD). Eleven elite U19 academy soccer players conducted three typical training sessions lasting 45 min (TS45), 60 min (TS60) and 75 min (TS75) on MD-1. During TS60, warm-up, reactivity and SSG were 10, 15 and 24 min, respectively, plus coaches' feedback or water breaks. Durations of all training components decreased by 25% for TS45 and increased by 25% for TS75. Tests were conducted on MD-4 (CONTROL) and MD before the match (TEST). Tests consisted of a counter movement jump (CMJ), 20 m sprint, Illinois agility test (IAT) and Hooper questionnaire. CONTROL values were similar over the three experimental conditions. TEST on MD revealed greater CMJ for TS45 (42.7 ± 5.1 cm) compared to TS60 (40.5 ± 5.5 cm, p = 0.032) and TS75 (40.9 ± 5.7 cm, p = 0.037). 20 m time was lower for TS45 (3.07 ± 0.10 s, p < 0.001) and TS60 (3.13 ± 0.10 s, p = 0.017) compared to TS75 (3.20 ± 0.10 s). IAT time was lower on TS45 (14.82 ± 0.49 s) compared to TS60 (15.43 ± 0.29 s, p < 0.001) and TS75 (15.24 ± 0.33 s, p = 0.006). Furthermore, the Hooper index was lower at TEST for TS45 (7.64 ± 1.50) compared to TS60 (11.00 ± 3.49, p = 0.016) and TS75 (9.73 ± 2.41, p = 0.016), indicating a better readiness level. We concluded that, as training session duration increases, performance decreases on MD. A 45 min training session including reactivity and SSG exercises is therefore recommended on MD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Douchet
- Center for Performance Expertise, Sport Science Faculty, CAPS, U1093 INSERM, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 3 Allée des Stades Universitaires, BP 27877, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France
- Dijon Football Côte d’Or (DFCO), 17 rue du Stade, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Christos Paizis
- Center for Performance Expertise, Sport Science Faculty, CAPS, U1093 INSERM, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 3 Allée des Stades Universitaires, BP 27877, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Babault
- Center for Performance Expertise, Sport Science Faculty, CAPS, U1093 INSERM, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 3 Allée des Stades Universitaires, BP 27877, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France
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10
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Chen J, Zhai S, Xi Z, Li P, Zhang S. Impact of absent crowds on technical and physical performances in the Chinese Soccer Super League. Front Psychol 2022; 13:959213. [PMID: 35967645 PMCID: PMC9366115 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.959213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Spectators have a significant impact on match performances in soccer, but to what extent crowd support contributes to the technical and physical performances remains unclear. This study aimed to (1) investigate the differences in terms of technical and physical performances with and without spectators; and (2) identify the key factors differentiating between win and loss when playing with and without the presence of an audience. Methods Our study examined 794 performance records from 397 matches during the 2019-2020 seasons in the Chinese Soccer Super League. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-logistic regression was utilized to select significant predictors. Using an independent t-test and the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test explores the difference between matches with and without spectators. Key factors between win and loss were explored using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Our study found that cross (p < 0.01, ES = -0.24), shots (p < 0.001, ES = -0.25), and shot accuracy (p < 0.05, ES = -0.18) displayed decreasing trends whereas sprint distances (p < 0.05, ES = 0.16) presented an increasing trend without spectators comparing with the crowd support. Moreover, the above three technical variables were the main factors differentiating between wins and losses. Similarly, team and opponent quality remained important potential factors affecting the match outcome. Conclusion Match outcome or team performance is determined by a myriad of factors, but there are clear differences in technical and physical performances between matches with and without the presence of an audience. Similarly, our study provides a better explanation for the impact of crowd support on match performances whereby coaches can deploy players and adjust match strategies for ultimate success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjin Chen
- Department of Physical Education of the Graduate School, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
- College of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhai
- College of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Zenghui Xi
- College of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Peilun Li
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China
| | - Shuolin Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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Dambroz F, Clemente FM, Teoldo I. The effect of physical fatigue on the performance of soccer players: A systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270099. [PMID: 35834441 PMCID: PMC9282585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to carry out a systematic review to analyze, describe and discuss the effect of physical fatigue on the performance of soccer players. For this systematic review, searches were performed in Pubmed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus electronic database until October 3, 2020, following the guidelines of PRISMA. A total of 12 articles met the inclusion criteria: i) healthy soccer players from any age group, competitive level or sex; ii) exposure to physical fatigue; iii) pre and post-physical fatigue conditions; iv) players' cognitive, technical, physical and tactical performances and v) no restrictions regarding the study design. The results section was organized in four main dimensions: cognitive, technical, physical and tactical. Studies on cognitive performance have shown divergent results, varying according to the cognitive task employed and the physical protocol used. Regarding technical performance, negative effects of physical fatigue were found on the technical fundamentals of the pass, dribble and kick. With regard to physical performance, studies have shown a reduction in sprint capacity and distances covered at high velocity. Finally, the only study that analyzed the tactical performance in the field showed an increase in the team's collective tactical behavior, but did not include analysis of the players' individual tactical actions. In summary, the results of the analyzed studies show that the effect of physical fatigue on cognitive performance is inconclusive and that technical and physical performance are negatively affected. Regarding tactical performance, there is a lack of information on the topic in the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dambroz
- Department of Physical Education, Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer (NUPEF), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Israel Teoldo
- Department of Physical Education, Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer (NUPEF), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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12
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Teixeira JE, Alves AR, Ferraz R, Forte P, Leal M, Ribeiro J, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM. Effects of Chronological Age, Relative Age, and Maturation Status on Accumulated Training Load and Perceived Exertion in Young Sub-Elite Football Players. Front Physiol 2022; 13:832202. [PMID: 35432006 PMCID: PMC9010324 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.832202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were 1) to analyze the influence of chronological age, relative age, and biological maturation on accumulated training load and perceived exertion in young sub-elite football players and 2) to understand the interaction effects amongst age grouping, maturation status, and birth quartiles on accumulated training load and perceived exertion in this target population. A 6-week period (18 training sessions and 324 observation cases) concerning 60 young male sub-elite football players grouped into relative age (Q1 to Q4), age group (U15, U17, and U19), and maturation status (Pre-peak height velocity (PHV), Mid-PHV, and Post-PHV) was established. External training load data were collected using 18 Hz global positioning system technology (GPS), heart-rate measures by a 1 Hz short-range telemetry system, and perceived exertion with total quality recovery (TQR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). U17 players and U15 players were 2.35 (95% CI: 1.25–4.51) and 1.60 (95% CI: 0.19–4.33) times more likely to pertain to Q1 and Q3, respectively. A negative magnitude for odds ratio was found in all four quartile comparisons within maturation status (95% CI: 6.72–0.64), except for Mid-PHV on Q2 (95% CI: 0.19–4.33). Between- and within-subject analysis reported significant differences in all variables on age group comparison measures (F = 0.439 to 26.636, p = 0.000 to 0.019, η2 = 0.003–0.037), except for dynamic stress load (DSL). Between-subject analysis on maturity status comparison demonstrated significant differences for all training load measures (F = 6.593 to 14.424, p = 0.000 to 0.037, η2 = 0.020–0.092). Interaction effects were found for age group x maturity band x relative age (Λ Pillai’s = 0.391, Λ Wilk’s = 0.609, F = 11.385, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.391) and maturity band x relative age (Λ Pillai’s = 0.252, Λ Wilk’s = 0.769, F = 0.955, p = 0.004, η2 = 0.112). Current research has confirmed the effects of chronological age, relative age, and biological maturation on accumulated training load. Perceived exertion does not seem to show any differences concerning age group or maturity status. Evidence should be helpful for professionals to optimize the training process and young football players’ performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Teixeira
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- *Correspondence: José Eduardo Teixeira,
| | - Ana Ruivo Alves
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leal
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Joana Ribeiro
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - António J. Silva
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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Impact of match-related contextual variables on weekly training load in a professional soccer team: a full season study. Biol Sport 2022; 39:125-134. [PMID: 35173371 PMCID: PMC8805347 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.102927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyse the impact of match-related contextual variables (match location, match outcome and level of the opponent) on the weekly training load in a professional soccer team throughout a full competitive season. Total distance, high-speed running distance (HSRD, > 18 km·h-1), highmetabolic load distance (HMLD, > 25.5 W·kg-1), player load and total number of impacts (above 3 G) were collected from training and match sessions in professional soccer players (n = 25) competing in LaLiga123. Comparisons of external load parameters by each match-related contextual variable were examined using a mixed-effect model. Differences between playing positions were found for total distance (p < 0.05; r = 0.11–0.15), HSRD (p < 0.05; r = 0.13–0.19), HMLD (p < 0.05; r = 0.12–0.19), player load (p < 0.05; r = 0.11–0.19) and impacts (p < 0.05; r = 0.15–0.26). However, no significant interaction was observed between match-related contextual variables and playing position for any variable (p > 0.05). In addition, a significant impact of match outcome (p < 0.05; r = 0.11–0.15), opponent level (p < 0.05; r = 0.11–0.17) and match location (p < 0.05; r = 0.14–0.20) on the weekly training load (before and after the match) was observed. In conclusion, match-related contextual variables seem to slightly affect weekly external training load. Thus, coaching and medical departments could consider the influence of these contextual variables when prescribing the training load relative to the match demands.
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Castillo D, Raya-González J, Weston M, Yanci J. Distribution of External Load During Acquisition Training Sessions and Match Play of a Professional Soccer Team. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3453-3458. [PMID: 31469765 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Castillo, D, Raya-González, J, Weston, M, and Yanci, J. Distribution of external load during acquisition training sessions and match play of a professional soccer team. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3453-3458, 2021-The aim of this study was to use global position systems to analyze the external loads of the 3 different acquisition training sessions (ATS) with competitive matches in professional soccer players over a 6-week period. Sixteen professional soccer players participated in the study, which analyzed the distribution of external load during the training microcycle of a professional soccer team. The 3 types of ATS undertaken by the players were as follows: ATS1 (strength), ATS2 (endurance), and ATS3 (speed). The total distance covered, the distance covered at above 14 km·h-1, the distance covered >21 km·h-1, the number of high accelerations (>3 m·s-2), and player load were recorded. The results showed that external loads were consistently higher during matches when compared with all training sessions (range of effect sizes: 1.06-3.38). Between training session comparisons revealed higher external loads during ATS1 and ATS2, when compared with ATS3 (range of effect sizes: 0.60-2.41). The only external load variable that differed between ATS1 and ATS2 was the distance covered >21 km·h-1, which was higher for ATS1. Our findings suggest that technical staff should consider the physical demands of weekly periodization to understand the training process regarding optimizing player physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Psychology, Sport & Exercise, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; and
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
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15
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Oliveira R, Brito JP, Moreno-Villanueva A, Nalha M, Rico-González M, Clemente FM. Reference Values for External and Internal Training Intensity Monitoring in Young Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1567. [PMID: 34828613 PMCID: PMC8622615 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Training intensity monitoring is a daily practice in soccer which allows soccer academies to assess the efficacy of its developmental interventions and management strategies. The current systematic review's purpose is to: (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined external and internal training intensity monitoring, and to (2) provide references values for the main measures for young male soccer players. A systematic review of EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 2404 studies initially identified, 8 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. From them, the following range intervals were found for training: rated perceived exertion (RPE) 2.3-6.3 au; session-RPE, 156-394 au; total distance, 3964.5-6500 m and; distance >18 km/h, 11.8-250 m. Additionally, a general tendency to decrease the intensity in the day before the match was Found. This study allowed to provide reference values of professional young male players for the main internal and external measures. All together, they can be used by coaches, their staff, or practitioners in order to better adjust training intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Adrián Moreno-Villanueva
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
| | - Matilde Nalha
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
| | - Markel Rico-González
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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16
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Football de haut-niveau : analyses physique et physiologique – blessures et prévention. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Aquino R, Gonçalves LG, Galgaro M, Maria TS, Rostaiser E, Pastor A, Nobari H, Garcia GR, Moraes-Neto MV, Nakamura FY. Match running performance in Brazilian professional soccer players: comparisons between successful and unsuccessful teams. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:93. [PMID: 34404461 PMCID: PMC8369321 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to compare the match running performance between bottom- and top-ranked teams in professional soccer players over the 2020 season of the Brazilian National 2nd Division League. In addition, this study verified the independent and interactive effects of playing position and contextual factors on running outputs between these teams. Methods Forty-eight professional male outfield soccer players participated in this study (top-ranked team, n = 24; bottom-ranked team, n = 24). The distance- and accelerometry-based measures were recorded during 69 matches using a global positioning system (10 Hz) integrated with an accelerometer (400 Hz). Results The top-ranked team covered greater total distance [median (interquartile range); 10,330.0 m (1430.0)] and high-acceleration [97.0 m (32.0)] than the bottom-ranked team, in home and away matches [p < 0.05, effect size (ES) = small]. The midfielders of the top-ranked team covered higher total distance, high-speed running (> 18 km h−1), high acceleration (≥ 3 m s−2), high-deceleration (≤ −3 m s−2), and performed more sprints [(> 25 km h−1) compared to midfielders of the bottom-ranked team (p < 0.05, η2 = small-moderate]. The matches against top-level opponents required high values of high-acceleration and number of sprints only for the top-ranked team (p < 0.05, ES = small). Independent analysis showed that match outcome (loss vs. draw vs. win) was not influenced by running performance for both bottom- and top-ranked teams (p > 0.05; η2 = small). However, the top-ranked team covered greater total distance, high-acceleration/deceleration than bottom-ranked team in loss matches (p < 0.05, η2 = small). Conclusions These findings should be considered when the coaches and practitioners interpret the match running outputs and when evaluating the effects of training intervention on these performance indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aquino
- LabSport, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Galgaro
- Department of Performance Analysis, Juventude Sport Club, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, 81746-7344, Isfahan, Iran. .,Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, 81887-78473, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Garcia
- LabSport, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Maxwell Viana Moraes-Neto
- LabSport, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia (ISMAI), 4475-690, Maia, Portugal
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Gardner HM, Scheck AW, Cone JR, Berry NT, Wideman L. The Global Session Metric Score (GSMs): A Modified Session-Specific Exertional Index. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:692691. [PMID: 34386767 PMCID: PMC8353094 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.692691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring session training load to optimize the training stress that drives athlete adaptation and subsequent performance, is fundamental to periodization and programming. Analyzing the internal load experienced by the individual in response to the external load prescribed by coaching staff is crucial to avoid overtraining and optimize training adaptation. Subjective measures provide more information regarding individual training load, as heart rate measures alone do not account for collisions, eccentric muscle actions, muscle soreness, weather conditions, or accumulated training loads, which are paramount to the athlete experience. However, the current subjective metric for interpreting session training load (sRPE) is poorly shaped to the athlete's global response to the whole session, often showing poorer correlations to heart rate (HR) measures during intermittent or high-intensity activity. This study introduces a new metric, the Global Session Metric Score (GSMs), which creates a symmetrical relation between the verbal descriptor and numeric values, as well as more applicable session-specific verbal descriptors for the highest level of exertion. Twenty-four D1 male college soccer field players (age: 20.5 +/– 1.42) wore HR monitors and reported GSMs for all practices and games within an entire season. Linear regression with 10-fold cross validation was used to test the relation between GSMs with B-TRIMP and E-TRIMP, respectively. These models demonstrate good performance with consistency and reliability in the estimation of GSMs to predict both B-TRIMP (R2 = 0.75–0.77) and E-TRIMP (R2 = 0.76–0.78). The findings show promise for the GSMs index as a reliable means for measuring load in both training and matches during a high-intensity intermittent team sport. Future studies should directly compare GSMs to the existing sRPE scale within a controlled laboratory setting and across various other sports. GSMs provides coaches and clinicians a simple and cost-effective alternative to heart rate monitors, as well as a proficient measure of internal training load experienced by the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Gardner
- Exercise Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | | | - John R Cone
- Athletes Research Institute, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nathaniel T Berry
- Exercise Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Laurie Wideman
- Exercise Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
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Quantifying Sub-Elite Youth Football Weekly Training Load and Recovery Variation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the training load in football is an important strategy to improve athletic performance and an effective training periodization. The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to quantify the weekly training load and recovery status variations performed by under-15, under-17 and under-19 sub-elite young football players; and (2) to analyze the influence of age, training day, weekly microcycle, training and playing position on the training load and recovery status. Twenty under-15, twenty under-17 and twenty under-19 players were monitored over a 2-week period during the first month of the 2019–2020 competitive season. Global positioning system technology (GPS) was used to collect external training loads: total distance covered, average speed, maximal running speed, relative high-speed running distance, high metabolic load distance, sprinting distance, dynamic stress load, accelerations and decelerations. Internal training load was monitored using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Recovery status was obtained using the total quality recovery (TQR) scale. The results show an age-related influence for external training load (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.29–0.86; moderate to strong effect), internal training load (p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.12–0.69; minimum to strong effect) and recovery status (p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.59; strong effect). The external training load presented differences between training days (p < 0.05, d = 0.26–0.95; moderate to strong effect). The playing position had a minimum effect on the weekly training load (p < 0.05; d = 0.06–0.18). The weekly microcycle had a moderate effect in the TD (p < 0.05, d = 0.39), RPE (p < 0.05; d = 0.35) and sRPE (p < 0.05, d = 0.35). Interaction effects were found between the four factors analyzed for deceleration (F = 2.819, p = 0.017) and between inter-day, inter-week and age for total covered distance (F = 8.342, p = 0.008). This study provided specific insights about sub-elite youth football training load and recovery status to monitor training environments and load variations. Future research should include a longer monitoring period to assess training load and recovery variations across different season phases.
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20
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Will Next Match Location Influence External and Internal Training Load of a Top-Class Elite Professional European Soccer Team? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105229. [PMID: 34069032 PMCID: PMC8156245 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study is to compare training load (TL) preceding a home versus away match in a top-class elite European team during the 2015–2016 season. Methods: Twenty elite outfield soccer players with a mean ± SD age, height and body mass of 25.9 ± 4.6 years, 183.1 ± 6.6 cm and 78.6 ± 6.6 kg, respectively, participated in this study. Total distance covered, high-speed running distance (HSRD), average speed (AvS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) multiplied by training duration (s-RPE) and Hooper index (HI) were collected. Data from 24 weeks were analyzed through match-day minus/plus approach (MD-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, MD + 1). Results: All external TL variables indicated a decrease from MD-5 until MD-1 and then an increase to MD + 1 (p < 0.01). HI decreased from MD-5 to MD-1, but s-RPE increased until MD-3 and then decreased until MD + 1. When comparing TL data that preceded home matches versus away matches, for MD-5, HSRD and muscle soreness exhibited higher values when away match neared (p < 0.05). For MD-4 and MD-3, total distance, HSRD and AvS exhibited higher values closer to an away match than a home match (p < 0.05). For MD-1, total distances covered were higher closer to a home match than an away match (p < 0.01). For MD + 1, all HI items and AvS were higher when an away match was played (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study confirms and provides evidence regarding the influence on internal and external TL data preceding home and away matches from a team that played in European competitions.
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21
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Teixeira JE, Forte P, Ferraz R, Leal M, Ribeiro J, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM. Monitoring Accumulated Training and Match Load in Football: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3906. [PMID: 33917802 PMCID: PMC8068156 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Training load monitoring has become a relevant research-practice gap to control training and match demands in team sports. However, there are no systematic reviews about accumulated training and match load in football. (2) Methods: Following the preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed from earliest record to March 2020. The search included descriptors relevant to football, training load, and periodization. (3) Results: The literature search returned 7972 articles (WoS = 1204; Pub-Med = 869, SCOPUS = 5083, and SportDiscus = 816). After screening, 36 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Eleven of the included articles analyzed weekly training load distribution; fourteen, the weekly training load and match load distribution; and eleven were about internal and external load relationships during training. The reviewed articles were based on short-telemetry systems (n = 12), global positioning tracking systems (n = 25), local position measurement systems (n = 3), and multiple-camera systems (n = 3). External load measures were quantified with distance and covered distance in different speed zones (n = 27), acceleration and deceleration (n = 13) thresholds, accelerometer metrics (n = 11), metabolic power output (n = 4), and ratios/scores (n = 6). Additionally, the internal load measures were reported with perceived exertion (n = 16); heart-rate-based measures were reported in twelve studies (n = 12). (4) Conclusions: The weekly microcycle presented a high loading variation and a limited variation across a competitive season. The magnitude of loading variation seems to be influenced by the type of week, player's starting status, playing positions, age group, training mode and contextual variables. The literature has focused mainly on professional men; future research should be on the youth and female accumulated training/match load monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leal
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Joana Ribeiro
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - António J. Silva
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Chmura P, Liu H, Andrzejewski M, Chmura J, Kowalczuk E, Rokita A, Konefał M. Is there meaningful influence from situational and environmental factors on the physical and technical activity of elite football players? Evidence from the data of 5 consecutive seasons of the German Bundesliga. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247771. [PMID: 33690609 PMCID: PMC7943014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to identify the effects of situational (match location, match outcome and strength of team/opponent team) and environmental (ambient temperature, relative humidity, WBGT, ground and weather condition) factors on the physical and technical activity of elite football on individual playing positions. Physical and technical activity were collected from 779 football players competing in the German Bundesliga during 5 domestic seasons, from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019, totalling 1530 matches. The data on players' physical and technical activity was taken from the IMPIRE AG system. Based on the available data, 11 variables were selected to quantify the match activity profiles of players. The results showed that situational variables had major effects on the technical performance (especially number of passes performed) but minor effects on physical performance. In turn, among the analysed environmental factors, temperature is the most sensitive, which affects the Total Distance and Sprint Efforts of players in all five positions. This investigation demonstrated that, given that passing is a key technical activity in modern football, players and training staff should be particularly aware that passing maybe affected by situational variables. Professional players are able to react and adapt to various environmental conditions, modifying physical activity depending on the needs in German Bundesliga. These results could help coaches and analysts to better understand the influences of situational and environmental variables on individual playing positions during the evaluation of players' physical and technical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hongyou Liu
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Dalton-Barron NE, McLaren SJ, Black CJ, Gray M, Jones B, Roe G. Identifying Contextual Influences on Training Load: An Example in Professional Rugby Union. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:503-511. [PMID: 29979279 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dalton-Barron, NE, McLaren, SJ, Black, CJ, Gray, M, Jones, B, and Roe, G. Identifying contextual influences on training load: an example in professional rugby union. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 503-511, 2021-We aimed to investigate the contextual factors influencing training load (TL), as determined by session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE-TL), accumulated within a match-to-match microcycle in rugby union players. Session rating of perceived exertion-TL data were collected daily from 35 professional rugby union players from the same team in the English Championship over the course of an in-season period. Players were split by positional groups (backs and forwards) and sRPE-TL data were categorized as: field-based on-feet sRPE-TL (sRPEField-TL), gym-based sRPE-TL (sRPEGym-TL), and the total summation of both (sRPETotal-TL). Three 2-level linear mixed models were built for each dependent variable in each positional group, with magnitude-based inferences applied. Long between-match recovery cycles (≥7 days) resulted in very likely to almost certainly small to moderate increases in sRPE-TL for all modalities and positions (fixed effect [mean range] = 28.5%-42.0%), apart from sRPEField-TL for forwards. For backs, there was a very likely small decrease in sRPEField-TL as the season progressed (-16.7% per trimester). Losing the last league match was associated with very likely and almost certainly small decreases in sRPETotal-TL and sRPEGym-TL for backs (-20.7% and -36.4%, respectively). Losing the last match in any competition resulted in a very likely small increase in sRPEField-TL (21.2%) and a possibly small decrease sRPEGym-TL (-18.5%) for backs-with a likely smaller sRPEGym-TL for forwards (-33.4%). The strength of the upcoming opposition had no effect on sRPE-TL. Our findings highlight some of the multifactorial contextual factors that must be considered when planning and evaluating training microcycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Dalton-Barron
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, St. Michael's Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun J McLaren
- Department of Psychology, Sport & Exercise, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
- Sport Science and Medical Department, Hartlepool United Football Club, Hartlepool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Gray
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, St. Michael's Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, St. Michael's Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Bath Rugby, Farleigh House, Farleigh Hungerford, Bath, United Kingdom
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Rago V, Vigh-Larsen JF, Deylami K, Muschinsky A, Mohr M. Use of Rating of Perceived Exertion-Based Training Load in Elite Ice Hockey Training and Match-Play. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2837-2843. [PMID: 33370008 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rago, V, Vigh-Larsen, JF, Deylami, K, Muschinsky, A, and Mohr, M. Use of rating of perceived exertion-based training load in elite ice hockey training and match-play. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Training load (TL) based on the subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE) may be a useful athlete monitoring alternative when wearable technology is unavailable. The aim of this study was to examine the validity of RPE-based TL monitoring in elite ice hockey. A male ice hockey team (n = 18) was monitored using a 200-Hz accelerometer, heart rate (HR) and RPE (0-10 scale), throughout a 4-week competitive period (n = 309 individual observations). Session-RPE (RPE × duration) averaged 244.8 ± 135.2 and 728.6 ± 150.9 arbitrary units (AU) during practice sessions and during official games, respectively. The smallest worthwhile change was 19.8 AU. Within-individual correlations between session-RPE and total accelerations >0.5 m·s-2 (Acctot), accelerations >2 m·s-2 (Acc2), total decelerations >-0.5 m·s-2 (Dectot), decelerations < -2 m·s-2 (Dec2), time > 85% maximum HR, Edwards' TL, and modified training impulse were very large (r = 0.70-0.89; p < 0.001). In addition, correlations between RPE and measures of exercise intensity (Acctot per min, Acc2 per min, Dectot per min, mean HR, and peak HR) were small (r = 0.02-0.29; p < 0.05) except for Dec2 being unclear (p = 0.686). Differences in intensity parameters between RPE range (easy to very hard, 2-7 AU) were small (r = 0.22-0.31; p < 0.05). The session-RPE method can be used as a global indicator of TL in ice hockey. Specific ranges of time-motion and HR intensity variables can be demarcated between RPE categories (easy to very hard; 2-7 AU). Accounting for training volume (session-RPE) more accurately reflects objective methods of TL based on accelerative efforts and HR, than the RPE score (based on the perception of the intensity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal; Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal; Research Unit for Exercise Biology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Center of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
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Guerrero-Calderón B, Klemp M, Castillo-Rodriguez A, Morcillo JA, Memmert D. A New Approach for Training-load Quantification in Elite-level Soccer: Contextual Factors. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:716-723. [PMID: 33321524 DOI: 10.1055/a-1289-9059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to analyse the physical responses of professional soccer players during training considering the contextual factors of match location, season period, and quality of the opposition; and to establish prediction models of physical responses during training sessions. Training data was obtained from 30 professional soccer players from Spanish La Liga using global positioning technology (N=1365 performances). A decreased workload was showed during training weeks prior to home matches, showing large effects in power events, equivalent distance, total distance, walk distance and low-speed running distance. Also, the quality of the opposition also affected the training workload (p<0.05). All regression-models showed moderate effects, with an adjusted R2 of 0.37 for metabolic-work, 0.34 for total distance covered, 0.25 for high-speed running distance (18-21 km·h-1), 0.29 for very high-speed running distance (21-24 km·h-1), 0.22 for sprint running distance (>24 km·h-1) and 0.34 for equivalent distance. The main finding of this study was the great association of match location, season period and quality of opposition on the workload performed by players in the training week before the match; and the development of workload prediction-models considering these contextual factors, thus proposing a new and innovative approach to quantify the workload in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maximilian Klemp
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Koln, Germany
| | | | - José Alfonso Morcillo
- Physical Activity and Sports Science, University of Jaen, Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences, Jaen, Spain
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Koln, Germany
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Scott D, Norris D, Lovell R. Dose-Response Relationship Between External Load and Wellness in Elite Women's Soccer Matches: Do Customized Velocity Thresholds Add Value? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1245-1251. [PMID: 32887847 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the dose-response relationship between match-play high-speed running (HSR), very high-speed running (VHSR), and sprint (SPR) distances versus subsequent ratings of fatigue and soreness. METHODS Thirty-six outfield players competing in the professional National Women's Soccer League (NWSL, United States) with a minimum of five 90-minute match observations were monitored during the 2016 and 2017 seasons (408 match observations, 11 [6]/player). HSR (≥3.47 m·s-1), VHSR (≥5.28 m·s-1), and SPR (≥6.25 m·s-1) were determined generically (GEN) in players using a 10-Hz global positioning system. HSR, VHSR, and SPR speed thresholds were also reconfigured according to player peak speed per se and in combination with the final velocity achieved in the 30:15 Intermittent Fitness Test (locomotor approach to establishing individual speed zones). On the morning following matches (match day [MD + 1]), players recorded subjective wellness ratings of fatigue and soreness using 7-point Likert scales. RESULTS Fatigue (-2.32; 95% CI, -2.60 to -2.03 au; P < .0001) and soreness (-2.05; 95% CI, -2.29 to -1.81; P < .0001) ratings worsened on MD + 1. Standardized unit changes in HSRGEN (fatigue: -0.05; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.02 and soreness: -0.02, 95% CI, -0.07 to 0.04) and VHSRGEN (fatigue: -0.06; 95% CI, -0.12 to 0.00 and soreness: -0.04; 95% CI, -0.10 to 0.02) had no influence on wellness ratings at MD + 1. Individualized speed thresholds did not improve the model fit. CONCLUSIONS Subjective ratings of fatigue and wellness are not sensitive to substantial within-player changes in match physical performance. HSR, VHSR, and SPR thresholds customized for individual players' athletic qualities did not improve the dose-response relationship between external load and wellness ratings.
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Training load, recovery and game performance in semiprofessional male basketball: influence of individual characteristics and contextual factors. Biol Sport 2020; 38:207-217. [PMID: 34079165 PMCID: PMC8139347 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.98451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of individual characteristics and contextual factors on training load, pre-game recovery and game performance in adult male semi-professional basketball. Fourteen players were monitored, across a whole competitive season, with the session-RPE method to calculate weekly training load, and the Total Quality Recovery Scale to obtain pre-game recovery scores. Additionally, game-related statistics were gathered during official games to calculate the Performance Index Rating (PIR). Individual characteristics and contextual factors were grouped using k-means cluster analyses. Separate mixed linear models for repeated measures were performed to evaluate the single and combined (interaction) effects of individual characteristics (playing experience; playing position; playing time) and contextual factors (season phase; recovery cycle; previous game outcome; previous and upcoming opponent level) on weekly training load, pre-game recovery and PIR. Weekly load was higher in guards and medium minute-per-game (MPG) players, and lower for medium-experienced players, before facing high-level opponents, during later season phases and short recovery cycles (all p < 0.05). Pre-game recovery was lower in centers and high-experience players (p < 0.05). Game performance was better in high-MPG players (p < 0.05) and when facing low and medium-level opponents (p < 0.001). Interestingly, players performed better in games when the previous week's training load was low (p = 0.042). This study suggests that several individual characteristics and contextual factors need to be considered when monitoring training load (playing experience, playing position, playing time, recovery cycle, upcoming opponent level), recovery (playing experience, playing position) and game performance (opponent level, weekly training load, pre-game recovery) in basketball players during the competitive season.
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Boullosa D, Casado A, Claudino JG, Jiménez-Reyes P, Ravé G, Castaño-Zambudio A, Lima-Alves A, de Oliveira SA, Dupont G, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Do you Play or Do you Train? Insights From Individual Sports for Training Load and Injury Risk Management in Team Sports Based on Individualization. Front Physiol 2020; 11:995. [PMID: 32973548 PMCID: PMC7472986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boullosa
- Graduate Program of Movement Sciences, INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I University, Burgos, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriano Lima-Alves
- Department of Sport Sciences, University Federal of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvio Assis de Oliveira
- Graduate Program of Movement Sciences, INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Postdam, Germany
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
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Anthropometric and Functional Profile of Selected vs. Non-Selected 13-to-17-Year-Old Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8080111. [PMID: 32784932 PMCID: PMC7466633 DOI: 10.3390/sports8080111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare anthropometric and functional profiles of 13-to-17-year-old soccer players according to their competitive level. Height, body mass, percentage of body fat, countermovement jump height, change of direction ability, 5- and 15-m sprint times, repeated sprint ability (RSA), intermittent recovery performance, and dribbling skills were collected in 115 young Italian soccer players. Players were divided into selected (i.e., competing at national level, n = 17 U15 and 47 U17) and non-selected (i.e., competing at regional level, n = 43 U15 and 8 U17) groups. U17 selected players were taller, quicker over 5 and 15 m, more agile, and had better RSA, prolonged intermittent recovery ability, and dribbling skills than their non-selected counterparts (d = 0.28–0.55, p < 0.05). In particular, selected players showed lower times on the first three and the last shuttle of the RSA test (d = 0.28–0.34, p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in U15 players (p > 0.05). Discriminant analysis revealed that dribbling skills, 15-m sprint time, and height best discriminate U17 players by competitive level (p < 0.001). Anthropometric characteristics and functional abilities can discriminate across competitive standards between male U17 but not U15 soccer players. In particular, these findings suggest the importance of dribbling skills, 15-m sprint, and height in U17 players.
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Oliveira R, Brito JP, Loureiro N, Padinha V, Ferreira B, Mendes B. Does the distribution of the weekly training load account for the match results of elite professional soccer players? Physiol Behav 2020; 225:113118. [PMID: 32750434 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to compare training load (TL) of the days preceding a win, draw or defeat in a sample of elite professional soccer players across the in-season 2015/16. METHODS Twenty elite soccer players participated in this study. Total distance covered, high-speed running distance (HSRD), average speed, session rate of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and Hooper index scores (HI) were collected. Data from 24 weeks with one match were analysed through the match-day (MD-5, 4, 3, 2, 1) and MD+1. RESULTS The main finding emerges in MD-1, where a longer training duration preceding draws (95.1 ± 1.5 min) > defeats (91.5 ± 1.6 min) > wins (84.7 ± 0.5 min) was found, while total distance and average speed were higher in wins (3628.6 ± 57.2 m) > draws (3391.3 ± 153.3 m) > defeats (3236.1 ± 113.7 m) and draws (130.7 ± 17.6 m/min) > wins (86.0 ± 6.9 m/min) > defeats (54.8 ± 7.1 m/min), respectively. HSRD was higher in draws (42.8 ± 0.6 m) > wins (36.1 ± 1.7 m) > defeats (35.8 ± 1.7 m). In MD+1, there were differences in HI between wins vs draws (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results are drawn from one team that participated in UEFA Champions League. It was observed that different TL applied in training sessions can influence match result. Our findings can be considered in future soccer planning and periodization to win matches. This study emphasizes the use of HI especially in the day following the match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Oliveira
- ESDRM-IPS - Sports Science School of Rio Maior - Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Av. Dr. Mário Soares, Rio Maior 2040-413, Portugal; CIDESD - Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Quinta de Prados, Edifício Ciências de Desporto, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal; CIEQV - Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado 279, Santarém 2001-904, Portugal.
| | - João P Brito
- ESDRM-IPS - Sports Science School of Rio Maior - Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Av. Dr. Mário Soares, Rio Maior 2040-413, Portugal; CIEQV - Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado 279, Santarém 2001-904, Portugal
| | - Nuno Loureiro
- ESDRM-IPS - Sports Science School of Rio Maior - Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Av. Dr. Mário Soares, Rio Maior 2040-413, Portugal; CIEQV - Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado 279, Santarém 2001-904, Portugal
| | - Vitor Padinha
- ESDRM-IPS - Sports Science School of Rio Maior - Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Av. Dr. Mário Soares, Rio Maior 2040-413, Portugal
| | - Bruno Ferreira
- ESDRM-IPS - Sports Science School of Rio Maior - Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Av. Dr. Mário Soares, Rio Maior 2040-413, Portugal
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Falculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Gonçalves LGC, Kalva-Filho CA, Nakamura FY, Rago V, Afonso J, Bedo BLDS, Aquino R. Effects of Match-Related Contextual Factors on Weekly Load Responses in Professional Brazilian Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145163. [PMID: 32708939 PMCID: PMC7400226 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the weekly training load distributions according to match location, opponent standard, and match outcome in professional soccer players. Rate-of-perceived-exertion-based training load (sRPE) and distance- and accelerometry-based measures were monitored daily during 52 training sessions and 11 matches performed by 23 players. Athletes who played ≥ 60 min during non-congested weeks were considered for data analysis. The training days close to away matches (e.g., one day before the match = MD-1) presented greater sRPE, distance-based volume measures, and mechanical work (player load) compared to the training days close to home matches (p = 0.001-0.002; effect size (ES) = medium-large). The most distant days of the home matches (e.g., five days before the match = MD-5) presented higher internal and external loads than before away matches (p = 0.002-0.003, ES = medium). Higher sRPE, distance-based volume measures, and mechanical work were found during the middle of the week (e.g., three days before the match, MD-3) before playing against bottom vs. medium-ranking teams (p = 0.001-0.01, ES = small-medium). These metrics were lower in MD-5 before matches against bottom vs. medium-ranking opponents (p = 0.001, ES = medium). Higher values of all external load measures were observed during the training session before winning matches (MD-1) compared to a draw or loss (p < 0.001-0.001, ES = medium-large). In conclusion, the training load distribution throughout the week varied considerably according to match-contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Guilherme Cruz Gonçalves
- Department of Performance Analysis, Botafogo Football Club S/A, Ribeirão Preto 14096-070, SP, Brazil;
- Status On Sports (SOSports), Department of Science and Technology, Ribeirão Preto 14096-440, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho
- Human Movement Research Laboratory, Post-graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru 17033-360, Brazil;
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil;
| | - Vincenzo Rago
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Bruno Luiz de Souza Bedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- Research Group in Soccer Science, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-99-1950-494
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Assessing the Perceived Exertion in Elite Soccer Players during Official Matches According to Situational Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020410. [PMID: 31936269 PMCID: PMC7013681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the match perceived exertion (PE) declared by starter and non-starter junior elite soccer players, according to the level of the opponents, and by playing at home or away. Nineteen young soccer players who competed in the Spanish U19 League participated in this study. PE was registered during the entire regular season (30 official matches). Players were grouped by match playing time: starters (players who started the game and played at least 45 min) and non-starters (substitute players who participated for less than 45 min). Moreover, the matches were classified according to the opponent level (i.e., high, medium, or low) and the match location (i.e., home or away). Starters who competed against high-level opponents (8.7 ± 0.6) declared higher PE ratings than against medium (8.1 ± 0.7, p < 0.01) and low (8.4 ± 0.7, p < 0.01) level opponents. In addition, starters competing at home declared lower PE ratings than when playing away (8.2 ± 0.8 vs. 8.5 ± 0.6, p < 0.01). However, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for non-starters. Coaches should consider not only tactical–strategic needs, but also these contextual factors when managing the match playing time of the starter players.
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Rago V, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Costa J, Barreira D, Krustrup P, Rebelo A. Methods to collect and interpret external training load using microtechnology incorporating GPS in professional football: a systematic review. Res Sports Med 2019; 28:437-458. [PMID: 31755307 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1686703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article was to systematically review the methods adopted to collect and interpret external training load (ETL) using microtechnology incorporating global positioning system (GPS). The main deficiencies identified concerned the non-collection of match ETL, and the non-consideration of potential confounders (e.g. playing position, fitness level, starting status or session content). Also, complementary training (individual/reconditioning) and pre-match warm-up were rarely quantified. To provide a full picture of the training demands, ETL was commonly complemented by internal training load monitoring with the rating of perceived exertion predominantly adopted instead of heart rate recordings. Continuous data collection and interpretation of ETL data in professional football vary widely between observational studies, possibly reflecting the actual procedures adopted in practical settings. Evidence about continuous ETL monitoring in female players, and female as well as male goalkeepers is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation , Lisbon, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia , Maia, Portugal
| | - Júlio Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark , Odense, Denmark.,Shangai University of Sport , Shangai, China
| | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
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Curtis RM, Huggins RA, Benjamin CL, Sekiguchi Y, Adams WM, Arent SM, Jain R, Miller SJ, Walker AJ, Casa DJ. Contextual Factors Influencing External and Internal Training Loads in Collegiate Men's Soccer. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:374-381. [PMID: 31524781 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Curtis, RM, Huggins, RA, Benjamin, CL, Sekiguchi, Y, Adams, WM, Arent, SM, Jain, R, Miller, SJ, Walker, AJ, and Casa, DJ. Contextual factors influencing external and internal training loads in collegiate men's soccer. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 374-381, 2020-This study investigated factors influencing training loads (TL) in collegiate men's soccer. Total distance, high-speed running distance (>14.4 km·h), high-intensity heart-rate zone duration (HI HRZ, >70% heart rate relative to maximum), and session rating of perceived exertion were assessed daily from 107 male soccer players competing for 5 National Collegiate Athletics Association Division I teams. Differences between athlete role (starter and reserve), position (defender, midfielder, and forward), season phase (preseason, in-season, and postseason), days relative to match (MD-1 to MD-5+), days between matches (<4, 4-5, >5 days), previous match outcome (win, loss, and draw), and upcoming opponent relative ranking (weaker, trivial, and stronger) were examined. Mean differences (MD) and effect sizes (ESs) with 90% confidence intervals were reported. There were trivial and insignificant differences by player role, position, or upcoming opponent strength, and small-moderate increases in preseason TL compared with in-season (ES [range] = 0.4-0.9). TLs were lower for MD-1 and higher for MD-5+ (ES [range] = 0.4-1.3) when compared with MD-2-4. External loads (ES = -0.40 ± 0.20) were less after wins compared with losses. TLs are increased in the preseason, when training sessions occur greater than 5 days from a match and after losses. Contextualizing factors affecting TLs has implications for developing workload prescription and recovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Curtis
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Robert A Huggins
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Courteney L Benjamin
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - William M Adams
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Shawn M Arent
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Rajat Jain
- Department of Athletics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; and
| | - Sayers J Miller
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan J Walker
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Rago V, Rebelo A, Krustrup P, Mohr M. Contextual Variables and Training Load Throughout a Competitive Period in a Top-Level Male Soccer Team. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 35:3177-3183. [PMID: 31453936 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rago, V, Rebelo, A, Krustrup, P, and Mohr, M. Contextual variables and training load throughout a competitive period in a top-level male soccer team. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The aim of the present study was to investigate and quantify the weekly training load (TL) according to different match-related contextual factors in a professional male soccer team (n = 23). Training load was quantified using a 10-Hz global positioning system with integrated 100-Hz accelerometer and heart rate recordings over a 3-month competitive period. Total distance (TD) covered and high-speed running (HSR, >16 km·h) during training were higher in the week after playing against a bottom-level or top-level opponent compared to a medium-level opponent (p < 0.05; effect size [ES] = 0.30-1.04). TD was also higher when preparing for a match against a bottom-level opponent (p < 0.05; ES = 0.39-0.76). In addition, the percentage of HSR was higher after playing a bottom-level compared to a medium-level opponent (p < 0.001; ES = 0.49 [0.27; 0.71]). TD covered was higher in the week following a draw or a win, and higher before a loss compared to a draw (p < 0.05, ES = 0.32-0.81). Both absolute HSR and HSR expressed as percentage of TD were higher before losing and winning a match compared to a draw (p < 0.05; ES = 0.72-0.98). Weekly TL seems to be slightly affected by match-related contextual variables, with special emphasis on the opponent standard and match outcome. Higher training volume was observed before and after playing against a top-level opponent, and after losing a match, whereas the volume of high-intensity training seems to be higher when preparing for a game against a top-level opponent. Future experimental research should clarify the interaction between match-related contextual variables (e.g., cause) and weekly TL (e.g., effect).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Center of Health and Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Azcárate U, Los Arcos A, Jiménez-Reyes P, Yanci J. Are acceleration and cardiovascular capacities related to perceived load in professional soccer players? Res Sports Med 2019; 28:27-41. [PMID: 31328561 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1644642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at assessing physical fitness performance and its relationship with the differential ratings of perceived exertion of training load (dRPE TL) and match load (dRPE ML) in a Spanish professional soccer team at the beginning of several in-season periods: 1-4 weeks, 5-8 weeks and 1-8 weeks. Performance and mechanical variables over the acceleration phase, as well as cardiovascular performance variables were evaluated in 20 male professional soccer players of a team competing in the Spanish Second Division League. Moreover, dRPE TL and dRPE ML were quantified. The dRPE TL showed negative and large associations between both maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (from r = -0.53; ± 0.06 to r = -0.53; ± 0.05 95% CL, p = 0.035 to 0.036) and RPEres TL values throughout the 5-8 and 1-8 week periods. Furthermore, dRPE ML positive and large associations were found between players initial MAS or VO2max (from r = 0.50; ± 0.17 to r = 0.56; ± 0.11 95% CL, p = 0.026 to 0.049) and RPEmus ML in 1-4 and 1-8 week periods. The current study suggests that a better cardiovascular capacity could be connected with a lower RPEres TL and higher RPEmus ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unai Azcárate
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asier Los Arcos
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Chmura P, Konefał M, Wong DP, Figueiredo AJ, Kowalczuk E, Rokita A, Chmura J, Andrzejewski M. Players' Physical Performance Decreased After Two-Thirds of the Season: Results of 3 Consecutive Seasons in the German First Bundesliga. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16112044. [PMID: 31185585 PMCID: PMC6603920 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to: (1) investigate physical and technical performance among players during six consecutive phases of a competitive season, (2) determine if levels of match running and technical performance between the 1st and 6th phases of a season can be maintained, (3) and determine which phase features the lowest and highest values for variables assessed. Seventy out of 556 outfield players who played at least 80% of the matches in each phase of the Bundesliga seasons were analysed. Each season was divided into 6 phases: phase 1 (matches 1-6), phase 2 (7-11), phase 3 (12-17), phase 4 (18-23), phase 5 (24-28) and phase 6 (29-34). Thirteen variables were selected to quantify the physical and technical activity of players. Our results showed that by reducing the distances covered at intensities below 11 km·h-1, players were able to cover greater distances at intensities in the range of 11-13.99 and 21-23.99 km·h-1 in subsequent phases of a season. Players' capacity to maintain match running and technical performance between the first and sixth phases of the season has been demonstrated, though the 4th phase of the season showed a breakthrough point as regards the maintenance of exercise capacity among players participating in the Bundesliga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Del P Wong
- Titi Sport Technology Company, Shenzhen 510810, China.
| | - Antonio J Figueiredo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-156 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Recreation, University School of Physical Education, 60-101 Poznań, Poland.
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Rago V, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Krustrup P, Rebelo A. Relationship between External Load and Perceptual Responses to Training in Professional Football: Effects of Quantification Method. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7030068. [PMID: 30884900 PMCID: PMC6473819 DOI: 10.3390/sports7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the within-player correlation between external training load (ETL) and perceptual responses to training in a professional male football team (n = 13 outfield players) over an eight-week competitive period. ETL was collected using 10-Hz GPS, whereas perceptual responses were accessed through rating of perceived exertion (RPE) questionnaires. Moderate-speed running (MSR), high-speed running (HSR) and sprinting were defined using arbitrary (fixed) and individualised speed zones (based on maximal aerobic speed and maximal sprinting speed). When ETL was expressed as actual distance covered within the training session, perceptual responses were moderately correlated to MSR and HSR quantified using the arbitrary method (p < 0.05; r = 0.53 to 0.59). However, the magnitude of correlations tended to increase when the individualised method was used (p < 0.05; r = 0.58 to 0.67). Distance covered by sprinting was moderately correlated to perceptual responses only when the individualised method was used (p < 0.05; 0.55 [0.05; 0.83] and 0.53 [0.02; 0.82]). Perceptual responses were largely correlated to the sum of distance covered within all three speed running zones, irrespective of the quantification method (p < 0.05; r = 0.58 to 0.68). When ETL was expressed as percentage of total distance covered within the training session, no significant correlations were observed (p > 0.05). Perceptual responses to training load seem to be better associated with ETL, when the latter is adjusted to individual fitness capacities. Moreover, reporting ETL as actual values of distance covered within the training session instead of percentual values inform better about players’ perceptual responses to training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, R. Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Avenida das Seleções, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Avenida das Seleções, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Avenida das Seleções, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal.
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Avenida Carlos de Oliveira Campos, Castêlo da Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal.
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
| | - António Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, R. Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
Fatigue is a complex state with multiple physiological and psychological origins. However, fatigue in soccer has traditionally been investigated from a physiological perspective, with little emphasis on the cognitive demands of competition. These cognitive demands may induce mental fatigue, which could contribute to the fatigue-related performance decrements observed during and after soccer matches. Recent research investigating the relationship between mental fatigue and soccer-specific performance supports this suggestion. This leading article provides an overview of the research in this emerging field, outlining the impact of mental fatigue on soccer-specific physical, technical, decision-making, and tactical performances. The second half of this review provides directions for future research in response to the limitations of the existing research. Emphasis is placed on translating the current body of knowledge into practical applications and developing a greater understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the negative impact of mental fatigue on soccer performance. A conceptual model is presented to help direct this future research.
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Jaspers A, Kuyvenhoven JP, Staes F, Frencken WG, Helsen WF, Brink MS. Examination of the external and internal load indicators’ association with overuse injuries in professional soccer players. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:579-585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Postmatch Perceived Exertion, Feeling, and Wellness in Professional Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:631-637. [PMID: 29345537 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess postmatch perceived exertion, feeling, and wellness according to the match outcome (winning, drawing, or losing) in professional soccer players. METHODS In total, 12 outfield players were followed during 52 official matches where the outcomes (win, draw, or lose) were noted. Following each match, players completed both a 10-point Borg scale modified by Foster and an 11-point Hardy and Rejeski scale rating of perceived feeling. Rating of perceived sleep quality, stress, fatigue, and muscle soreness was collected separately on a 7-point scale the day following each match. RESULTS Player rating of perceived exertion was higher by a very large magnitude following a loss compared with a draw or a win and higher by a small magnitude after a draw compared with a win. Players felt more pleasure after a win compared with a draw or loss and more displeasure after a loss compared with draw. The players reported a largely and moderately better perceived sleep quality, less stress, and fatigue following a win compared with a draw or a loss and a moderately bad perceived sleep quality, higher stress, and fatigue following a draw compared with a loss. In contrast, only a trivial-small change was observed in perceived muscle soreness between all outcomes. CONCLUSION Match outcomes moderately to largely affect rating of perceived exertion, feeling, sleep quality, stress, and fatigue, whereas perceived muscle soreness remains high regardless of the match outcome. However, winning a match decreases the strain and improves both pleasure and wellness in professional soccer players.
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Relationships Between the External and Internal Training Load in Professional Soccer: What Can We Learn From Machine Learning? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:625-630. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Machine learning may contribute to understanding the relationship between the external load and internal load in professional soccer. Therefore, the relationship between external load indicators (ELIs) and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was examined using machine learning techniques on a group and individual level. Methods: Training data were collected from 38 professional soccer players over 2 seasons. The external load was measured using global positioning system technology and accelerometry. The internal load was obtained using the RPE. Predictive models were constructed using 2 machine learning techniques, artificial neural networks and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) models, and 1 naive baseline method. The predictions were based on a large set of ELIs. Using each technique, 1 group model involving all players and 1 individual model for each player were constructed. These models’ performance on predicting the reported RPE values for future training sessions was compared with the naive baseline’s performance. Results: Both the artificial neural network and LASSO models outperformed the baseline. In addition, the LASSO model made more accurate predictions for the RPE than did the artificial neural network model. Furthermore, decelerations were identified as important ELIs. Regardless of the applied machine learning technique, the group models resulted in equivalent or better predictions for the reported RPE values than the individual models. Conclusions: Machine learning techniques may have added value in predicting RPE for future sessions to optimize training design and evaluation. These techniques may also be used in conjunction with expert knowledge to select key ELIs for load monitoring.
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Rago V, Silva JR, Mohr M, Barreira D, Krustrup P, Rebelo AN. Variability of activity profile during medium-sided games in professional soccer. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:547-554. [PMID: 29697215 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Southern European countries it is very frequent to perform medium-sized games (MSG) as last training drill. We analyzed the individual variability and changes in activity patterns during MSG throughout the preseason. METHODS Activity profile during MSGs (10v10+goalkeepers, duration: 10-min, field length: 50 m, width: 90 m, area per player: 204.5 m2) was quantified using a GPS in 14 professional male players (6 defenders, 5 midfielders 5 and attackers). RESULTS Inter-individual variability was higher for high-intensity (HIR), very-high speed (VHS), maximum acceleration (Accmax) and maximum deceleration (Decmax) distance (CV=25.2 to 43.3%), compared to total distance (TD), total acceleration (Acctot) and total deceleration (Dectot) distance (CV= 8.3 to 18.3%). Defenders showed higher variability in TD, HIR, VHS, Acctot and Dectot (ES= 1.30 to 11.28) compared to the other field positions, whereas attackers showed higher variability in HIR, VHS Accmax and Decmax (ES=-4.92 to 2.07) than other the field positions. Variability in TD regularly increased (ES= -2.13 to -0.91) towards the end of the preseason, while HIR and VHS variability tended to increase over the 3rd and the 4th preseason week (ES=-0.94 to -3.05). However, the behavior of variability across the preseason period was more unpredictable for Acctot and Dectot, both decreasing in the 3rd week (ES= 0.70 to 1.20), while Decmax increased in the 4th week (ES=-0.91±0.59). CONCLUSIONS During MSGs, individual variability of activity differs among field positions, and tends to increase with either speed or acceleration intensity, underlining the need of an individualized approach for training load monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal -
| | - João R Silva
- National Sports Medicine Programme Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar-Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Magni Mohr
- Centre of Health Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - António N Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Rago V, Silva JR, Brito J, Barreira D, Mohr M, Krustrup P, Rebelo AN. Switching between pitch surfaces: practical applications and future perspectives for soccer training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:510-519. [PMID: 29619795 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soccer training and completion is conventionally practiced on natural grass (NG) or artificial turf (AT). Recently, AT pitches for training/competition, and of unstable surfaces for injury prevention training has increased. Therefore, soccer players are frequently exposed to variations in pitch surface during either training or competition. These ground changes may impact physical and physiological responses, adaptations as well as the injury. The aim of this review was to summarize the acute physical and physiological responses, chronic adaptations, and injury risk associated with exercising on different pitch surfaces in soccer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Eligible studies were published in English, had pitch surface as an independent variable, and had physical, physiological or epidemiological information as outcome variables. Specific data extracted from the articles included the training response, training adaptations or injury outcomes according to different pitch surfaces. A total of 224 studies were retrieved from a literature search. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria: 9 for acute physical and physiological responses, 2 for training adaptations and 9 for injury assessment. The literature lacks consistent evidence regarding the effects of pitch surface on performance and health outcomes in soccer players. However, it seems that occasionally switching training surfaces seems a valuable strategy for focusing on specific musculoskeletal queries and enhancing players' fitness. For instance, sand training may be occasionally proposed as complementary training strategy, given the recruitment of additional musculature probably not involved on firmer surfaces, but the possible training-induced adaptations of non-conventional soccer surfaces (e.g., sand) might potentially result into a negative transfer on AT or NG. CONCLUSIONS Since the specific physical demands of soccer can differ between surfaces, coaches should resort to the use of non-traditional surfaces with parsimony, emphasizing the specific surface-related motor tasks, normally observed on natural grass or artificial turf. Further studies are required to better understand the physiological effects induced by systematic surface-specific training, or switching between pitch surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal - .,Unit of Health and Performance, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - João R Silva
- National Sports Medicine Programme Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar-Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - João Brito
- Unit of Health and Performance, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magni Mohr
- Center of Health Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences Tórshavn, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - António N Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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The independent effects of match location, match result and the quality of opposition on subjective wellbeing in under 23 soccer players: a case study. Res Sports Med 2018; 26:262-275. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1447476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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46
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Rago V, Silva JR, Mohr M, Barreira D, Krustrup P, Rebelo AN. The inter-individual relationship between training status and activity pattern during small-sided and full-sized games in professional male football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1414953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João R. Silva
- National Sports Medicine Programme Excellence in Soccer Project, Aspetar-Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Magni Mohr
- Centre of Health Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - António N. Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Azcárate U, Yanci J, Los Arcos A. Influence of match playing time and the length of the between-match microcycle in Spanish professional soccer players’ perceived training load. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1386322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Unai Azcárate
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asier Los Arcos
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Hertzog M, Rumpf MC, Hader K. Resistance Training Status and Effectiveness of Low-Frequency Resistance Training on Upper-Body Strength and Power in Highly Trained Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 34:1032-1039. [PMID: 28858052 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hertzog, M, Rumpf, MC, and Hader, K. Resistance training status and effectiveness of low-frequency resistance training on upper-body strength and power in highly trained soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1032-1039, 2020-Soccer is classified as a contact/collision sport with many player-to-player duels. Winning these duels, shielding the ball or fending off an opponent requires upper-body strength and power. Therefore, this study aimed (a) to examine the time-related effect of an upper-body resistance training (RT) on maximal strength and power changes in highly trained soccer players and (b) to investigate if the RT status influences these changes throughout a competitive season. Twenty-eight soccer players participated in this study and were divided into an untrained group (UG) and a trained group (TG), according to their RT status. Both groups performed the same upper-body RT once a week, over 30 weeks. Maximal strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and maximal power (MP) were assessed before, during, and after the competitive season. Both groups significantly improved 1RM and MP over the entire competitive season, with a moderate (TG, 13%) to very large (UG, 21%) magnitude in 1RM and with a small (TG, 8%) to moderate (UG, 13%) magnitude in MP. After the initial 10 weeks of RT, UG presented significant and slightly (1RM) to moderately (MP) greater improvements than TG. For all other time intervals, the between-groups' changes in 1RM were rated as similar. For the last 20 weeks of the RT, the change in MP was significantly lower for UG compared with TG. One upper-body RT session per week will provide sufficient stimulus to enable an almost certain improvement in strength and power throughout a competitive season for all players disregarding their initial RT status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Hertzog
- National Sports Medicine Program, Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar-Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Michael C Rumpf
- National Sports Medicine Program, Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar-Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Auckland University of Technology, Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | - Karim Hader
- National Sports Medicine Program, Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar-Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Picardie, Amiens, France
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Nassis GP, Hertzog M, Brito J. Workload Assessment in Soccer: An Open-Minded, Critical Thinking Approach is Needed. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:e77-e78. [DOI: 10.1519/01.jsc.0000522116.12028.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Chamari K, Tabben M. Interpreting Data and Concluding in Science: Cautious Consideration of the Methodological Design and Risks of Spreading Inappropriate Information. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:e77. [PMID: 28737612 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Chamari
- AHP Research Center and ASPREV, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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