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Sarmento H, Martinho DV, Gouveia ÉR, Afonso J, Chmura P, Field A, Savedra NO, Oliveira R, Praça G, Silva R, Barrera-Díaz J, Clemente FM. The Influence of Playing Position on Physical, Physiological, and Technical Demands in Adult Male Soccer Matches: A Systematic Scoping Review with Evidence Gap Map. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02088-z. [PMID: 39259431 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increase in studies examining the demands of soccer relative to each playing position in recent years. Understanding the physical, physiological, and technical demands on soccer players according to their positional role during competitive matches is necessary to understand match requirements and develop position-specific training practices. Thereby, there is a clear need to synthesize the information on the different profiles of each playing position. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to organize the literature investigating physical, physiological, and technical demands according to playing positions and provide a framework to identify gaps and suggestions for future studies. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in October 2023 using four electronic databases: Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Scopus. The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PRISMA-ScR extension for Scoping Reviews. The studies were included if the sample comprised adult male soccer players categorized from Tier 3 to Tier 5 (i.e., highly trained/national level, elite/international level, or world class) and compared the physical, physiological, or technical parameters across playing positions. RESULTS A total of 178 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The number of teams, players, and matches analyzed per study varied considerably. Although a range of classifications were reported across studies, 59% of studies classified players as central defenders, full-backs, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and forwards. The findings suggests that central and external midfielders, and external defenders cover greater total and high-speed distance than forwards or central defenders. Sprint distance was higher in external midfielders versus all other positions. Defenders and central midfielders perform more passes than external midfielders and forwards. Heart rate was the most commonly reported physiological variable across playing positions. When expressed as a percentage of maximal heart rate, midfielders presented higher mean values than all other playing positions. CONCLUSION This scoping review demonstrates that there are differences in the demands on players across playing positions in soccer. Training practices in soccer should be based on the specific requirements of each positional role to ensure players can fulfill their tactical responsibilities during the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Élvio R Gouveia
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Field
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Nestor Ordoñez Savedra
- Research Group in Sports Science and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sports Science Program, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Santarém Polytechnic University, School of Sport, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Santarém Polytechnic University, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Gibson Praça
- Sports Department/UFMG Soccer Science Center/CECA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Joel Barrera-Díaz
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336, Gdańsk, Poland
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Henríquez M, Reina R, Castillo D, Iturricastillo A, Yanci J. Contextual factors and match-physical performance of international-level footballers with cerebral palsy. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:232-241. [PMID: 37093020 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2206384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the match-physical response of international-level footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) according to contextual factors such as team ranking, the quality level of opposition, and match outcome. Eighty-two male outfield footballers with CP from top-ranked teams (n = 26) and bottom-ranked teams (n = 56) took part in this study. The match-player response was recorded using global positioning devices considering the total distance, distance covered at different velocities and number of short-term actions. Players from top-ranked teams covered more distance at low intensities compared to players from bottom-ranked teams (p < 0.05; 0.45 < ES < 0.49). Higher sprint distance, moderate and high accelerations/decelerations were found in players from top-ranked teams playing against teams of similar levels (p < 0.05; 0.73g< 0.86). When players from bottom-ranked teams played against teams of equivalent rank, more physical requirements were presented in total distance, running from medium to sprint intensities, and the number of short-term actions (p < 0.0.05; -0.55S < -0.89). Players from the top-ranking teams presented greater sprint demands in losing matches (p<0.05; dg=-1.01). Considering the bottom-ranking opposition, players presented more running demands in matches with losing results in moderate running, sprinting, and moderate-to-high deceleration (p < 0.05; -0.61 < dg < -0.64). The match-physical response of players with CP varies according to the contextual factors studied. The results provide advice for coaches and classifiers to understand more comprehensively the competing demands in CP football. This knowledge could help practitioners to prepare competition matches and planning training load or post-match recovery strategies, but also for the observation assessments of the classification process in this team para-sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Henríquez
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Chile
| | - Raul Reina
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud, y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Aitor Iturricastillo
- Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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3
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Carlos-Vivas J, Franco-García JM, Mendoza-Muñoz DM, Gómez-Pomares S, Pérez-Gómez J. High-Intensity GPS-Derived Parameters in Semi-Professional Soccer: Home vs. Away Roles of the Team and Their Relationship with the Match's Final Score. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4891. [PMID: 39123938 PMCID: PMC11314848 DOI: 10.3390/s24154891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
High-intensity activities are related to success in football. We looked at whether high-intensity activity differed between home and away matches and its impact on the final score. Thirty football players (20.3 ± 0.8 years) were recruited from a Spanish semi-professional team. Footballers wore a GPS device to monitor high-intensity parameters from competition matches. The final score of every match was also recorded. Playing at home showed greater total distance (TD) > 24 km/h, >27 km/h, >85% Vmax, and the number of sprints > 24 km/h (all p < 0.05) than playing away. Positive correlations were also found between the match score and high-speed running (HSR) distance covered by the team per minute (r = 0.401), TD > 21 km/h (r = 0.417), TD > 24 km/h (r = 0.343), number of sprints > 24 km/h (r = 0.337), and HSR per minute (r = 0.459) (all p < 0.05). The results suggest that playing at home is associated with greater high-intensity effort than playing away. Moreover, the volume of high-intensity effort influences the final score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carlos-Vivas
- Physical Activity for Education, Performance and Health (PAEPH) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Juan Manuel Franco-García
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | | | - Santiago Gómez-Pomares
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (D.M.M.-M.); (S.G.-P.)
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
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Zhang W, Tao R, Zhou F, Zhou C, Gong B. Non-linear trends using the generalized additive models in physical and technical performances of the Chinese Super League players. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307843. [PMID: 39058680 PMCID: PMC11280146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the non-linear evolution of position-specific physical and technical performance indicators across different tactical formations in the Chinese Super League (CSL) from the 2015 to the 2021 seasons. Match data were collected from 800 games played in six common formations (3-5-2, 4-3-3, 4-2-3-1, 4-4-2, 3-4-3, and 4-1-4-1). Players were classified into five positions: central defenders (CD; match observations = 2,219), fullbacks (FB; match observations = 2,060), central midfielders (CM; match observations = 2,786), wide midfielders (WM; match observations = 1,587), and forwards (FW; match observations = 1,680). Generalized additive models (GAMs) were constructed to analyze the nonlinear evolution trends in position-specific physical and technical performance across seasons and formations. The results showed that the total distance covered by CDs in the 3-5-2 formation showed a non-linear upward trend from the 2015 to 2021 seasons (R2 = 0.3, p = 0.006); FBs in the 3-4-3, 4-1-4-1, and 3-5-2 formations exhibited non-linear upward trends in number of sprints and sprint distance from the 2015 to 2021 seasons (R2 = 0.189-0.448; P < 0.03, respectively); the high-speed running of FWs in the 4-2-3-1 formation displayed a non-linear decline trend from the 2015 to 2021 seasons (R2 = 0.477; P < 0.001); CMs in the 4-2-3-1 formation demonstrated a non-linear increasing trend in the ball retention percentage (R2 = 0.369; p = 0.001); WMs in the 4-4-2 formation showed a non-linear decreasing trend in ball retention percentage and passes from the 2015 to 2021 seasons (R2 = 0.259-0.29; P = 0.006, respectively). These findings revealed non-linear evolutionary trends in physical and technical performances across positions and formations, providing an in-depth understanding of the changing match demands placed on players during matches. This enables the optimization of training and tactics by developing targeted strategies tailored to meet the specific requirements of different formations and playing positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Rancheng Tao
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Changjing Zhou
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Gong
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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5
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Rhini M, Hickner RC, Naidoo R, Sookan T. The physical demands of the match according to playing positions in a South African Premier Soccer League team. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2024; 36:v36i1a16752. [PMID: 39100102 PMCID: PMC11294669 DOI: 10.17159/2078-516x/2024/v36i1a16752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence indicates that international soccer players cover a total distance of between eight and 14 km in a match. Approximately 80 - 90% of this distance constitutes low-intensity actions, and about 10 - 20% is high-intensity. These data are influenced by playing position, formation, league standard, and national differences in different countries. Objective To quantify the physical demands of competitive matches on the different playing positions in a South African Premier Soccer League team. Methods A descriptive study design included 21 players on the same team. Data were collected over 23 official matches during the 2019/2020 season using PlayerTek GPS devices (10Hz). The data collected included total distance covered, high-intensity running distance, power plays, top-end speed, and distance per minute. Results Statistical differences were evident only in the high-intensity running distance and power plays. The centre-forwards (p<0.001), attacking central midfielders (p=0.006), and full-backs (p=0.01) covered the most high-intensity running distance (p<0.001) than centre-backs. The attacking central midfielders and centre-forwards recorded more power plays than the centre-backs. Total distance (p=0.01), power plays (p=0.004) and distance per minute (p=0.001) were lower in the second half than in the first half of the match. Conclusion Centre-forwards performed more high-intensity actions, whereas the centre-backs sprinted less than all the other positions. These data provide insight into the positional differences that exist and could help coaches to prescribe position-specific training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rhini
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal,
South Africa
| | - R C Hickner
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal,
South Africa
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, College of Health and Human Performance, Florida State University
| | - R Naidoo
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal,
South Africa
| | - T Sookan
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal,
South Africa
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6
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Sousa H, Clemente FM, Sarmento H, Gouveia ÉR, Musa RM. Comparing locomotor intensity indicators in soccer training and competition across contextual factors: a study of replaced coaches in a Portuguese professional 1st league team. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1391784. [PMID: 38854423 PMCID: PMC11157433 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1391784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine, for each head coach (HC) replaced, the association between training intensity and physical performances obtained in games. Furthermore, the study investigated how contextual factors influence locomotor and mechanical performance association. External load variables were collected using Global Positioning System (GPS) devices across the 4 weeks and 4 games before and after the replacement in a professional adult male soccer team. Six different HC records were analysed (48.8 ± 7.4 years of age; 11.2 ± 3.9 years as an HC) during a three-season span (2020/21-2022/2023). There were marked differences within player variability across the two coaching regimes. Game loads didn't reflect training-related performance, with differences ranging from -71.4% to -9.9%. Players under the outgoing coaches have greater coverage of meters per minute. Meters per minute, distance covered over 18 km/h and high-speed running (all in training) are found to be significant variables influenced by contextual factors. Within-subject and time, training loads did not reflect game-related loads/performances, with starters showing higher deficits (ranging from -79.0 to -14.5). The study suggests that changes in soccer HC can affect players' training intensity and game performance, influenced by various contextual factors and not directly correlated. This type of information might be very suitable to improve training load periodization and programming. For further research avenues, could be the study of the variation of the psychological states of the players at the time of the dismissal and hiring of the HCs, associating them with the physiological performance at the same moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honorato Sousa
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Élvio R. Gouveia
- LARSyS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rabiu Muazu Musa
- Centre for Fundamental and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
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Gonçalves LG, Nobari H, Rites AA, Nakamura FY, Garcia GR, Aquino R. Influence of contextual factors on match running performance of starters and non-starters in elite youth male soccer players. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241239187. [PMID: 38567429 PMCID: PMC10993682 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241239187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of match location, quality of opposition (classified into: strong [1st to 4th position]; intermediate [5th to 15th position]; weak [16th to 20th position]), and match outcome on the match running performance of starters and non-starters from a top elite Brazilian soccer team. Absolute measures were calculated using total distance, high-speed (19.8-25.2 km·h-1), sprinting (≥ 25.2 km·h-1), total distance high-acceleration (> 2m·s2), and deceleration (< -2m·s2) were recorded by GPS units from a sample of young soccer players (N = 25) in a total of 17 matches. Relative measures were calculated by dividing absolute measures by the total duration of the matches. Non-starters covered greater total distance (p = 0.02), sprinting (p = 0.02), high-acceleration and deceleration (p = 0.04), sprinting distance relative per minute played (p = 0.005), and high-acceleration and deceleration relative per minute played (p < 0.001) when the team plays at home, strong opponents, and wins the matches. Starters covered greater total distance in high-speed running (p = 0.04), high-acceleration and deceleration (p = 0.03), and high-speed running relative per minute played (p = 0.04) when the team plays strong opponents and wins the matches. These findings highlight the impact of contextual factors during matches on the locomotor performance of young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Guilherme Gonçalves
- LabSport, Post-graduate Program in Physical Education, Centre of Physical Education and Sport (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alex Ambrosio Rites
- Department of Physiology, Fluminense Football Club, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Garcia
- LabSport, Post-graduate Program in Physical Education, Centre of Physical Education and Sport (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- LabSport, Post-graduate Program in Physical Education, Centre of Physical Education and Sport (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
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Michailidis Y, Nenos I, Metaxas I, Mandroukas A, Metaxas T. Correlations of passes and playing formations with technical-tactical elements during the 2022 FIFA World Cup. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1309-1316. [PMID: 37486256 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study on the 2022 Qatar FIFA World Cup examined: a) the existence of correlations between passes with other technical-tactical elements, b) the differences in technical-tactical elements in relation to team formation, and c) the characteristics of the key passes created during games. METHODS Sixty-four games were analyzed. Match-analysis data were collected using InStat database. RESULTS Spearman correlation revealed that the number of passes and key passes correlated with number of goals, chances and shots (P<0.05). Team ball possession was correlated with number of passes, key passes, chances, shots and the organized attacks (P<0.001). Kruskal-Wallis H non-parametric test revealed that the teams with the higher percentages of team ball possession, and the higher number of chances, shots and crosses used formations 1-4-2-3-1 and 1-4-3-3. Finally, most of the key passes performed in axis of the field and they were short low passes. CONCLUSIONS The ability of teams to keep the possession of the ball, looking for the key pass, and final action can be a factor in the team's success. A characteristic finding of the study was the preference of groups to manifest their attack from the axis. The equal distribution of attacks between the axis and the sides of the field makes the team's offensive function more unpredictable. Also, most formations concentrate several players on the axis, making it more difficult to complete an attack from this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis Michailidis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece -
| | - Ioannis Nenos
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Metaxas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Mandroukas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Metaxas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Wang S, Qin Y. The impact of crowd effects on home advantage of football matches during the COVID-19 pandemic-A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289899. [PMID: 37972063 PMCID: PMC10653546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to (1) analyze whether the home advantage was diminished; (2) investigate the impact of the crowds' support on the match outcome and team performance; (3) explore the bias of the referee without crowds. Based on the PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines, this systematic review searched of literature was conducted in December 2022. The keywords related to soccer, COVID-19 and home advantage were used. The search returned 135 articles. After screening the records against set criteria, 28 articles were analyzed. Results showed that the absence of crowds would reduce the home advantage of teams, but the findings varied by country. Most leagues have evidence that without the support of the spectators, their technical, tactical and physical performances would be worse. The referee seems likely to be fairer when the spectators are absent. Therefore, crowd supports is an important factor affecting home advantage, the clubs can at least try to strengthen the home advantage and increase the winning possibility by encouraging spectators to enter the stadium or reducing the ticket price.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihang Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Physical Education, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
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Modric T, Esco M, Perkovic S, Basic Z, Versic S, Morgans R, Sekulic D. Artificial Turf Increases the Physical Demand of Soccer by Heightening Match Running Performance Compared with Natural Grass. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2222-2228. [PMID: 37883399 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Modric, T, Esco, M, Perkovic, S, Basic, Z, Versic, S, Morgans, R, and Sekulic, D. Artificial turf increases the physical demand of soccer by heightening match running performance compared with natural grass. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2222-2228, 2023-This study aimed to determine differences in match running performance (MRP) of elite soccer players (n = 31) during matches played on artificial turf (AT) and natural grass (NG). The players' MRP (AT; 131 observations, NG; 135 observations) were collected during official matches (n = 32) using global positioning system and classified according to their playing positions as central defenders, central midfielders, fullbacks, forwards, and wingers. The MRP variables included total distance covered (TD), low-intensity running (LIR), moderate-intensity running (MIR), high-intensity running (HIR), total (Tacc) and high-intensity accelerations (Hacc), and total (Tdec) and high-intensity decelerations (Hdec). The influence of match outcome, location, and opponent quality was controlled for as contextual factors. Playing matches on AT resulted in (a) increased TD (Cohen's d (d) = 0.55, 0.61, and 0.28, respectively), MIR (d = 0.91, 0.79, and 0.49, respectively), and HIR (d = 0.67, 0.44, and 0.38, respectively) for central defenders, central midfielders, fullbacks; (b) increased Tacc (d = 0.38, 0.37, and 0.4, respectively) and Tdec (d = 0.31, 0.34, and 0.31, respectively) for central defenders, central midfielders, and wingers; and (c) decreased Hdec (d = -1.5) for forwards. These results show that playing on AT is more physically demanding for defensive and midfield players than playing on NG. Soccer coaches should consider implementing preparatory strategies that mitigate the increased demands of playing on AT for these players, especially before a competitive period when transitions between pitch surfaces routinely occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Football Club Riga FC, Riga, Latvia
| | - Michael Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | | | | | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Football Club HNK Hajduk Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; and
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- High Performance Sport Center, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, Croatia
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González-Rodenas J, Moreno-Pérez V, Campo RLD, Resta R, Coso JD. Evolution of Tactics in Professional Soccer: An Analysis of Team Formations from 2012 to 2021 in the Spanish LaLiga. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:207-216. [PMID: 37559775 PMCID: PMC10407311 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/167468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to explore the evolution of team formations (TFs) in a top national professional soccer league. A comparative analysis of a total of 3420 matches was performed in 32 professional soccer teams that competed from the 2012/13 to the 2020/21 season in the Spanish LaLiga. The frequency distribution of TFs across seasons presented a statistically significant change (p < 0.001). A 4.2-3.1 TF was most common from 2012/13 to 2016/17, while a 4.4.2 TF was most used from 2017/18 to 2020/2021. TFs such as 4.3.3 and 4.5.1 showed a relatively stable trend over the seasons. Overall, there was a reduction of TFs with 5 midfielders and an increase in the frequency of 2-forward formations (p < 0.001). When the ranking of teams was considered, a 4.3.3 TF was implemented with higher frequency by the Champion and teams that qualified for the Champions League (p < 0.05). However, a 4.2-3.1 TF was most frequent for teams qualified for the UEFA Europa League or teams that got relegated to an inferior category (p < 0.05). These findings highlight that teams competing in LaLiga evolved from the implementation of very few TFs led by the 4.2-3.1 TF, towards a more diverse scenario with a greater variety of tactical positional structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions and Mediacoach, LaLiga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Match Load Physical Demands in U-19 Professional Soccer Players Assessed by a Wearable Inertial Sensor. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010022. [PMID: 36810506 PMCID: PMC9953515 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wearable inertial sensors are poorly used in soccer to monitor external load (EL) indicators. However, these devices could be useful for improving sports performance and potentially reducing the risk of injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the EL indicators (i.e., cinematic, mechanical, and metabolic) differences between playing positions (i.e., central backs, external strikers, fullbacks, midfielders, and wide midfielder) during the first half time of four official matches (OMs). METHODS 13 young professional soccer players (Under-19; age: 18.5 ± 0.4 years; height: 177 ± 6 cm; weight: 67 ± 4.8 kg) were monitored through a wearable inertial sensor (TalentPlayers TPDev, firmware version 1.3) during the season 2021-2022. Participants' EL indicators were recorded during the first half time of four OMs. RESULTS significant differences were detected in all the EL indicators between playing positions except for two of them (i.e., distance traveled in the various metabolic power zones (<10 w) and the number of direction changes to the right >30° and with speed >2 m). Pairwise comparisons showed differences in EL indicators between playing positions. CONCLUSIONS Young professional soccer players showed different loads and performances during OMs in relation to playing positions. Coaches should consider the different physical demands related to playing positions in order to design the most appropriate training program.
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Skoki A, Rossi A, Cintia P, Pappalardo L, Štajduhar I. Extended Energy-Expenditure Model in Soccer: Evaluating Player Performance in the Context of the Game. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9842. [PMID: 36560210 PMCID: PMC9781885 DOI: 10.3390/s22249842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Every soccer game influences each player's performance differently. Many studies have tried to explain the influence of different parameters on the game; however, none went deeper into the core and examined it minute-by-minute. The goal of this study is to use data derived from GPS wearable devices to present a new framework for performance analysis. A player's energy expenditure is analyzed using data analytics and K-means clustering of low-, middle-, and high-intensity periods distributed in 1 min segments. Our framework exhibits a higher explanatory power compared to usual game metrics (e.g., high-speed running and sprinting), explaining 45.91% of the coefficient of variation vs. 21.32% for high-, 30.66% vs. 16.82% for middle-, and 24.41% vs. 19.12% for low-intensity periods. The proposed methods enable deeper game analysis, which can help strength and conditioning coaches and managers in gaining better insights into the players' responses to various game situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Skoki
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Cintia
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Pappalardo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ivan Štajduhar
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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14
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Aquino R, Guimarães R, Junior GOC, Clemente FM, García-Calvo T, Pulido JJ, Nobari H, Praça GM. Effects of match contextual factors on internal and external load in elite Brazilian professional soccer players through the season. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21287. [PMID: 36494482 PMCID: PMC9734126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of contextual match factors (quality of opposition, match outcome, change of head coach or playing style) on internal and external load in elite Brazilian professional soccer players, considering the total and effective playing time. Twenty-two professional male outfield soccer players participated in this study (age 28.4 ± 4.9 years; height 1.78 ± 0.1 cm; body mass 72.9 ± 7.1 kg). The internal (rating of perceived exertion-based load [sRPE]) and external load (distance and accelerometry-based measures) were recorded during 38 matches, over the 2021 season of the Brazilian National 1st Division League using a global position system (10 Hz) integrated with an accelerometer (200 Hz). The main results were: (i) matches played against weak opponents presented greater values of sprinting distances compared to matches against intermediate and strong opponents; (ii) players covered greater high-intensity running distances when drawing than winning the matches; (iii) matches with assistant coaches presented higher mean speed relative to effective playing time (MSEPT) compared to coach 1 and coach 2 conditions. In addition, players covered greater MSEPT and high-acceleration in matches with coach 2 vs. coach 3; (iv) finally, small positive correlations were observed between positional attack sequences and MSTPT, total distance covered, and acceleration. Coaches and practitioners should consider these results when interpreting external load variables during elite Brazilian soccer matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aquino
- grid.412371.20000 0001 2167 4168LabSport, Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education, Centre of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Guimarães
- Department of Physiology, América Football Club, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ,grid.8393.10000000119412521Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias del Deporte, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- grid.27883.360000 0000 8824 6371Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal ,Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal ,grid.421174.50000 0004 0393 4941Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tomas García-Calvo
- grid.8393.10000000119412521Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Juan José Pulido
- grid.8393.10000000119412521Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Hadi Nobari
- grid.8393.10000000119412521Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad, 10003 Cáceres, Spain ,grid.413026.20000 0004 1762 5445Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Science and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh, Ardabil, 56199-11367 Iran ,grid.5120.60000 0001 2159 8361Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
| | - Gibson Moreira Praça
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Congested Period in Professional Youth Soccer Players Showed a Different High Decelerations Profile in the Group Performance and a Specific Positional Behaviour. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040108. [PMID: 36547654 PMCID: PMC9781980 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Present soccer demands are increasing in terms of running requirements and the number of matches until youth soccer players experience several periods of fixture congestion during the season. Currently, congested periods have not been extensively studied in this population. For this reason, this study aimed to compare the running demands of professional youth soccer players in congested periods according to their specific playing positions. Twenty youth players were grouped according to their position: Central Defenders (CD), Fullbacks (FB), Midfielders (MF), Wide Midfielders (WM) and Strikers (ST). A GPS system was used to monitor the players during the first (M1), second (M2) and third (M3) matches played during a congested period, measuring their total distance covered (TDC), DC 18.0−20.9 km·h−1, DC 21.0−23.9 km·h−1, DC > 24.0 km·h−1, number of high accelerations (>2.5 m·s−2), number of high decelerations (<2.5 m·s−2) and peak speed (km·h−1). M1, M2 and M3 showed the same TDC, DC 18.0−20.9 km·h−1, DC 21.0−23.9 km·h−1, DC > 24.0 km·h−1, number of high accelerations, and peak speed (p > 0.05). The statistical analysis showed significant differences between M1, M2 and M3 in the decelerations recorded between M1 and M3 (p < 0.05). Likewise, each position showed specific behaviours during the congested period, with all showing at least one difference in DC 18.0−20.9 km·h−1, 21.0−23.9 km·h−1 or >24.0 km·h−1 between M1, M2 and M3 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, coaches should pay attention to the fatigue produced by the number of high decelerations. Secondly, an individualized training protocol should be considered according to the running requirements of each position when youth professional soccer players are involved in a congested period.
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Modric T, Malone JJ, Versic S, Andrzejewski M, Chmura P, Konefał M, Drid P, Sekulic D. The influence of physical performance on technical and tactical outcomes in the UEFA Champions League. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:179. [PMID: 36217163 PMCID: PMC9552426 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To clarify does physical performance affect success in highest-level soccer, the purpose of the present study was to identify differences in technical-tactical performance (TP) between teams covering high and low running performance (RP) during the UEFA Champions League (UCL) matches. METHODS The RP and TP data were collected from UCL group stage matches in the 2020/21 season. RP variables included total distance covered (TD), high intensity running (HIR), total distance when in ball possession (TDB), and high intensity running when in ball possession (HIRB). TP variables included goal chances, shots, shots on target, passes, accurate passes, key passes, key passes accurate, crosses, crosses accurate, counter attacks, counter attacks with a shot, high pressing, high pressing successful, low pressing, low pressing successful, tackles, tackles successful, entrances to the opponent's box, total actions, and successful actions. K-means cluster analysis method was used to classify teams covering (i) low and high TD, (ii) low and high HIR, (iii) low and high TDB, (iv) low and high and HIRB. Linear mixed models were used to identify differences in teams' TP according to their RP. Pearson's correlations were used to establish direct association between team TP and RP. RESULTS Similar TP were observed whether teams covering high or low TD/HIR. Teams covering greater TDB/HIRB had more goal chances, shots, shots on target, passes, accurate passes, key passes, accurate key passes, crosses, successful high pressing, entrances to the opponent's box, total actions, and successful actions were observed (all moderate to very large effect sizes. Significant association between specific TP variables and TDB/HIRB were evidenced (Pearson's r = 0.35-0.96, all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Covering greater TDB and HIRB may allow more frequent execution of fundamental TP which are considered essential for match success, indicating that RP when team has ball in possession is important determinant of success in highest-level soccer. This study shows that physical performance affect success in highest-level soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
| | - James J Malone
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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17
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Modric T, Versic S, Alexe DI, Gilic B, Mihai I, Drid P, Radulovic N, Saavedra JM, Menjibar RB. Decline in Running Performance in Highest-Level Soccer: Analysis of the UEFA Champions League Matches. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1441. [PMID: 36290343 PMCID: PMC9598698 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that there is a decline in match running performance (MRP) towards the end of matches. To clarify whether it is primarily a consequence of fatigue, pacing or situational influences, this study aimed to examine MRP across 15-min match periods for players on different playing positions. Players’ MRP (n = 244) were examined from the UEFA Champions League matches (n = 20) using a semiautomatic optical tracking system. Linear mixed models for repeated measures were adjusted to analyze MRP over the six 15-min match periods while controlling the influence of situational factors. No effects of match outcome, match location, team, and opponent quality on total distance (TD) and high-intensity running (HIR) for players in all playing positions were found (F = 0.03−2.75; all p > 0.05). Significant differences in TD (F = 17.57−53.01; η2 = 0.39−0.52, all large effect sizes) and HIR (F = 3.67−7.64; η2 = 0.05−0.19, small to medium effect sizes) among six 15-minute match periods were found for players in all playing positions. In addition, players in all playing positions covered less TD (d = 1.41−2.15, large to very large effect sizes) and HIR (d = 0.16−0.6, trivial to medium effect sizes) in the last compared to the first 15-min match period. No differences in TD and HIR between the last two match periods in the second half were observed. This study confirmed that soccer players reduce MRP towards the end of matches, and suggest that the decline of MPR in highest-level soccer may be a consequence of pacing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health, Sciences, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, 600115 Bacau, Romania
| | - Barbara Gilic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilie Mihai
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Science, Physical Education and Informatics, University of Pitesti, 110040 Pitesti, Romania
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nikola Radulovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jose M. Saavedra
- Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport and Health Research Centre, Sports Science Department, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Augusto D, Brito J, Aquino R, Paulucio D, Figueiredo P, Bedo BLS, Touguinhó D, Vasconcellos F. Contextual variables affect peak running performance in elite soccer players: A brief report. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:966146. [PMID: 36187711 PMCID: PMC9523008 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.966146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The current brief research report aimed to investigate the influence of contextual variables on peak running performance in male elite soccer players. We analyzed 29 matches of an elite soccer team during the Brazilian Serie A 2019. Twenty players were tracked using GPS units. Peak physical performance was determined using moving average running values with different time windows (1, 3, and 5-min periods). The variables analyzed were total distance covered, total distance covered in high-intensity running (≥19.8 km·h-1), and the distance in accelerations (≥2 m·s-2) and decelerations ( ≤-2 m·s-2). Four contextual variables were considered: 1) positional status; 2) match location; 3) match outcome; and 4) match status. Central defenders showed a lower 1-min peak total distance in relation to all other positions (p = 0.001-0.03). Peak physical performance was higher in away matches for high-intensity running, acceleration, and deceleration (p = 0.01-0.03). In matches that ended in losses, peak values for high-intensity running and acceleration were higher compared to draws and wins (p = 0.01-0.04). Regarding the match status, higher values were observed in draws than wins and losses (p = 0.01). Peak running performance vary according to contextual variables of the match in male elite soccer players. Positional differences were found for peak periods, and physical performance was higher in away matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diêgo Augusto
- Laboratory of Soccer Studies (LABESFUT), Post-graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- Department of Sports, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Dailson Paulucio
- Biometrics Laboratory (LADEBIO), Physical Education Post-graduate Program, School of Physical Education and Sports (PPGEF/UFRJ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Deborah Touguinhó
- Laboratory of Soccer Studies (LABESFUT), Post-graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Soccer Studies (LABESFUT), Post-graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Dijkhuis TB, Blaauw FJ. Transfering Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Causal Inference into Sports Science. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1060. [PMID: 36010724 PMCID: PMC9407135 DOI: 10.3390/e24081060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although causal inference has shown great value in estimating effect sizes in, for instance, physics, medical studies, and economics, it is rarely used in sports science. Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (TMLE) is a modern method for performing causal inference. TMLE is forgiving in the misspecification of the causal model and improves the estimation of effect sizes using machine-learning methods. We demonstrate the advantage of TMLE in sports science by comparing the calculated effect size with a Generalized Linear Model (GLM). In this study, we introduce TMLE and provide a roadmap for making causal inference and apply the roadmap along with the methods mentioned above in a simulation study and case study investigating the influence of substitutions on the physical performance of the entire soccer team (i.e., the effect size of substitutions on the total physical performance). We construct a causal model, a misspecified causal model, a simulation dataset, and an observed tracking dataset of individual players from 302 elite soccer matches. The simulation dataset results show that TMLE outperforms GLM in estimating the effect size of the substitutions on the total physical performance. Furthermore, TMLE is most robust against model misspecification in both the simulation and the tracking dataset. However, independent of the method used in the tracking dataset, it was found that substitutes increase the physical performance of the entire soccer team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talko B. Dijkhuis
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Communication and ICT, Hanze University of Applied Science, Zernikeplein 11, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Blaauw
- Research and Innovation, Researchable B.V., Office 1.14, Zernikepark 12, 9747 AN Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Chen J, Zhai S, Xi Z, Li P, Zhang S. Impact of absent crowds on technical and physical performances in the Chinese Soccer Super League. Front Psychol 2022; 13:959213. [PMID: 35967645 PMCID: PMC9366115 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.959213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Spectators have a significant impact on match performances in soccer, but to what extent crowd support contributes to the technical and physical performances remains unclear. This study aimed to (1) investigate the differences in terms of technical and physical performances with and without spectators; and (2) identify the key factors differentiating between win and loss when playing with and without the presence of an audience. Methods Our study examined 794 performance records from 397 matches during the 2019-2020 seasons in the Chinese Soccer Super League. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-logistic regression was utilized to select significant predictors. Using an independent t-test and the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test explores the difference between matches with and without spectators. Key factors between win and loss were explored using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Our study found that cross (p < 0.01, ES = -0.24), shots (p < 0.001, ES = -0.25), and shot accuracy (p < 0.05, ES = -0.18) displayed decreasing trends whereas sprint distances (p < 0.05, ES = 0.16) presented an increasing trend without spectators comparing with the crowd support. Moreover, the above three technical variables were the main factors differentiating between wins and losses. Similarly, team and opponent quality remained important potential factors affecting the match outcome. Conclusion Match outcome or team performance is determined by a myriad of factors, but there are clear differences in technical and physical performances between matches with and without the presence of an audience. Similarly, our study provides a better explanation for the impact of crowd support on match performances whereby coaches can deploy players and adjust match strategies for ultimate success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjin Chen
- Department of Physical Education of the Graduate School, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
- College of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhai
- College of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Zenghui Xi
- College of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Peilun Li
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China
| | - Shuolin Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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21
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Augusto D, de-Oliveira LA, Aquino R, Fernandes I, Bezerra Almeida M, Vasconcellos F. Within-subject variation of technical performance in elite Brazilian professional soccer players: the environmental stress, match location, and opposition’s ranking influences. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2097835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diêgo Augusto
- Post-Graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Soccer Studies (LABESFUT), State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Levy Anthony de-Oliveira
- Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of SergipePost-Graduate, São Cistóvão, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Iohanna Fernandes
- Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of SergipePost-Graduate, São Cistóvão, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bezerra Almeida
- Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of SergipePost-Graduate, São Cistóvão, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Vasconcellos
- Post-Graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Soccer Studies (LABESFUT), State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Forcher L, Forcher L, Jekauc D, Wäsche H, Woll A, Gross T, Altmann S. How Coaches Can Improve Their Teams' Match Performance-The Influence of In-Game Changes of Tactical Formation in Professional Soccer. Front Psychol 2022; 13:914915. [PMID: 35756243 PMCID: PMC9218789 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.914915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tactical formation has been shown to influence the match performance of professional soccer players. This study aimed to examine the effects of in-game changes in tactical formation on match performance and to analyze coach-specific differences. We investigated three consecutive seasons of an elite team in the German Bundesliga which were managed by three different coaches, respectively. For every season, the formation changes that occurred during games were recorded. The match performance was measured on a team level using the variables "goals," "chances," and "scoring zone" entries (≙successful attacking sequence) for the own/opposing team. Non-parametric tests were used to compare the 10 min before with the 10 min after the formation change, as well as games with and without formation change. In the 10 min after the formation change, the team achieved more goals/chances/scoring zone entries than in the 10 min before the formation change (mean ES = 0.52). Similarly, the team conceded fewer opposing goals/chances/scoring zone entries in the 10 min after the formation change (mean ES = 0.35). Furthermore, the results indicate that the success of the respective formation change was dependent on the responsible coach. Depending on the season, the extent of the impacts varied (season 1: mean ES = 0.71; season 2: mean ES = 0.26; and season 3: mean ES = 0.22). Over all three seasons, the formation changes had a positive effect on the match performance of the analyzed team, highlighting their importance in professional soccer. Depending on the season, formation changes had varying impacts on the performance, indicating coach-specific differences. Therefore, the quality of the formation changes of the different coaches varied. The provided information can support coaches in understanding the effects of their in-game decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Forcher
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Leander Forcher
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Darko Jekauc
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hagen Wäsche
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Timo Gross
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
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23
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Modric T, Versic S, Chmura P, Konefał M, Andrzejewski M, Jukic I, Drid P, Pocek S, Sekulic D. Match Running Performance in UEFA Champions League: Is There a Worthwhile Association with Team Achievement? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:867. [PMID: 35741388 PMCID: PMC9219775 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although running performance (RP) is considered an important factor of success in soccer, there is a lack of studies to examine this issue in highest-level soccer competition, such as UEFA Champions League (UCL). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyse players' RP according to the achievement of their teams in UCL. In addition, position specific RP of the players who competed in the UCL was evaluated. The players' RPs (n = 244) were collected during UCL group stage matches (n = 20) in the 2020/21 season using semiautomatic optical system InStat Fitness. A team's achievement was defined by qualification of the team from the group stage into the knockout stage of the UCL, and by total group points earned at the end of the UCL group stage. Linear mixed models and Pearson's correlation were used to examine differences in players' RP according to the achievement of their teams. Results indicated (i) similar values of RP irrespective of whether the teams qualified from the group stage into the knockout stage of the UCL, and (ii) trivial-to-small correlations between RP and total group points. Such findings show that players' RP was poorly related to the achievement of their teams in the UCL group stage, indicating trivial influence of RP on success in elite-level soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- HNK Hajduk Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51612 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51612 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Igor Jukic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (P.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Suncica Pocek
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (P.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
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24
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Forcher L, Forcher L, Härtel S, Jekauc D, Wäsche H, Woll A, Gross T, Altmann S. Does Technical Match Performance in Professional Soccer Depend on the Positional Role or the Individuality of the Player? Front Psychol 2022; 13:813206. [PMID: 35712183 PMCID: PMC9197445 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the impact of the positional role and the individuality on the technical match performance in professional soccer players. From official match data of the Bundesliga season 2018/19, technical performance [short (<10 m)/medium (10–30 m)/long (>30 m) passes, dribblings, ball possessions] of all players who played during the season were analyzed (normative data). Five playing positions (center back, full back, central midfielder, wide midfielder and forward) were distinguished. As the contextual factor tactical formation is known to influence match performance, this parameter was controlled for. Further, those players who played at minimum four games in at least two different playing positions were included in the study sample (n = 13). The technical match performance of the players was analyzed in relation to the normative data regarding the extent to which the players either adapted or maintained their performance when changing the playing position. When switching playing positions, positional role could explain 3–6% of the variance in short passes and ball possessions and 27–44% of the variance in dribblings, medium passes, and long passes. Moreover, we observed large interindividual differences in the extent to which a player changed, adapted, or maintained his performance. In detail, five players clearly adapted their technical performance when changing playing positions, while five players maintained their performance. Coaches can use these findings to better understand the technical match performance of single players and further, to estimate the impact of a change in the positional role on the technical performance of the respective player.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Forcher
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Leon Forcher,
| | - Leander Forcher
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Darko Jekauc
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hagen Wäsche
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Timo Gross
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
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25
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Forcher L, Forcher L, Jekauc D, Woll A, Gross T, Altmann S. Center backs work hardest when playing in a back three: The influence of tactical formation on physical and technical match performance in professional soccer. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265501. [PMID: 35298531 PMCID: PMC8929644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether tactical formation affects the physical and technical match performance of professional soccer players in the first German Bundesliga. From official match data of the Bundesliga season 2018/19, physical (total distance, high-intensity distance, sprinting distance, accelerations, maximum velocity) and technical performance (short/middle/long passes, dribblings, ball-possessions) of players were analyzed. Players were categorized into five playing positions (center back, full back, central midfielder, wide midfielder, forward) and teams into eight different tactical formations (4-4-2, 4-4-2 diamond, 4-2-2-2, 4-3-3, 4-5-1, 4-2-3-1, 3-4-3, 3-5-2). Results revealed that the degree to which tactical formation affects match performance is position dependent. In terms of physical performance, center backs and full backs showed highest sprinting distances when playing in a formation with only three defenders in the back row (3-4-3, 3-5-2) compared to all other formations (ES range: 0.13≤ES≤1.27). Regarding technical performance, all positions except forwards displayed fewer short passes, middle passes and ball-possessions in the formations 4-3-3 and 4-2-3-1 compared to all other formations (0.02≤ES≤1.19). In conclusion, physical and technical performance of center backs, full backs and wide midfielders differed markedly between the tactical formations. Conversely, the physical and technical performance of central midfielders and forwards only showed small differences between the different tactical formations. These findings can help coaches scheduling their practice. For example, if a coach wants to change the playing formation, he can anticipate the physical and technical match performance changes depending on the respective playing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Forcher
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Leander Forcher
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Darko Jekauc
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Timo Gross
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
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26
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Miguel M, Oliveira R, Brito JP, Loureiro N, García-Rubio J, Ibáñez SJ. External Match Load in Amateur Soccer: The Influence of Match Location and Championship Phase. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10040594. [PMID: 35455772 PMCID: PMC9030506 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the physical dimension implicit in the soccer match is crucial for the improvement and individualization of training load management. This study aims to: (a) describe the external match load at the amateur level, (b) analyze the differences between playing positions, (c) verify whether the home/away matches and if (d) the phase (first or second) of the championship influence the external load. Twenty amateur soccer players (21.5 ± 1.9 years) were monitored using the global positioning system. The external load was assessed in 23 matches, where 13 were part of the first phase of the competition (seven home and six away matches) and the other 10 matches belonged to the second (and final) phase of the championship (five home and five away matches). A total of 173 individual match observations were analyzed. The results showed significant differences between playing positions for all the external load measures (p < 0.001). There were higher values observed in the total distance covered for central defenders (p = 0.037; ES = 0.70) and in high-intensity decelerations for forwards (p = 0.022; ES = 1.77) in home matches than in away matches. There were higher values observed in the total distance (p = 0.026; ES = 0.76), relative distance (p = 0.016; ES = 0.85), and moderate-intensity accelerations (p = 0.008; ES = 0.93) for central defenders, in very high-speed running distance for forwards (p = 0.011; ES = 1.97), and in high-intensity accelerations (p = 0.036; ES = 0.89) and moderate-intensity decelerations (p = 0.006; ES = 1.11) for wide midfielders in the first phase than in the second phase of the championship. Match location and championship phase do not appear to be major contributing factors to influence the external load while the playing position should be used as the major reference for planning the external training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Miguel
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (S.J.I.)
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Loureiro
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (S.J.I.)
| | - Sergio Jose Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (S.J.I.)
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27
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Variations in the physical demands and technical performance of professional soccer teams over three consecutive seasons. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2412. [PMID: 35165313 PMCID: PMC8844418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to analyze the seasonal variations in the physical demands of Turkish Super League teams considering their status in the final rankings and (ii) to analyze the seasonal variations in the technical performance of Turkish Super League teams considering their status in the final rankings. This study followed an observational analytic retrospective design. In the last three seasons of the Turkish Super League (2015-2016, 2016-2017 and 2017-2018), 918 football matches, 54 teams, 25,029 observations were made. The Sentio Sports optical tracking system was used to quantify the physical demands and technical execution of players in all matches. No significant differences of external load were found between seasons analyzed (p > 0.05). The number of lost balls, ball touches in the central corridor, and goals from set pieces increased from season one to the others (p < 0.05), while the number of successful dribbles reduced over time (p < 0.05). As conclusion, it seems not occurred a progressive change in external load over the seasons, while an evolutionary trends regarding technical variables were observed.
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28
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Rampinini E, Martin M, Bosio A, Donghi F, Carlomagno D, Riggio M, Coutts AJ. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on professional soccer players' match physical activities. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:44-52. [PMID: 35077319 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1995033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The COVID-19 pandemic forced the 2019-20 Italian Serie A competition to stop and players went into lockdown. During lockdown, players only trained at home, likely having a detrimental effect on players' physical fitness and capacity. This study investigated the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on professional soccer players' match physical activities. METHODS Match activities of 265 male professional soccer players were assessed in two periods prior to (PRE1 and PRE2) and one period following the lockdown (POST) using a video tracking system. Linear mixed models were used to examine differences between-periods in total (TD), very high-speed (VHS), sprint (SPR), high-acceleration (ACC) and high-deceleration (DEC) distances, considering full match data and data from six 15-min intervals. RESULTS TD and VHS during POST were lower than the two other competitive periods (p < 0.001, d small-moderate). SPR did not show differences between periods (p > 0.636). ACC and DEC during POST were lower than PRE2 (p < 0.015, d small). Declines in most 15-min intervals after lockdown were observed in TD and VHS. CONCLUSIONS There were small differences in the temporal distribution of SPR, ACC and DEC at POST. After the COVID-19 lockdown, soccer players' higher-intensity running activities were similar to those of games played before the lockdown, but TD and VHS decreased, both considering the entire match and 15-min intervals. The temporal distribution of running activities was mostly stable throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Martin
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy.,School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK
| | - Andrea Bosio
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy
| | - Federico Donghi
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy
| | | | | | - Aaron J Coutts
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (Uts), New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Augusto D, Brito J, Aquino R, Figueiredo P, Eiras F, Tannure M, Veiga B, Vasconcellos F. Contextual Variables Affect Running Performance in Professional Soccer Players: A Brief Report. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:778813. [PMID: 34966895 PMCID: PMC8710504 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.778813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of contextual variables on running performance in Brazilian professional soccer players. Twenty male players from one club participating in the 1st Division of the Brazilian soccer championship were analyzed during 35 matches. Global Positioning System was used to determine total distance (TD) covered, distance covered and actions in high intensity and sprinting, and the number of accelerations, and decelerations. The independent variables used were match location, match outcome, opposition ranking, change of head coach, and distance traveled to play the matches. Total distance was higher in a way than home matches (9,712 vs. 9,533 m; p ≤ 0.05), and losses than draws and wins (9,846 vs. 9,400 vs. 9,551 m; p ≤ 0.05), whereas distance in sprinting was higher in draws than losses (203 vs. 175 m; p ≤ 0.01). Changing the head coach during the season resulted in overall lower distance covered in high intensity, sprinting, high-intensity actions (p ≤ 0.01), and decelerations (p ≤ 0.05). Higher values for distance covered in sprinting and high intensity were found in matches without travel compared to those with long-travel (p ≤ 0.05). Overall, running performance was affected by the location, match outcome, change of head coach, and distance traveled during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diêgo Augusto
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Soccer Studies (LABESFUT), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Maia, Portugal.,CIDEFES, Universidade Lusófona, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fabio Eiras
- Laboratory of Soccer Studies (LABESFUT), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Veiga
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Soccer Studies (LABESFUT), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Vasconcellos
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Soccer Studies (LABESFUT), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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30
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Díez A, Lozano D, Arjol-Serrano JL, Mainer-Pardos E, Castillo D, Torrontegui-Duarte M, Nobari H, Jaén-Carrillo D, Lampre M. Influence of contextual factors on physical demands and technical-tactical actions regarding playing position in professional soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:157. [PMID: 34915917 PMCID: PMC8680038 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to analyse the physical demands and technical-tactical actions for each playing position according to game location and final outcome in professional soccer players. Methods A convenience sample was obtained from twenty-one professional male soccer players, belonged to same soccer team of the Spanish Second Division. Players’ physical demands were monitored during each match using a portable 18 Hz GPS unit and 600 Hz triaxial accelerometer. These analysed demands were total distance, moderate speed running distance (>14.4 km·h-1), high-speed running distance (>19.8. km·h-1), sprint distance (>25.0 km·h-1), number of accelerations between 2 and 4 m·s-2 and above 4 m·s-2, and number of decelerations between 2 and 4 m·s-2 and above 4 m·s-2. The data related to technical-tactical actions were obtained from WyScout®, a computerized multiple-camera tracking system based on the OPTA® track analysis tool. The obtained indicators were general, defensive and offensive. Results For all players, higher total distance (p = 0.045; effect size [ES] = 0.24, small effect) was covered and greater deceleration 2-4 m·ss-2 (p = 0.001; ES = 0.68, medium effect) was performed when the team plays at home and lose and for all players, playing at home and winning demanded higher defensive volume (p =0.014; ES = − 1.49, large effect) and nº interceptions (p =0.031; ES = − 1.40, large effect) in comparison to playing at home and losing. Conclusions The physical demands and technical-tactical actions vary when contextual game factors (i.e., match location and final outcome) are considered. We can confirm that, although the training of physical demands does not influence the final result of the match, the training of technical tactical actions could help to achieve an optimal performance of the team to win matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Díez
- Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Demetrio Lozano
- Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Elena Mainer-Pardos
- Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Diego Jaén-Carrillo
- Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Lampre
- Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
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31
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Immler S, Rappelsberger P, Baca A, Exel J. Guardiola, Klopp, and Pochettino: The Purveyors of What? The Use of Passing Network Analysis to Identify and Compare Coaching Styles in Professional Football. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:725554. [PMID: 34746774 PMCID: PMC8569793 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.725554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied social networks analysis to objectively discriminate and describe interpersonal interaction dynamics of players across different top-coaching styles. The aim was to compare metrics in the passing networks of Jürgen Klopp, Pep Guardiola, and Mauricio Pochettino across the UEFA Champions League seasons from 2017 to 2020. Data on completed passes from 92 games were gathered and average passing networks metrics were computed. We were not only able to find the foundations on which these elite coaches build the passing dynamics in their respective teams, but also to determine important differences that represent their particular coaching signatures. The local cluster coefficient was the only metric not significantly different between coaches. Still, we found higher average shortest-path length for Guardiola's network (mean ± std = 3.00 ± 0.45 a.u.) compared to Klopp's (2.80 ± 0.52 a.u., p = 0.04) and Pochettino's (2.70 ± 0.39 a.u., p = 0.01). Density was higher for Guardiola's (64.16 ± 20.27 a.u.) than for Pochettino's team (51.42 ± 17.28 a.u., p = 0.008). The largest eigenvalue for Guardiola's team (65.95 ± 16.79 a.u.) was higher than for Klopp's (47.06 ± 17.25 a.u., p < 0.001) and Pochettino's (42,62 ± 12.01 a.u., p < 0.001). Centrality dispersion was also higher for Guardiola (0.14 ± 0.02 a.u.) when compared to Klopp (0.12 ± 0.03 a.u., p = 0.008). The local cluster coefficient seems to build the foundation for passing work, however, cohesion characteristics among players in the three teams of the top coaches seems to characterize their own footprint regarding passing dynamics. Guardiola stands out by the high number of passes and the enhanced connection of the most important players in the network. Klopp and Pochettino showed important similarities, which are associated to preferences toward more flexibility of interpersonal linkages synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Immler
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Rappelsberger
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnold Baca
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliana Exel
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Liu T, Yang L, Chen H, García-de-Alcaraz A. Impact of Possession and Player Position on Physical and Technical-Tactical Performance Indicators in the Chinese Football Super League. Front Psychol 2021; 12:722200. [PMID: 34659035 PMCID: PMC8511401 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.722200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of high (HPBPT) and low percentage ball possession teams (LPBPT) on physical and technical-tactical performance indicators in the Chinese Football Super League (CSL). Eight physical performance indicators and 26 technical-tactical performance indicators from all 240 matches from season 2018 were analyzed, as well as three contextual variables (team strength, quality of opposition, and match location). Players were divided according to five positions: fullbacks, central defenders, wide midfielders, central midfielders, and attackers. A k-means cluster analysis was conducted to classify all match observations into two groups: HPBPT (n = 229) and LPBPT (n = 251). A mixed linear model was fitted with contextual variables as covariates. When significant interactions or main effects were detected, a post hoc comparison was used to compare physical and technical/tactical differences between HPBPT and LPBPT. Results showed that central defenders and fullbacks covered more high-intensity and sprint running distance in the high possession teams, while wide midfielders and forward covered more high-intensity and sprint running distance in the low possession teams. Meanwhile, players from high ball possession teams were strong in technical indicators, especially in attacking organization. These results may help coaches to understand current football development trends and develop suitable training plans and tests for elite football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbiao Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lang Yang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Antonio García-de-Alcaraz
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Ponce-Bordón JC, Díaz-García J, López-Gajardo MA, Lobo-Triviño D, López del Campo R, Resta R, García-Calvo T. The Influence of Time Winning and Time Losing on Position-Specific Match Physical Demands in the Top One Spanish Soccer League. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6843. [PMID: 34696055 PMCID: PMC8540834 DOI: 10.3390/s21206843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of time winning and time losing on position-specific match physical demands with and without ball possession in the top Spanish professional soccer league. All matches played in the First Spanish soccer league over four consecutive seasons (from 2015/16 to 2018/19) were recorded using an optical tracking system (i.e., ChyronHego), and the data were analyzed via Mediacoach®. Total distance (TD), and TD > 21 km·h-1 covered with and without ball possession were analyzed using a Linear Mixed Model, taking into account the contextual variables time winning and losing. Results showed that TD and TD > 21 km·h-1 covered by central midfielders (0.01 and 0.005 m/min, respectively), wide midfielders (0.02 and 0.01 m/min, respectively), and forwards (0.03 and 0.02 m/min, respectively) significantly increased while winning (p < 0.05). By contrast, TD and TD > 21 km·h-1 covered by central defenders (0.01 and 0.008 m/min, respectively) and wide defenders (0.06 and 0.008 m/min, respectively) significantly increased while losing (p < 0.05). In addition, for each minute that teams were winning, total distance with ball possession (TDWP) decreased, while, for each minute that teams were losing, TDWP increased. Instead, TDWP > 21 km·h-1 obtained opposite results. Total distance without ball possession increased when teams were winning, and decreased when teams were losing. Therefore, the evolution of scoreline significantly influences tactical-technical and physical demands on soccer matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C. Ponce-Bordón
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Boulevard of the University s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (J.C.P.-B.); (M.A.L.-G.); (D.L.-T.); (T.G.-C.)
| | - Jesús Díaz-García
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Boulevard of the University s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (J.C.P.-B.); (M.A.L.-G.); (D.L.-T.); (T.G.-C.)
| | - Miguel A. López-Gajardo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Boulevard of the University s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (J.C.P.-B.); (M.A.L.-G.); (D.L.-T.); (T.G.-C.)
| | - David Lobo-Triviño
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Boulevard of the University s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (J.C.P.-B.); (M.A.L.-G.); (D.L.-T.); (T.G.-C.)
| | | | - Ricardo Resta
- LaLiga Sport Research Section, 28043 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.d.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Tomás García-Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Boulevard of the University s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (J.C.P.-B.); (M.A.L.-G.); (D.L.-T.); (T.G.-C.)
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Altmann S, Forcher L, Ruf L, Beavan A, Groß T, Lussi P, Woll A, Härtel S. Match-related physical performance in professional soccer: Position or player specific? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256695. [PMID: 34506520 PMCID: PMC8432651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent the physical match performance of professional soccer players is both position and player specific. First, official match data from the 2019/20 German Bundesliga season was used to search for players that met the inclusion criteria of playing a minimum of four entire matches in at least two different playing positions. Overall, 25 players met the criteria prior to the COVID-19 induced break, playing a minimum of eight matches. Second, the physical match performance of these players was analyzed separately for each position they played. The following four parameters were captured: total distance, high-intensity distance, sprinting distance, and accelerations. Third, the 25 players’ physical match performance data was then compared to normative data for each position they played to understand whether players adapted their physical performance (position dependent), or maintained their performance regardless of which position they were assigned to (position independent). When switching the position, the change in physical match performance of the respective players could be explained by 44–58% through the normative positional data. Moreover, there existed large individual differences in the way players adapted or maintained their performance when acting in different positions. Coaches and practitioners should be aware that some professional soccer players will likely incur differences in the composition of physical match performance when switching positions and therefore should pay special consideration for such differences in the training and recovery process of these players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Altmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Leon Forcher
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ludwig Ruf
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | | | - Timo Groß
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Woll
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department for Social and Health Sciences in Sport, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Physical Activity of the Right- and Left-Footed Professional Soccer Players from Symmetrical Defensive Positions. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to compare the physical match performance of right- and left-footed external defenders during official matches of Polish Ekstraklasa. The sample comprised 991 individual observations from 296 matches during the 2019/2020 season. Variables such as total distance, distance covered in high-speed running and sprinting, and number of high-intensity runs were analysed. Additionally, the data were presented in relation to match duration and effective playing time. Right external defenders (right ED) covered significantly longer total distance (p < 0.001, 1.5%), high-speed running distance (p < 0.001, 5.6%) and sprinting distance (p < 0.001, 11.4%) compared to left external defenders (left ED). The number of high-intensity runs was greater for right RD as well (p < 0.001, 6.4%). Physical match activity for left ED who are left-footed was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in comparison with right-footed left ED. The number of offensive actions played on the right side of the pitch was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than those performed on the left side. Players whose dominant foot is in accordance with the side of the pitch cover longer distances during the match. Moreover, the number of offensive actions played through the wings could affect the physical performance of external defenders.
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Aquino R, Gonçalves LG, Galgaro M, Maria TS, Rostaiser E, Pastor A, Nobari H, Garcia GR, Moraes-Neto MV, Nakamura FY. Match running performance in Brazilian professional soccer players: comparisons between successful and unsuccessful teams. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:93. [PMID: 34404461 PMCID: PMC8369321 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to compare the match running performance between bottom- and top-ranked teams in professional soccer players over the 2020 season of the Brazilian National 2nd Division League. In addition, this study verified the independent and interactive effects of playing position and contextual factors on running outputs between these teams. Methods Forty-eight professional male outfield soccer players participated in this study (top-ranked team, n = 24; bottom-ranked team, n = 24). The distance- and accelerometry-based measures were recorded during 69 matches using a global positioning system (10 Hz) integrated with an accelerometer (400 Hz). Results The top-ranked team covered greater total distance [median (interquartile range); 10,330.0 m (1430.0)] and high-acceleration [97.0 m (32.0)] than the bottom-ranked team, in home and away matches [p < 0.05, effect size (ES) = small]. The midfielders of the top-ranked team covered higher total distance, high-speed running (> 18 km h−1), high acceleration (≥ 3 m s−2), high-deceleration (≤ −3 m s−2), and performed more sprints [(> 25 km h−1) compared to midfielders of the bottom-ranked team (p < 0.05, η2 = small-moderate]. The matches against top-level opponents required high values of high-acceleration and number of sprints only for the top-ranked team (p < 0.05, ES = small). Independent analysis showed that match outcome (loss vs. draw vs. win) was not influenced by running performance for both bottom- and top-ranked teams (p > 0.05; η2 = small). However, the top-ranked team covered greater total distance, high-acceleration/deceleration than bottom-ranked team in loss matches (p < 0.05, η2 = small). Conclusions These findings should be considered when the coaches and practitioners interpret the match running outputs and when evaluating the effects of training intervention on these performance indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aquino
- LabSport, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Galgaro
- Department of Performance Analysis, Juventude Sport Club, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, 81746-7344, Isfahan, Iran. .,Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, 81887-78473, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Garcia
- LabSport, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Maxwell Viana Moraes-Neto
- LabSport, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia (ISMAI), 4475-690, Maia, Portugal
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Effects of Match Location, Quality of Opposition and Match Outcome on Match Running Performance in a Portuguese Professional Football Team. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23080973. [PMID: 34441113 PMCID: PMC8391710 DOI: 10.3390/e23080973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of match location, quality of opposition and match outcome on match running performance according to playing position in a Portuguese professional football team. Twenty-three male professional football players were monitored from eighteen Portuguese Football League matches during the 2019-2020 season. Global positioning system technology (GPS) was used to collect time-motion data. The match running performance was obtained from five playing positions: central defenders (CD), fullbacks (FB), central midfielders (CM), wide midfielders (WM) and forwards (FW). Match running performance was analyzed within specific position and contextual factors using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures, standardized (Cohen) differences and smallest worthwhile change. CM and WM players covered significantly greater total distance (F = 15.45, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.334) and average speed (F = 12.79, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.294). WM and FB players covered higher distances at high-speed running (F = 16.93, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.355) and sprinting (F = 13.49; p < 0.001, η2 = 0.305). WM players covered the highest number of accelerations (F = 4.69, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.132) and decelerations (F = 12.21, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.284). The match running performance was influenced by match location (d = 0.06-2.04; CI: -0.42-2.31; SWC = 0.01-1.10), quality of opposition (d = 0.13-2.14; CI: -0.02-2.60; SWC = 0.01-1.55) and match outcome (d = 0.01-2.49; CI: -0.01-2.31; SWC = 0.01-0.35). Contextual factors influenced the match running performance with differential effects between playing positions. This study provides the first report about the contextual influence on match running performance in a Portuguese professional football team. Future research should also integrate tactical and technical key indicators when analyzing the match-related contextual influence on match running performance.
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Dijkhuis TB, Kempe M, Lemmink KAPM. Early Prediction of Physical Performance in Elite Soccer Matches-A Machine Learning Approach to Support Substitutions. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:952. [PMID: 34441092 PMCID: PMC8394038 DOI: 10.3390/e23080952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Substitution is an essential tool for a coach to influence the match. Factors like the injury of a player, required tactical changes, or underperformance of a player initiates substitutions. This study aims to predict the physical performance of individual players in an early phase of the match to provide additional information to the coach for his decision on substitutions. Tracking data of individual players, except for goalkeepers, from 302 elite soccer matches of the Dutch 'Eredivisie' 2018-2019 season were used to enable the prediction of the individual physical performance. The players' physical performance is expressed in the variables distance covered, distance in speed category, and energy expenditure in power category. The individualized normalized variables were used to build machine learning models that predict whether players will achieve 100%, 95%, or 90% of their average physical performance in a match. The tree-based algorithms Random Forest and Decision Tree were applied to build the models. A simple Naïve Bayes algorithm was used as the baseline model to support the superiority of the tree-based algorithms. The machine learning technique Random Forest combined with the variable energy expenditure in the power category was the most precise. The combination of Random Forest and energy expenditure in the power category resulted in precision in predicting performance and underperformance after 15 min in a match, and the values were 0.91, 0.88, and 0.92 for the thresholds 100%, 95%, and 90%, respectively. To conclude, it is possible to predict the physical performance of individual players in an early phase of the match. These findings offer opportunities to support coaches in making more informed decisions on player substitutions in elite soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talko B. Dijkhuis
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (K.A.P.M.L.)
- Institute of Communication and ICT, Hanze University of Applied Science, Zernikeplein 11, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Kempe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (K.A.P.M.L.)
| | - Koen A. P. M. Lemmink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (K.A.P.M.L.)
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Will Next Match Location Influence External and Internal Training Load of a Top-Class Elite Professional European Soccer Team? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105229. [PMID: 34069032 PMCID: PMC8156245 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study is to compare training load (TL) preceding a home versus away match in a top-class elite European team during the 2015–2016 season. Methods: Twenty elite outfield soccer players with a mean ± SD age, height and body mass of 25.9 ± 4.6 years, 183.1 ± 6.6 cm and 78.6 ± 6.6 kg, respectively, participated in this study. Total distance covered, high-speed running distance (HSRD), average speed (AvS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) multiplied by training duration (s-RPE) and Hooper index (HI) were collected. Data from 24 weeks were analyzed through match-day minus/plus approach (MD-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, MD + 1). Results: All external TL variables indicated a decrease from MD-5 until MD-1 and then an increase to MD + 1 (p < 0.01). HI decreased from MD-5 to MD-1, but s-RPE increased until MD-3 and then decreased until MD + 1. When comparing TL data that preceded home matches versus away matches, for MD-5, HSRD and muscle soreness exhibited higher values when away match neared (p < 0.05). For MD-4 and MD-3, total distance, HSRD and AvS exhibited higher values closer to an away match than a home match (p < 0.05). For MD-1, total distances covered were higher closer to a home match than an away match (p < 0.01). For MD + 1, all HI items and AvS were higher when an away match was played (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study confirms and provides evidence regarding the influence on internal and external TL data preceding home and away matches from a team that played in European competitions.
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Arjol-Serrano JL, Lampre M, Díez A, Castillo D, Sanz-López F, Lozano D. The Influence of Playing Formation on Physical Demands and Technical-Tactical Actions According to Playing Positions in an Elite Soccer Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084148. [PMID: 33919928 PMCID: PMC8070941 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the differences in the physical demands and technical-tactical actions encountered by soccer players between two playing formations (1-4-2-3-1 and 1-4-4-2) for each playing position. Twenty-three professional male soccer players who played 31 official matches participated in this study. Players were classified according to their playing position: central defenders (CD), wide defenders (WD), central midfielders (CM), wide midfielders (WM), offensive midfielders (OM) and forwards (FW). The physical demands were collected as total distance (TD), distance covered in different speed thresholds, and number of accelerations and decelerations. Also, the technical-tactical variables were recorded. The results showed that the 1-4-2-3-1 playing formation demanded decelerations between 2–4 m·s2 (p = 0.027; ES = 0.26) in comparison with 1-4-4-2 for all players. Likewise, forwards (FW) and central midfielders (CM) registered higher physical demands playing with the 1-4-2-3-1 compared to the 1-4-4-2 formation. Regarding the technical-tactical actions, they showed differences between the playing positions of the two playing formations. The findings suggest coaches prescribe specific training programs based on the influence of the playing formation and playing position on the physical demands and technical-tactical actions encountered by players during official match-play.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Arjol-Serrano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.L.A.-S.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Miguel Lampre
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.L.A.-S.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Adrián Díez
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.L.A.-S.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain;
| | - Fernando Sanz-López
- National Sports Medicine Program (NSMP) Aspetar Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Hospital, 29222 Doha, Qatar;
| | - Demetrio Lozano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.L.A.-S.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-976-060-100
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Younesi S, Rabbani A, Clemente FM, Silva R, Sarmento H, Figueiredo AJ. Relationships Between Aerobic Performance, Hemoglobin Levels, and Training Load During Small-Sided Games: A Study in Professional Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649870. [PMID: 33664677 PMCID: PMC7921455 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were (1) to analyze between-session variations of external and internal load measures during small-sided games (SSGs) and (2) to test the relationships between the maximum speed reached (VIFT) during the last stage of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test, hemoglobin levels, and training load measures during SSG intervals among professional soccer players. Sixteen professional soccer players (mean ± SD; age 27.2 ± 3.4 years, height 174.2 ± 3.6 cm, body mass 69.1 ± 6.4 kg, and body fat 10.4 ± 4.1%) participated in this study. Hemoglobin and aerobic performance were first tested, and then a 3-week SSG program was applied using a 3 vs. 3 format. During those 3 weeks, internal and external load of entire sessions were also monitored for all training sessions. Trivial-to-small, standardized differences were observed between sessions for external and internal measures during SSGs. Total distance (TD) and mechanical work (MW) were the only variables that indicated small changes. Large-to-very-large relationships were found between VIFT and external loads: TD (r range: 0.69; 0.87), high-intensity running (HIR; r range: 0.66; 0.75), and MW (r range: 0.56; 0.68). Moderate-to-large negative relationships were found between hemoglobin levels and internal loads: Edwards' TRIMP (r range: -0.36; -0.63), %HRmax (r range: -0.50; -0.61), and red zone (r range: -0.50; -0.61). VIFT had unclear relationships with overall internal loads, while hemoglobin levels presented unclear relationships with overall external loads. In conclusion, no meaningful changes were found between sessions considering the format of play used. Additionally, the detected relationships indicate that VIFT and hemoglobin levels are good indicators of the performance capacity and physiological profile of players during SSGs. Also, the use of SSGs protocols as a monitoring complement of the 30-15IFT is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Younesi
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alireza Rabbani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rui Silva
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António José Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
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42
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Dos-Santos JW, da Silva HS, da Silva Junior OT, Barbieri RA, Penafiel ML, da Silva RNB, Milioni F, Vieira LHP, Coledam DHC, Santiago PRP, Papoti M. Physiology Responses and Players' Stay on the Court During a Futsal Match: A Case Study With Professional Players. Front Psychol 2020; 11:620108. [PMID: 33381074 PMCID: PMC7767871 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological responses in futsal have not been studied together with temporal information about the players’ stay on the court. The aim of this study was to compare heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration ([La−]) responses between 1-H and 2-H considering the time of permanency of the players on the court at each substitution in a futsal match. HR was recorded during entire match and [La−] was analyzed after each substitution of seven players. %HRmean (89.61 ± 2.31 vs. 88.03 ± 4.98 %HRmax) and [La−] mean (8.46 ± 3.01 vs. 8.17 ± 2.91 mmol·L−1) did not differ between 1-H and 2-H (ES, trivial-small). Time in intensity zones of 50–100 %HRmax differed only in 60–70 %HRmax (ES, moderate). HR coefficient of variation throughout the match was low (7%) and among the four outfield players on the court (quartets, 5%). Substitutions (2 player’s participation in each half), time of permanence on the court (7.15 ± 2.39 vs. 9.49 ± 3.80 min), ratio between time in- and out-ratio on the court (In:Outcourt = 1:1.30 ± 1:0.48 vs. 1:1.05 ± 1:0.55 min) also were similar between 1-H and 2-H (ES, moderate and small, respectively). Balancing the number of substitutions, and the In:Outcourt ratio of players in both halves of the match, playing lower time at 1-H, ~8 min for each participation in the match, made it possible to maintain intensity of the match in 2-H similar to the 1H. These results are a good guidance to coaches and for application in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Wilson Dos-Santos
- Laboratory and Research Group on Physiology Applied to Sports Training (FITES), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Santos da Silva
- Laboratory and Research Group on Physiology Applied to Sports Training (FITES), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Tadeu da Silva Junior
- Laboratory and Research Group on Physiology Applied to Sports Training (FITES), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Barbieri
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Luiz Penafiel
- Laboratory and Research Group on Physiology Applied to Sports Training (FITES), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Nascimento Braga da Silva
- Laboratory and Research Group on Physiology Applied to Sports Training (FITES), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Milioni
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo Henrique Constantino Coledam
- Laboratory and Research Group on Physiology Applied to Sports Training (FITES), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo, Boituva, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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43
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Aerobic fitness and game performance indicators in professional football players; playing position specifics and associations. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05427. [PMID: 33195848 PMCID: PMC7644917 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify associations between aerobic fitness (AF) and game performance indicator (GPI) in elite football. Participants were professional football players (males, n = 16; age: 23.76 ± 2.64; body height: 181.62 ± 7.09 cm; body mass: 77.01 ± 6.34 kg). AF testing was conducted by direct measurement and included VO2max, running speed at aerobic threshold (AeT), and running speed at anaerobic threshold (AT). The GPI were collected by the position-specific performance statistics index (InStat index). The players were observed over one competitive half-season, resulting in 82 game performances, grouped according to the positions in game: defenders (n = 39), midfielders (n = 32) and forwards (n = 11). VO2max was not found to be a good discriminator of AF among different playing positions. AeT (F-test = 26.36. p = 0.01) and AT (F-test = 7.25, p = 0.01) were highest among midfielders, and lowest among forwards. No correlations were found between AF and GPI. This study confirmed that AeT and AT are better indicators of AF than VO2max in football players at different playing positions. The lack of associations between AF and GPI was discussed with regard to calculation of InStat as a GPI.
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44
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Modric T, Versic S, Sekulic D. Playing position specifics of associations between running performance during the training and match in male soccer players. ACTA GYMNICA 2020. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2020.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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45
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Node and Network Entropy—A Novel Mathematical Model for Pattern Analysis of Team Sports Behavior. MATHEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/math8091543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pattern analysis is a well-established topic in team sports performance analysis, and is usually centered on the analysis of passing sequences. Taking a Bayesian approach to the study of these interactions, this work presents novel entropy mathematical models for Markov chain-based pattern analysis in team sports networks, with Relative Transition Entropy and Network Transition Entropy applied to both passing and reception patterns. To demonstrate their applicability, these mathematical models were used in a case study in football—the 2016/2017 Champions League Final, where both teams were analyzed. The results show that the winning team, Real Madrid, presented greater values for both individual and team transition entropies, which indicate that greater levels of unpredictability may bring teams closer to victory. In conclusion, these metrics may provide information to game analysts, allowing them to provide coaches with accurate and timely information about the key players of the game.
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46
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Konefał M, Chmura P, Tessitore A, Melcer T, Kowalczuk E, Chmura J, Andrzejewski M. The Impact of Match Location and Players' Physical and Technical Activities on Winning in the German Bundesliga. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1748. [PMID: 32793071 PMCID: PMC7390904 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether the physical and technical activities of soccer players and match locations can be associated with higher or lower odds of winning matches whose outcome can be described as “close.” The study comprised 7972 individual observations of German Bundesliga players during the 2014/2015 (n = 2794), 2015/2016 (n = 2494), and 2016/2017 (n = 2684) seasons. A selection of “close matches” was made, which were defined as those in which the difference in numbers of scored goals was ≤1. Players’ five pitch positions were considered: central defenders, fullbacks, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and forwards. Data on 12 physical and 10 technical activities performed by players during matches as well as on match location were retrieved from the Impire AG (Germany) match analysis system. The study results show that the odds of winning at home are different for each playing position: from 41.99% for wide midfielders to 91.34% for central midfielders. Another conclusion was that one of the key components of the predictive model for forwards is the percentage of overall distance covered at speeds >24 km/h (7.99%), which is a variable with an increasing trend. The proposed model predicts that each 1% increase in this variable will theoretically be associated with a 4.08% raise of the odds of winning in further seasons. The presented statistical model may be used by trainers to identify players’ physical and technical activities and contextual variables that may significantly affect the match outcome. In addition, it can help to determine the individual training load related to the player’s position on the pitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Sport Games, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Tomasz Melcer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University School of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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47
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Gonçalves LGC, Kalva-Filho CA, Nakamura FY, Rago V, Afonso J, Bedo BLDS, Aquino R. Effects of Match-Related Contextual Factors on Weekly Load Responses in Professional Brazilian Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145163. [PMID: 32708939 PMCID: PMC7400226 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the weekly training load distributions according to match location, opponent standard, and match outcome in professional soccer players. Rate-of-perceived-exertion-based training load (sRPE) and distance- and accelerometry-based measures were monitored daily during 52 training sessions and 11 matches performed by 23 players. Athletes who played ≥ 60 min during non-congested weeks were considered for data analysis. The training days close to away matches (e.g., one day before the match = MD-1) presented greater sRPE, distance-based volume measures, and mechanical work (player load) compared to the training days close to home matches (p = 0.001-0.002; effect size (ES) = medium-large). The most distant days of the home matches (e.g., five days before the match = MD-5) presented higher internal and external loads than before away matches (p = 0.002-0.003, ES = medium). Higher sRPE, distance-based volume measures, and mechanical work were found during the middle of the week (e.g., three days before the match, MD-3) before playing against bottom vs. medium-ranking teams (p = 0.001-0.01, ES = small-medium). These metrics were lower in MD-5 before matches against bottom vs. medium-ranking opponents (p = 0.001, ES = medium). Higher values of all external load measures were observed during the training session before winning matches (MD-1) compared to a draw or loss (p < 0.001-0.001, ES = medium-large). In conclusion, the training load distribution throughout the week varied considerably according to match-contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Guilherme Cruz Gonçalves
- Department of Performance Analysis, Botafogo Football Club S/A, Ribeirão Preto 14096-070, SP, Brazil;
- Status On Sports (SOSports), Department of Science and Technology, Ribeirão Preto 14096-440, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho
- Human Movement Research Laboratory, Post-graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru 17033-360, Brazil;
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa 58051-970, Brazil;
| | - Vincenzo Rago
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Bruno Luiz de Souza Bedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- Research Group in Soccer Science, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-99-1950-494
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48
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Praça GM, Andrade AGPD, Bredt SDGT, Moreira PED, Costa GDCT, Castro HDO, Aquino R. Effects of match period and playing position on the individual and collective dynamics in professional soccer: a case study. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e74688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to compare the width, the length, the length per width ratio, and the stretch index between the first and the second halves in official soccer matches, and to compare the spatial exploration index between players from different positions. Seventeen professional soccer players from a Brazilian club participated in the study and were monitored during six official matches by a GPS device. Collective positional data were compared between the two halves using a paired t-test, while the spatial exploration index was compared between the playing positions and within the halves by a mixed two-way ANOVA. The results revealed no differences between the two halves for the collective variables. The highest values of spatial exploration index were reported for central midfielders and wing forwards. We conclude that the tactical behavior of professional soccer players is position-dependent, and midfielders are the most exploratory players on the pitch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Henrique de Oliveira Castro
- Instituto de Educação Superior de Brasília, Brazil; Faculdade Anhanguera de Ciências e Tecnologia de Brasília, Brazil
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49
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Modric T, Versic S, Sekulic D, Liposek S. Analysis of the Association between Running Performance and Game Performance Indicators in Professional Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16204032. [PMID: 31640271 PMCID: PMC6843975 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16204032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Running performance (RP) and game performance indicators (GPI) are important determinants of success in soccer (football), but there is an evident lack of knowledge about the possible associations between RP and GPI. This study aimed to identify associations between RP and GPI in professional soccer players and to compare RP and GPI among soccer playing positions. One hundred one match performances were observed over the course of half of a season at the highest level of national competition in Croatia. Players (mean ± SD, age: 23.85 ± 2.88 years; body height: 183.05 ± 8.88 cm; body mass: 78.69 ± 7.17 kg) were classified into five playing positions (central defenders (n = 26), full-backs (n = 24), central midfielders (n = 33), wide midfielders (n = 10), and forwards (n = 8). RP, as measured by global positioning system, included the total distance covered, distance covered in five speed categories (walking, jogging, running, high-speed running, and maximal sprinting), total number of accelerations, number of high-intensity accelerations, total number of decelerations, and number of high-intensity decelerations. The GPI were collected by the position-specific performance statistics index (InStat index). The average total distance was 10,298.4 ± 928.7 m, with central defenders having the shortest and central midfielders having the greatest covered distances. The running (r = 0.419, p = 0.03) and high-intensity accelerations (r = 0.493, p = 0.01) were correlated with the InStat index for central defenders. The number of decelerations of full-backs (r = −0.43, p = 0.04) and the distance covered during sprinting of forwards (r = 0.80, p = 0.02) were associated with their GPI obtained by InStat index. The specific correlations between RP and GPI should be considered during the conditioning process in soccer. The soccer training should follow the specific requirements of the playing positions established herein, which will allow players to meet the game demands and to perform successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
- HNK Hajduk Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
- HNK Hajduk Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
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50
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Korte F, Link D, Groll J, Lames M. Play-by-Play Network Analysis in Football. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1738. [PMID: 31402892 PMCID: PMC6669815 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identifies dominant and intermediary players in football by applying a play-by-play social network analysis (SNA) on 70 professional matches from the 1. and 2. German Bundesliga during the 2017/2018 season. SNA provides a quantification of the complex interaction patterns between players in team sports. So far, the individual contributions and roles of players in football have only been studied at match-level considering the overall passing of a team. In order to consider the real structure of football, a play-by-play network analysis is needed that reflects actual interplay. Moreover, a distinction between plays of certain characteristics is important to qualify different interaction phases. As it is often impossible to calculate well known network metrics such as betweenness on play-level, new adequate metrics are required. Therefore, flow betweenness is introduced as a new playmaker indicator on play-level and computed alongside flow centrality. The data on passing and the position of players was provided by the Deutsche Fußball Liga (DFL) and gathered through a semi-automatic multiple-camera tracking system. Central defenders are identified as dominant and intermediary players, however, mostly in unsuccessful plays. Offensive midfielders are most involved and defensive midfielders are the main intermediary players in successful plays. Forward are frequently involved in successful plays but show negligible playmaker status. Play-by-play network analysis facilitates a better understanding of the role of players in football interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Korte
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Link
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Groll
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Lames
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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