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Gregorace JI, Bellenger CR, Edwards AM, Greenham GE, Nelson MJ. Contextual factors associated with running demands in elite Australian football: a scoping review. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:278-286. [PMID: 36940253 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2192042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and summarise the contextual factors associated with running demands in elite male Australian football (AF) gameplay that have been reported in the literature. DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS A contextual factor in sporting gameplay is a variable associated with the interpretation of results, yet is not the primary objective of gameplay. Systematic literature searches were performed in four databases to identify what contextual factors associated with running demands in elite male AF have been reported: Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Ovid Medline and CINAHL, for terms constructed around Australian football AND running demands AND contextual factors. The present scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), and narrative synthesis was conducted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A total of 36 unique articles were identified by the systematic literature search, which included 20 unique contextual factors. The most studied contextual factors were position (n = 13), time in game (n = 9), phases of play (n = 8), rotations (n = 7) and player rank (n = 6). Multiple contextual factors, such as playing position, aerobic fitness, rotations, time within a game, stoppages, and season phase appear to correlate with running demands in elite male AF. Many identified contextual factors have very limited published evidence and thus additional studies would help draw stronger conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh I Gregorace
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- High Performance Department, Adelaide Football Club, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Clint R Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ashleigh M Edwards
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Grace E Greenham
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- High Performance Department, Adelaide Football Club, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Maximillian J Nelson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Timmins RG, Filopoulos D, Giannakis J, Nguyen V, Ruddy JD, Hickey JT, Maniar N, Pollard CW, Morgan N, Weakley J, Opar DA. The Effect of Eccentric or Isometric Training on Strength, Architecture, and Sprinting across an Australian Football Season. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:564-574. [PMID: 38051129 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effect of an isometric (ISO) or Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) intervention, alongside a sprint training program on hamstring strength, architecture, and sprinting performance in Australian footballers. METHODS Twenty-five male athletes undertook NHE ( n = 13) or ISO ( n = 12) training across a 38-wk period (including preseason and in season). Biceps femoris long head (BFlh) architecture, ISO, and eccentric knee flexor strength were assessed at baseline, at the end of preseason (14 wk), and at the conclusion of the intervention. Sprint times and force-velocity profiles were determined at baseline and at the end of preseason. RESULTS After the intervention, both groups had significant improvements in BFlh fascicle length (NHE: 1.16 cm, 95% CI = 0.68 to 1.63 cm, d = 1.88, P < 0.001; ISO: 0.82 cm, 95% CI = 0.57 to 1.06 cm, d = 1.70, P < 0.001), muscle thickness (NHE: 0.11 cm, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.21 cm, d = 0.51, P = 0.032; ISO: 0.21 cm, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.32 cm, d = 0.86, P = 0.002), and eccentric strength (NHE: 83 N, 95% CI = 53 to 114 N, d = 1.79, P < 0.001; ISO: 83 N, 95% CI = 17 to 151 N, d = 1.17, P = 0.018). Both groups also finished the intervention weaker isometrically than they started (NHE: -45 N, 95% CI = -81 to -8 N, d = -1.03, P = 0.022; ISO: -80 N, 95% CI = -104 to -56 N, d = -3.35, P < 0.001). At the end of preseason, the NHE group had improved their 5-m sprint time by 3.3% ± 2.0%), and their maximum horizontal velocity was 3% ± 2.1% greater than the ISO group who saw no changes. CONCLUSIONS Both ISO and NHE training with a periodized sprinting program can increase BFlh fascicle length, thickness, and eccentric strength in Australian footballers. NHE training also improves 5-m sprint time and maximum velocity. However, both interventions reduced ISO strength. These findings provide unique, contextually relevant insights into the adaptations possible in semiprofessional athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dean Filopoulos
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Collingwood Football Club, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Jake Giannakis
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Collingwood Football Club, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Victor Nguyen
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Collingwood Football Club, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Joshua D Ruddy
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | | | | | - Christopher W Pollard
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Factors Affecting Physical and Technical Performance in Australian Football. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1844-1851. [PMID: 37616538 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wing, C, Hart, NH, Ma'ayah, F, and Nosaka, K. Factors affecting physical and technical performance in Australian football. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1844-1851, 2023-This study assessed player (i.e., lower-body strength and power and aerobic fitness) and environmental (e.g., venue) factors and their effects on the physical (e.g., distance) and technical (e.g., kicks) demands of Australian football (AF). Relative distance, high-speed running (HSR), and acceleration efforts for 19 matches by 33 players in a West AF League team were analyzed from global positioning system data split into periods of successful offense and defense and maximum ball in play (BiP) periods, as well as technical actions. Lower-body strength and power, and aerobic fitness were evaluated using a one-repetition trap-bar deadlift, countermovement jump, 2-km time trial, and Yo-Yo intermittent fitness test, respectively. In matches played at home, distance (p < 0.001, ES = 0.39) and HSR (p < 0.001, ES = 0.34) were significantly reduced during successful defense. In addition, tackle rate was significantly increased (p = 0.003, ES = 0.16) during successful defense when playing at home. Trap-bar deadlift relative to mass significantly increased relative distance (p = 0.004, ES = 0.51) and HSR (p = 0.029, ES = 0.40) in successful offense. In successful defense, superior time trial performance significantly increased relative distance (p < 0.001, ES = 0.58), HSR (p < 0.001, ES = 0.59), and acceleration efforts (p = 0.017, ES = 0.44), while relative distance (p < 0.001, ES = 0.62) and HSR (p = 0.004, ES = 0.52) were also increased during maximum BiP periods. The results demonstrate that player factors have the largest effect on the physical and technical performance of AF players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
- College of Nursing and Health Science, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; and
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; and
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Jennings J, Štaka Z, Wundersitz DW, Sullivan CJ, Cousins SD, Čustović E, Kingsley MI. Position-Specific Running and Technical Demands During Male Elite-Junior and Elite-Senior Australian Rules Football Match-Play. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1449-1455. [PMID: 36727979 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Jennings, J, Štaka, Z, Wundersitz, DW, Sullivan, CJ, Cousins, SD, Čustović, E, and Kingsley, MI. Position-specific running and technical demands during male elite-junior and elite-senior Australian rules football match-play. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1449-1455, 2023-The aim of this study was to compare position-specific running and technical demands of elite-junior and elite-senior Australian rules football match-play to better inform practice and assist transition between the levels. Global positioning system and technical involvement data were collated from 12 Victorian U18 male NAB League ( n = 553) and 18 Australian Football League ( n = 702) teams competing in their respective 2019 seasons. Players were grouped by position as nomadic, fixed, or ruck, and data subsets were used for specific analyses. Relative total distance ( p = 0.635, trivial effect), high-speed running (HSR) distance ( p = 0.433, trivial effect), acceleration efforts ( p = 0.830, trivial effect), deceleration efforts ( p = 0.983, trivial effect), and efforts at >150 m·min -1 ( p = 0.229, trivial effect) and >200 m·min -1 ( p = 0.962, trivial effect) did not differ between elite-junior and elite-senior match-play. Elite juniors covered less total and HSR distance during peak periods (5 seconds-10 minutes) of demand ( p ≤ 0.022, small-moderate effects). Within both leagues, nomadic players had the greatest running demands followed by fixed position and then rucks. Relative disposals ( p = 0.330, trivial effect) and possessions ( p = 0.084, trivial effect) were comparable between the leagues. During peak periods (10 seconds to 2 minutes), elite juniors had less technical involvements than elite seniors ( p ≤ 0.001, small effects). Although relative running demands and positional differences were comparable between the leagues, elite juniors perform less running, HSR, and technical involvements during peak periods when compared with elite seniors. Therefore, coaching staff in elite-senior clubs should maintain intensity while progressively increasing the volume of training that recently drafted players undertake when they have transitioned from elite-junior leagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Jennings
- La Trobe Rural Health School, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
- La Trobe University Bendigo Pioneers, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Zorana Štaka
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of East Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Daniel W Wundersitz
- La Trobe Rural Health School, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Courtney J Sullivan
- La Trobe Rural Health School, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Stephen D Cousins
- La Trobe Rural Health School, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Edhem Čustović
- School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia; and
| | - Michael I Kingsley
- La Trobe Rural Health School, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Replicating Maximum Periods of Play in Australian Football Matches Through Position-Specific Drills. J Strength Cond Res 2023:00124278-990000000-00183. [PMID: 36727991 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wing, C, Hart, NH, Ma'ayah, F, and Nosaka, K. Replicating maximum periods of play in Australian football matches through position-specific drills. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-This study evaluated whether a position-specific drill replicates the running intensities of maximum ball in play (BiP) phases in competitive matches of Australian football (AF). Match data were collected on 32 AF players across 3 seasons (2019, 2020, 2021), with training session data collected from the same players across the 2021 season. Three position-specific training drills were created for defense, offense, and combination (defense and offense combined). Running intensities were compared between maximum BiP periods (e.g., periods with the highest metric per minute) from competitive matches and position-specific training drills, as well as between the 3 position-specific training drills using linear mixed models. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Measures of distance (offense: 44.4 m·minute-1, defense: 83.5 m·minute-1, combination: 50.4 m·minute-1), high-speed running (offense: 76.7 m·minute-1, defense: 134.6 m·minute-1, combination: 89.6 m·minute-1), very high-speed running (offense: 26.7 m·minute-1, defense: 56.2 m·minute-1, combination: 55.0 m·minute-1), and high-intensity efforts (offense: 2.3 efforts·minute-1, defense: 3.0 efforts·minute-1, combination: 2.8 efforts·minute-1), relative to time were greater (p < 0.001) in all 3 position-specific training drills compared with BiP phases. All measured metrics were significantly (p < 0.001) greater in the defense drill compared with the offense drill, whereas distance, high-speed running, PlayerLoad, and accelerations were significantly (p < 0.001) greater when compared with the combination drill. These demonstrate that position-specific training drills that we created replicated or exceeded the running intensities recorded during matches based on maximum BiP periods. Position-specific training drills seem to be an attractive addition to AF players training regimens because it concurrently provides training for physical and technical actions (e.g., handballs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; and
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; and
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Weaving D, Young D, Riboli A, Jones B, Coratella G. The Maximal Intensity Period: Rationalising its Use in Team Sports Practice. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:128. [PMID: 36224479 PMCID: PMC9556679 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the highest intensity of competition (the maximal intensity period [MIP]) for varying durations in team sports has been used to identify training targets to inform the preparation of players. However, its usefulness has recently been questioned since it may still underestimate the training intensity required to produce specific physiological adaptations. Within this conceptual review, we aimed to: (i) describe the methods used to determine the MIP; (ii) compare the data obtained using MIP or whole-match analysis, considering the influence of different contextual factors; (iii) rationalise the use of the MIP in team sports practice and (iv) provide limitations and future directions in the area. Different methods are used to determine the MIP, with MIP values far greater than those derived from averaging across the whole match, although they could be affected by contextual factors that should be considered in practice. Additionally, while the MIP might be utilised during sport-specific drills, it is inappropriate to inform the intensity of interval-based, repeated sprint and linear speed training modes. Lastly, MIP does not consider any variable of internal load, a major limitation when informing training practice. In conclusion, practitioners should be aware of the potential use or misuse of the MIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Weaving
- grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK
| | - Damien Young
- Technology University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest. Thurles Campus, Thurles, Tipperary, E41 PC92 Ireland
| | - Andrea Riboli
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe, 20133 Colombo 71, Milano Italy
| | - Ben Jones
- grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK ,grid.1020.30000 0004 1936 7371School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia ,grid.419471.eDivision of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe, 20133 Colombo 71, Milano Italy
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Vella A, Clarke AC, Kempton T, Ryan S, Coutts AJ. Assessment of Physical, Technical, and Tactical Analysis in the Australian Football League: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:124. [PMID: 36209264 PMCID: PMC9547771 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Elite Australian Football (AF) match-play requires proficiency in physical, technical, and tactical elements. However, when analysing player movement practitioners commonly exclude technical and tactical considerations, failing to recognise the multifactorial nature of AF match-play and providing little context into the movement requirements of the players. Objectives This systematic review aimed to identify the physical, technical, and tactical requirements of the Australian Football League (AFL) and to highlight the importance of integrating data from multiple sources when analysing player output. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases (CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) was conducted from January 2009 to June 2022. Keywords relating to physical, technical, and tactical match requirements were used. Results Forty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. In isolation, physical requirements were the most analysed construct within the AFL (n = 17), followed by technical (n = 9) and then tactical (n = 6). Thirteen studies integrated physical and technical elements, one study integrated technical and tactical elements, one study integrated physical and tactical elements, and one study integrated all three elements. Movement analysis centred around average ‘whole’ match requirements, whereas technical and tactical match analyses focused on key performance indicators of match performance. Conclusion While the physical requirements of the AFL have been well documented, there is little understanding of how player technical output and various team tactics influence player movement requirements. Knowledge of how the elements of AF match-play interact with one another could enhance our understanding of match performance and provide a greater resource for training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Vella
- grid.1018.80000 0001 2342 0938Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia ,Carlton Football Club, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Anthea C. Clarke
- grid.1018.80000 0001 2342 0938Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Thomas Kempton
- Carlton Football Club, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Samuel Ryan
- Carlton Football Club, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Aaron J. Coutts
- Carlton Football Club, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
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McCaskie CJ, Sim M, Newton RU, Heasman J, Rogalski B, Hart NH. Characterising lower-body musculoskeletal morphology and whole-body composition of elite female and male Australian Football players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:168. [PMID: 36068592 PMCID: PMC9450395 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical demands and injury rates differ between elite female and male Australian Football (AF) players. To improve understanding of contributing physical factors to these differences, the purpose of this study was to investigate lower-body morphology and whole-body composition of elite footballers competing in the Australian Football League (AFL) and Australian Football League Women's (AFLW). METHODS Lower-body morphology and whole-body composition of 23 AFL players and 23 AFLW players were assessed using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography and Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry at the beginning of pre-season. Differences between cohorts, with sub-analyses of kicking vs. support limbs, and experienced vs. inexperienced player status were assessed using two-sample independent t-tests. Magnitude of differences were assessed using Cohen's d effect sizes. RESULTS AFL players had greater absolute (p < 0.001; ES = 3.28) and relative (p < 0.001; ES = 2.29) whole body lean soft-tissue mass, with less absolute (p = 0.004; ES = 0.91) and relative (p < 0.001; ES = 2.29) fat mass than AFLW players. For AFLW players, no significant differences existed between kicking and support limbs with few differences observed between experienced and inexperienced players. CONCLUSIONS Greater emphasis on physical development in AFLW players may be required to enable increases in muscle mass and skeletal robustness, to ensure they can tolerate the loads of elite competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum J McCaskie
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia.
- West Coast Eagles Football Club, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Marc Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Nicolas H Hart
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Impact of Sudden Rule Changes on Player Injuries and Performance: Insights from Australian Football. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:458-464. [PMID: 36157397 PMCID: PMC9459767 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of reduced quarter time due to COVID-19 pandemic rule changes, on running performance and injuries in Australian Football. Microsensor data for eight matches performed by the same 17 players were compared between the 2019 (standard) and 2020 (COVID-19) seasons using linear and generalised mixed models. Injury rates were assessed in 34 players across the full 2019 season, and 32 players across the full 2020 season. The total distance (ES = 1.28 [0.55 to 2.02]), high-speed (>18 km/h) (ES = 0.44 [-0.24 to 1.12]) and very highspeed (>24 km/h) (ES = 0.27 [-0.41 to 0.94]) distances, PlayerLoad™ (ES = 0.96 [0.25 to 1.67]), high-intensity efforts (ES = 0.48 [-0.20 to 1.16]), and accelerations (ES = 0.33 [-0.34 to 1.01]) were smaller (p ≤ 0.01) for the 2020 than the 2019 season. Expressed relative to playing time, distance (ES=-0.38 [-1.06 to 0.30]), PlayerLoad™ (ES = -0.27 [-0.94 to 0.41]), and acceleration efforts (ES = -0.50 [-1.18 to 0.18]) were greater (p < 0.05) for the 2020 than the 2019 season. No significant differences in maximum ball-in-play periods nor the difference between the 1st and 4th quarters were evident. Injury rates remained similar between 2019 (3.36 per game) and 2020 (3.55 per game). However, the proportion of injuries that led to lost time (missed games) was greater for the 2020 (38%) than 2019 season (24%). The changes in the rules had a profound impact on player performance and increased the likelihood of time loss injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Peek RJ, Fleming JA, Carey DL, Middleton KJ, Gastin PB, Clarke AC. The temporal distribution and occurrence of impacts and movement relative to peak periods in men’s rugby union. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:776-782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Johnston RD, Thornton HR, Wade JA, Devlin P, Duthie GM. The Distribution of Match Activities Relative to the Maximal Mean Intensities in Professional Rugby League and Australian Football. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1360-1366. [PMID: 32412969 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Johnston, RD, Thornton, HR, Wade, JA, Devlin, P, and Duthie, GM. The distribution of match activities relative to the maximal mean intensities in professional rugby league and Australian football. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1360-1366, 2022-This study determined the distribution of distance, impulse, and accelerometer load accumulated at intensities relative to the maximal mean 1-minute peak intensity within professional rugby league and Australian football. Within 26 rugby league (n = 24 athletes) and 18 Australian football (n = 38 athletes) games, athletes wore global navigation satellite system devices (n = 608 match files). One-minute maximal mean values were calculated for each athlete per game for speed (m·minP-1P), accelerometer load (AU·minP-1P), and acceleration (m·sP-2P). Volumes for each parameter were calculated by multiplying by time, specifying total distance, accelerometer load, and impulse. The distribution of intensity of which these variables were performed relative to the maximal mean was calculated, with percentages ranging from 0-110%, separated into 10% thresholds. Linear mixed models determined whether the distribution of activities within each threshold varied, and positional differences. Effects were described using standardized effect sizes (ESs), and magnitude-based decisions. Across both sports, the distribution of activity (%) largely reduced the closer to the maximal mean 1-minute peak and was highest at ∼60% of the maximal mean peak. When compared with Australian football, a higher percentage of total distance was accumulated at higher intensities (70-80% and 100-110%) for rugby league (ES range = 0.82-0.87), with similar, yet larger differences for accelerometer load >80% (0.78-1.07) and impulse >60% (1.00-2.26). These findings provide information of the volume of activities performed relative to the mean maximal 1-minute peak period, which may assist in the prescription of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi R Thornton
- Football Department, Gold Coast Suns Football Club, Metricon Stadium, Carrara, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jarrod A Wade
- Football Department, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Devlin
- Football Department, Brisbane Broncos, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Grant M Duthie
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
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Wing C, Hart NH, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Physical and technical demands of Australian football: an analysis of maximum ball in play periods. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:15. [PMID: 35078517 PMCID: PMC8790884 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compares ball in play (BiP) analyses and both whole game (WG) and quarter averaged data for physical and technical demands of sub-elite Australian football (AF) players competing in the West Australian Football League across playing positions. METHODS Microsensor data were collected from 33 male AF players in one club over 19 games of the 2019 season. BiP time periods and technical performance data (e.g., kicks) were acquired from the Champion Data timeline of statistics, and time matched to the microsensor data. Linear mixed modelling was utilised to establish differences between maximum BiP periods and averaged data. RESULTS The analyses indicated significant differences (p < 0.0001) between maximum BiP and WG data for all metrics and all playing position (half-line, key position, and midfielders). The percentage difference was greatest for very high-speed running (171-178%), accelerations (136-142%), high-intensity efforts (128-139%), and high-speed running (134-147%) compared to PlayerLoad™ (50-56%) and total running distance (56-59%). No significant (p > 0.05) differences were evident for maximum BiP periods when they were compared between playing positions (i.e., half line vs key position vs midfield). Significant (p < 0.0001) differences were also noted between maximum BiP phases and averaged data across all 4 quarters, for each microsensor metric, and all playing positions. Technical actions (e.g., kicks and handballs) were observed in 21-48% of maximum BiP phases, depending on playing positions and microsensor metric assessed, with kicks and handballs constituting > 50% of all actions performed. CONCLUSIONS These results show the BiP analysis method provides a more accurate assessment of the physical demands and technical actions performed by AF players, which are underestimated when using averaged data. The data presented in this study may be used to inform the design and monitoring of representative practice, ensuring that athletes are prepared for both the physical and technical demands of the most demanding passages of play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Wing C, Hart NH, McCaskie C, Djanis P, Ma'ayah F, Nosaka K. Running Performance of Male Versus Female Players in Australian Football Matches: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:96. [PMID: 34923616 PMCID: PMC8685186 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Australian Football is a fast paced, intermittent sport, played by both male and female populations. The aim of this systematic review was to compare male and female Australian Football players, competing at elite and sub-elite levels, for running performance during Australian Football matches based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Methods Medline, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science searches, using search terms inclusive of Australian Football, movement demands and microsensor technology, returned 2535 potential manuscripts, of which 33 were included in the final analyses. Results Results indicated that male athletes performed approximately twice the total running distances of their female counterparts, which was likely due to the differences in quarter length (male elite = 20 min, female elite = 15 min (plus time-on). When expressed relative to playing time, the differences between males and females somewhat diminished. However, high-speed running distances covered at velocities > 14.4 km·h−1 (> 4 m·s−1) were substantially greater (≥ 50%) for male than female players. Male and female players recorded similar running intensities during peak periods of play of shorter duration (e.g., around 1 min), but when the analysis window was lengthened, females showed a greater decrement in running performance. Conclusion These results suggest that male players should be exposed to greater training volumes, whereas training intensities should be reasonably comparable across male and female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wing
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Callum McCaskie
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Petar Djanis
- South Fremantle Football Club, Parry Street, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia.,School of Education, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, , Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
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Vella A, Clarke AC, Kempton T, Ryan S, Holden J, Coutts AJ. Technical involvements and pressure applied influence movement demands in elite Australian Football Match-play. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:228-233. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1942537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Vella
- Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Carlton Football Club, Carlton North, Australia
| | - Anthea C Clarke
- Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Thomas Kempton
- Carlton Football Club, Carlton North, Australia
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, Australia
| | - Samuel Ryan
- Carlton Football Club, Carlton North, Australia
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, Australia
| | - Jacob Holden
- Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Aaron J. Coutts
- Carlton Football Club, Carlton North, Australia
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park, Australia
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Janetzki SJ, Bourdon PC, Norton KI, Lane JC, Bellenger CR. Evolution of Physical Demands of Australian Football League Matches from 2005 to 2017: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 33913061 PMCID: PMC8081813 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is extensive research investigating the match demands of players in the Australian Football League (AFL). OBJECTIVE This systematic literature review and meta-regression sought to analyse the evolution of in-game demands in AFL matches from 2005 to 2017, focusing on the relationship between volume and intensity. METHODS A systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted. Included studies examined the physical demands of AFL matches utilising global positioning system (GPS) technology. Meta-regression analysed the shift in reported volume (total distance and total match time) and intensity (metres per minute [m.min-1], sprint duration and acceleration) metrics for overall changes, across quarters and positional groups (forwards, nomadics and defenders) from 2005 to 2017 inclusive and for each year between 2005 and 2007, 2007 and 2010, 2010 and 2012, and 2012 and 2015/2017 breakpoints. RESULTS Distance (p = 0.094), m.min-1 (p = 0.494), match time (p = 0.591), time over 18 km·h-1 (p = 0.271), and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (p = 0.498) and 10 km·h-1 (p = 0.335) in 1 s did not change from 2005 to 2017. From 2005 to 2007 volume decreased (- 6.10 min of match time; p = 0.010) and intensity increased (6.8 m.min-1 increase; p = 0.023). Volume and intensity increased from 2007 to 2010, evidenced by increases in total distance (302 m; p = 0.039), time over 18 km·h-1 (0.31 min; p = 0.005), and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (41.1; p = 0.004) and 10 km·h-1 (3.6; p = 0.005) in 1 s. From 2010 to 2012, intensity decreased, evidenced by reductions in metres per minute (- 4.3; p = 0.022), time over 18 km·h-1 (- 0.93 min; p < 0.001), and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (- 104.4; p < 0.001) and 10 km·h-1 (- 8.3; p < 0.001) in 1 s, whilst volume stabilised with no changes in distance (p = 0.068) and match time (p = 0.443). From 2012 to 2015/2017 volume remained stable and intensity increased with time over 18 km·h-1 (0.27 min; p = 0.008) and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (31.6; p = 0.016) in 1 s increasing. CONCLUSIONS Changes in volume and intensity of AFL match demands are defined by discrete periods from 2007 to 2010 and 2010 to 2012. The interaction of rule and interpretation changes and coaching strategies play a major role in these evolutionary changes. In turn, modified game styles impact player game demands, training, and selection priorities. Standardisation and uniformity of GPS data reporting is recommended due to inconsistencies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Janetzki
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Pitre C Bourdon
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Kevin I Norton
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Jackson C Lane
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Clint R Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.,South Australian Sports Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida-Castillo A, Ibáñez SJ, Pino-Ortega J. Accelerometry as a method for external workload monitoring in invasion team sports. A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236643. [PMID: 32841239 PMCID: PMC7447012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerometry is a recent method used to quantify workload in team sports. A rapidly increasing number of studies supports the practical implementation of accelerometry monitoring to regulate and optimize training schemes. Therefore, the purposes of this study were: (1) to reflect the current state of knowledge about accelerometry as a method of workload monitoring in invasion team sports according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and (2) to conclude recommendations for application and scientific investigations. The Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant published studies according to the following keywords: "accelerometry" or "accelerometer" or "microtechnology" or "inertial devices", and "load" or "workload", and "sport". Of the 1383 studies initially identified, 118 were selected for a full review. The main results indicate that the most frequent findings were (i) devices' body location: scapulae; (b) devices brand: Catapult Sports; (iii) variables: PlayerLoadTM and its variations; (iv) sports: rugby, Australian football, soccer and basketball; (v) sex: male; (vi) competition level: professional and elite; and (vii) context: separate training or competition. A great number of variables and devices from various companies make the comparability between findings difficult; unification is required. Although the most common location is at scapulae because of its optimal signal reception for time-motion analysis, new methods for multi-location skills and locomotion assessment without losing tracking accuracy should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression Department, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bastida-Castillo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
- University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression Department, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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Sheppy E, Hills SP, Russell M, Chambers R, Cunningham DJ, Shearer D, Heffernan S, Waldron M, McNarry M, Kilduff LP. Assessing the whole-match and worst-case scenario locomotor demands of international women's rugby union match-play. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:609-614. [PMID: 31882327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To profile the distances covered during international women's rugby union match-play and assess the duration-specific worst-case scenario locomotor demands over 60-s to 600-s epochs, whilst comparing the values determined by fixed epoch (FIXED) versus rolling average (ROLL) methods of worst-case scenario estimation and assessing positional influences. DESIGN Descriptive, observational. METHODS Twenty-nine international women's rugby union players wore 10Hz microelectromechanical systems during eight international matches (110 observations). Total, and per-half, distances were recorded, whilst relative total and high-speed (>4.4ms-1) distances were averaged using FIXED and ROLL methods over 60-600-s. Linear mixed models compared distances covered between match halves, assessed FIXED versus ROLL, and examined the influence of playing position. RESULTS Players covered ∼5.8kmmatch-1, with reduced distances in the second- versus first-half (p<0.001). For worst-case scenario total (∼8-25%) and high-speed (∼10-26%) distance, FIXED underestimated ROLL. In ROLL, worst-case scenario relative total and high-speed distances reduced from ∼144-161mmin-1 and ∼30-69mmin-1 over 60-s, to ∼8089mmin-1 and ∼516mmin-1 in the 600-s epoch, respectively. Forwards performed less high-speed running over all epochs and covered less total distance during epochs of 60-s, 180-s, 420-s and 480-s, compared with backs. Front row players typically returned the lowest locomotor demands. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting the positional and worst-case scenario demands of international women's rugby union, and indicates an underestimation in FIXED versus ROLL over 60-s to 600-s epochs. Knowledge of the most demanding periods of women's rugby union match-play facilitates training specificity by enabling sessions to be tailored to such demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sheppy
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel P Hills
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Chambers
- Welsh Rugby Union, Vale of Glamorgan, United Kingdom
| | - Dan J Cunningham
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, United Kingdom; Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - David Shearer
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, United Kingdom; Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Shane Heffernan
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Waldron
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Melitta McNarry
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, United Kingdom; Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom.
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