1
|
Yuan F, Yao R, Sadrizadeh S, Awbi H, Luo H, Li B. The influence of activity patterns and relative humidity on particle resuspension in classrooms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:173898. [PMID: 38866141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of children's recess activity patterns on particulate matter (PM) resuspension in indoor environments, highlighting the complex, multi-dimensional nature of these activities and their interaction with environmental parameters. Despite the recognized role of indoor human activity in PM resuspension, research specifically addressing the effects of children's movements has been sparse. Through experimental scenarios that account for the characteristics of student activities, such as movement speed, trajectory, the number of participants, aisle widths, and varying humidity levels, this study uncovers significant differences in PM resuspension rates. It reveals that not only do movement speed and trajectory have a profound impact, but also the interaction between humidity and these factors plays a critical role, especially under lower humidity conditions. Additionally, the study demonstrates how the combination of people density and spatial configurations can significantly influence resuspension rates. The findings offer valuable insights for designing strategies to mitigate particle pollution in classrooms and similar indoor environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Runming Yao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; School of the Built Environment, University of Reading, UK.
| | - Sasan Sadrizadeh
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hazim Awbi
- School of the Built Environment, University of Reading, UK
| | - Hao Luo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kurtoğlu A, Eken Ö, Çiftçi R, Çar B, Dönmez E, Kılıçarslan S, Jamjoom MM, Samee NA, Hassan DSM, Mahmoud NF. The role of morphometric characteristics in predicting 20-meter sprint performance through machine learning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16593. [PMID: 39025965 PMCID: PMC11258122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the morphometric features affecting 20-m sprint performance in children at the first level of primary education using machine learning (ML) algorithms. In this study, 130 male and 152 female volunteers aged between 6 and 11 years were included. After obtaining demographic information of the participants, skinfold thickness, diameter and circumference measurements, and 20-m sprint performance were determined. The study conducted three distinct experiments to determine the optimal ML technique for predicting outcomes. Initially, the entire feature space was utilized for training the ML models to establish a baseline performance. In the second experiment, only significant features identified through correlation analysis were used for training and testing the models, enhancing the focus on relevant predictors. Lastly, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to reduce the feature space, aiming to streamline model complexity while retaining data variance. These experiments collectively aimed to evaluate different feature selection and dimensionality reduction techniques, providing insights into the most effective strategies for optimizing predictive performance in the given context. The correlation-based selected features (Age, Height, waist circumference, hip circumference, leg length, thigh length, foot length) has produced a minimum Mean Squared Error (MSE) value of 0.012 for predicting the sprint performance in children. The effective utilization of correlation analysis in the selection of relevant features for our regression model suggests that the features selected exhibit robust linear associations with the target variable and can be relied upon as predictors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kurtoğlu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balıkesir, 10200, Turkey
| | - Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Rukiye Çiftçi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Gaziantep Islamıc Science and Technology University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Bekir Çar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balıkesir, 10200, Turkey
| | - Emrah Dönmez
- Department of Software Engineering, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Serhat Kılıçarslan
- Department of Software Engineering, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Mona M Jamjoom
- Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagwan Abdel Samee
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dina S M Hassan
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha F Mahmoud
- Rehabilitation Sciences Department, Health and Rehabilitation Sciences College, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Runacres A, Mackintosh KA, McNarry MA. The Effect of Sex, Maturity, and Training Status on Maximal Sprint Performance Kinetics. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024; 36:98-105. [PMID: 37890835 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2023-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of sprint running during youth has received renewed interest, but questions remain regarding the development of speed in youth, especially the influences of sex, training, and maturity status. METHODS One hundred and forty-seven team sport trained (69 girls; 14.3 [2.1] y) and 113 untrained (64 girls; 13.8 [2.7] y) youth completed two 30-m sprints separated by 2-minute active rest. Velocity was measured using a radar gun at >46 Hz, with power and force variables derived from a force-velocity-power profile. RESULTS Boys produced a significantly higher absolute peak power (741 [272] vs 645 [229] W; P < .01) and force (431 [124] vs 398 [125] N; P < .01) than girls, irrespective of maturity and training status. However, there was a greater sex difference in relative mean power and peak velocity in circa peak height velocity adolescents (46.9% and 19.8%, respectively) compared with prepeak height velocity (5.4% and 3.2%) or postpeak height velocity youth (11.6% and 5.6%). CONCLUSIONS Sprint development in youth is sexually dimorphic which needs considering when devising long-term training plans. Further research is needed to explore the independent, and combined, effects of sex, training, and maturity status on sprint performance kinetics in youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Runacres
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Center, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly A Mackintosh
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Center, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Melitta A McNarry
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Center, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abid R, Ammar A, Maaloul R, Boudaya M, Souissi N, Hammouda O. Nocturnal Smartphone Use Affects Sleep Quality and Cognitive and Physical Performance in Tunisian School-Age Children. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2024; 14:856-869. [PMID: 38667810 PMCID: PMC11048860 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nocturnal smartphone use emits blue light, which can adversely affect sleep, leading to a variety of negative effects, particularly in children. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of acute (AC) (one night) and repeated (RC) (five nights) nocturnal smartphone exposure on sleep, cortisol, and next-day performance in Tunisian children. Thirteen participants (seven girls and six boys, age 9 ± 0.6, height 1.32 ± 0.06, weight 34.47 ± 4.41) attended six experimental nights. The experiment started with a baseline night (BL) with no smartphone exposure, followed by repeated sessions of nocturnal smartphone exposure lasting 90 minutes (08:00 pm-09:30 pm). Actigraphy; salivary cortisol; the Stroop test (selective attention); choice reaction time (CRT); N-back (working memory); counter-movement jump (CMJ), composed of flight time (time spent in the CMJ flight phase) and jump height; and a 30 m sprint were assessed the morning after each condition. Both AC and RC shortened total sleep time (TST) (p < 0.01), with a greater decrease with RC (-46.7 min, ∆% = -9.46) than AC (-28.8 min, ∆% = -5.8) compared to BL. AC and RC significantly increased waking after sleep onset (3.5 min, ∆% = 15.05, to 9.9 min, ∆% = 43.11%) and number of errors made on the Stroop test (1.8 error, ∆% = 74.23, to 3.07 error, ∆% = 97.56%). Children made 0.15 and 0.8 more errors (∆% = 6.2 to 57.61%) and spent 46.9 s and 71.6 s more time on CRT tasks (∆% = 7.22 to 11.11%) with AC and RC, respectively, compared to BL. The high-interference index of the Stroop task, CMJ performance, and 30 m sprint speed were only altered (p < 0.01) following RC (0.36, Δ% = 41.52%; -34 s, Δ% = -9.29%, for flight time and -1.23 m, -8.72%, for jump height; 0.49 s, Δ% = 6.48, respectively) when compared to BL. In conclusion, one- or five-night exposure to smartphones disturbed the children's sleep quality and their performance, with more pronounced effects following RC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Abid
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia;
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, Faculty of Sport Sciences, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France;
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia;
| | - Rami Maaloul
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia;
| | - Mariem Boudaya
- Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Hedi Chaker, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia;
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, Faculty of Sport Sciences, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France;
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cardoso P, Tavares F, Loureiro N, Ferreira R, Araújo JP, Reis J, Vaz JR. In-situ acceleration-speed profile of an elite soccer academy: A cross-sectional study. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1868-1874. [PMID: 38240501 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2305005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Speed is an essential skill in sports performance and an important performance metric in talent identification. This study aims to evaluate and compare the sprint acceleration characteristics across different age groups in an elite soccer academy. A total of 141 elite academy soccer players were recruited to participate in the study, and they were assigned to their respective competitive age groups, ranging from under-14 to the B-team. An individual in-situ acceleration-speed (A-S) profile was assessed and derived from Global Position System (GPS) speed-acceleration raw data, from 10 consecutive football sessions, in the beginning of the season. The results showed that under-14 players exhibited significantly lower theoretical maximum speed (S0) (η p 2 = 0.215, p < 0.01) when compared with all other age groups. However, no differences were found between maximum theoretical acceleration (A0) and A-S slope between age groups. The results suggest that sprint mechanical profiles of young soccer athletes remain stable throughout their athletic development. Nevertheless, younger athletes have less capacity to apply horizontal force at higher speeds (S0).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Medical and Performance Department, Sporting Clube Portugal SAD, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Tavares
- Medical and Performance Department, Sporting Clube Portugal SAD, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Loureiro
- Medical and Performance Department, Sporting Clube Portugal SAD, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ruben Ferreira
- Medical and Performance Department, Sporting Clube Portugal SAD, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Pedro Araújo
- Medical and Performance Department, Sporting Clube Portugal SAD, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Reis
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation (FPF), Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - João R Vaz
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Egas Moniz Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tallis J, Morris RO, Duncan MJ, Eyre ELJ, Guimaraes-Ferreira L. Agreement between Force Platform and Smartphone Application-Derived Measures of Vertical Jump Height in Youth Grassroots Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:117. [PMID: 37368567 DOI: 10.3390/sports11060117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of vertical jump assessments as a performance benchmarking tool, the assessment of neuromuscular function and indicator of health status, accurate assessment is essential. This study compared countermovement jump (CMJ) height assessed using MyJump2 (JHMJ) to force-platform-derived jump height calculated from time in the air (JHTIA) and take-off velocity (JHTOV) in youth grassroots soccer players. Thirty participants (Age: 8.7 ± 0.42 yrs; 9 females) completed bilateral CMJs on force platforms whilst jump height was simultaneously evaluated using MyJump2. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Standard error of measurement (SEM), coefficient of variance (CV) and Bland-Altman analysis were used to compare performance of MyJump2 to force-platform-derived measures of CMJ height. The median jump height was 15.5 cm. Despite a high level of agreement between JHTIA and JHTOV (ICC = 0.955), CV (6.6%), mean bias (1.33 ± 1.62 cm) and 95% limits of agreement (LoA -1.85-4.51 cm) were greater than in other comparisons. JHMJ performed marginally better than JHTIA when compared to JHTOV (ICC = 0.971; 95% CI's = 0.956-0.981; SEM = 0.3 cm; CV = 5.7%; mean bias = 0.36 ± 1.61 cm; LoA = -3.52-2.80 cm). Irrespective of method, jump height did not differ between males and females (p > 0.381; r < 0.093), and the comparison between assessment tools was not affected by sex. Given low jump heights achieved in youth, JHTIA and JHMJ should be used with caution. JHTOV should be used to guarantee accuracy in the calculation of jump height.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tallis
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Rhys O Morris
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Emma L J Eyre
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Lucas Guimaraes-Ferreira
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tsoukos A, Bogdanis GC. Physiological Responses and Fatigue during a Repeated Shuttle-Sprint Running Test in Adolescent Schoolchildren: A Comparison between Sexes and Fatigue Calculation Methods. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1041. [PMID: 37371272 DOI: 10.3390/children10061041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined physiological responses and fatigue in adolescent boys and girls during a repeated shuttle-sprint running test in a school setting. We also compared three calculation methods to assess fatigue during repeated sprints: the fatigue index (FI), the percent sprint decrement (Sdec), and the slope of performance decrement (SlopeD). Twenty-six adolescent students (10 girls and 16 boys, age: 15.3 ± 0.5 y) performed six 30 m sprints with a 180° change of direction at 15 m, interspersed with 10 s of recovery. Blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR) and countermovement jump performance (CMJ) were measured before and after the sprint test. Boys achieved significantly faster sprint times (11.7% to 14.8% faster than girls in all sprints, p < 0.01), and had higher post-test BL compared with girls (14.0 ± 2.9 vs. 11.3 ± 3.2 mmol/L; p = 0.02; d = 0.93). However, all fatigue indices (FI, Sdec and SlopeD) were similar in boys and girls (FI = 11.5 ± 5.0 vs. 11.5 ± 5.0; SlopeD = 10.6 ± 4.8 vs. 14.5 ± 5.1; Sdec = 5.6 ± 2.2 vs. 7.3 ± 2.2, in boys and girls, respectively, p > 0.05 for all) and were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.86 to 0.97, p < 0.01). CMJ was higher in boys (p < 0.05), but CMJ performance dropped similarly from pre- to post-test in boys and girls (13.7 ± 7.0%, p < 0.01). In conclusion, neuromuscular fatigue during and after repeated shuttle-sprint running is similar in boys and girls, despite the faster sprint times, higher CMJ and higher BL in boys. SlopeD may be used as an alternative index to quantify fatigue during repeated shuttle-sprinting, as it takes into account performance in all sprints and may provide an average sprint-by-sprint performance drop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Warneke K, Wagner CM, Konrad A, Kadlubowski B, Sander A, Wirth K, Keiner M. The influence of age and sex on speed-strength performance in children between 10 and 14 years of age. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1092874. [PMID: 36895629 PMCID: PMC9989187 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1092874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Speed-strength performance is important during human movements such as jumping, sprinting, and change of direction (COD) tasks, which are a substantial part of sports practice. Sex and age seem to influence performance output in young persons; however, few studies have focused on the influence of sex and age measured via standard protocols of performance diagnostics. Method: Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of age and sex on linear sprint (LS), COD sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, squat-jump (SJ) height, and drop-jump (DJ) height performance in untrained children and adolescents via a cross-sectional analysis. This study comprised 141 untrained male and female participants 10-14 years of age. Results: The results showed the influence of age in male participants on speed-strength performance, while in female participants, age did not significantly influence performance parameters. Moderate to high correlations between sprint and jump performance (r = 0.69-0.72), sprint and COD sprint performance (r = 0.58-0.72), and jump and COD sprint performance (r = 0.56-0.58) were found. Discussion: Based on the data from this study, it appears that the growth phase of age 10-14 does not necessarily lead to improvements in athletic performance. To ensure holistic motor development, female subjects in particular should be provided with specific training interventions with a focus on strength and power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Carl Maximilian Wagner
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Björn Kadlubowski
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andre Sander
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hackett DA, He W, Fleeton JRM, Orr R, Sanders RH. Effects of Age and Sex on Aerobic Fitness, Sprint Performance, and Change of Direction Speed in High School Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 37:e325-e331. [PMID: 36227221 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hackett, DA, He, W, Fleeton, JRM, Orr, R, and Sanders, RH. Effects of age and sex on aerobic fitness, sprint performance, and change of direction speed in high school athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sex and age on aerobic fitness, sprinting performance, and change of direction speed (CODS) in high school athletes, with consideration for maturity. This cross-sectional study involved 2,132 adolescents (1,415 male and 717 female athletes) aged 12.0-15.9 years. Assessment of aerobic fitness using the 20-m multistage fitness test (20MSFT) and 20-m sprint and CODS using the 505 test was performed. For the analysis of data, subjects were separated into 4 age groups: U/13 years, U/14 years, U/15 years, and U/16 years. Estimated age at peak height velocity was a covariate in the data analysis to control for maturity status. Compared with female athletes, male athletes had superior performances at all age groups in 10-m sprint (p < 0.001, effect size [ES] = >-0.44), 20-m sprint (p < 0.001, ES = >-0.55), and 505 test (p < 0.001, ES = >-0.41). Female athletes performed better than male athletes in 20MSFT at U/13 (p < 0.01, ES = -0.22); however, male athletes had better performances at U/15 (p < 0.01, ES = 0.27) and U/16 (p < 0.001, ES = 0.67). At each consecutive age group, male athletes improve their performances in 20MSFT and sprints and at U/14 and U/16 in the 505 test (p < 0.001, ES > -0.37). Female athletes showed no improvement in the 20MSFT and 505 test between U/13-U/16 but showed improved sprint performance at U/15 compared with U/13 and at U/16 compared with U/14 (p < 0.05). This study shows that adolescent male athletes perform consistently better than female athletes in running-related field-based tests and display continuous improvements across age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackett
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; and
| | - Wu He
- School of Physical Education, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Jennifer R M Fleeton
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; and
| | - Rhonda Orr
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; and
| | - Ross H Sanders
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kirkeberg A, Roaas TV, Gundersen H, Dalen T. Relative Age Effect Among the Best Norwegian Track and Field Athletes of All Time: Comparisons of Explosive and Endurance Events. Front Psychol 2022; 13:858095. [PMID: 35903745 PMCID: PMC9315261 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.858095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of relative age effect (RAE) among the best Norwegian track and field athletes of all time, aged 13 years to senior, as well as to investigate the differences between athletes in events that impose different demands on their physical characteristics, categorised in endurance and explosiveness. The degree of RAE was investigated by examining the difference between the sample’s (N = 21,711) quarterly birth distribution and the quarterly distribution of birth of the Norwegian population as a whole from 1966 to 2019. To determine whether or not an RAE was present, chi-square tests (χ2) were conducted against an even distribution, with Cramer’s V (phi or ɸ) as a measure of effect size. The study’s results show a strong RAE in the two youngest age groups in both genders. RAE decreases with increasing age, but the effect is still present at the senior level in both men and women. Furthermore, the degree of RAE was strongest in explosive events in both boys (ɸ = 0.46) and girls (ɸ = 0.30), while in endurance events it was strong in boys (ɸ = 0.38) but not in girls (ɸ = 0.13). Prominent effect of RAE in the 13- and 14-year-old classes can be explained by the fact that in the youngest age groups impose the highest relative age difference. In addition, this is an age group where there are large differences in growth spurts, physical characteristics and training experience. Elimination of RAE with increasing age may be due to the fact that after puberty inherent physical advantages as a result of the month of birth are evened out. The prominent RAE in explosive events and in boys may be due to the fact that puberty and growth spurts make boys faster, stronger and larger, while puberty and growth spurts in girls are not always beneficial for girls in track and field events. The practical significance of the results relates to athletes developmental opportunities. Irrespective of whether young track and field athletes are relatively older or younger they should be met with patience and dedication from coaches. Superficial short-term categorization of young athletes potential do more harm than good.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kirkeberg
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Teacher Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
- *Correspondence: Alexander Kirkeberg,
| | - Truls Valland Roaas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Teacher Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Hilde Gundersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Terje Dalen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Teacher Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Duggan JD, Moody J, Byrne P, McGahan JH, Kirszenstein L. Considerations and Guidelines on Athletic Development for Youth Gaelic Athletic Association Players. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
12
|
Pullen BJ, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Knight CJ. Relationships between Athletic Motor Skill Competencies and Maturity, Sex, Physical Performance, and Psychological Constructs in Boys and Girls. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9030375. [PMID: 35327747 PMCID: PMC8947559 DOI: 10.3390/children9030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between athletic motor skill competencies (AMSC), maturation, sex, body mass index, physical performance, and psychological constructs (motivation to exercise, physical self-efficacy, and global self-esteem). Two-hundred and twenty-four children aged 11–13 years old were included in the study and sub-divided by sex. The athlete introductory movement screen (AIMS) and tuck jump assessment (TJA) were used to assess AMSC, while standing long jump distance assessed physical performance. Online surveys examined participants’ motivation to exercise, physical self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Trivial to moderate strength relationships were evident between AMSC and BMI (boys: rs = −0.183; girls: rs = −0.176), physical performance (boys: rs = 0.425; girls: rs = 0.397), and psychological constructs (boys: rs = 0.130–0.336; girls rs = 0.030–0.260), with the strength of relationships different between the sexes. Higher levels of AMSC were related to significantly higher levels of physical performance (d = 0.25), motivation to exercise (d = 0.17), and physical self-efficacy (d = 0.15–0.19) in both boys and girls. Enhancing AMSC may have mediating effects on levels of physical performance and psychological constructs in school-aged children, which may hold important implications for physical activity levels and the development of physical literacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Pullen
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XB, UK; (B.J.P.); (J.L.O.)
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XB, UK; (B.J.P.); (J.L.O.)
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales, Sophia Gardens, Cardiff CF11 9SW, UK;
- Sports Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XB, UK; (B.J.P.); (J.L.O.)
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales, Sophia Gardens, Cardiff CF11 9SW, UK;
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
| | - Camilla J. Knight
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales, Sophia Gardens, Cardiff CF11 9SW, UK;
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Average Game Physical Demands and the Most Demanding Scenarios of Basketball Competition in Various Age Groups. J Hum Kinet 2021; 79:165-174. [PMID: 34400996 PMCID: PMC8336539 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare average physical demands and the most demanding 60-s scenarios of basketball match-play between five different age groups. Sixty-four male basketball players from five different age groups were monitored across eight regular-season home games. Physical demands were examined using a local positioning system and included total distance covered, distance >18 km·h-1, the number of accelerations (≥2 m·s-2) and decelerations (≤-2 m·s-2). All four game performance variables increased significantly (58.4 - 639.2%) when calculated with rolling average techniques in comparison to average physical demand values. Furthermore, the current investigation found that while Under-12 presented the highest result in relative total distance covered (p < .001; effect size = 0.58-2.01), they also showed the lowest values in the most demanding scenarios of match play and small-to-moderate effect sizes compared with their older counterparts. Both average physical demands and the most demanding scenarios presented an increasing tendency with age when distance >18 km·h-1 in basketball players was assessed. More specifically, the Under-12 age group achieved the lowest values and showed significant differences with the other four teams in both game analysis techniques (p < .001; effect size = 0.53 - 1.32). In conclusion, average game demands are shown to remarkably underestimate the most demanding scenarios of basketball match-play, and there are multiple significant differences between particular age groups.
Collapse
|
14
|
Gioldasis A, Theodorou A, Bekris E, Katis A, Smirniotou A. Sprinting and dribbling differences in young soccer players: a kinematic approach. RESEARCH IN SPORTS MEDICINE (PRINT) 2021; 30:603-615. [PMID: 33993825 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1929220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sprinting and dribbling a ball are considered essential for success in team sports, such as soccer. The purpose of the present study was to examine straight line (SL) and changes of direction (COD) sprinting and dribbling abilities after a standing and a flying starting position. Twelve amateur U12 male soccer players participated in the study. The participants were tested in four different sprinting conditions. The first consisted of 15 m SL sprinting and dribbling test by standing position; the second consisted of 15 m SL sprinting and dribbling test by flying start. The third condition consisted of 15 m COD sprinting and dribbling test by standing position, and the fourth condition consisted of 15 m COD sprinting and dribbling test by flying start. T-tests analysis indicated significant differences between SL sprinting and dribbling sprinting tests (P < 0.05) and between standing and flying start positions (P < 0.05). Step frequency was higher for sprinting tests (P < 0.05). Moreover, the results showed that step length was longer when players had a standing position (P < 0.05). These findings emphasize the importance for trainers to add parts without ball, focused on the development of certain fitness and running components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis Gioldasis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Theodorou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Bekris
- Department of Games and Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Katis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences of Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Athanasia Smirniotou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tumkur Anil Kumar N, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Pedley JS, Radnor JM. The Influence of Growth, Maturation and Resistance Training on Muscle-Tendon and Neuromuscular Adaptations: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:59. [PMID: 34066778 PMCID: PMC8150311 DOI: 10.3390/sports9050059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the growth, maturation and resistance training-related changes in muscle-tendon and neuromuscular mechanisms in youth, and the subsequent effect on performance. Sprinting, jumping, kicking, and throwing are common movements in sport that have been shown to develop naturally with age, with improvements in performance being attributed to growth and maturity-related changes in neuromuscular mechanisms. These changes include moderate to very large increases in muscle physiological cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle volume and thickness, tendon CSA and stiffness, fascicle length, muscle activation, pre-activation, stretch reflex control accompanied by large reductions in electro-mechanical delay and co-contraction. Furthermore, a limited number of training studies examining neuromuscular changes following four to 20 weeks of resistance training have reported trivial to moderate differences in tendon stiffness, muscle CSA, muscle thickness, and motor unit activation accompanied by reductions in electromechanical delay (EMD) in pre-pubertal children. However, the interaction of maturity- and training-related neuromuscular adaptions remains unclear. An understanding of how different neuromuscular mechanisms adapt in response to growth, maturation and training is important in order to optimise training responsiveness in youth populations. Additionally, the impact that these muscle-tendon and neuromuscular changes have on force producing capabilities underpinning performance is unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nakul Tumkur Anil Kumar
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, 3200 Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jason S. Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - John M. Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martínez-Cabrera FI, Núñez-Sánchez FJ, Losada J, Otero-Esquina C, Sánchez H, De Hoyo M. Use of Individual Relative Thresholds to Assess Acceleration in Young Soccer Players According to Initial Speed. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1110-1118. [PMID: 30507732 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martínez-Cabrera, FI, Núñez-Sánchez, FJ, Losada, J, Otero-Esquina, C, Sánchez, H, and De Hoyo, M. Use of individual relative thresholds to assess acceleration in young soccer players according to initial speed. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1110-1118, 2021-The aims of the current study were (a) to analyze the characteristics of acceleration efforts using individual relative thresholds according to the initial speed during official matches in elite young soccer players according to player position and (b) to compare the differences between absolute and relative thresholds in assessing high-intensity acceleration. Player acceleration profiles were assessed using an individual relative threshold based on their acceleration capacity at different initial speeds (standing, 6, 10.8, and 15 km·h-1), and the number of accelerations (>75% of the maximal acceleration) performed during soccer matches was divided into 3 categories attending to the initial speed. (S1 = 0-7 km·h-1; S2 = 7.1-14 km·h-1; and S3 = ≥14.1 km·h-1). Within-group analyses showed that the number of accelerations performed in each category was higher when the effort started from a static or walking position than at moderate- or high-intensity running (S1 > S2 > S3; very likely to almost certain). Between-group analyses revealed substantial differences between some playing positions according to initial speed. In S1 and S3, central defenders had the lowest number of accelerations (likely to almost certain), whereas midfielders had the greatest number of high-intensity accelerations in S1 and S2. There were also substantial differences between the other playing positions (possibly to almost certain). Regarding relative and absolute thresholds (>3 m·s-2), the results showed that absolute threshold overestimated the number of high-intensity accelerations compared with the individual relative threshold in S1 and underestimated the results in S2 and S3 (almost certain). The use of an individual relative threshold to measure acceleration demands allows to distinguish between the numbers of accelerations in function of the initial speed and playing positions. In addition, the absolute acceleration threshold could overestimate or underestimate the acceleration demands in young soccer players as a function of the initial speed. Then, the absolute acceleration thresholds should be taken with caution in the assessment of acceleration activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose Losada
- CEDIFA, Andalusian Football Federation, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Hugo Sánchez
- Fitness Section, Sevilla Football Club, Seville, Spain; and
| | - Moisés De Hoyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Myburgh GK, Cumming SP, Coelho-E-Silva M, Malina RM. Developmental fitness curves: assessing sprint acceleration relative to age and maturity status in elite junior tennis players. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:336-345. [PMID: 32522032 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1781250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of maturity-status on athletic performance is reasonably well-documented. Methodological and practical issues of assessment and lack of longitudinal data have impacted the success of various models. AIM To develop age- and sex-specific developmental curves for sprint acceleration in elite youth tennis players and to address variation in performance relative to chronological and biological age. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Measures of acceleration were available for 3120 elite youth tennis players aged 8-15 years attending National and Regional Talent Identification days. Variation in acceleration by chronological and estimated biological ages was evaluated in corresponding data for an independent sample of elite youth players 8.9 to 15.1 years of age. RESULTS Acceleration varied as a function of chronological and biological age relative to developmental curves. Early maturing males and females had significantly poorer performances when acceleration was considered relative to biological age. Significant discrepancy in percentiles relative to biological versus chronological ages was also evident between early and late maturing players of each sex. CONCLUSION Evaluating performance relative to developmental curves and maturity status may be a practical means of monitoring long-term athlete development in tennis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian K Myburgh
- National Tennis Centre, Lawn Tennis Association, London, UK.,Sport, Health and Exercises Science Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Sport, Health and Exercises Science Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Manuel Coelho-E-Silva
- Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Myburgh GK, Pfeifer CE, Hecht CJ. Warm-ups for Youth Athletes: Making the First 15-Minutes Count. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
19
|
Lovecchio N, Giuriato M, Carnevale Pellino V, Valarani F, Codella R, Vandoni M. Italian Physical Fitness Decline: A True Fact or a Mindset? A 10-Year Observational Perspective Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8008. [PMID: 33143298 PMCID: PMC7663718 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence regarding a putative physical fitness decline remains less well documented for Italian children and adolescents. An update review of data collection articles was undertaken concerning motor performances (power, strength, speed-agility and indirect cardiorespiratory fitness) of children and adolescents worldwide and compared with 2859 11-12-year-old Italian students of both sexes, throughout a ten-year observational period. Lower limb explosive strength (standing broad jump), flexibility (sit-and-reach), endurance (Cooper) and speed (SP-30) performances of sixth grade Italian students showed nearly stable trends, with no differences during the observed decade, in both sexes. This 10-year perspective study confirmed that Italian physical fitness levels flatlined rather than actually declined. According to these study data, the decline in physical fitness of the Italian youth is ostensible and needs a further in-depth analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lovecchio
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.C.P.); (M.V.)
- Department of Human and Social Science, University of Bergamo, 24100 Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Matteo Giuriato
- Department of Human Science, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, Università of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy
- Department of Physical Education, Gdańsk Academy of Physical Education and Sport, 80-001 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Vittoria Carnevale Pellino
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.C.P.); (M.V.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Tor Vergata, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Valarani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.V.); (R.C.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Vandoni
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.C.P.); (M.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired isometric muscle strength was previously reported in adults with Fontan circulation. However, it is unclear if this impairment is present in children and adolescents with Fontan circulation. We investigated isometric muscle strength of the lower limb in patients (6-18 years) with Fontan circulation in comparison with healthy controls. METHOD In this cross-sectional study, 43 patients (6-18 years) with Fontan circulation and 43 age- and sex-matched controls were included. Isometric knee extension and plantar flexion muscle strength were assessed using dynamometry (Newton, N). Lean mass of the legs was assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Analyses were performed on group level (n = 43), and for subgroups that included children aged 6-12 years (n = 18) and adolescents aged 13-18 years (n = 25). RESULTS On group level, the patients with Fontan circulation had impaired isometric knee extension strength in comparison with the controls (p = 0.03). In subgroup analyses, impaired isometric knee extension strength was present in the adolescents (p = 0.009) but not in the children groups. For plantar flexion, there was no difference between patients and controls. There was no difference in lean mass between patients and controls (9.6 ± 4.3 kg vs. 10.8 ± 5.6 kg, p = 0.31). However, the lean mass was highly correlated to isometric knee extension strength (patients r = 0.89, controls r = 0.96, p < 0.001) and isometric plantar flexion strength (patients r = 0.7, controls r = 0.81, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The finding of impaired isometric knee extension muscle strength in adolescents (13-18 years) with Fontan circulation and no corresponding impairment in the children group (6-12 years) could imply that isometric muscle strength gets more impaired with age.
Collapse
|
21
|
Karagianni K, Donti O, Katsikas C, Bogdanis GC. Effects of Supplementary Strength-Power Training on Neuromuscular Performance in Young Female Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8080104. [PMID: 32722084 PMCID: PMC7466675 DOI: 10.3390/sports8080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a short-duration supplementary strength–power training program on neuromuscular performance and sport-specific skills in adolescent athletes. Twenty-three female “Gymnastics for All” athletes, aged 13 ± 2 years, were divided into a training group (TG, n = 12) and a control group (CG, n = 11). Both groups underwent a test battery before and after 10 weeks of intervention. TG completed, in addition to gymnastics training, a supplementary 7–9 min program that included two rounds of strength and power exercises for arms, torso, and legs, executed in a circuit fashion with 1 min rest between rounds, three times per week. Initially, six exercises were performed (15 s work–15 s rest), while the number of exercises was decreased to four and the duration of each exercise was increased to 30 s (30 s rest) after the fifth week. TG improved countermovement jump performance with one leg (11.5% ± 10.4%, p = 0.002) and two legs (8.2% ± 8.8%, p = 0.004), drop jump performance (14.4% ± 12.6%, p = 0.038), single-leg jumping agility (13.6% ± 5.2%, p = 0.001), and sport-specific performance (8.8% ± 7.4%, p = 0.004), but not 10 m sprint performance (2.4% ± 6.6%, p = 0.709). No change was observed in the CG (p = 0.41 to 0.97). The results of this study indicated that this supplementary strength–power program performed for 7–9 min improves neuromuscular and sport-specific performance after 10 weeks of training.
Collapse
|
22
|
Darbellay J, Meylan CMP, Malatesta D. Monitoring Matches and Small-sided Games in Elite Young Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:832-838. [PMID: 32590845 DOI: 10.1055/a-1165-1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the distances at various intensity in matches and small-sided games in elite-young soccer players using the metabolic power approach and running speed methods through fixed and individual speed zones. The second aim was to investigate the difference in high intensity external workload (% of total distances covered > 16 km/h or > 20 W/kg) between matches and small-sided games. Global positioning system data from 14 elite-youth players were analyzed during 13 matches and two types of small sided-games. Five intensity zones were used to compare the running distances between the metabolic power approach and the classic performance analysis. Metabolic power recorded more distances covered at high intensity than the running speed methods for every playing situations, except for the zone 5 of fixed speed (> 19 km/h) in matches (P<0.05). Smaller differences of external workload at high intensity were found when using the metabolic power approach compared to the traditional performance analysis. Our results highlight that the traditional analysis underestimates the athlete's high intensity efforts. The metabolic power approach seems more relevant to monitor matches and training situations but also to compare matches to small-sided games in elite-young soccer players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Darbellay
- Sciences du Sport, Université de Lausanne, Faculté des Sciences Sociales et Politiques, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - César Marius Philippe Meylan
- Exercise Physiology, Canadian Sports Institute Pacific, Vancouver, Canada.,Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Colyer SL, Nagahara R, Takai Y, Salo AIT. The effect of biological maturity status on ground reaction force production during sprinting. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1387-1397. [PMID: 32285541 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sprint ability develops nonlinearly across childhood and adolescence. However, the underpinning ground reaction force (GRF) production is not fully understood. This study aimed to uncover the kinetic factors that explain these maturation-related sprint performance differences in Japanese boys and girls. A total of 153 untrained schoolchildren (80 boys, 73 girls) performed two 50-m maximal effort sprints over a 52-force-platform system embedded in an indoor track. Maturity offset (years from peak height velocity; PHV) was estimated using anthropometric data and used to categorise the children into six-year-long maturation groups (from group 1 [5.5-4.5 years before PHV] to group 6 [0.5 years before to 0.5 years after PHV). Maximum and mean step-averaged velocities across 26 steps were compared across consecutive maturation groups, with further GRF analysis (means and waveforms [statistical parametric mapping]) performed when velocity differences were observed. For boys, higher maximum velocities (effect size ± 90% CI = 1.63 ± 0.69) were observed in maturation group 2 (4.5-3.5 years before PHV) compared to group 1 (5.5-4.5 years before PHV), primarily attributable to higher antero-posterior GRFs across shorter ground contacts. Maximum velocities increased from maturation group 4 (2.5-1.5 years before PHV) to group 5 (1.5-0.5 years before PHV) in the girls (effect size ± 90% CI = 1.00 ± 0.78), due to longer ground contacts rather than higher GRFs per se. Waveform analyses revealed more effective reversal of braking forces and higher propulsive forces (e.g. 14%-77% of stance 4), particularly for comparisons involving boys, which suggested potentially enhanced stretch-shortening ability. Youth sport practitioners should consider these maturation-specific alterations when evaluating young athletes' sprint abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffi L Colyer
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,CAMERA - Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yohei Takai
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Aki I T Salo
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,CAMERA - Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,KIHU Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Milanese C, Sandri M, Cavedon V, Zancanaro C. The role of age, sex, anthropometry, and body composition as determinants of physical fitness in nonobese children aged 6-12. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8657. [PMID: 32211229 PMCID: PMC7083165 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The determinants of physical fitness in children have been given limited attention. In particular, the relative role of chronological age, sex, anthropometry, and body composition in physical fitness of children has been barely investigated. This cross-sectional study investigated determinants of physical fitness using a set of predictive variables including, in addition to chronological age and sex, a large panel of anthropometric measurements as well as body composition. The study was carried out in a convenience sample of children aged 6–12 participating in a summer camp. Methods One-hundred-ninety-three children (128 males) fulfilled all requirements and entered analysis. Health-related physical fitness components (speed, muscular power and balance) were explored by means of field tests, namely the 30-m dash test for running speed, the standing long jump and the seated chest pass test for lower limbs and upper body muscular power, respectively, and the flamingo balance test for static balance. Determinants of physical fitness were investigated by regression analysis using chronological age, sex, anthropometry, and body composition in a hierarchical approach. To minimize the expected effect of collinearity in predictor variables, an original statistical approach using Random Forests analysis was adopted. Results Age predicted 45.2%, 43.6%, 35.6% and 25.6%; and sex 9.5%, 10.7%, 6.3% and 2.0% of variance in the 30-m dash, seated chest pass, standing long jump, and flamingo balance test, respectively. Anthropometry and body composition explained a limited or no percentage of variance. The adjusted R2 (root mean square error) was 0.61 (0.31 s), 0.45 (0.32 m), 0.58 (0.15 m) and 0.41 (0.75 logs) for the 30-m dash, seated chest pass, standing long jump, and flamingo balance test, respectively making these models useful when physical fitness tests are not feasible. Conclusions We highlighted the respective role of chronological age, sex, anthropometry, and body composition in physical fitness of children in the wide age range 6–12 years. Data confirm and expand on previous literature by showing with a strictly conservative statistical approach that chronological age is a main determinant of physical fitness of both boys and girls, sex playing a limited role. The role of anthropometry was even less important, and no role was found for body composition. These findings should be considered when planning/implementing motor development or physical education programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Milanese
- Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Cavedon
- Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Zancanaro
- Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Comparing the External Loads Encountered during Competition between Elite, Junior Male and Female Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041456. [PMID: 32102463 PMCID: PMC7068509 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare external loads (EL) between elite, junior, male and female basketball players. Male (n = 25) and female players (n = 48) were monitored during 11 competitive matches (3 matches per team). EL was measured using local positioning system and microsensor technology to determine total, high-intensity (14–21 km·h−1), and sprint (>21 km·h−1) distance (m) covered, total (n) and relative (n·min−1) accelerations and decelerations, ratio of accelerations:decelerations, and total (arbitrary units [AU]) and relative (AU·min−1) player load. EL was compared between sexes overall and according to each playing position (guards, forwards, and centers). Males covered larger (p < 0.05) high-intensity and sprint distances, and completed more (p < 0.05) decelerations than females; while female players experienced a greater (p < 0.05) ratio of accelerations:decelerations. Greater decelerations (p < 0.05) were observed for males in the guard position compared to females, while more (p < 0.05) accelerations·min−1 were apparent for females in the forward position compared to males. The current findings indicate differences in EL, particularly the high-intensity and acceleratory demands, exist between elite, junior, male and female basketball players during competition and are affected by playing position. These outcomes can be used in developing sex- and position-specific training plans, and in turn improving the physical preparedness of junior basketball players for competition demands at the elite level.
Collapse
|
26
|
Cassirame J, Sanchez H, Exell TA, Panoutsakopoulos V, Theodorou AS, Homo S, Frère J. Differences in approach run kinematics: successful vs. unsuccessful jumps in the pole vault. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1657655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Cassirame
- EA 4660 “Sport Culture et société” & Exercise, Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besancon, France
- EA 7507, Laboratoire Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société, Reims, France
| | - H. Sanchez
- FIR Division, FFA – Athlétics French Federation, Paris, France
| | - T. A Exell
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - V. Panoutsakopoulos
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A. S. Theodorou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S. Homo
- FIR Division, FFA – Athlétics French Federation, Paris, France
| | - J. Frère
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory «Développement, Adaptation et Handicap», Université de Lorraine, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sled-Pull Load-Velocity Profiling and Implications for Sprint Training Prescription in Young Male Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050119. [PMID: 31137511 PMCID: PMC6572326 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of individual load–velocity profiles and the between-athlete variation using the decrement in maximal velocity (Vdec) approach to prescribe training loads in resisted sled pulling in young athletes. Seventy high school, team sport, male athletes (age 16.7 ± 0.8 years) were recruited for the study. All participants performed one un-resisted and four resisted sled-pull sprints with incremental resistance of 20% BM. Maximal velocity was measured with a radar gun during each sprint and the load–velocity relationship established for each participant. A subset of 15 participants was used to examine the reliability of sled pulling on three separate occasions. For all individual participants, the load–velocity relationship was highly linear (r > 0.95). The slope of the load–velocity relationship was found to be reliable (coefficient of variation (CV) = 3.1%), with the loads that caused a decrement in velocity of 10, 25, 50, and 75% also found to be reliable (CVs = <5%). However, there was a large between-participant variation (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) in the load that caused a given Vdec, with loads of 14–21% body mass (% BM) causing a Vdec of 10%, 36–53% BM causing a Vdec of 25%, 71–107% BM causing a Vdec of 50%, and 107–160% BM causing a Vdec of 75%. The Vdec method can be reliably used to prescribe sled-pulling loads in young athletes, but practitioners should be aware that the load required to cause a given Vdec is highly individualized.
Collapse
|
28
|
Wright MD, Atkinson G. Changes in Sprint-Related Outcomes During a Period of Systematic Training in a Girls' Soccer Academy. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:793-800. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Borges PH, Costa JC, Silva LF, Gouvêa MA, Ronque ER. Relationship between body size variables and performance in repeated sprints test in young soccer players. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-182160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H. Borges
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise, Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Julio C. Costa
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise, Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Luiz F.R. Silva
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise, Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marcio A. Gouvêa
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise, Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Enio R.V. Ronque
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise, Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
James RS, Thake CD, Birch SL. Relationships Between Measures of Physical Fitness Change When Age-Dependent Bias is Removed in a Group of Young Male Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:2100-2109. [PMID: 27379955 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
James, RS, Thake, CD, and Birch, SL. Relationships between measures of physical fitness change when age-dependent bias is removed in a group of young male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 31(8): 2100-2109, 2017-Age-dependent bias is a key issue within talent identification of children, particularly when measures of physical fitness are used. Coaches in sport would benefit from a relatively straightforward method to remove age-dependent bias, enabling identification of children who are relatively high performers for their age. This study aimed to determine whether removal of age effects caused changes in the relationships between physical performance and anthropometric measures commonly used in talent identification and development systems. Sixty male soccer players, aged 11-17 years, underwent measures of anthropometry, muscular power, strength, sprint speed, and agility. Most absolute measures of performance were significantly correlated with each other, and all performance measures were significantly correlated with age. Age residuals were calculated, for all variables, to determine which players performed relatively well for their age and to investigate age-independent relationships between variables. In general, players with relatively fast sprint performance for their age were taller and had relatively high performance in jump power output and grip strength for their age (r > 0.25 and p < 0.025 in each case). Absolute sprint performance PC1 was significantly correlated with absolute agility performance PC1 (r = 0.473, p < 0.001). However, there was no significant relationship between age-independent measures of agility and any other measures. Usage of age residuals highlights performers that have relatively high physical fitness for their age. Such analyses may assist the talent identification and development processes as long as differential rates of physical development between players are also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob S James
- Research Center for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Haycraft JAZ, Kovalchik S, Pyne DB, Robertson S. Physical characteristics of players within the Australian Football League participation pathways: a systematic review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:46. [PMID: 29260420 PMCID: PMC5736505 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Australian football (AF) players require endurance, strength, speed, and agility to be successful. Tests assessing physical characteristics are commonly used for talent identification; however, their ability to differentiate between players across the Australian Football League’s (AFL) participation pathway remains unclear. The objective of this review was to quantify the physical characteristics of male AF players across the AFL participation pathway. Methods A search of databases was undertaken. Studies examining tests of physical performance were included, with 27 meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Study appraisal was conducted using a checklist of selection criteria. Results The 20-m sprint time was the most reported test, followed by vertical jump (VJ), AFL planned agility, and 20-m multi-stage fitness test (MSFT). The fastest times for 20-m sprint were for Elite AFL players (range 2.94–3.13 s), with local-level players the slowest (3.22–4.06 s). State Junior Under (U) 18s (58–66 cm) had higher jumps than senior players, with the lowest jumps reported for Local U10s (mean 31 cm). No elite-level data were reported for the AFL planned agility or 20-m MSFT. AFL planned agility times were only reported for talent pathway levels, with large performance variability evident across all levels (8.17–9.12 s). Only mean 20-m MSFT scores were reported from Local U10s to National Draft Camp (6.10–13.50 shuttles). Conclusions Talent pathway players exhibit similar mean test scores irrespective of the physical test, with the exception of 20-m sprint and VJ. Physical tests can discriminate between local participation level players but are less useful within the AFL talent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade A Z Haycraft
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
| | - Stephanie Kovalchik
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - David B Pyne
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rossi J, Slotala R, Samozino P, Morin JB, Edouard P. Sprint acceleration mechanics changes from children to adolescent. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2017; 20:181-182. [PMID: 29088592 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1382922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Rossi
- a University of Lyon, Université Jean Monnet , Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - R Slotala
- a University of Lyon, Université Jean Monnet , Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - P Samozino
- b Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology , Université Savoie Mont Blanc , Le Bourget du Lac , France
| | - J B Morin
- c LAMHESS , Université Côte d'Azur , Nice , France
| | - P Edouard
- a University of Lyon, Université Jean Monnet , Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology , Saint-Etienne , France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Debaere S, Vanwanseele B, Delecluse C, Aerenhouts D, Hagman F, Jonkers I. Joint power generation differentiates young and adult sprinters during the transition from block start into acceleration: a cross-sectional study. Sports Biomech 2017; 16:452-462. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1234639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Debaere
- Department of Kinesiology, Research unit of Physical Activity, Sports and Health group, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Department of Kinesiology, Research unit of Human Movement Biomechanics, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Christophe Delecluse
- Department of Kinesiology, Research unit of Physical Activity, Sports and Health group, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Dirk Aerenhouts
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Friso Hagman
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Jonkers
- Department of Kinesiology, Research unit of Human Movement Biomechanics, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Atkins SJ, Bentley I, Hurst HT, Sinclair JK, Hesketh C. The Presence of Bilateral Imbalance of the Lower Limbs in Elite Youth Soccer Players of Different Ages. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1007-13. [PMID: 23698076 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182987044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine bilateral differences in ground reaction forces (GRF), measured during a deep squat (DS) exercise, in a population of elite youth soccer players. Bilateral muscle balance is a key component in promoting musculoskeletal health of performers, yet there is a limited evidence base investigating such imbalances in youth. Seventy-four subjects were assigned to performance groups according to chronological age (younger than 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 years). Analysis of physical maturity status revealed that very few players were classified as "early" or "late" maturers. Players completed an overhead DS exercise, as part of preseason functional movement screening. Peak GRF were assessed using a twin force plate system. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were identified between right and left side peak GRF for all groups except the youngest (U13) and oldest (U17). Nondominant "sides" showed the highest levels of PGRF across all groups. The magnitude of PGRF was not significantly different both within and between groups, except for the left side in the U13 to U15 groups (p = 0.04). Results from this study show that performance asymmetry is marked in adolescence. There seems a "trigger point" during the early stage of adolescence, when bilateral imbalances become marked. These differences do seem to reduce during the later stages of adolescence. Correct attention to focussed training, designed to remediate any imbalance, is warranted in adolescent groups. This is important with respect of the key associations between bilateral asymmetry and risk of injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Atkins
- Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, England, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Krabak BJ, Snitily B, Milani CJE. Understanding and Treating Running Injuries in the Youth Athlete. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-016-0122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
36
|
Peñailillo L, Espíldora F, Jannas-Vela S, Mujika I, Zbinden-Foncea H. Muscle Strength and Speed Performance in Youth Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2016; 50:203-210. [PMID: 28149358 PMCID: PMC5260655 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationship between maximum leg extension strength and sprinting performance in youth elite male soccer players. Sixty-three youth players (12.5 ± 1.3 years) performed 5 m, flying 15 m and 20 m sprint tests and a zigzag agility test on a grass field using timing gates. Two days later, subjects performed a one-repetition maximum leg extension test (79.3 ± 26.9 kg). Weak to strong correlations were found between leg extension strength and the time to perform 5 m (r = -0.39, p = 0.001), flying 15 m (r = -0.72, p < 0.001) and 20 m (r = -0.67, p < 0.001) sprints; between body mass and 5 m (r = -0.43, p < 0.001), flying 15 m (r = -0.75, p < 0.001), 20 m (r = -0.65, p < 0.001) sprints and agility (r =-0.29, p < 0.001); and between height and 5 m (r = -0.33, p < 0.01) and flying 15 m (r = -0.74, p < 0.001) sprints. Our results show that leg muscle strength and anthropometric variables strongly correlate with sprinting ability. This suggests that anthropometric characteristics should be considered to compare among youth players, and that youth players should undergo strength training to improve running speed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Peñailillo
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Espíldora
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Jannas-Vela
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country
| | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Differentiating technical skill and motor abilities in selected and non-selected 3-5 year old team-sports players. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 47:81-87. [PMID: 26904973 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the difference in 22 3-5year old boys selected to an advanced or non-advanced group on an English community-based professional club training program. Time to complete 15m linear sprint and 15m zig-zag agility tests, with and without a ball, were used to assess the children's technical skill and motor ability. Age and body mass of both groups were the same, whereas height was greater and BMI was lower in the selected group (p<0.01). Linear sprint times without and with the ball were 3.98±0.35 and 4.44±0.36s, respectively for the selected and corresponding times were 4.64±1.04 and 11.2±5.37s for the non-selected (p<0.01, ES 0.8, 1.8). Similar results were found when a change of movement was included, both with and without the ball. A model of selection indicated that performance in an agility test with the ball and height had the greatest discriminatory power and explained 95.5% of between group variance. Selected players performed significantly better in tests when ball control was required. These findings suggest that technical proficiency and physical differences may influence team selection in three to five year old children.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wright MD, Hurst C, Taylor JM. Contrasting effects of a mixed-methods high-intensity interval training intervention in girl football players. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:1808-15. [PMID: 26881963 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1139163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the responses of girl athletes to training interventions throughout maturation. This study evaluated group and individual responses to an 8-week, mixed-methods, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programme in girl football players. Thirty-seven players (age 13.4 ± 1.5 years) were tested for 20-m speed, repeated-sprint ability, change-of-direction speed and level 1 yo-yo intermittent recovery (YYIR). Players were subcategorised into before-, at- and after-PHV (peak height velocity) based on maturity offset. Very likely moderate (25%; ±90% confidence limits = 9.2) improvements occurred in YYIR, but data were unclear in players before-PHV with moderate individual differences in response. Decrements in repeated-sprint ability were most likely very large (6.5%; ±3.2) before-PHV, and likely moderate (1.7%; ±1.0) at-PHV. Data were unclear after-PHV. A very likely moderate (2.7%; ±1.0) decrement occurred in change-of-direction speed at-PHV while there was a very likely increase (-2.4%; ±1.3) in after-PHV players. Possibly small (-1.1%; ±1.4) improvements in 20-m speed occurred before-PHV but the effect was otherwise unclear with moderate to large individual differences. These data reflect specific responses to training interventions in girls of different biological maturity, while highlighting individual responses to HIIT interventions. This can assist practitioners in providing effective training prescription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Wright
- a Sport and Wellbeing, Department of Student Services , Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| | - Christopher Hurst
- b Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Social Sciences and Law , Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| | - Jonathan M Taylor
- b Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Social Sciences and Law , Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mathisen G, Pettersen SA. Anthropometric factors related to sprint and agility performance in young male soccer players. Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:337-42. [PMID: 26604842 PMCID: PMC4640228 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s91689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between anthropometrics and sprint and agility performance and describe the development of sprint (acceleration) and agility performance in 10- to 16-year-old male soccer players. Methods One hundred and thirty-two participants were divided into three age groups, 10–12 years (mean 10.8±0.50), 13–14 years (mean 13.9±0.50), and 15–16 years (mean 15.5±0.24), with assessment of 20 m sprint with 10 m split time and agility performance related to body height and body mass within groups. Results In the 10- to 12-year-olds, there were no significant correlations between height, weight, and the performance variables, except for body mass, which was correlated to 10–20 m sprint (r=0.30). In the 13- to 14-year-olds, body height was significantly correlated with 10 m sprint (r=0.50) and 20 m sprint (r=0.52), as well as 10–20 m sprint (r=0.50) and agility performance (r=0.28). In the 15- to 16-year-old group, body height was correlated to 20 m (r=0.38) and 10–20 m (r=0.45) sprint. Body mass was significantly correlated to 10 m spring (r=0.35) in the 13- to 14-year-olds, as well as 20 m (r=0.33) and 10–20 m (r=0.35) sprint in the 15- to 16-year-olds. Conclusion Height and body mass were significantly correlated with sprint performance in 13- to 16-year-old male soccer players. However, the 10- to 12-year-olds showed no significant relationship between sprint performance and anthropometrics, except for a small correlation in 10–20 m sprint. This may be attributed to maturation, with large differences in body height and body mass due to different patterns in the growth spurt. The agility performance related to anthropometrics was insignificant apart from a moderate correlation in the 13- to 14-year-olds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Mathisen
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Masci I, Vannozzi G, Bergamini E, Pesce C, Getchell N, Cappozzo A. Assessing locomotor skills development in childhood using wearable inertial sensor devices: the running paradigm. Gait Posture 2013; 37:570-4. [PMID: 23067877 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective quantitative evaluation of motor skill development is of increasing importance to carefully drive physical exercise programs in childhood. Running is a fundamental motor skill humans adopt to accomplish locomotion, which is linked to physical activity levels, although the assessment is traditionally carried out using qualitative evaluation tests. The present study aimed at investigating the feasibility of using inertial sensors to quantify developmental differences in the running pattern of young children. Qualitative and quantitative assessment tools were adopted to identify a skill-sensitive set of biomechanical parameters for running and to further our understanding of the factors that determine progression to skilled running performance. Running performances of 54 children between the ages of 2 and 12 years were submitted to both qualitative and quantitative analysis, the former using sequences of developmental level, the latter estimating temporal and kinematic parameters from inertial sensor measurements. Discriminant analysis with running developmental level as dependent variable allowed to identify a set of temporal and kinematic parameters, within those obtained with the sensor, that best classified children into the qualitative developmental levels (accuracy higher than 67%). Multivariate analysis of variance with the quantitative parameters as dependent variables allowed to identify whether and which specific parameters or parameter subsets were differentially sensitive to specific transitions between contiguous developmental levels. The findings showed that different sets of temporal and kinematic parameters are able to tap all steps of the transitional process in running skill described through qualitative observation and can be prospectively used for applied diagnostic and sport training purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Masci
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dawes J, Lentz D. Methods of Developing Power to Improve Acceleration for the Non-Track Athlete. Strength Cond J 2012. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e31827529e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
43
|
Mendez-Villanueva A, Buchheit M, Kuitunen S, Douglas A, Peltola E, Bourdon P. Age-related differences in acceleration, maximum running speed, and repeated-sprint performance in young soccer players. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:477-84. [PMID: 21225488 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.536248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated age-related differences in the relationships among acceleration, maximum running speed, and repeated-sprint performance in 61 highly trained young male soccer players (Under 14, n = 14; Under 16, n = 22; Under 18, n = 25). We also examined the possible influence of anthropometry (stature, body mass, fat-free mass) and biological maturation (age at peak height velocity) on performance in those three sprint-running qualities. Players were tested for 10-m sprint (acceleration), flying 20-m sprint (maximum running speed), and 10 × 30-m sprint (repeated-sprint performance) times. Correlations between acceleration, maximum running speed, and repeated-sprint performance were positive and large to almost perfect (r = 0.55-0.96), irrespective of age group. There were age-based differences both in absolute performance in the three sprint-running qualities (Under 18 > Under 16 > Under 14; P < 0.001) and when body mass and fat-free mass were statistically controlled (P < 0.05). In contrast, all between-group differences disappeared after adjustment for age at peak height velocity (P > 0.05). The large correlations among acceleration, maximum running speed, and repeated-sprint performance in all age groups, as well as the disappearance of between-group differences when adjusted for estimated biological maturity, suggest that these physical qualities in young highly trained soccer players might be considered as a general quality, which is likely to be related to qualitative adaptations that accompany maturation.
Collapse
|