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Boals A, Glidewell SD. Encouraging inflated reports of posttraumatic growth: the presence of a wording effect on self-reports of posttraumatic growth. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023; 36:757-769. [PMID: 36691360 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2169678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Posttraumatic growth (PTG) refers to positive psychological changes that result from a traumatic experience. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and the Stress-Related Growth Scale (SRGS) are the two most commonly used measures of PTG. One criticism of these measures is that all their items are positively worded (for example, "I have a greater feeling of self-reliance"). DESIGN AND METHODS In the current paper, we conducted two studies that examined a possible wording effect in these two measures. RESULTS In Study 1, we found that positively worded items on the PTGI are positively correlated with the negatively worded version of the same items. Additionally, the positively and negatively worded versions of these items formed two separate factors, further suggesting a wording effect. In Study 2, we conducted an experimental design by comparing self-reports of PTG when randomly assigned to complete either positively- or neutrally worded versions of the items. We found that participants reported 27% less PTG when given neutrally worded items. CONCLUSIONS The combined results strongly suggest a wording effect that encourages overreporting of self-reports of PTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriel Boals
- Dept. of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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2
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Park CL, Wilt JA, Russell BS, Fendrich M. Does perceived post-traumatic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic reflect actual positive changes? ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023; 36:661-673. [PMID: 36592338 PMCID: PMC10314967 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2022.2157821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES People commonly report positive changes following stressful experiences (perceived posttraumatic growth; PPTG), yet whether PPTG validly reflects positive changes remains unestablished. DESIGN AND METHODS We tested the extent to which COVID-19 pandemic-related PPTG relates to positive changes in corresponding psychosocial resources in a national US sample participating in a five wave study (T1-T5), focusing here on T2-T5: ns = 712-860. We examined correlations between resource change (both latent and observed difference scores) and PPTG at each occasion and conducted structural equation models to separate occasion-specific and stable (traitlike) PPTG variance. We related changes in resources to occasion-specific and stable PPTG components. RESULTS Associations between change scores and occasion-specific PPTG were sparse, providing limited evidence of PPTG validity. Associations between change scores and stable PPTG tended to be positive and stronger than associations for occasion-specific PPTG. DISCUSSION Perceptions of growth were largely unrelated to experienced positive changes and thus appear to be largely illusory. However, a personality-like tendency to believe one grows from stressful experiences relates more strongly to actual resource growth. These results suggest that people are not accurate reporters of positive changes they experience and that interventions aimed at promoting post-traumatic growth may be premature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Joshua A Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Beth S Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Michael Fendrich
- School of Social Work, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA
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3
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Boals A. Illusory posttraumatic growth is common, but genuine posttraumatic growth is rare: A critical review and suggestions for a path forward. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 103:102301. [PMID: 37331153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 2.5 decades, trauma researchers have increasingly become interested in posttraumatic growth (PTG) - the concept that some people experience growth as a result of trauma exposure. I begin by reviewing extant research on PTG, with a focus on measurement and conceptual issues. Expanding on arguments made by others, I distinguish between three forms of PTG, 1) perceived PTG, which is an individual's beliefs about their own PTG, 2) genuine PTG, which is veridical growth following adversity, and 3) illusory PTG, which is motivated fabrications of PTG. Perceived PTG is extremely common, as over half of individuals exposed to a potentially traumatic event (PTE) report moderate or greater levels of PTG. I review evidence that most self-reports of PTG are greatly exaggerated and argue that perceived PTG is mostly illusory PTG. I propose five reasons for the disconnect between perceived PTG and genuine PTG, including design flaws in the current measurements, emotional biases that favor perceived PTG, the inherent appeal of PTG, cultural expectations, and problems of definition. I then review the empirical evidence concerning the prevalence rate of genuine PTG, coming to the bold conclusion that the occurrence of genuine PTG is very rare, contradicting current fundamental beliefs about PTG. I recommend researchers focus on the key areas of measurement and etiology of genuine PTG, which are necessary to create interventions that foster genuine PTG. I conclude by outlining a path to steer the scientific progression of PTG back in the right direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriel Boals
- University of North Texas, United States of America.
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4
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Boals A, Griffith EL, Park CL. Can respondents accurately self-report posttraumatic growth when coached through the required cognitive steps? ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023; 36:184-198. [PMID: 35266842 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2022.2047949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coyne and Tennen [(2010). Positive psychology in cancer care: Bad science, exaggerated claims, and unproven medicine. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 39(1), 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9154-z] argue that completing self-reports of posttraumatic growth (PTG) requires four complicated cognitive steps. DESIGN We conducted two experiments designed to (1) use mental chronometry (i.e., reaction times on cognitive tasks) to test whether respondents engage in multiple cognitive steps when completing self-reports of PTG, and (2) determine whether coaching participants to take these steps results in a more valid assessment. METHOD In Experiment 1, 310 undergraduates were randomly assigned to complete either the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) or Stress-Related Growth Scale (SRGS), and its corresponding current version that requires only one cognitive step. In Experiment 2, 306 undergraduates were randomly assigned to complete either a guided-steps version of the SRGS or the original SRGS. RESULTS Experiment 1 indicated a very small difference in completion time for the PTGI, but not the SRGS, in comparison to the current versions, suggesting respondents do not engage in the four required cognitive steps. In Experiment 2, participants reported less PTG when coached to go through the four cognitive steps, but the resulting scores were generally unrelated to measures of convergent and predictive validity. CONCLUSION We conclude that individuals cannot accurately report PTG, even when explicitly coached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriel Boals
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | | | - Crystal L Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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5
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Blackie LER, Hudson NW. Trauma Exposure and
Short‐Term
Volitional Personality Trait Change. J Pers 2022; 91:583-600. [PMID: 35959550 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research into post-traumatic growth (PTG) finds individuals report positive changes in their identity, relationships, and worldviews after trauma. In a pre-registered 16-week longitudinal study, we examined trait change after recent trauma exposure to test an operationalization of PTG as positive personality change. We examined the influence of intrapersonal and social factors including motivation to change traits, perceived social support, and event centrality. METHOD Participants (n = 1004) reported on trauma exposure in past 1-month, centrality of each traumatic event, and social support. Participants with trauma exposure (n = 146) and a matched control group reported on their traits in 8 waves at 2-week intervals, and motivation to change traits in 3 waves. RESULTS Although some trait change was observed, it was not consistent with PTG. We found agreeableness declined in the trauma relative to the control group among participants who did not want to change in this trait. Conscientiousness declined for individuals with highly central traumas. Social support predicted increases in emotional stability, conscientiousness, and openness but only for individuals in the control group. CONCLUSIONS We discuss the value of defining PTG as positive trait change and suggest future directions including assessment of facet-level changes and ideographic methods.
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Gower T, Pham J, Jouriles EN, Rosenfield D, Bowen HJ. Cognitive biases in perceptions of posttraumatic growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 94:102159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Forgeard M, Roepke AM, Atlas S, Bayer-Pacht E, Björgvinsson T, Silvia PJ. Openness to experience is stable following adversity: A case-control longitudinal investigation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221076902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although many people retrospectively report feeling more open-minded after experiencing highly stressful events, relevant longitudinal studies are scarce and have yielded contradictory findings. The present study used a 12-month longitudinal case-control design to test whether growth in openness (assessed every 4 months using multiple methods) occurs following major stressors, and whether changes relate to clinical symptoms of depression and/or posttraumatic stress. To do so, we compared participants (a) with a recent major stressor and with low symptoms ( n = 66), (b) without a recent major stressor and with low symptoms ( n = 76), and (c) with a recent major stressor and with significant symptoms ( n = 76). Overall, growth curve models showed that group membership was not associated with changes in openness over 12 months for most outcomes. Other variables (e.g., education) predicted changes in openness. This study provides robust evidence that openness to experience is mostly stable following major stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Forgeard
- McLean Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Belmont MA, USA
- William James College, Newton MA, USA
| | | | - Sara Atlas
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Paul J. Silvia
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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8
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Bossert SA, Tsukayama E, Blackie LER, Cole VT, Jayawickreme E. Do We Know Whether We're Happier? Corroborating Perceived Retrospective Assessments of Improvements in Well-Being. J Pers Assess 2022; 104:458-466. [PMID: 35180041 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2039167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To what extent do our beliefs about how our well-being has improved over time correspond to observed changes? Participants (N = 1,247 from Qualtrics Panels) completed questionnaires measuring dispositional well-being and ill-being (depressive symptoms) at three time points over the course of one year, as well as 44 weekly assessments of state well-being and ill-being over 52 weeks. They additionally completed measures of perceived improvements in well-being and ill-being at Weeks 45 and 52 as well as a measure of broad personality traits. We estimated latent change scores and latent growth curves, which allowed us to obtain more accurate estimates of the convergence between retrospective improvements and veridical change compared to past methods utilized. Stability in both global and state well-being and ill-being were observed. People who agreed more strongly that their well-being had improved (or their ill-being had increased) tended to show greater increases in actual well-being (or ill-being) across the past year. Additionally, we observed meaningful relationships between personality traits and perceived improvements. On average, people have some insight in assessing whether they became happier (or unhappier) over one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Bossert
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Eli Tsukayama
- Department of Business Administration, University of Hawaii-West Oahu, Kapolei, Hawaii
| | - Laura E R Blackie
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Veronica T Cole
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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9
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Manove EE, Poon CYS, Rhodes JE, Lowe SR. Changes in Psychosocial Resources as Predictors of Posttraumatic Growth: A Longitudinal Study of Low-Income, Female Hurricane Katrina Survivors. TRAUMATOLOGY 2021; 27:346-353. [PMID: 35356133 PMCID: PMC8962964 DOI: 10.1037/trm0000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how well the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996) corresponds with self-reported pre- to posttrauma changes in related constructs, including sense of purpose in life, religiosity, and social support. Participants were 328 low-income mothers (85.2% non-Hispanic Black) who survived Hurricane Katrina and completed surveys approximately 1 year predisaster (Time 1), 4 years postdisaster (Time 2), and 12 years postdisaster (Time 3). PTG was assessed at Time 2 and Time 3, and related constructs were assessed at all waves. Pre- to postdisaster changes in the following related constructs were significantly associated with the corresponding PTGI subscales: purpose in life with Relating to Others, Personal Strength, and New Possibilities; religiosity with Spiritual Change; and perceived social support with Relating to Others. The results demonstrate a link between a number of self-reported pre- to posttrauma psychological changes measured over time and the PTGI. Replication of these results using measures more closely aligned to the PTGI subscales, among more representative samples and in the aftermath of other traumatic events, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Manove
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston
| | | | - Jean E. Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston
| | - Sarah R. Lowe
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health
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10
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Sylvia LG, George N, Rabideau DJ, Streck JM, Albury E, Hall DL, Luberto CM, Mizrach HR, Perez GK, Crute S, Mehta DH, Convery MS, Looby SE, Fricchione G, Fava M, Wilhelm S, Park ER. Moderators of a resiliency group intervention for frontline clinicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord 2021; 293:373-378. [PMID: 34243059 PMCID: PMC8712555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To mitigate the psychological burdens of COVID-19 for frontline clinicians (FCs), we adapted an existing evidence-based resiliency program, Stress Management and Resilience Training Relaxation Response Program (SMART-3RP), for FCs. This analysis explores moderators of stress coping to determine which subgroups of FCs benefited most from SMART-3RP. METHODS 102 FCs from Mass General Brigham hospitals engaged in the adapted SMART-3RP. Assessments were completed at group entry (Week 0) and completion (Week 4). The primary outcome was stress coping, and we examined 15 possible baseline moderators. We fit linear mixed effects regression models and assessed potential baseline moderators using a likelihood ratio test. We report model-based estimates and confidence intervals for each moderator-by-time interaction (i.e., differential effect), where positive/negative values indicate more/less improvement in average perceived stress coping. RESULTS Stress coping improved from Week 0 to Week 4 (mean improvement [95% CI] = 0.9 [0.6 to 1.2]). FCs with higher anxiety (differential effect [95% CI] = 0.3 [0.1 to 0.4]), depression (0.4 [0.2 to 0.6]), and loneliness (0.4 [0.1 to 0.6]), but lower levels of mindfulness (CAMS-Rfocus: 1.0 [0.4 to 1.6]; CAMS-Raccept: 1.3 [0.7 to 2.0]) and self-compassion (0.4, [0.1 to 0.8]) at baseline experienced greater benefits in perceived stress coping from the SMART-3RP. Baseline health uncertainty along with sociodemographic and work characteristics did not moderate stress coping. DISCUSSION Results highlight particular sub-populations of FCs that may benefit more from a stress management intervention, especially during emergency responses (e.g., COVID-19 pandemic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa G Sylvia
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dauten Family Center for Bipolar Treatment Innovation, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Nevita George
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Dauten Family Center for Bipolar Treatment Innovation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dustin J Rabideau
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanna M Streck
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan Albury
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Dauten Family Center for Bipolar Treatment Innovation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel L Hall
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Benson-Henry Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina M Luberto
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Benson-Henry Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen R Mizrach
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giselle K Perez
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Benson-Henry Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sydney Crute
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darshan H Mehta
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Benson-Henry Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Susan Convery
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Benson-Henry Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara E Looby
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Fricchione
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Benson-Henry Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elyse R Park
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Benson-Henry Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Blackie LER, McLean KC. Examining the Longitudinal Associations Between Repeated Narration of Recent Transgressions Within Individuals’ Romantic Relationships and Character Growth in Empathy, Humility, and Compassion. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211028696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This prospective longitudinal study examined whether repeated written narration of relational transgressions was associated with increases in empathy, humility, and compassion over 1 year. Although engagement in reflective and meaning-making processing styles has been theorized to facilitate adversarial growth existing research has been limited by methodological issues and has yet to examine whether this mechanism is associated with character trait changes over time. Participants provided ratings of trait empathy, humility, and compassion in 5 waves at 3-month intervals. In Wave 2, participants provided a written narrative describing a recent relational transgression against their romantic partner. Participants then engaged in repeated narration of recent romantic transgressions in Waves 3 through 5. The narratives were coded for redemption, positive self-event connections, and degree of personal responsibility taken. Linear growth curve models were used to examine the extent to which these narrative themes were associated with character growth. Overall, there was little consistent and robust evidence across models that narration was associated with changes in empathy, humility, and compassion. The implications for research into adversarial growth are discussed in reference to the appropriateness of operationalizing adversarial growth as character growth and the extent to which relational transgressions can facilitate adversarial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate C. McLean
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States
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12
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Harvey AJ, Blackie LER. Are predictions and perceptions of post-traumatic growth a form of ultimate justice reasoning? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211014030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have questioned whether self-report questionnaires adequately assess post-traumatic growth as it was theorized (positive personality change after trauma), versus assessing a broader coping mechanism. Across four studies, we examine whether individuals report post-traumatic growth as a coping mechanism to restore a sense of justice. In Studies 1 and 2, participants predicted greater post-traumatic growth for a hypothetical victim after a severe accident that caused grave suffering (and disrupted one’s belief in a just world), compared to an accident that caused minimal suffering (and did not disrupt one’s belief in a just world). Both perceptions of deservingness of post-traumatic growth for the victim (a belief in a just world mechanism) and engagement in deliberative rumination (a post-traumatic growth mechanism) mediated the effect of suffering on the prediction of post-traumatic growth in Study 2. The same pattern of results held when participants considered their own imagined suffering (Study 3), and when participants reported post-traumatic growth from distressing events in their own lives (Study 4). As such, we conclude that following an episode of suffering, either occurring to another or to oneself, self-reports of post-traumatic growth on questionnaires can reflect two distinct motivations: (1) an attempt to cope with perceived injustices and (2) the will to search for meaning in one’s suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie J Harvey
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, UK
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13
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Dorfman A, Moscovitch DA, Chopik WJ, Grossmann I. None the wiser: Year-long longitudinal study on effects of adversity on wisdom. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211014057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research on consequences of adversity appears inconclusive. Adversity can be detriment to mental health, promoting maladaptive patterns of thoughts. At the same time, posttraumatic growth studies suggest that overcoming major adversity facilitates growth in wisdom-related patterns of thoughts. We address this puzzle by examining how distinct types of adversity impact wisdom over time and how individual differences in self-distanced (rather than self-immersed) reflection on adversity relate to different wisdom trajectories. In a four-wave prospective year-long study, participants ( N = 499) recalled and reflected every three months on the most significant recent adverse event in their life. They reported how much they engaged in wise reasoning—intellectual humility, open-mindedness to diverse perspectives and change, search for compromises and resolution—as well as self-distancing during reflections. Independent raters identified seven distinct adversity types (e.g. social conflict, economic hardship, major trauma) in open-ended descriptions. Growth curve analyses revealed little evidence of positive change in wise-reasoning over the course of a year, and some evidence of negative change for health-related adversity. Although self-distancing was associated with stability in wisdom, self-immersing was associated with negative change in wisdom in reflections on social conflicts over time. We discuss implications these results have for adversity, change vs. resilience in character strengths, and self-distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dorfman
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | | | | | - Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada
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14
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Park ER, Luberto CM, Chad-Friedman E, Traeger L, Hall DL, Perez GK, Goshe B, Vranceanu AM, Baim M, Denninger, MD, PhD JW, Fricchione, MD G, Benson, MD H, Lechner SC. A Comprehensive Resiliency Framework: Theoretical Model, Treatment, and Evaluation. Glob Adv Health Med 2021; 10:21649561211000306. [PMID: 34377598 PMCID: PMC8327002 DOI: 10.1177/21649561211000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is heterogeneity in conceptualizations of resiliency, and there is, to date, no established theoretically driven resiliency assessment measure that aligns with a targeted resiliency intervention. We operationalize resiliency as one's ability to maintain adaptive functioning in response to the ongoing, chronic stress of daily living, and we use a novel resiliency measure that assesses the target components of an evidence based resiliency intervention. We present our resiliency theory, treatment model, and corresponding assessment measure (Current Experience Scale; CES). METHODS To establish the psychometric properties of the CES, we report the factor structure and internal consistency reliability (N = 273). Among participants in our resiliency intervention (N = 151), we explored construct validity in terms of associations with theoretical model constructs, a validated resiliency measure, and sensitivity to change from before to after the intervention. RESULTS Results indicated that a 23-item, 6-factor solution was a good fit to the data (RMSEA = .08, CFI = .97; TLI =.96) and internal consistency was good (α = .81 to .95). The CES showed correlations in the expected direction with resiliency model constructs (all p's < .001) and significant post intervention improvements. CONCLUSION Our resiliency theory, treatment model, and outcome appear aligned; the CES demonstrated promise as a psychometrically sound outcome measure for our resiliency intervention and may be used in future longitudinal studies and resiliency building interventions to assess individuals' resiliency to adapt to ongoing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse R Park
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christina M Luberto
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emma Chad-Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park,
Maryland
| | - Lara Traeger
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel L Hall
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giselle K Perez
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brett Goshe
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ana-Maria Vranceanu
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Margaret Baim
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John W Denninger, MD, PhD
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory Fricchione, MD
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Herbert Benson, MD
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suzanne C Lechner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami Miller School of
Medicine, Miami, Florida
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15
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Jayawickreme E, Infurna FJ, Alajak K, Blackie LE, Chopik WJ, Chung JM, Dorfman A, Fleeson W, Forgeard MJ, Frazier P, Furr RM, Grossmann I, Heller A, Laceulle OM, Lucas RE, Luhmann M, Luong G, Meijer L, McLean KC, Park CL, Roepke AM, al Sawaf Z, Tennen H, White RMB, Zonneveld R. Post-traumatic growth as positive personality change: Challenges, opportunities, and recommendations. J Pers 2021; 89:145-165. [PMID: 32897574 PMCID: PMC8062071 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-traumatic growth typically refers to enduring positive psychological change experienced as a result of adversity, trauma, or highly challenging life circumstances. Critics have challenged insights from much of the prior research on this topic, pinpointing its significant methodological limitations. In response to these critiques, we propose that post-traumatic growth can be more accurately captured in terms of personality change-an approach that affords a more rigorous examination of the phenomenon. METHOD We outline a set of conceptual and methodological questions and considerations for future work on the topic of post-traumatic growth. RESULTS We provide a series of recommendations for researchers from across the disciplines of clinical/counseling, developmental, health, personality, and social psychology and beyond, who are interested in improving the quality of research examining resilience and growth in the context of adversity. CONCLUSION We are hopeful that these recommendations will pave the way for a more accurate understanding of the ubiquity, durability, and causal processes underlying post-traumatic growth.
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16
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Park ER, Sylvia LG, Streck JM, Luberto CM, Stanton AM, Perez GK, Baim M, Bliss CC, Convery MS, Crute S, Denninger JW, Donelan K, Dossett ML, Fava M, Fredriksson S, Fricchione G, George N, Hall DL, Hart BR, Herman J, Hirschberg A, Holt D, Looby SE, Malloy L, Meek J, Mehta DH, Millstein RA, Mizrach H, Rosa K, Slawsby E, Stupinski AC, Traeger L, Vanderkruik R, Vogeli C, Wilhelm S. Launching a resiliency group program to assist frontline clinicians in meeting the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of a hospital-based systems trial. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 68:111-112. [PMID: 33229013 PMCID: PMC7605784 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elyse R. Park
- Health Policy Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Corrresponding author at: Health Policy Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1600, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Louisa G. Sylvia
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Joanna M. Streck
- Health Policy Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Luberto
- Health Policy Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Amelia M. Stanton
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Giselle K. Perez
- Health Policy Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Margaret Baim
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Cayley C. Bliss
- Health Policy Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mary Susan Convery
- Social Service Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sydney Crute
- Health Policy Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John W. Denninger
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Karen Donelan
- Health Policy Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michelle L Dossett
- UC Davis Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Stacie Fredriksson
- Home Base Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gregory Fricchione
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nevita George
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Hall
- Health Policy Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Betsy Remington Hart
- Home Base Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John Herman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - April Hirschberg
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Daphne Holt
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sara E. Looby
- Yvonne L. Munn Center for Nursing Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Laura Malloy
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Meek
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Darshan H. Mehta
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Home Base Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rachel A. Millstein
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Helen Mizrach
- Health Policy Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Katherine Rosa
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ellen Slawsby
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - A. Clare Stupinski
- Home Base Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lara Traeger
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rachel Vanderkruik
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Christine Vogeli
- Health Policy Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
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17
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Chopik WJ, Kelley WL, Vie LL, Oh J, Bonett DG, Lucas RE, Seligman MEP. Development of character strengths across the deployment cycle among U.S. Army soldiers. J Pers 2020; 89:23-34. [PMID: 32453864 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite a narrative of post-traumatic growth and resilience, research reliably demonstrating positive character development following adversity has proved elusive. In the current study, we examined changes in character strengths in Army soldiers deploying for the first time. METHOD The sample was comprised of 212,386 Army soldiers (Mage = 26.5 years old, SD = 7.13; 70.8% White) who were deploying for the first time. Character strengths were assessed once before and up to three times following soldiers' return from deployment. RESULTS We found evidence for two classes of change-a resilient class ("stable high") and a declining class ("persistent low"). Most soldiers were resilient-they had high levels of character strengths prior to deployment and changed very little across the deployment cycle. Approximately 40% of soldiers started with lower character and experienced initial declines post-deployment, from which they experienced no more than small gains over time. CONCLUSIONS Character strengths were highly stable across the deployment transition but some soldiers experienced initial declines from which they never fully rebounded. The findings are discussed in the context of the mechanisms that drive character development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Chopik
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Whitney L Kelley
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Research Facilitation Laboratory, Army Analytics Group, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Loryana L Vie
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Research Facilitation Laboratory, Army Analytics Group, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Jeewon Oh
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Douglas G Bonett
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Richard E Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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18
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A Virtual Resiliency Intervention Promoting Resiliency for Parents of Children with Learning and Attentional Disabilities: A Randomized Pilot Trial. Matern Child Health J 2019; 24:39-53. [PMID: 31650412 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-019-02815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One in five children have a learning and attentional disability (LAD). Parents of children with LAD are vulnerable to distress, but an evidence-based treatment has not been developed. METHODS From June 2016 to November 2017, we conducted a mixed methods study to adapt and assess the virtual delivery of a mind-body group resiliency program, the Stress Management and Resiliency Training-Relaxation Response Resiliency Program (SMART-3RP), to meet the needs of parents of children with LAD; this is an 8-session weekly group intervention. In the first phase, we conducted 4 parent focus group interviews, 2 professional focus group interviews, and 5 professional individual interviews, and 1 pilot group to adapt the SMART-3RP to target the needs of parents of children with LAD. In the second phase, we conducted a pilot wait-list controlled study to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a videoconferencing delivery of the adapted program. Parents were randomized to an immediate intervention group (IG) or wait-list control group (WC). Surveys were administered at baseline (time 1), end of intervention for the IG or 3 months post-baseline for the WC (time 2), and 3 months post treatment for the IG or end of intervention for the WC (time 3). RESULTS Qualitative findings illustrated high levels of parental stress, with primary stressors including navigating the educational system, interactions with other parents, familial concerns, and financial and professional sacrifices. We adapted the manual to target these stressors and modified session logistics and delivery. Fifty-three parents (mean age = 46.8; 90.6% female) participated nationally in the pilot trial. 62.5% of participants completed ≥ 6/8 sessions; 81.8% reported continued daily/weekly relaxation response exercise practice. T1-T2 comparisons found that IG versus WC participants showed significant improvements in distress [VAS], ∆M = - 1.95; d = .83 and resilience [CES], ∆M = 6.38; d = .83, as well as stress coping [MOCS-A] ∆M = 8.69; d = 1.39; depression and anxiety [PHQ-4], ∆M = - 1.79; d = .71; social support [MOS-SSS], ∆M = 5.47; d = .71; and empathy [IRI], ∆M = 3.17; d = .77; improvements were sustained at the 3 month post intervention follow-up. CONCLUSION Pilot wait-list randomized trial findings showed promising feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy for the SMART-3RP intervention adapted for parents of children with LAD. This virtually-delivered resiliency intervention improved parents' distress, resiliency, and stress coping, which were sustained. CLINICAL TRIALS ID NCT02772432.
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19
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Infurna FJ, Jayawickreme E. Fixing the Growth Illusion: New Directions for Research in Resilience and Posttraumatic Growth. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721419827017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The literature on resilience and posttraumatic growth has been instrumental in highlighting the human capacity to overcome adversity by illuminating that there are different pathways individuals may follow. Although the theme of strength from adversity is attractive and central to many disciplines and certain cultural narratives, this claim lacks robust empirical evidence. Specific issues include methodological approaches of using growth-mixture modeling in resilience research and retrospective assessments of growth. Conceptually, limitations exist in the examination of which outcomes are most appropriate for studying resilience and growth. We discuss new research intended to overcome these limitations, with a focus on prospective longitudinal designs and the value of integrating these disciplines for furthering our understanding of the human capacity to overcome adversity.
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20
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Boals A, Bedford LA, Callahan JL. Perceptions of Change after a Trauma and Perceived Posttraumatic Growth: A Prospective Examination. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 9:bs9010010. [PMID: 30650567 PMCID: PMC6359254 DOI: 10.3390/bs9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has distinguished between actual posttraumatic growth (PTG) and perceived PTG. We used a prospective research design to measure both actual and perceived PTG in an attempt to replicate and extend previous findings. We examined college students (N = 64) who experienced a traumatic event between the start (Time 1) and end (Time 2) of a semester. We included three measures of change from pre- to post-trauma: (1) Actual PTG (change scores in measures of PTG domains), (2) perceived general growth (Time 2 ratings of functioning at Time 1 subtracted from actual ratings given at Time 1), and (3) perceived PTG (self-reports of PTG on the posttraumatic growth inventory). The results revealed perceived general growth and actual PTG were significantly correlated, suggesting that participants' perceptions of change were accurate. However, perceived PTG was not significantly related to either actual PTG or perceived general growth. Further, increases in actual PTG and perceived general growth were significantly related to decreases in distress and unrelated to coping. By contrast, higher levels of perceived PTG were significantly related to increases in distress and higher levels of avoidance coping. Our results suggest perceived PTG may be more of a coping process than an accurate recall of posttraumatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriel Boals
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Box 311280, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Lee A Bedford
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Box 311280, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Callahan
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Box 311280, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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21
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Effects of an Empowerment Program on Resilience and Posttraumatic Growth Levels of Cancer Survivors. Cancer Nurs 2018; 42:E1-E13. [DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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Gangeri L, Scrignaro M, Bianchi E, Borreani C, Bhoorie S, Mazzaferro V. A Longitudinal Investigation of Posttraumatic Growth and Quality of Life in Liver Transplant Recipients. Prog Transplant 2018; 28:236-243. [DOI: 10.1177/1526924818781569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: What does it mean to adjust to a liver transplant? Quality of life research has offered an impairment model, defining adjustment as the absence of diagnosed psychological disorder or of limitations in physical functioning. Recently emerging research on posttraumatic growth testifies the prevalence of positive life changes following the life-threatening illnesses. The present study aimed to verify the presence of the posttraumatic growth process in liver transplant patients and its relationship with traditional quality of life. Methods: The research was a longitudinally descriptive study. A sample of 233 liver transplant patients were assessed with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy General. Results: Over 50% of patients showed moderate-high levels in all dimensions of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Further posttraumatic growth is correlated with the functional and social dimensions of quality of life construct and not with physical and emotional functioning. Conclusion: These results confirmed that posttraumatic growth is related to a different definition of well-being than the one traditionally used in the assessment of quality of life. Adjustment to liver transplant is a complex and systemic process, which requires a multidisciplinary approach to be able to support and encourages adaptation through all the needed functional elements. An interesting perspective is offered by the narrative medicine approach, that highlighted the importance to pay specific attention to the words and expression used by patients related to changes in life and not only to traditional words reporting physical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gangeri
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Scrignaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Borreani
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Sherrie Bhoorie
- Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaferro
- Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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23
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Turner JK, Hutchinson A, Wilson C. Correlates of post-traumatic growth following childhood and adolescent cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychooncology 2017; 27:1100-1109. [DOI: 10.1002/pon.4577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin K. Turner
- School of Psychology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Amanda Hutchinson
- School of Psychology, Social Work & Social Policy; University of South Australia; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Carlene Wilson
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia Australia
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre; Heidelberg VIC Australia
- School of Psychology and Public Health; La Trobe University; Melbourne VIC Australia
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24
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Boerner M, Joseph S, Murphy D. Reports of Post-Traumatic Growth and Well-Being: Moderating Effect of Defense Style. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2017.36.9.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Blackie LE, Jayawickreme E, Tsukayama E, Forgeard MJ, Roepke AM, Fleeson W. Post-traumatic growth as positive personality change: Developing a measure to assess within-person variability. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Boerner M, Joseph S, Murphy D. A Theory on Reports of Constructive (Real) and Illusory Posttraumatic Growth. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022167817719597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that self-reported posttraumatic growth could sometimes be considered as a way for people to protect themselves from the distress of trauma. In this case, reports of posttraumatic growth could be illusory. We suggest a theory on self-reported constructive (real) posttraumatic growth and illusory posttraumatic growth by using Rogers’s theory and the work by Vaillant. Through this theoretical framework, we attempt to explain when reports of posttraumatic growth are likely to be constructive and real and when such reports are likely to represent aspects of illusions. We will also consider the implications for research practice.
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27
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Zhou X, Wu X. The relationship between rumination, posttraumatic stress disorder, and posttraumatic growth among Chinese adolescents after earthquake: A longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 2016; 193:242-8. [PMID: 26773915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) can coexist in individuals following traumatic experiences, and cognitive pathways to PTSD and PTG can be different. Nevertheless, to date, no study using the longitudinal-design has examine the cognitive process of PTSD and PTG, nor has the specific causal relation between cognitive factors and PTSD/PTG been clarified in the aftermath of disaster. Therefore, the aim of this study was to extend previous study from a longitudinal perspective, and further examine the possible cognitive mechanism of PTSD and PTG in a long-time frame after earthquake. METHODS 310 middle school students in Lushan County were assessed using the Event-Related Rumination Inventory, the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory and the Child PTSD Symptom Scale at 6 months (T1), 12 months (T2) and 18 months (T3) after the Ya'an earthquake. RESULTS Intrusive rumination at T2 partly mediated the relationship of intrusive rumination at T1 to PTSD but not PTG at T3. Deliberate rumination at T2 did not mediate the relationship of intrusive rumination at T1 and PTG/PTSD at T3 but completely mediated the relation of intrusive rumination at T2 and PTSD/PTG at T3. LIMITATIONS All variables were measured by self-report scales. CONCLUSIONS Intrusive rumination at T1 had an effect on PTSD but not PTG at T3 through intrusive rumination at T2, and it could affect PTSD and PTG at T3 through deliberate rumination at T2. These results suggest that PTSD and PTG are influenced by different mechanisms and that intrusive rumination leads to PTSD, whereas deliberate rumination elicits PTG in a long time after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China.
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28
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Wu X, Zhou X, Wu Y, An Y. The role of rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the wenchuan earthquake. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1335. [PMID: 26388826 PMCID: PMC4559646 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Three hundred and seventy-six middle school students in Wenchuan County were assessed three and one-half years after the Wenchuan earthquake to examine the effects of rumination on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG). The results revealed that recent intrusive ruminations partly mediated the relationship between intrusive rumination soon after the earthquake with PTSD but not with PTG. Recent deliberate rumination partly mediated the relationship between intrusive rumination soon after the earthquake and PTG but not PTSD. Moreover, recent deliberate rumination also partly mediated the relationship between recent intrusive rumination with PTG but not with PTSD. Overall, intrusive rumination soon after the earthquake had an effect on PTSD but not on PTG through recent intrusive rumination and affected PTG but not PTSD through deliberate recent rumination. Furthermore, intrusive rumination soon after the earthquake affected PTG but not PTSD by recent deliberate rumination following recent intrusive rumination. More importantly, the present study also found that PTSD exhibited no relation to PTG. These results suggest that PTSD and PTG are influenced by different mechanisms, which further indicates that PTSD and PTG represent two separate dimensions of experience after adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Wu
- School of Psychology, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- School of Psychology, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Wu
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan An
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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29
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Blackie LER, Jayawickreme E, Helzer EG, Forgeard MJC, Roepke AM. Investigating the Veracity of Self-Perceived Posttraumatic Growth. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550615587986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research into posttraumatic growth—positive psychological change that people report in their relationships, priorities in life, and self-perception after experiences of adversity—has been severely critiqued. We investigated the degree to which community members’ friends and relatives corroborated targets’ self-perceived positive and negative changes as measured by the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-42. We found corroboration only for negative changes when we examined overall (averaged) scores. However, using a profile analysis procedure, we found significant participant–informant agreement on the domains of change that had relatively higher scores in the target’s profile and those that had relatively lower scores. Our results demonstrate that informants were able to observe that targets had changed and were sensitive to the idiosyncratic ways in which these changes had manifested in targets’ behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marie J. C. Forgeard
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Morton RD, White MJ, Young RM. Posttraumatic Growth in Family Members Living With a Relative Diagnosed With Schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2013.863652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Krause N, Hayward RD. Church-based social support, functional disability, and change in personal control over time. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2014; 53:267-278. [PMID: 23553003 PMCID: PMC3744619 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-013-9707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to see whether measures of church-based and secular social support offset the effects of functional disability on change in feelings of personal control over time. Survey data were obtained from Wave 2 and Wave 3 of a nationwide sample of older adults (N = 583). The findings suggest that spiritual support from fellow church members offsets the effects of functional disability on change in feelings of personal control over time. In contrast, neither emotional support from fellow church members nor emotional support from secular social network members exerted a similar effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Krause
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA,
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