1
|
Carbone EA, de Filippis R, Caroleo M, Calabrò G, Staltari FA, Destefano L, Gaetano R, Steardo L, De Fazio P. Antisocial Personality Disorder in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2021; 57:medicina57020183. [PMID: 33672619 PMCID: PMC7924170 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric disorder that worsens quality of life and functional impairment. Personality disorders (PDs), in particular Cluster B personality, have a high incidence among BD patients and is considered a poor prognostic factor. The study of this co-morbidity represents an important clinical and diagnostic challenge in psychiatry. Particularly, clinical overlap has been shown between antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and BD that could worsen the course of both disorders. We aimed to detect the frequency of ASPD in bipolar patients with greater accuracy and the impact of ASPD on the clinical course of BD. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library through December 2020 without language or time restriction, according to PRISMA statement guidelines. Results: Initially, 3203 items were identified. After duplicates or irrelevant paper deletion, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. ASPD was more frequent among BD patients, especially in BD type I. BD patients with ASPD as a comorbidity seemed to have early onset, higher number and more severe affective episodes, higher levels of aggressive and impulsive behaviors, suicidality and poor clinical outcome. ASPD symptoms in BD seem to be associated with a frequent comorbidity with addictive disorders (cocaine and alcohol) and criminal behaviors, probably due to a shared impulsivity core feature. Conclusions: Considering the shared symptoms such as impulsive and dangerous behaviors, in patients with only one disease, misdiagnosis is a common phenomenon due to the overlapping symptoms of ASPD and BD. It may be useful to recognize the co-occurrence of the disorders and better characterize the patient with ASPD and BD evaluating all dysfunctional aspects and their influence on core symptoms.
Collapse
|
2
|
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), antisociality and delinquent behavior over the lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:236-248. [PMID: 33271164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is closely linked to the development of conduct problems during socialization in early life and to an increased risk for antisocial activities and delinquency over the lifespan. The interaction between ADHD and common comorbid disorders like substance use disorders as well as changing environmental conditions could mediate the course of antisocial and delinquent behavior with increasing age. However, this complex interaction is only partially understood so far. This review presents current knowledge about the association of ADHD with antisociality and the development of delinquent behavior. Thereby, the relationships between ADHD, conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder in offenders are discussed, as well as the impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders and psychosocial conditions on offending behavior. Also, treatment studies in offender populations with ADHD are presented. Although our understanding of the role of ADHD in the development of criminal behavior has substantially improved during the last two decades, more research is needed to further elucidate the mechanisms generating unfavorable outcomes and to engender adequate treatment strategies for this population at risk. Moreover, more attention is needed on children with conduct problems in order to avoid antisocial or delinquent behaviors over the lifespan.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lindblad F, Isaksson J, Heiskala V, Koposov R, Ruchkin V. Comorbidity and Behavior Characteristics of Russian Male Juvenile Delinquents With ADHD and Conduct Disorder. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1070-1077. [PMID: 25926630 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715584052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To test the previously suggested hypothesis that those with comorbid ADHD and Conduct Disorder (CD) diagnoses differ from other antisocially involved youth in terms of higher rates of violent behavior, impulsiveness, and psychopathic traits. Method: Three hundred eighty juvenile incarcerated delinquents from Northern Russia were assessed by means of semi-structured psychiatric interview and by student and teacher self-reports. Results: The study has demonstrated higher rates of psychiatric disorders and of comorbidity, as well as more complicated substance abuse and disruptive behaviors in those with combined ADHD-CD diagnosis, as compared with CD only, ADHD only, and no CD no ADHD groups. The results regarding psychopathic traits were inconclusive. Conclusion: The group with combined ADHD-CD diagnosis is more severely disturbed, both as concerns psychiatric comorbidity and more severe aggressive and disruptive behaviors. However, there is only limited evidence supporting a higher prevalence of psychopathic traits in this group.
Collapse
|
4
|
DeLisi M, Drury AJ, Elbert MJ. The etiology of antisocial personality disorder: The differential roles of adverse childhood experiences and childhood psychopathology. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 92:1-6. [PMID: 31079021 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a severe personality disorder with robust associations with crime and violence, but its precise etiology is unknown. Drawing on near-population of federal correctional clients in the Midwestern United States, the current study examined antecedent background factors spanning adverse childhood experiences and childhood psychopathology. Greater adverse childhood experiences were associated with ASPD diagnosis with physical abuse showing associations with ASPD symptoms and sexual abuse with lifetime diagnosis for ASPD. Conduct Disorder was strongly linked to ASPD; however, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and ADHD had null associations. Given the role of environmental factors in the development of ASPD, greater criminological attention should be devoted to understanding how assorted forms of abuse and neglect coupled with childhood psychopathology contribute to ASPD especially given its linkages to severe criminal offending.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matt DeLisi
- Iowa State University, United States of America.
| | - Alan J Drury
- U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine recent advances in the understanding of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among the prison population. RECENT FINDINGS Efforts have been made to develop useful tools for assessing ADHD among prisoners. Prisoners with ADHD demonstrate incremental vulnerability due to comorbid psychiatric disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders and traumatic brain injury. Compared with prisoners without ADHD, prisoners with ADHD become involved in the criminal justice system at a younger age and have higher rates of recidivism in adulthood. Recent studies demonstrate the effectiveness of extended release stimulant medication and psychological interventions. Early identification and treatment of prisoners with ADHD have the potential to demonstrate health economic benefits. Our understanding of ADHD among prisoners continues to develop. However, further research is needed, particularly among neglected groups such as females. Much more attention is needed by the prison service to engender better outcomes for this at-risk population.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with ADHD have an increased risk of later developing personality disorders and criminal behavior. The object of the present review is to analyze the associations between ADHD and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). METHOD A review of literature was done using EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Medline databases. RESULTS Eighteen prospective studies (n = 5,501) showed that ADHD with and without comorbid conduct disorder (CD) is a strong predictor for the risk of later development of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Some of the 13 cross-sectional/retrospective studies (n = 2,451) suggested that ADHD and CD might be a separate subtype of ADHD, that especially impulsivity in ADHD is a predictor for later development of ASPD, or that callous-unemotional traits in the ADHD children are called for a risk factor for later ASPD. CONCLUSION There is an increased risk for children with ADHD with or without comorbid CD to develop later onset of antisocial personality disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Jakob Storebø
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand, Holbæk, Denmark Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Department, Region Zealand, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Erik Simonsen
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Department, Region Zealand, Holbæk, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Morgan PL, Li H, Cook M, Farkas G, Hillemeier MM, Lin YC. Which kindergarten children are at greatest risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity and conduct disorder symptomatology as adolescents? SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2016; 31:58-75. [PMID: 26192391 PMCID: PMC4720575 DOI: 10.1037/spq0000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We sought to identify which kindergarten children are simultaneously at risk of moderate or severe symptomatology in both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) as adolescents. These risk factor estimates have not been previously available. We conducted multinomial logistic regression analyses of multiinformant ratings by the end of middle school of a population-based, longitudinal sample of children followed from kindergarten to eighth grade (N = 7,456). Kindergarten children from low SES households, those raised by mothers with depressive symptoms or experiencing emotional problems or substance abuse, or those who were punished by spanking were significantly more likely to later display severe levels of ADHD-CD symptomatology in eighth grade. Kindergarten children frequently engaging in ADHD-CD-type behaviors were more likely to later experience both moderate (covariate adjusted OR = 2.37) and severe (covariate adjusted OR = 3.63) ADHD-CD symptomatology. Low academic achievement uniquely increased the risk of both moderate and severe symptomatology (adjusted OR range = 1.7 to 2.24). The results should guide early screening and school-based intervention efforts for ADHD-CD. Reducing children's risk for adolescent ADHD-CD symptomatology may require remediating low behavioral and academic functioning by the end of kindergarten. When these 2 modifiable factors occur together they increase kindergarten children's odds of experiencing severe ADHD-CD symptomatology in eighth grade by a multiplicative factor of 8.1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Morgan
- Department of Education Policy Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Michael Cook
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - George Farkas
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Yu-Chu Lin
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, The Pennsylvania State University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Le Corff Y, Toupin J. Overt versus covert conduct disorder symptoms and the prospective prediction of antisocial personality disorder. J Pers Disord 2014; 28:864-72. [PMID: 25437929 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2012_26_074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown strong continuity between conduct disorder (CD) in adolescence and antisocial personality disorder (APD) in adulthood. Researchers have been trying to explain why some adolescents with CD persist into adult APD and others do not. A few studies reported that overt and covert CD symptoms have a differential predictive power for APD, with mixed results. The present study aimed to evaluate the prospective association of overt and covert CD symptoms with APD in a sample of male adolescents with CD (N = 128, mean age = 15.6, SD = 1.6). Participants were recruited at intake in Quebec Youth Centers and reassessed 3 years later (n = 73). CD and ADHD symptoms were assessed at intake with the DISC-R while APD was assessed 3 years later with the SCID-II. Logistic regression results showed that, contrary to previous prospective studies (Lahey, Loeber, Burke, & Applegate, 2005; Washburn et al., 2007), overt (OR = 2.12, 95% CI [1.29, 3.50]) but not covert (OR = 1.04, 95% CI [0.69, 1.56]) symptoms predicted later APD, controlling for ADHD symptoms and socioeconomic status. It is hypothesized that the divergence with previous studies may be explained by the higher mean number and wider range of overt CD symptoms in our sample.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gaïffas A, Galéra C, Mandon V, Bouvard MP. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young French male prisoners. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:1016-9. [PMID: 24673682 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While forensic studies have reported higher than community rates of mental disorders in imprisoned populations, few studies have focused on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in these subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate ADHD prevalence among young French male prisoners. A specific diagnostic interview (Conners' Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV, CAADID) was used. Correlations between ADHD, subsyndromal ADHD, and criminal features were investigated. 11% of young male prisoners among 93 male subjects aged 18-35 years met the criteria for actual ADHD, and 17% met those for childhood ADHD. Considering ADHD and subsyndromal ADHD, prevalence was about 43% in adulthood. ADHD and subsyndromal ADHD in adulthood were significantly associated with a higher number of imprisonments and a younger age at first arrest. It could be advisable to better identify subjects with ADHD symptoms among prison populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gaïffas
- Department of child and adolescent psychiatry, Charles Perrens Hospital, 121 rue de la Béchade, 33076, Bordeaux, France; University Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Becker SP, Luebbe AM, Fite PJ, Greening L, Stoppelbein L. Oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in relation to psychopathic traits and aggression among psychiatrically hospitalized children: ADHD symptoms as a potential moderator. Aggress Behav 2013; 39:201-11. [PMID: 23436456 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is associated with elevated rates of psychopathic traits and aggression. However, it remains unclear if attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms exacerbate these relations, particularly in samples of children who are severely clinically distressed. The purpose of the present study was to test ADHD symptoms as a potential moderator of the relations of ODD symptoms to psychopathic traits (i.e., callous-unemotional [CU] traits, narcissism) and to aggressive subtypes (i.e., proactive, reactive aggression) in a large sample of children in an acute psychiatric inpatient facility (n = 699; ages 6-12). Multiple regression analyses indicated that, after controlling for child demographic variables, ADHD symptoms marginally exacerbated the relation between ODD symptoms and CU traits. Both ODD and ADHD symptoms had an additive, but not a multiplicative effect, in predicting narcissism. In addition, for a subset of the full sample for whom data were available (n =351), ADHD symptoms exacerbated the relation between ODD symptoms and both reactive and proactive aggression. These results suggest that ADHD symptoms tend to have a negative effect on the relation between ODD symptoms and markers of antisociality among children receiving acute psychiatric care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula J. Fite
- Clinical Child Psychology Program; University of Kansas; Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Leilani Greening
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson, Mississippi
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Le Corff Y, Toupin J. Overt Versus Covert Conduct Disorder Symptoms and the Prospective Prediction of Antisocial Personality Disorder. J Pers Disord 2013:1-9. [PMID: 23398101 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2013_27_074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown strong continuity between conduct disorder (CD) in adolescence and antisocial personality disorder (APD) in adulthood. Researchers have been trying to explain why some adolescents with CD persist into adult APD and others do not. A few studies reported that overt and covert CD symptoms have a differential predictive power for APD, with mixed results. The present study aimed to evaluate the prospective association of overt and covert CD symptoms with APD in a sample of male adolescents with CD (N = 128, mean age = 15.6, SD = 1.6). Participants were recruited at intake in Quebec Youth Centers and reassessed 3 years later (n = 73). CD and ADHD symptoms were assessed at intake with the DISC-R while APD was assessed 3 years later with the SCID-II. Logistic regression results showed that, contrary to previous prospective studies (Lahey, Loeber, Burke, & Applegate, 2005; Washburn et al., 2007), overt (OR = 2.12, 95% CI [1.29, 3.50]) but not covert (OR = 1.04, 95% CI [0.69, 1.56]) symptoms predicted later APD, controlling for ADHD symptoms and socioeconomic status. It is hypothesized that the divergence with previous studies may be explained by the higher mean number and wider range of overt CD symptoms in our sample.
Collapse
|
12
|
Taylor J, Morrissey C. Integrating treatment for offenders with an intellectual disability and personality disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1108/14636641211283101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Olsen JL, Reimherr FW, Marchant BK, Wender PH, Robison RJ. The effect of personality disorder symptoms on response to treatment with methylphenidate transdermal system in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2012; 14:12m01344. [PMID: 23469326 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.12m01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This trial was designed to prospectively explore the relationship among personality disorder (PD) symptoms, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and treatment response in a randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial of methylphenidate transdermal system (MTS) and to confirm results of a prior exploratory study. METHOD 67 adults who met the Utah and/or DSM-IV-TR criteria for ADHD were recruited with no attempt to include or exclude patients with PD. Responders were defined by a 50% improvement on the Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Scale (WRAADDS), the primary outcome measure. Personality disorder was diagnosed by the clinicians using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis II Personality Disorders Questionnaire, several self-report scales, and clinical observations. Subjects were categorized as: no PD (PD-negative), 1 PD (PD-positive), and 2 or more PDs (PD-plus). The study was conducted from February 2007 to December 2009 at the Mood Disorders Clinic at the University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City. RESULTS 37% (n = 25) were PD-positive, and another 27% (n = 18) were PD-plus. In those with a PD, 65% (n = 28) had a cluster C diagnosis, 44% (n = 19) cluster B, and 5% (n = 12) cluster A. PD-plus subjects had significantly higher levels of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms (P = .007) and emotional dysregulation (P = .004). 71% (15/21) of the PD-positive and PD-negative subjects were responders in the MTS arm (P < .001) as opposed to 38% (6/16) of the PD-plus subjects (P = .24). Conversely, the interaction between treatment (placebo versus MTS) and the 3 PD groups was not statistically significant (P = .46) when the total WRAADDS was used as the outcome measure. CONCLUSIONS Personality disorder status was associated with more complex ADHD, especially high levels of emotional dysregulation and ODD symptoms. There was a significant treatment effect for PD-positive and PD-negative, but not PD-plus subjects. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00506285.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John L Olsen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Carpentier PJ, Knapen LJM, van Gogh MT, Buitelaar JK, De Jong CAJ. Addiction in developmental perspective: influence of conduct disorder severity, subtype, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder on problem severity and comorbidity in adults with opioid dependence. J Addict Dis 2012; 31:45-59. [PMID: 22356668 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2011.642756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective cross-sectional study examines whether conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are associated with problem severity and psychiatric comorbidity in 193 middle-aged, opioid-dependent patients. Conduct disorder history, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, psychiatric comorbidity, and problem severity were assessed by structured interviews and validated instruments. A conduct disorder history was confirmed in 116 (60.1%) participants. Conduct disorder patients had significantly higher problem severity scores, more frequent comorbid substance use disorders, and more severe psychiatric comorbidity. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was found to increase the risk for psychiatric comorbidity. Conduct disorder persistence is a useful model for elucidating complex psychiatric comorbidity of opioid-dependent patients.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hodgkins P, Arnold LE, Shaw M, Caci H, Kahle J, Woods AG, Young S. A systematic review of global publication trends regarding long-term outcomes of ADHD. Front Psychiatry 2012; 2:84. [PMID: 22279437 PMCID: PMC3260478 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increased global recognition of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a serious medical condition with long-term consequences. Although originally conceived of as a childhood disorder, ADHD is being increasingly recognized in adults. Individual geographic regions may have specific interests and objectives for the study of ADHD. A systematic review of long-term outcomes (LTOs) in ADHD was conducted to evaluate research on ADHD LTOs on a global scale. Studies that were at least 2 years in duration were examined. A total of 351 studies were identified in the final analysis. We identified nine outcomes of interest and classified studies by specific geographical regions, age groups studied and study design by region and over time. Published studies of LTOs in ADHD have increased in all geographical regions over the past three decades, with a peak number of 42 publications in 2008. This rise in publications on ADHD LTOs may reflect a rise in global interest and recognition of consequences and impairment associated with ADHD. Although many world regions have published on ADHD LTOs, the majority of studies have emerged from the US and Canada, followed by Europe. While investigators in the US and Canada were predominantly interested in drug addiction as a LTO, European researchers were more interested in antisocial behavior, and Eastern Asian investigators focused on both of these LTOs as well as self-esteem. Geographical differences in the focus of ADHD LTO studies may reflect regional variations in cultural values. Proportionally fewer prospective longitudinal studies and proportionally more retrospective and cross-sectional studies have been published in more recent decades. Finally, more studies focusing on ADHD in adolescents and adults have been conducted in recent years, and particularly adolescents in Eastern Asia. These changes in basic study design may reflect an increase in the recognition that ADHD is a lifetime chronic disorder. This systematic review analysis of publication trends in ADHD LTOs reflects geographically based interests that change over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hodgkins
- Shire Development Inc., Global Health Economics and Outcomes ResearchWayne, PA, USA
| | - L. Eugene Arnold
- Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Nisonger Center, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Hervé Caci
- Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice CHU LenvalNice, France
| | | | - Alisa G Woods
- BPS InternationalSan Diego, CA, USA
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson UniversityPotsdam, NY, USA
| | - Susan Young
- King’s College London, Institute of PsychiatryLondon, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
He Z, Cassaday HJ, Howard RC, Khalifa N, Bonardi C. Impaired Pavlovian conditioned inhibition in offenders with personality disorders. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2011; 64:2334-51. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2011.616933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Certain types of violent offending are often accompanied by evidence of personality disorders (PDs), a range of heterogeneous conditions characterized by disinhibited behaviours that are generally described as impulsive. The tasks previously used to show impulsivity deficits experimentally (in borderline personality disorder, BPD) have required participants to inhibit previously rewarded responses. To date, no research has examined the inhibition of responding based on Pavlovian stimulus–stimulus contingencies, formally “conditioned inhibition” (CI), in PDs. The present study used a computer-based task to measure excitatory and inhibitory learning within the same CI procedure in offenders recruited from the “personality disorder” and the “dangerous and severe personality disorder” units of a high-security psychiatric hospital. These offenders showed a striking and statistically significant change in the expression of inhibitory learning in a highly controlled procedure: The contextual information provided by conditioned inhibitors had virtually no effect on their prepotent associations. Moreover, this difference was not obviously attributable to nonspecific cognitive or motivational factors. Impaired CI would reduce the ability to learn to control associative triggers and so could provide an explanation of some types of offending behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin He
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Helen J. Cassaday
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Richard C. Howard
- Community Health Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Najat Khalifa
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, The Wells Rd Centre, The Wells Rd, Nottingham, NG2 7UA, UK
| | - Charlotte Bonardi
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Swann AC. Antisocial personality and bipolar disorder: interactions in impulsivity and course of illness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 1:599-610. [PMID: 22235235 DOI: 10.2217/npy.11.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and bipolar disorder are both characterized by impulsive behavior, increased incarceration or arrest, addictive disorders and suicidal behavior. These characteristics appear more severe in the combined disorders. Individuals with ASPD who also have bipolar disorder have higher rates of addictive disorders and suicidal behavior and are more impulsive, as measured by questionnaires or behavioral laboratory tests. Those with bipolar disorder who have ASPD have higher rates of addictive, criminal and suicidal behavior, earlier onset of bipolar disorder with a more recurrent and predominately manic course and increased laboratory-measured, but not questionnaire-rated, impulsivity. These characteristics may result in part from differential impulsivity mechanisms in the two disorders, with bipolar disorder driven more by excessive catecholamine sensitivity and ASPD by deficient serotonergic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Swann
- Department of Psychiatry, Houston Health Science Center, 1300 Moursund Street, Room 270, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vegue‐González M, Álvaro‐Brun E, Santiago‐Sáez A, Kanaan‐Kanaan A. Retrospective Evaluation of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with the Wender Utah Rating Scale in a Sample of Spanish Prison Inmates. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56:1556-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Álvaro‐Brun
- Victoria Kent Social Insertion Centre, C/Juan de Vera 10, 28045 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Santiago‐Sáez
- Department of Toxicology and Health Legislation, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atef Kanaan‐Kanaan
- Department of Toxicology and Health Legislation, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rubia K. "Cool" inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus "hot" ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: a review. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:e69-87. [PMID: 21094938 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder overlap behaviorally, clinically, and cognitively. An important question of potential future clinical relevance is whether these two overlapping disorders are mediated by similar or distinct underlying brain substrates. This article reviews the modern neuroimaging literature on brain structure, function, and connectivity in both disorders, shaping out commonalities and differences. Findings show that ADHD is characterized predominantly by abnormalities in inferior frontal, striatal, parietotemporal, and cerebellar regions and networks that mediate "cool"-cognitive, i.e., inhibitory, attention and timing functions associated with the disorder. Conduct disorder, by contrast, has consistently been associated with abnormalities of the "hot" paralimbic system that regulates motivation and affect, comprising lateral orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, superior temporal lobes, and underlying limbic structures, most prominently the amygdala. Direct comparisons in functional imaging show that these associations of cool inferior fronto-striato-cerebellar dysfunction in ADHD and of hot orbitofrontal-paralimbic dysfunction in conduct disorder are disorder-specific. There is, hence, evidence for dissociated underlying pathophysiologies for these two disorders that may have implications for future anatomy-based differential diagnosis and prevention and intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katya Rubia
- Department of Child Psychiatry/Medical Research Council Center for Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nijhof KS, Vermulst A, Scholte RHJ, van Dam C, Veerman JW, Engels RCME. Psychopathic traits of Dutch adolescents in residential care: identifying subgroups. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:59-70. [PMID: 20814737 PMCID: PMC3035777 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-010-9445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether a sample of 214 (52.8% male, M age = 15.76, SD = 1.29) institutionalized adolescents could be classified into subgroups based on psychopathic traits. Confirmatory Factor Analyses revealed a relationship between the subscales of the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI) and the three latent constructs of the original model on which it is based. Latent Class Analyses showed that adolescents showing psychopathic traits could be classified into three subgroups. The first group showed low scores on the grandiose/manipulative dimension, the callous/unemotional dimension, and the impulsive/irresponsible dimension (normal group). The second group scored moderate on the grandiose/manipulative dimension and the callous/unemotional dimension and high on the impulsive/irresponsible dimension (impulsive, non-psychopathic-like group). The third group scored high on all three dimensions (psychopathy-like group). The findings revealed that the impulsive, non-psychopathic like group scored significantly higher on internalizing problem behavior compared to the normal group, while the psychopathy-like and the impulsive, non-psychopathic-like group both scored higher on externalizing problem behavior compared to the normal group. Based on a self-report delinquency measure, it appeared that the psychopathy-like group had the highest delinquency rates, except for vandalism. Both the impulsive and psychopathy-like group had the highest scores on the use of soft drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin S Nijhof
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Michonski JD, Sharp C. Revisiting Lynam's notion of the "fledgling psychopath": are HIA-CP children truly psychopathic-like? Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2010; 4:24. [PMID: 20815906 PMCID: PMC2944134 DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-4-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In his developmental model of emerging psychopathy, Lynam proposed that the "fledgling psychopath" is most likely to be located within a subgroup of children elevated in both hyperactivity/inattention/impulsivity (HIA) and conduct problems (CP). This approach has garnered some empirical support. However, the extent to which Lynam's model captures children who resemble psychopathy with regard to the core affective and interpersonal features remains unclear. METHODS In the present study, we investigated this issue within a large community sample of youth (N = 617). Four groups (non-HIA-CP, HIA-only, CP-only, and HIA-CP), defined on the basis of teacher reports of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), were compared with respect to parent-reported psychopathic-like traits and subjective emotional reactivity in response to unpleasant, emotionally-laden pictures from the International Affective Pictures System (IAPS). RESULTS Results did not support Lynam's model. HIA-CP children did not appear most psychopathic-like on dimensions of callous-unemotional and narcissistic personality, nor did they report reduced emotional reactivity to the IAPS relative to the other children. Post-hoc regression analyses revealed a significant moderation such that elevated HIA weakened the association between CP and emotional underarousal. CONCLUSIONS Implications of these findings with regard to the development of psychopathy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Michonski
- Department of Psychology, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA.
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kavanagh L, Rowe D, Hersch J, Barnett KJ, Reznik R. Neurocognitive deficits and psychiatric disorders in a NSW prison population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2010; 33:20-26. [PMID: 19922999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 75% of inmates in New South Wales (NSW) have mental health issues (Butler & Alnutt, 2003). Scarce resources force the management of acute psychiatric symptoms only, meaning that co-morbid conditions such as neurocognitive deficits are less likely to be assessed. The objective of this study was to investigate the utility of a computerized battery in the assessment of inmates within the criminal justice system. Thirty male inmates were assessed. Data were compared to matched controls. The custodial sample was characterized by an increase in the prevalence of previous trauma; high levels of depression, anxiety and stress and neurocognitive deficits, including sustained attention, impulsivity and executive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jolyn Hersch
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sevecke K, Kosson DS, Krischer MK. The relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and psychopathy in adolescent male and female detainees. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2009; 27:577-598. [PMID: 19387992 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although ADHD and CD are apparent risk factors for adult psychopathy, there are three distinct perspectives regarding their relationships to psychopathy: (1) ADHD may contribute uniquely to the development of psychopathy or (2) its contribution may reflect its high comorbidity with CD. Alternatively, (3) the comorbid presence of ADHD and CD may confer unique risk for the development of psychopathy. Although prior adult studies have yielded conflicting findings, no prior studies of adolescents address this issue. We examined these three hypotheses and the possibility of sex differences using cross-sectional analyses in 90 male and 123 female incarcerated adolescents. Among males the influence of ADHD was largely attributable to the overlap between ADHD and CD, whereas among females ADHD contributed independently to psychopathy scores and to scores on several dimensions of psychopathy. In addition, among females, the ADHD x CD interaction was significant for the total score and the antisocial component of psychopathy and in a direction opposite to that predicted by the comorbid subtype hypothesis. These findings indicate that there may be sex-specific pathways to elevations in psychopathic traits and suggest that the comorbid subtype hypothesis is probably not correct for either boys or girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Sevecke
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 10, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fowler T, Langley K, Rice F, Whittinger N, Ross K, van Goozen S, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, van den Bree MBM, Thapar A. Psychopathy traits in adolescents with childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 194:62-7. [PMID: 19118328 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.046870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are thought to be at higher risk of psychopathy. Early biological and social adversity may contribute to this risk. AIMS To examine psychopathy traits in ADHD. METHOD In a sample of children with ADHD who had reached adolescence, total psychopathy and 'emotional-dysfunction' scores (e.g. callousness, lack of affect) were assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version. RESULTS A total of 156 (79%) eligible families participated. Total psychopathy and emotional-dysfunction scores were elevated in comparison to published UK norms but none scored in the clinical range for psychopathy. Adjusting for associated conduct problems, total psychopathy scores were associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, emotional-dysfunction scores were associated with birth complications, and neither was associated with family adversity. CONCLUSIONS Children with ADHD show psychopathy traits but are not 'psychopaths'. Early adversity, indexed by pre- or perinatal adversity but not family factors, appears to be associated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Fowler
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Braun CMJ, Léveillé C, Guimond A. An orbitofrontostriatopallidal pathway for morality: evidence from postlesion antisocial and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2008; 13:296-337. [PMID: 18622787 DOI: 10.1080/13546800802088580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A detailed proposal is made to the effect that nonlesional antisocial personality disorder (APD) is, among other things, a dysfunctional hypomoralism and that nonlesional obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is, among other things, a dysfunctional hypermoralism. METHOD To provide an empirical test of this proposal, 25 previously published cases of acquired (post lesion) APD and 39 cases of acquired OCD are reviewed and compared with multivariate inference tests. RESULTS The acquired APD patients most often present putamenal or pallidal lesions. CONCLUSION The ensemble of neurobiological, endocrine, and behavioural traits in APD and OCD, as well as the distinct lesion sites in the acquired variants, support the notion of an orbitofrontostriatopallidal brain system underlying morality.
Collapse
|
26
|
van Baardewijk Y, Stegge H, Andershed H, Thomaes S, Scholte E, Vermeiren R. Measuring psychopathic traits in children through self-report. The development of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory-Child Version. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2008; 31:199-209. [PMID: 18514316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The current article investigates whether self-reports of children provide reliable and valid information concerning psychopathic personality traits and behaviours. For this purpose, we developed a downward extension of an existing adolescent self-report measure; the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory [YPI; Andershed, H., Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Levander, S. (2002). Psychopathic traits in non-referred youths: Initial test of a new assessment tool. In E.S. Blaauw, L. (Ed.), Psychopaths: Current international perspectives (pp. 131-158): The Hague: Elsevier], called the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory-Child Version (YPI-CV). The reliability and validity of the YPI-CV were tested in n=360 children from the general population. The YPI-CV had good internal consistency and a three factor structure similar to the original adolescent version. Test-retest reliability over a 6-month period was adequate. In validating the instrument, both self, teacher and peer report were used. The convergent and divergent validity of the three YPI-CV dimensions was examined by relating each of them to an external criterion measures assessing the same construct. It was concluded that psychopathic traits can be measured reliably and meaningfully through self-report in 9 to 12 year olds and that the YPI-CV is potentially a useful instrument for doing so.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoast van Baardewijk
- Curium/Leiden University Medical Centre, Endegeesterstraatweg 27, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dupéré V, Lacourse E, Willms JD, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE. Affiliation to youth gangs during adolescence: the interaction between childhood psychopathic tendencies and neighborhood disadvantage. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2007; 35:1035-45. [PMID: 17610153 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-007-9153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Because youth gangs tend to cluster in disadvantaged neighborhoods, adolescents living in such neighborhoods are more likely to encounter opportunities to join youth gangs. However, in the face of these opportunities, not all adolescents respond in the same manner. Those with preexisting psychopathic tendencies might be especially likely to join. In this study, we tested whether a combination of individual propensity and facilitating neighborhood conditions amplifies the probabilities of youth gang affiliation. A subset of 3,522 adolescents was selected from a nationally representative, prospective sample of Canadian youth. Psychopathic tendencies (i.e., a combination of high hyperactivity, low anxiety, and low prosociality as compared to national norms) were assessed through parent reports, while neighborhood characteristics (i.e., concentrated economic disadvantage and residential instability) were derived from the 2001 Census of Canada. Our results indicated that neighborhood residential instability, but not neighborhood concentrated economic disadvantage, interacted with individual propensity to predict youth gang membership. Adolescents with preexisting psychopathic tendencies appeared especially vulnerable mainly if they were raised in residentially unstable neighborhoods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Dupéré
- Department of Psychology and Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment (GRIP), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Agosti V, Levin FR. Predictors of cannabis dependence recovery among epidemiological survey respondents in the United States. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2007; 33:81-8. [PMID: 17366248 DOI: 10.1080/00952990601087364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis Dependence remains a highly prevalent disorder in the United States. Though longitudinal studies have accumulated data regarding risk factors and psychosocial correlates of habitual cannabis use, the field lacks knowledge regarding predictors of recovery in community samples. Thus we conducted a secondary data analysis of The National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions to address this issue. Recovery was defined as the absence of Cannabis Dependence and Cannabis Abuse during the past year. Logistic Regression analysis revealed that older age, marriage, and non-daily cannabis use were positively associated with recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Agosti
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Benton D. The impact of diet on anti-social, violent and criminal behaviour. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:752-74. [PMID: 17433442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of diet in anti-social behaviour was considered, paying particular attention to double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Meta-analysis of five well-designed studies found that elimination diets reduced hyperactivity-related symptoms, producing a summary standardized mean difference (SSMD) of 0.80 (95% CI 0.41-1.19). The picture was of children potentially responding to a wide range of food items although the pattern was individual to the child. Supplementation with poly-unsaturated fatty acids decreased violence (SSMD -0.61, 95% CI -0.83 to -0.39) although there was no evidence of an influence on hyperactivity. Three well-designed studies have reported that vitamin/mineral supplementation reduced anti-social behaviour. There are also findings of an association between a tendency to develop low blood glucose and aggression. Many responses to diet were idiosyncratic and involved a wide range of foods interacting with individual differences in physiology. Reactions were not observed in all members of groups chosen because they share a common behavioural designation or diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Benton
- Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea, Wales, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Given the substantial continuity of personality and axis I psychopathology from childhood to adult life, the present review explores whether and how recent research findings support the notion that personality disorders have their developmental precipitants in childhood. Potential childhood personality disorder antecedents will be reviewed from different research areas to enhance an insight into the genesis of a major set of adult psychiatric disorders with profound impact on the daily life. RECENT FINDINGS There exists increasing evidence that personality disorders have their origins in early years of life at the observable symptomatic, biological, and genetic levels. A clear need for prospective (behavior genetic) studies, however, exists that will ultimately verify how and when childhood personality disorder features turn into adult maladaptive trait patterns. It is further suggested that these designs require a comprehensive taxonomy for the description of personality disorder antecedents in a developmentally appropriate way. SUMMARY The call for a developmental perspective on adult personality disorders in recent debates on the construction of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, has created new avenues for an integrative longitudinal perspective on personality disorders and should stimulate child psychiatrists to consider the significance of emerging personality disorder symptoms at a young age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Clercq
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Maras P, Brosnan M, Faulkner N, Montgomery T, Vital P. ‘They are out of control’: self‐perceptions, risk‐taking and attributional style of adolescents with SEBDs. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13632750601043861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
32
|
Rybak M, Crayton JW, Young IJ, Herba E, Konopka LM. Frontal alpha power asymmetry in aggressive children and adolescents with mood and disruptive behavior disorders. Clin EEG Neurosci 2006; 37:16-24. [PMID: 16475480 DOI: 10.1177/155005940603700105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Building on prior research, which has suggested a relationship between aggression and left frontal activity, our study tested the hypothesis that proneness to impulsive aggression would be related to relative left frontal overactivation. EEG one-hertz resting alpha power frontal asymmetry was examined in 65 pediatric male psychiatric patients with a history of impulsive aggression and comorbid mood and disruptive behavior disorders. The strongest finding, which emerged from this analysis, was a finding of relative increases in left frontal activity compared with right frontal activity. The results also indicated that greater left frontal activity correlated positively with the severity of psychiatric disturbance. These findings suggest that relative increases in left frontal activity may be related to a locus of neurophysiological disruption associated with psychopathology characterized by behavioral and affective disinhibition. Results are discussed within a model of behavioral inhibition system-behavioral activation system theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Rybak
- Clinical Neuroscience Section, Hines VA Hospital, Illinois 60141, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|