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la Fleur SE, Blancas-Velazquez AS, Stenvers DJ, Kalsbeek A. Circadian influences on feeding behavior. Neuropharmacology 2024; 256:110007. [PMID: 38795953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Feeding, like many other biological functions, displays a daily rhythm. This daily rhythmicity is controlled by the circadian timing system of which the central master clock is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Other brain areas and tissues throughout the body also display rhythmic functions and contain the molecular clock mechanism known as peripheral oscillators. To generate the daily feeding rhythm, the SCN signals to different hypothalamic areas with the lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus and arcuate nucleus being the most prominent. With respect to the rewarding aspects of feeding behavior, the dopaminergic system is also under circadian influence. However the SCN projects only indirectly to the different reward regions, such as the ventral tegmental area where dopamine neurons are located. In addition, high palatable, high caloric diets have the potential to disturb the normal daily rhythms of physiology and have been shown to alter for example meal patterns. Around a meal several hormones and peptides are released that are also under circadian influence. For example, the release of postprandial insulin and glucagon-like peptide following a meal depend on the time of the day. Finally, we review the effect of deletion of different clock genes on feeding behavior. The most prominent effect on feeding behavior has been observed in Clock mutants, whereas deletion of Bmal1 and Per1/2 only disrupts the day-night rhythm, but not overall intake. Data presented here focus on the rodent literature as only limited data are available on the mechanisms underlying daily rhythms in human eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E la Fleur
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Aurea S Blancas-Velazquez
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dirk Jan Stenvers
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Jiang Y, Yu T, Fan J, Guo X, Hua H, Xu D, Wang Y, Yan CH, Xu J. Longitudinal associations of social jetlag with obesity indicators among adolescents - Shanghai adolescent cohort. Sleep Med 2024; 121:171-178. [PMID: 38991425 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the longitudinal association between social-jetlag (SJL) and obesity development among adolescents, sex-difference and related modifying factors in the association. METHODS Based on Shanghai-Adolescent-Cohort during 2017-2021, a total of 609 students were investigated. In grade 6, 7 and 9, the information on SJL was collected using questionnaires, and anthropometric measures were conducted. The fingernail cortisol and progesterone levels in grade 6 (using LC-MS/MS) and body composition in grade 9 (using Inbody-S10) were measured. By the latent-class-mixture-modeling, two trajectories for SJL (high-level vs. low-level) throughout 4 years were developed. The prospective associations of SJL trajectories and weight/fat gains were analyzed by sex and under different (high/moderate/low) cortisol/progesterone stratifications. RESULTS In grades 6-9, 39.00%-44.50 % of adolescents experienced at least 1 h of SJL. Compared with the low-level SJL trajectory, the high-level SJL trajectory was associated with greater differences in body-mass-index Z-scores and waist-to-height ratios across 4 years, higher levels of body-fat-percentage and fat-mass-index in grade 9 (P-values<0.05), and such associations were stronger among girls and under moderate-to-high (vs. low) baseline cortisol and progesterone levels. However, no significant associations among boys were observed. CONCLUSIONS High-level SJL in adolescents may be associated with the development of obesity, especially among adolescent girls and under relatively high baseline cortisol and progesterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Jiang
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Yu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jue Fan
- Department of Children's Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Lab of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Changning Maternity & Infant Health Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangrong Guo
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Hua
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongqing Xu
- Institute of Higher Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuefen Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Education Commission Department, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong-Huai Yan
- Department of Children's Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Lab of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Xu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Department of Children's Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Lab of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Rao F, Xue T. Circadian-independent light regulation of mammalian metabolism. Nat Metab 2024; 6:1000-1007. [PMID: 38831000 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The daily light-dark cycle is a key zeitgeber (time cue) for entraining an organism's biological clock, whereby light sensing by retinal photoreceptors, particularly intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, a central pacemaker that in turn orchestrates the rhythm of peripheral metabolic activities. Non-rhythmic effects of light on metabolism have also been long known, and their transduction mechanisms are only beginning to unfold. Here, we summarize emerging evidence that, in mammals, light exposure or deprivation profoundly affects glucose homeostasis, thermogenesis and other metabolic activities in a clock-independent manner. Such light regulation could involve melanopsin-based, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-initiated brain circuits via the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and other nuclei, or direct stimulation of opsins expressed in the hypothalamus, adipose tissue, blood vessels and skin to regulate sympathetic tone, lipolysis, glucose uptake, mitochondrial activation, thermogenesis, food intake, blood pressure and melanogenesis. These photic signalling events may coordinate with circadian-based mechanisms to maintain metabolic homeostasis, with dysregulation of this system underlying metabolic diseases caused by aberrant light exposure, such as environmental night light and shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Rao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Assembling and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Tian Xue
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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4
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Comas M, De Pietri Tonelli D, Berdondini L, Astiz M. Ontogeny of the circadian system: a multiscale process throughout development. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:36-46. [PMID: 38071123 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The 24 h (circadian) timing system develops in mammals during the perinatal period. It carries out the essential task of anticipating daily recurring environmental changes to identify the best time of day for each molecular, cellular, and systemic process. Although significant knowledge has been acquired about the organization and function of the adult circadian system, relatively little is known about its ontogeny. During the perinatal period, the circadian system progressively gains functionality under the influence of the early environment. This review explores current evidence on the development of the circadian clock in mammals, highlighting the multilevel complexity of the process and the importance of gaining a better understanding of its underlying biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Comas
- Circadian Physiology of Neurons and Glia Laboratory, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | - Luca Berdondini
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mariana Astiz
- Circadian Physiology of Neurons and Glia Laboratory, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
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5
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Sayar-Atasoy N, Aklan I, Yavuz Y, Laule C, Kim H, Rysted J, Alp MI, Davis D, Yilmaz B, Atasoy D. AgRP neurons encode circadian feeding time. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:102-115. [PMID: 37957320 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Food intake follows a predictable daily pattern and synchronizes metabolic rhythms. Neurons expressing agouti-related protein (AgRP) read out physiological energetic state and elicit feeding, but the regulation of these neurons across daily timescales is poorly understood. Using a combination of neuron dynamics measurements and timed optogenetic activation in mice, we show that daily AgRP-neuron activity was not fully consistent with existing models of homeostatic regulation. Instead of operating as a 'deprivation counter', AgRP-neuron activity primarily followed the circadian rest-activity cycle through a process that required an intact suprachiasmatic nucleus and synchronization by light. Imposing novel feeding patterns through time-restricted food access or periodic AgRP-neuron stimulation was sufficient to resynchronize the daily AgRP-neuron activity rhythm and drive anticipatory-like behavior through a process that required DMHPDYN neurons. These results indicate that AgRP neurons integrate time-of-day information of past feeding experience with current metabolic needs to predict circadian feeding time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Sayar-Atasoy
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Iltan Aklan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yavuz Yavuz
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Connor Laule
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jacob Rysted
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Muhammed Ikbal Alp
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Debbie Davis
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bayram Yilmaz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Atasoy
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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González-Vila A, Luengo-Mateos M, Silveira-Loureiro M, Garrido-Gil P, Ohinska N, González-Domínguez M, Labandeira-García JL, García-Cáceres C, López M, Barca-Mayo O. Astrocytic insulin receptor controls circadian behavior via dopamine signaling in a sexually dimorphic manner. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8175. [PMID: 38071352 PMCID: PMC10710518 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian circadian clocks respond to feeding and light cues, adjusting internal rhythms with day/night cycles. Astrocytes serve as circadian timekeepers, driving daily physiological rhythms; however, it's unknown how they ensure precise cycle-to-cycle rhythmicity. This is critical for understanding why mistimed or erratic feeding, as in shift work, disrupts circadian physiology- a condition linked to type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we show that astrocytic insulin signaling sets the free-running period of locomotor activity in female mice and food entrainment in male mice. Additionally, ablating the insulin receptor in hypothalamic astrocytes alters cyclic energy homeostasis differently in male and female mice. Remarkably, the mutants exhibit altered dopamine metabolism, and the pharmacological modulation of dopaminergic signaling partially restores distinct circadian traits in both male and female mutant mice. Our findings highlight the role of astrocytic insulin-dopaminergic signaling in conveying time-of-feeding or lighting cues to the astrocyte clock, thus governing circadian behavior in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía González-Vila
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- NeurObesity Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Luengo-Mateos
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Silveira-Loureiro
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- NeurObesity Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Department of Morphological Science, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nataliia Ohinska
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Marco González-Domínguez
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Labandeira-García
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Department of Morphological Science, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Munich & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Olga Barca-Mayo
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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7
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Méndez N, Corvalan F, Halabi D, Ehrenfeld P, Maldonado R, Vergara K, Seron-Ferre M, Torres-Farfan C. From gestational chronodisruption to noncommunicable diseases: Pathophysiological mechanisms of programming of adult diseases, and the potential therapeutic role of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2023; 75:e12908. [PMID: 37650128 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
During gestation, the developing fetus relies on precise maternal circadian signals for optimal growth and preparation for extrauterine life. These signals regulate the daily delivery of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other biophysical factors while synchronizing fetal rhythms with the external photoperiod. However, modern lifestyle factors such as light pollution and shift work can induce gestational chronodisruption, leading to the desynchronization of maternal and fetal circadian rhythms. Such disruptions have been associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular, neurodevelopmental, metabolic, and endocrine functions in the fetus, increasing the susceptibility to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in adult life. This aligns with the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease theory, suggesting that early-life exposures can significantly influence health outcomes later in life. The consequences of gestational chronodisruption also extend into adulthood. Environmental factors like diet and stress can exacerbate the adverse effects of these disruptions, underscoring the importance of maintaining a healthy circadian rhythm across the lifespan to prevent NCDs and mitigate the impact of gestational chronodisruption on aging. Research efforts are currently aimed at identifying potential interventions to prevent or mitigate the effects of gestational chronodisruption. Melatonin supplementation during pregnancy emerges as a promising intervention, although further investigation is required to fully understand the precise mechanisms involved and to develop effective strategies for promoting health and preventing NCDs in individuals affected by gestational chronodisruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Méndez
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Fernando Corvalan
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Diego Halabi
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- School of Dentistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- School of Dentistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- School of Dentistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Karina Vergara
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria Seron-Ferre
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- School of Dentistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile
| | - Claudia Torres-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Makrygianni EA, Chrousos GP. Neural Progenitor Cells and the Hypothalamus. Cells 2023; 12:1822. [PMID: 37508487 PMCID: PMC10378393 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of self-renewing and differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the postnatal/adult brain, NPCs are primarily located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LVs) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). There is evidence that NPCs are also present in the postnatal/adult hypothalamus, a highly conserved brain region involved in the regulation of core homeostatic processes, such as feeding, metabolism, reproduction, neuroendocrine integration and autonomic output. In the rodent postnatal/adult hypothalamus, NPCs mainly comprise different subtypes of tanycytes lining the wall of the 3rd ventricle. In the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, the neurogenic niche is constituted by tanycytes at the floor of the 3rd ventricle, ependymal cells and ribbon cells (showing a gap-and-ribbon organization similar to that in the SVZ), as well as suprachiasmatic cells. We speculate that in the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, neurogenesis occurs in a highly complex, exquisitely sophisticated neurogenic niche consisting of at least four subniches; this structure has a key role in the regulation of extrahypothalamic neurogenesis, and hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic neural circuits, partly through the release of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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9
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Lehmann M, Haury K, Oster H, Astiz M. Circadian glucocorticoids throughout development. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1165230. [PMID: 37179561 PMCID: PMC10166844 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1165230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are essential drivers of mammalian tissue growth and maturation during one of the most critical developmental windows, the perinatal period. The developing circadian clock is shaped by maternal GCs. GC deficits, excess, or exposure at the wrong time of day leads to persisting effects later in life. During adulthood, GCs are one of the main hormonal outputs of the circadian system, peaking at the beginning of the active phase (i.e., the morning in humans and the evening in nocturnal rodents) and contributing to the coordination of complex functions such as energy metabolism and behavior, across the day. Our article discusses the current knowledge on the development of the circadian system with a focus on the role of GC rhythm. We explore the bidirectional interaction between GCs and clocks at the molecular and systemic levels, discuss the evidence of GC influence on the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus during development and in the adult system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lehmann
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katharina Haury
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mariana Astiz
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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10
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Sato RY, Yamanaka Y. Nonphotic entrainment of central and peripheral circadian clocks in mice by scheduled voluntary exercise under constant darkness. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R526-R535. [PMID: 36802951 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00320.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the central circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) entrains to an environmental light-dark (LD) cycle and organizes the temporal order of circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior. Previously, some studies have demonstrated that scheduled exercise could entrain the free-running behavior rhythm in nocturnal rodents. However, it remains unknown whether entrainment by scheduled exercise alters the internal temporal order of the behavioral circadian rhythms or clock gene expression in the SCN, extra-SCN brain regions, and peripheral organs when mice are entrained to the scheduled exercise under constant darkness (DD). In the present study, we examined circadian rhythms in locomotor activity and clock gene Per1 expression by bioluminescence reporter (Per1-luc) in the SCN, arcuate nucleus (ARC), liver, and skeletal muscle of mice entrained to an LD cycle, mice free-running under DD, and mice entrained to daily exposure to a new cage with a running wheel (NCRW) under DD. All mice showed a steady-state entrainment of behavioral circadian rhythms to NCRW exposure under DD in parallel with shortening of the α when compared with that under DD. The temporal order of behavioral circadian rhythms and the Per1-luc rhythms in the SCN and peripheral tissues but not in the ARC were maintained in the mice entrained to the NCRW and LD cycles; in contrast, the temporal order was altered in the mice under DD. The present findings reveal that the SCN entrains to daily exercise, and daily exercise reorganizes the internal temporal order of behavioral circadian rhythms and clock gene expression in the SCN and peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Y Sato
- Department of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yujiro Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Life & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Education and Faculty of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Starnes AN, Jones JR. Inputs and Outputs of the Mammalian Circadian Clock. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040508. [PMID: 37106709 PMCID: PMC10136320 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in mammals are coordinated by the central circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Light and other environmental inputs change the timing of the SCN neural network oscillator, which, in turn, sends output signals that entrain daily behavioral and physiological rhythms. While much is known about the molecular, neuronal, and network properties of the SCN itself, the circuits linking the outside world to the SCN and the SCN to rhythmic outputs are understudied. In this article, we review our current understanding of the synaptic and non-synaptic inputs onto and outputs from the SCN. We propose that a more complete description of SCN connectivity is needed to better explain how rhythms in nearly all behaviors and physiological processes are generated and to determine how, mechanistically, these rhythms are disrupted by disease or lifestyle.
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12
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Li X, Sun Z. Circadian clock and temporal meal pattern. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2023; 3:85-101. [PMID: 37724110 PMCID: PMC10471112 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The central circadian clock in the brain controls the time-of-the-day variations in acute meal responses, with a low glycemic response but a high satiety/thermogenic response to meals consumed at waking compared to other time points. Consistently, studies show that consuming a significant proportion of calories, particularly carbohydrates, in breakfast is beneficial for the chronic management of obesity and its associated metabolic syndrome, compared to consuming identical meals at dinner. Conversely, breakfast skipping or/and late dinner can have unfavorable metabolic outcomes. It remains controversial how meal frequency affects metabolic health. In contrast, irregular meals, especially irregular breakfasts, show consistent adverse metabolic consequences. Time-restricted feeding (TRF), with all calories consumed within less than 12-h per day, can improve metabolism and extend lifespan. A major component of TRF in humans is caloric restriction, which contributes significantly to the beneficial effects of TRF in humans. By comparison, TRF effects in rodents can be independent of caloric restriction and show day/night phase specificity. TRF could alleviate metabolic abnormalities due to circadian disruption, but its effects appear independent of the circadian clock in rodents. Understanding neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying clock-mediated metabolic regulation will shed light on the metabolic effects of temporal meal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Medicine – Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine – Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Inyushkin AN, Mistryugov KA, Ledyaeva OV, Romanova ID, Isakova TS, Inyushkin AA. The Effects of Insulin on Spike Activity of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurones and Functional State of Afferent Inputs from the Arcuate Nucleus in Rats. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093023010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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14
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The Circadian Axis and Cardiometabolic Syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/jim-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Circadian rhythm refers to the daily physiologically fluctuating patterns of systemic processes that occur within a circa 24-hour timeframe, independently of external factors. There is evidence that in time, external and internal cycle misalignment leads to severe health consequences, resulting in the development of cardiometabolic disturbances. Desynchronized hormonal fluctuations along with daily specific macronutrient utilization patterns are also discussed, which by consequence, are all predictors of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this paper is to provide insight on the circadian clock’s organization throughout the human body and to explain the underlying genetic background. By understanding these well-established molecular mechanisms and processes, we believe this paper will provide accuracy regarding the importance of the circadian clock’s integrity and will highlight its role in the etiopathology of cardiometabolic syndrome.
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Tang Q, Assali DR, Güler AD, Steele AD. Dopamine systems and biological rhythms: Let's get a move on. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:957193. [PMID: 35965599 PMCID: PMC9364481 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.957193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How dopamine signaling regulates biological rhythms is an area of emerging interest. Here we review experiments focused on delineating dopamine signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and dorsal striatum to mediate a range of biological rhythms including photoentrainment, activity cycles, rest phase eating of palatable food, diet-induced obesity, and food anticipatory activity. Enthusiasm for causal roles for dopamine in the regulation of circadian rhythms, particularly those associated with food and other rewarding events, is warranted. However, determining that there is rhythmic gene expression in dopamine neurons and target structures does not mean that they are bona fide circadian pacemakers. Given that dopamine has such a profound role in promoting voluntary movements, interpretation of circadian phenotypes associated with locomotor activity must be differentiated at the molecular and behavioral levels. Here we review our current understanding of dopamine signaling in relation to biological rhythms and suggest future experiments that are aimed at teasing apart the roles of dopamine subpopulations and dopamine receptor expressing neurons in causally mediating biological rhythms, particularly in relation to feeding, reward, and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Dina R. Assali
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Ali D. Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Andrew D. Steele
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
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16
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Heyde I, Oster H. Induction of internal circadian desynchrony by misaligning zeitgebers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1601. [PMID: 35102210 PMCID: PMC8803932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
24-h rhythms in physiology and behaviour are orchestrated by an endogenous circadian clock system. In mammals, these clocks are hierarchically organized with a master pacemaker residing in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). External time signals-so-called zeitgebers-align internal with geophysical time. During shift work, zeitgeber input conflicting with internal time induces circadian desynchrony which, in turn, promotes metabolic and psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about how internal desynchrony is expressed at the molecular level under chronodisruptive environmental conditions. We here investigated the effects of zeitgeber misalignment on circadian molecular organisation by combining 28-h light-dark (LD-28) cycles with either 24-h (FF-24) or 28-h feeding-fasting (FF-28) regimes in mice. We found that FF cycles showed strong effects on peripheral clocks, while having little effect on centrally coordinated activity rhythms. Systemic, i.e., across-tissue internal circadian desynchrony was profoundly induced within four days in LD-28/FF-24, while phase coherence between tissue clocks was maintained to a higher degree under LD-28/FF-28 conditions. In contrast, temporal coordination of clock gene activity across tissues was reduced under LD-28/FF-28 conditions compared to LD-28/FF-24. These results indicate that timed food intake may improve internal synchrony under disruptive zeitgeber conditions but may, at the same time, weaken clock function at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Heyde
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, CBBM (House 66), Marie Curie Street, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, CBBM (House 66), Marie Curie Street, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
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17
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Rodríguez-Cortés B, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Martínez-Gómez R, León-Mercado LA, Prager-Khoutorsky M, Buijs RM. Suprachiasmatic nucleus-mediated glucose entry into the arcuate nucleus determines the daily rhythm in blood glycemia. Curr Biol 2022; 32:796-805.e4. [PMID: 35030330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycemia is maintained within very narrow boundaries with less than 5% variation at a given time of the day. However, over the circadian cycle, glycemia changes with almost 50% difference. How the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the biological clock, maintains these day-night variations with such tiny disparities remains obscure. We show that via vasopressin release at the beginning of the sleep phase, the suprachiasmatic nucleus increases the glucose transporter GLUT1 in tanycytes. Hereby GLUT1 promotes glucose entrance into the arcuate nucleus, thereby lowering peripheral glycemia. Conversely, blocking vasopressin activity or the GLUT1 transporter at the daily trough of glycemia increases circulating glucose levels usually seen at the peak of the rhythm. Thus, biological clock-controlled mechanisms promoting glucose entry into the arcuate nucleus explain why peripheral blood glucose is low before sleep onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Rodríguez-Cortés
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mario de la Cueva Circuit, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mario de la Cueva Circuit, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Martínez-Gómez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mario de la Cueva Circuit, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis A León-Mercado
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Masha Prager-Khoutorsky
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mario de la Cueva Circuit, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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Lieu CV, Loganathan N, Belsham DD. Mechanisms Driving Palmitate-Mediated Neuronal Dysregulation in the Hypothalamus. Cells 2021; 10:3120. [PMID: 34831343 PMCID: PMC8617942 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus maintains whole-body homeostasis by integrating information from circulating hormones, nutrients and signaling molecules. Distinct neuronal subpopulations that express and secrete unique neuropeptides execute the individual functions of the hypothalamus, including, but not limited to, the regulation of energy homeostasis, reproduction and circadian rhythms. Alterations at the hypothalamic level can lead to a myriad of diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and infertility. The excessive consumption of saturated fatty acids can induce neuroinflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and resistance to peripheral signals, ultimately leading to hyperphagia, obesity, impaired reproductive function and disturbed circadian rhythms. This review focuses on the how the changes in the underlying molecular mechanisms caused by palmitate exposure, the most commonly consumed saturated fatty acid, and the potential involvement of microRNAs, a class of non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, can result in detrimental alterations in protein expression and content. Studying the involvement of microRNAs in hypothalamic function holds immense potential, as these molecular markers are quickly proving to be valuable tools in the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin V. Lieu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (C.V.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Neruja Loganathan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (C.V.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Denise D. Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (C.V.L.); (N.L.)
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Targeting the T-type calcium channel Cav3.2 in GABAergic arcuate nucleus neurons to treat obesity. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101391. [PMID: 34767997 PMCID: PMC8640109 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cav3.2, a T-type low voltage-activated calcium channel widely expressed throughout the central nervous system, plays a vital role in neuronal excitability and various physiological functions. However, the effects of Cav3.2 on energy homeostasis remain unclear. Here, we examined the role of Cav3.2 expressed by hypothalamic GABAergic neurons in the regulation of food intake and body weight in mice and explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Male congenital Cana1h (the gene coding for Cav3.2) global knockout (Cav3.2KO) mice and their wild type (WT) littermates were first used for metabolic phenotyping studies. By using the CRISPR-Cas9 technique, Cav3.2 was selectively deleted from GABAergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) by specifically overexpressing Cas9 protein and Cav3.2-targeting sgRNAs in ARH Vgat (VgatARH) neurons. These male mutants (Cav3.2KO-VgatARH) were used to determine whether Cav3.2 expressed by VgatARH neurons is required for the proper regulation of energy balance. Subsequently, we used an electrophysiological patch-clamp recording in ex vivo brain slices to explore the impact of Cav3.2KO on the cellular excitability of VgatARH neurons. RESULTS Male Cav3.2KO mice had significantly lower food intake than their WT littermate controls when fed with either a normal chow diet (NCD) or a high-fat diet (HFD). This hypophagia phenotype was associated with increased energy expenditure and decreased fat mass, lean mass, and total body weight. Selective deletion of Cav3.2 in VgatARH neurons resulted in similar feeding inhibition and lean phenotype without changing energy expenditure. These data provides an intrinsic mechanism to support the previous finding on ARH non-AgRP GABA neurons in regulating diet-induced obesity. Lastly, we found that naringenin extract, a predominant flavanone found in various fruits and herbs and known to act on Cav3.2, decreased the firing activity of VgatARH neurons and reduced food intake and body weight. These naringenin-induced inhibitions were fully blocked in Cav3.2KO-VgatARH mice. CONCLUSION Our results identified Cav3.2 expressed by VgatARH neurons as an essential intrinsic modulator for food intake and energy homeostasis, which is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity.
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20
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Boehler NA, Fung SW, Hegazi S, Cheng AH, Cheng HYM. Sox2 Ablation in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Perturbs Anxiety- and Depressive-like Behaviors. Neurol Int 2021; 13:541-554. [PMID: 34842772 PMCID: PMC8628992 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint13040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders negatively impact the lives of hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide every year, yet the precise molecular mechanisms by which they manifest remain elusive. Circadian dysregulation is one avenue by which mood disorders are thought to arise. SOX2 is a transcription factor that is highly expressed in the murine suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the circadian master clock, and has been recently found to be an important regulator of Per2, a core component of the molecular clock. Genetic ablation of the Sox2 gene in GABAergic neurons selectively impacts SCN neurons, as they are one of very few, if not the only, GABAergic populations that express Sox2. Here, we show that GABAergic-restricted ablation of Sox2 results in anxio-depressive-like phenotypes in mice as observed in the elevated plus maze, forced swim test, tail suspension test, and sucrose preference test. We further observe a reduction in basal and/or forced swim-induced c-Fos expression, a marker of neuronal activation, in the nucleus incertus, arcuate nucleus, and dentate gyrus of Sox2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Given the restricted disruption of SOX2 expression in the SCN of Sox2 cKO mice, we propose that their mood-associated phenotypes are the consequence of a dysregulated central clock that is unable to communicate appropriately timed signals to other brain nuclei that regulate affective behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Boehler
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; (N.A.B.); (S.W.F.); (S.H.); (A.H.C.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Samuel W. Fung
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; (N.A.B.); (S.W.F.); (S.H.); (A.H.C.)
| | - Sara Hegazi
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; (N.A.B.); (S.W.F.); (S.H.); (A.H.C.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Arthur H. Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; (N.A.B.); (S.W.F.); (S.H.); (A.H.C.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Hai-Ying Mary Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; (N.A.B.); (S.W.F.); (S.H.); (A.H.C.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-569-4299
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21
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Abstract
The objective of chronotherapy is to optimize medical treatments taking into account the body's circadian rhythms. Chronotherapy is referred to and practiced in two different ways: (1) to alter the sleep-wake rhythms of patients to improve the sequels of several pathologies; (2) to take into account the circadian rhythms of patients to improve therapeutics. Even minor dysfunction of the biological clock can greatly affect sleep/wake physiology causing excessive diurnal somnolence, increase in sleep onset latency, phase delays or advances in sleep onset, frequent night awakenings, reduced sleep efficiency, delayed and shortened rapid eye movement sleep, or increased periodic leg movements. Chronotherapy aims to restore the proper circadian pattern of the sleep-wake cycle, through adequate sleep hygiene, timed light exposure, and the use of chronobiotic medications, such as melatonin, that affect the output phase of circadian rhythms, thus controlling the clock. Concerning the second use of chronotherapy, therapeutic outcomes as diverse as the survival after open-heart surgery or the efficacy and tolerance to chemotherapy vary according to the time of day. However, humans are heterogeneous concerning the timing of their internal clocks. Not only different chronotypes exist but also the endogenous human circadian period (τ) is not a stable trait as it depends on many internal and external factors. If any scheduled therapeutic intervention is going to be optimized, a tool is needed for simple diagnostic and objectively measurement of an individual's internal time at any given time. Methodologic advances like the use of single-sample gene expression and metabolomics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cardinali
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gregory M Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Buijs RM, Soto Tinoco EC, Hurtado Alvarado G, Escobar C. The circadian system: From clocks to physiology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:233-247. [PMID: 34225965 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system, composed of the central autonomous clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and systems of the body that follow the signals of the SCN, continuously change the homeostatic set points of the body over the day-night cycle. Changes in the body's physiological state that do not agree with the time of the day feedback to the hypothalamus, and provide input to the SCN to adjust the condition, thus reaching another set point required by the changed conditions. This allows the adjustment of the set points to another level when environmental conditions change, which is thought to promote adaptation and survival. In fasting, the body temperature drops to a lower level only at the beginning of the sleep phase. Stressful conditions raise blood pressure relatively more during the active period than during the rest phase. Extensive, mostly reciprocal SCN interactions, with hypothalamic networks, induce these physiological adjustments by hormonal and autonomic control of the body's organs. More importantly, in addition to SCN's hormonal and autonomic influences, SCN induced behavior, such as rhythmic food intake, induces the oscillation of many genes in all tissues, including the so-called clock genes, which have an essential role as a transcriptional driving force for numerous cellular processes. Consequently, the light-dark cycle, the rhythm of the SCN, and the resulting rhythm in behavior need to be perfectly synchronized, especially where it involves synchronizing food intake with the activity phase. If these rhythms are not synchronous for extended periods of times, such as during shift work, light exposure at night, or frequent night eating, disease may develop. As such, our circadian system is a perfect illustration of how hypothalamic-driven processes depend on and interact with each other and need to be in seamless synchrony with the body's physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud M Buijs
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Eva C Soto Tinoco
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hurtado Alvarado
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Buijs RM, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Soto-Tinoco E. Vasopressin: An output signal from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to prepare physiology and behaviour for the resting phase. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12998. [PMID: 34189788 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vasopressin (VP) is an important hormone produced in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) with antidiuretic and vasoconstrictor functions in the periphery. As one of the first discovered peptide hormones, VP was also shown to act as a neurotransmitter, where VP is produced and released under the influence of various stimuli. VP is one of the core signals via which the biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), imposes its rhythm on its target structures and its production and release is influenced by the rhythm of clock genes and the light/dark cycle. This is contrasted with VP production and release from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial amygdala, which is influenced by gonadal hormones, as well as with VP originating from the PVN and SON, which is released in the neural lobe and central targets. The release of VP from the SCN signals the near arrival of the resting phase in rodents and prepares their physiology accordingly by down-modulating corticosterone secretion, the reproductive cycle and locomotor activity. All these circadian variables are regulated within very narrow boundaries at a specific time of the day, where day-to-day variation is less than 5% at any particular hour. However, the circadian peak values can be at least ten times higher than the circadian trough values, indicating the need for an elaborate feedback system to inform the SCN and other participating nuclei about the actual levels reached during the circadian cycle. In short, the interplay between SCN circadian output and peripheral feedback to the SCN is essential for the adequate organisation of all circadian rhythms in physiology and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud M Buijs
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Eva Soto-Tinoco
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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Buijink MR, Michel S. A multi-level assessment of the bidirectional relationship between aging and the circadian clock. J Neurochem 2021; 157:73-94. [PMID: 33370457 PMCID: PMC8048448 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The daily temporal order of physiological processes and behavior contribute to the wellbeing of many organisms including humans. The central circadian clock, which coordinates the timing within our body, is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Like in other parts of the brain, aging impairs the SCN function, which in turn promotes the development and progression of aging-related diseases. We here review the impact of aging on the different levels of the circadian clock machinery-from molecules to organs-with a focus on the role of the SCN. We find that the molecular clock is less effected by aging compared to other cellular components of the clock. Proper rhythmic regulation of intracellular signaling, ion channels and neuronal excitability of SCN neurons are greatly disturbed in aging. This suggests a disconnection between the molecular clock and the electrophysiology of these cells. The neuronal network of the SCN is able to compensate for some of these cellular deficits. However, it still results in a clear reduction in the amplitude of the SCN electrical rhythm, suggesting a weakening of the output timing signal. Consequently, other brain areas and organs not only show aging-related deficits in their own local clocks, but also receive a weaker systemic timing signal. The negative spiral completes with the weakening of positive feedback from the periphery to the SCN. Consequently, chronotherapeutic interventions should aim at strengthening overall synchrony in the circadian system using life-style and/or pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Renate Buijink
- Department of Cellular and Chemical BiologyLaboratory for NeurophysiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Stephan Michel
- Department of Cellular and Chemical BiologyLaboratory for NeurophysiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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Wang Y, Jiang W, Chen H, Zhou H, Liu Z, Liu Z, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Zhou X, Yu L, Jiang H. Sympathetic Nervous System Mediates Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction in a Circadian Disruption Model. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:668387. [PMID: 33842566 PMCID: PMC8032890 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.668387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Circadian rhythms have a considerable impact on the daily physiology of the heart, and their disruption causes pathology. Several studies have revealed that circadian disruption impaired cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI); however, the underlying brain-heart mechanisms remain unknown. We aim to discuss whether circadian disruption facilitates cardiac remodeling after MI by activating sympathetic nervous system. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham group (Sham), MI group (MI), and MI+ circadian disruption group (MI+Dis); rats were treated with pseudorabies virus (PRV) injections for trans-synaptic retrograde tracing; rats were randomly divided into two groups: MI+ circadian disruption + Empty Vector+ clozapine N-oxide (CNO) (Empty Vector), and MI+ circadian disruption + hM4D(Gi)+ CNO [hM4D(Gi)]. Results: Circadian disruption significantly facilitated cardiac remodeling after MI with lower systolic function, larger left ventricular volume, and aggravated cardiac fibrosis. Cardiac sympathetic remodeling makers and serum norepinephrine levels were also significantly increased by circadian disruption. PRV virus-labeled neurons were identified in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regions. Ganglionic blockade via designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) technique suppressed the activity of sympathetic nervous system and significantly alleviated the disruption-related cardiac dysfunction. Conclusion: Circadian disruption adversely affected cardiac remodeling after MI possibly by activating sympathetic nervous system, and suppressing sympathetic activity can attenuate this disruption-related cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanli Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huixin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lilei Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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26
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Koronowski KB, Sassone-Corsi P. Communicating clocks shape circadian homeostasis. Science 2021; 371:371/6530/eabd0951. [PMID: 33574181 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd0951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks temporally coordinate physiology and align it with geophysical time, which enables diverse life-forms to anticipate daily environmental cycles. In complex organisms, clock function originates from the molecular oscillator within each cell and builds upward anatomically into an organism-wide system. Recent advances have transformed our understanding of how clocks are connected to achieve coherence across tissues. Circadian misalignment, often imposed in modern society, disrupts coordination among clocks and has been linked to diseases ranging from metabolic syndrome to cancer. Thus, uncovering the physiological circuits whereby biological clocks achieve coherence will inform on both challenges and opportunities in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Koronowski
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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27
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Van Drunen R, Eckel-Mahan K. Circadian Rhythms of the Hypothalamus: From Function to Physiology. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:189-226. [PMID: 33668705 PMCID: PMC7931002 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nearly ubiquitous expression of endogenous 24 h oscillations known as circadian rhythms regulate the timing of physiological functions in the body. These intrinsic rhythms are sensitive to external cues, known as zeitgebers, which entrain the internal biological processes to the daily environmental changes in light, temperature, and food availability. Light directly entrains the master clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which lies in the hypothalamus of the brain and is responsible for synchronizing internal rhythms. However, recent evidence underscores the importance of other hypothalamic nuclei in regulating several essential rhythmic biological functions. These extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei also express circadian rhythms, suggesting distinct regions that oscillate either semi-autonomously or independent of SCN innervation. Concurrently, the extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei are also sensitized to fluctuations in nutrient and hormonal signals. Thus, food intake acts as another powerful entrainer for the hypothalamic oscillators' mediation of energy homeostasis. Ablation studies and genetic mouse models with perturbed extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei function reveal their critical downstream involvement in an array of functions including metabolism, thermogenesis, food consumption, thirst, mood and sleep. Large epidemiological studies of individuals whose internal circadian cycle is chronically disrupted reveal that disruption of our internal clock is associated with an increased risk of obesity and several neurological diseases and disorders. In this review, we discuss the profound role of the extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei in rhythmically regulating and coordinating body wide functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Van Drunen
- MD Anderson UTHealth School Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston TX 77030, USA;
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kristin Eckel-Mahan
- MD Anderson UTHealth School Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston TX 77030, USA;
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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28
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Abstract
Preservation of a robust circadian rhythmicity (particulsarly of the sleep/wake cycle), a proper nutrition and adequate physical exercise are key elements for healthy aging. Aging comes along with circadian alteration, e.g. a disrupted sleep and inflammation, that leads to metabolic disorders. In turn, sleep cycle disturbances cause numerous pathophysiological changes that accelerates the aging process. In the central nervous system, sleep disruption impairs several functions, among them, the clearance of waste molecules. The decrease of plasma melatonin, a molecule of unusual phylogenetic conservation present in all known aerobic organisms, plays a particular role as far as the endocrine sequels of aging. Every day, the late afternoon/nocturnal increase of melatonin synchronizes both the central circadian pacemaker located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei as well as myriads of peripheral cellular circadian clocks. This is called the "chronobiotic effect" of melatonin, the methoxyindole being the prototype of the endogenous family of chronobiotic agents. In addition, melatonin exerts a significant cytoprotective action by buffering free radicals and reversing inflammation via down regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, suppression of low degree inflammation and prevention of insulin resistance. Because of these properties melatonin has been advocated to be a potential therapeutic tool in COVID 19 pandemic. Melatonin administration to aged animals counteracts a significant number of senescence-related changes. In humans, melatonin is effective both as a chronobiotic and a cytoprotective agent to maintain a healthy aging. Circulating melatonin levels are consistently reduced in the metabolic syndrome, ischemic and non-ischemic cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders like the Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The potential therapeutic value of melatonin has been suggested by a limited number of clinical trials generally employing melatonin in the 2-10mg/day range. However, from animal studies the cytoprotective effects of melatonin need higher doses to become apparent (i.e. in the 100mg/day range). Hence, controlled studies employing melatonin doses in this range are urgently needed.
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29
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Romo-Nava F, Buijs RM, McElroy SL. The use of melatonin to mitigate the adverse metabolic side effects of antipsychotics. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:371-382. [PMID: 34225976 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs are efficacious first-line treatments for many individuals diagnosed with a psychiatric illness. However, their adverse metabolic side-effect profile, which resembles the metabolic syndrome, represents a significant clinical problem that increases morbidity and limits treatment adherence. Moreover, the mechanisms involved in antipsychotic-induced adverse metabolic effects (AMEs) are unknown and mitigating strategies and interventions are limited. However, recent clinical trials show that nightly administration of exogenous melatonin may mitigate or even prevent antipsychotic-induced AMEs. This clinical evidence in combination with recent preclinical data implicate the circadian system in antipsychotic-induced AMEs and their mitigation. In this chapter, we provide an overview on the circadian system and its involvement in antipsychotic-induced AMEs, as well as the potential beneficial effect of nightly melatonin administration to mitigate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Romo-Nava
- Lindner Center of HOPE Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, OH, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Susan L McElroy
- Lindner Center of HOPE Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, OH, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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30
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Korf HW, Møller M. Arcuate nucleus, median eminence, and hypophysial pars tuberalis. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:227-251. [PMID: 34225932 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The arcuate nucleus (ARC) is located in the mediobasal hypothalamus and forms a morphological and functional entity with the median eminence (ME), the ARC-ME. The ARC comprises several distinct types of neurons controlling prolactin release, food intake, and metabolism as well as reproduction and onset of puberty. The ME lacks a blood-brain barrier and provides an entry for peripheral signals (nutrients, leptin, ghrelin). ARC neurons are adjacent to the wall of the third ventricle. This facilitates the exchange of signals from and to the cerebrospinal fluid. The ventricular wall is composed of tanycytes that serve different functions. Axons of ARC neurons contribute to the tuberoinfundibular tract terminating in the ME on the hypophysial portal vessels (HPV) and establish one of the neurohumoral links between the hypothalamus and the pituitary. ARC neurons are reciprocally connected with several other hypothalamic nuclei, the brainstem, and reward pathways. The hypophysial pars tuberalis (PT) is attached to the ME and the HPV. The PT, an important interface of the neuroendocrine system, is mandatory for the control of seasonal functions. This contribution provides an update of our knowledge about the ARC-ME complex and the PT which, inter alia, is needed to understand the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst-Werner Korf
- Center for Anatomy and Brain Research, Institute for Anatomy, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Morten Møller
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Flanagan A, Bechtold DA, Pot GK, Johnston JD. Chrono-nutrition: From molecular and neuronal mechanisms to human epidemiology and timed feeding patterns. J Neurochem 2020; 157:53-72. [PMID: 33222161 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The circadian timing system governs daily biological rhythms, synchronising physiology and behaviour to the temporal world. External time cues, including the light-dark cycle and timing of food intake, provide daily signals for entrainment of the central, master circadian clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and of metabolic rhythms in peripheral tissues, respectively. Chrono-nutrition is an emerging field building on the relationship between temporal eating patterns, circadian rhythms, and metabolic health. Evidence from both animal and human research demonstrates adverse metabolic consequences of circadian disruption. Conversely, a growing body of evidence indicates that aligning food intake to periods of the day when circadian rhythms in metabolic processes are optimised for nutrition may be effective for improving metabolic health. Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid homeostasis, insulin responsiveness and sensitivity, energy expenditure, and postprandial metabolism, may favour eating patterns characterised by earlier temporal distribution of energy. This review details the molecular basis for metabolic clocks, the regulation of feeding behaviour, and the evidence for meal timing as an entraining signal for the circadian system in animal models. The epidemiology of temporal eating patterns in humans is examined, together with evidence from human intervention studies investigating the metabolic effects of morning compared to evening energy intake, and emerging chrono-nutrition interventions such as time-restricted feeding. Chrono-nutrition may have therapeutic application for individuals with and at-risk of metabolic disease and convey health benefits within the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Flanagan
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Section of Metabolic Medicine, Food and Macronutrients, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - David A Bechtold
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gerda K Pot
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Nutrition and Health Department, Louis Bolk Instituut, Bunnik, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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32
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Zerón-Rugerio MF, Diez-Noguera A, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Cambras T. Adiposity and body mass index of young women are associated with altered 24-hour profile of wrist temperature and sleep quality. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:1580-1590. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1785486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Zerón-Rugerio
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Diez-Noguera
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Izquierdo-Pulido
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trinitat Cambras
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Méndez-Hernández R, Escobar C, Buijs RM. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus-Arcuate Nucleus Axis: Interaction Between Time and Metabolism Essential for Health. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28 Suppl 1:S10-S17. [PMID: 32538539 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, time and metabolism are tightly coupled variables; this relationship can be illustrated by numerous examples, such as the circadian variation in food intake or the circadian response to a glucose bolus. We review evidence that the interaction between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the arcuate nucleus plays a key role in the execution of these functions. The nuclei are reciprocally connected via different projections, and this interaction provides an ideal anatomical framework to modify the temporal output of the hypothalamus to metabolic organs as a consequence of the feedback from the periphery. The suprachiasmatic nucleus-arcuate nucleus relationship is essential to integrate metabolic information into the circadian system and thus adapt circadian rhythms in core body temperature, locomotor activity, food intake, and circulating molecules such as glucose and corticosterone. With the rise in obesity-associated diseases in the world population, gaining knowledge about this relationship, and the consequences of disturbing this liaison, is essential to understand the pathogenesis of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Méndez-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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34
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Fleury G, Masís‐Vargas A, Kalsbeek A. Metabolic Implications of Exposure to Light at Night: Lessons from Animal and Human Studies. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28 Suppl 1:S18-S28. [PMID: 32700826 PMCID: PMC7497102 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lately, the incidence of overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes has shown a staggering increase. To prevent and treat these conditions, one must look at their etiology. As life on earth has evolved under the conditions of nature's 24-hour light/dark cycle, it seems likely that exposure to artificial light at night (LAN) would affect physiology. Indeed, ample evidence has shown that LAN impacts many metabolic parameters, at least partly via the biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. This review focuses on the impact of chronic and acute effects of LAN of different wavelengths on locomotor activity, food intake, the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, melatonin, glucocorticoids, and glucose and lipid metabolism. While chronic LAN disturbs daily rhythms in these parameters, experiments using short-term LAN exposure also have shown acute negative effects in metabolically active peripheral tissues. Experiments using LAN of different wavelengths not only have indicated an important role for melanopsin, the photopigment found in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, but also provided evidence that each wavelength may have a specific impact on energy metabolism. Importantly, exposure to LAN has been shown to impact glucose homeostasis also in humans and to be associated with an increased incidence of overweight, obesity, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fleury
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Anayanci Masís‐Vargas
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN)Amsterdamthe Netherlands
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI)UPR‐3212 CNRSUniversity of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN)Amsterdamthe Netherlands
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35
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Begemann K, Neumann A, Oster H. Regulation and function of extra-SCN circadian oscillators in the brain. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13446. [PMID: 31965726 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most organisms evolved endogenous, so called circadian clocks as internal timekeeping mechanisms allowing them to adapt to recurring changes in environmental demands brought about by 24-hour rhythms such as the light-dark cycle, temperature variations or changes in humidity. The mammalian circadian clock system is based on cellular oscillators found in all tissues of the body that are organized in a hierarchical fashion. A master pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizes peripheral tissue clocks and extra-SCN oscillators in the brain with each other and with external time. Different time cues (so called Zeitgebers) such as light, food intake, activity and hormonal signals reset the clock system through the SCN or by direct action at the tissue clock level. While most studies on non-SCN clocks so far have focused on peripheral tissues, several extra-SCN central oscillators were characterized in terms of circadian rhythm regulation and output. Some of them are directly innervated by the SCN pacemaker, while others receive indirect input from the SCN via other neural circuits or extra-brain structures. The specific physiological function of these non-SCN brain oscillators as well as their role in the regulation of the circadian clock network remains understudied. In this review we summarize our current knowledge about the regulation and function of extra-SCN circadian oscillators in different brain regions and devise experimental approaches enabling us to unravel the organization of the circadian clock network in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
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36
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Pickel L, Sung HK. Feeding Rhythms and the Circadian Regulation of Metabolism. Front Nutr 2020; 7:39. [PMID: 32363197 PMCID: PMC7182033 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular circadian clock regulates metabolic processes within the cell, and the alignment of these clocks between tissues is essential for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. The possibility of misalignment arises from the differential responsiveness of tissues to the environmental cues that synchronize the clock (zeitgebers). Although light is the dominant environmental cue for the master clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, many other tissues are sensitive to feeding and fasting. When rhythms of feeding behavior are altered, for example by shift work or the constant availability of highly palatable foods, strong feedback is sent to the peripheral molecular clocks. Varying degrees of phase shift can cause the systemic misalignment of metabolic processes. Moreover, when there is a misalignment between the endogenous rhythms in physiology and environmental inputs, such as feeding during the inactive phase, the body's ability to maintain homeostasis is impaired. The loss of phase coordination between the organism and environment, as well as internal misalignment between tissues, can produce cardiometabolic disease as a consequence. The aim of this review is to synthesize the work on the mechanisms and metabolic effects of circadian misalignment. The timing of food intake is highlighted as a powerful environmental cue with the potential to destroy or restore the synchrony of circadian rhythms in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Pickel
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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37
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Pilorz V, Astiz M, Heinen KO, Rawashdeh O, Oster H. The Concept of Coupling in the Mammalian Circadian Clock Network. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3618-3638. [PMID: 31926953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock network regulates daily rhythms in mammalian physiology and behavior to optimally adapt the organism to the 24-h day/night cycle. A central pacemaker, the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), coordinates subordinate cellular oscillators in the brain, as well as in peripheral organs to align with each other and external time. Stability and coordination of this vast network of cellular oscillators is achieved through different levels of coupling. Although coupling at the molecular level and across the SCN is well established and believed to define its function as pacemaker structure, the notion of coupling in other tissues and across the whole system is less well understood. In this review, we describe the different levels of coupling in the mammalian circadian clock system - from molecules to the whole organism. We highlight recent advances in gaining knowledge of the complex organization and function of circadian network regulation and its significance for the generation of stable but plastic intrinsic 24-h rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Pilorz
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Marie-Curie-Strasse, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Mariana Astiz
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Marie-Curie-Strasse, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Keno Ole Heinen
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Marie-Curie-Strasse, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Oliver Rawashdeh
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, St Lucia Qld, 4071, Australia
| | - Henrik Oster
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Marie-Curie-Strasse, 23562, Luebeck, Germany.
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38
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Silva CC, Cortés GD, Javier CY, Flores A, Domínguez R. A neural circadian signal essential for ovulation is generated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus during each stage of the oestrous cycle. Exp Physiol 2019; 105:258-269. [PMID: 31769118 DOI: 10.1113/ep087942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Is the suprachiasmatic nucleus the structure that generates the neural circadian signals that occur during every stage of the oestrous cycle, not only pro-oestrus, and are these signals essential for proper regulation of ovulation? What is the main finding and its importance? Transient inhibition of Na+ -dependent action potentials in the suprachiasmatic nucleus by tetrodotoxin microinjection at 14.00 h inhibits ovulation irrespective of the stage of the oestrous cycle at which the procedure is performed. Microinjection of saline solution into the suprachiasmatic nucleus has a disruptive effect on ovulation that depends on the stage of the cycle at which it is administered. ABSTRACT Reproduction is a highly timed process that depends on both the reproductive and circadian systems. The core oscillator of the latter resides at the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and it is pivotal for the regulation of the pro-oestrus pre-ovulatory surge of gonadotropins in females. There is evidence to suggest that this system may be involved in the regulation of neuroendocrine events that are essential for ovulation and that occur prior to pro-oestrus. We explored this possibility by transiently inactivating the SCN. Female rats were implanted with guide cannulas aimed at the SCN. After recovery of the oestrous cycle, animals were injected with tetrodotoxin (TTX), artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) or saline solution while freely moving. Injections were performed at 14.00 h of each stage of the oestrous cycle. Animals were killed on the next predicted oestrus day, the number of ova shed was counted and intact rats at oestrus stage were used as absolute control. ACSF did not modify ovulation. Saline solution blocked ovulation in oestrus- and dioestrus-injected rats. Irrespectively of the stage of the oestrous cycle, TTX blocked ovulation. These results lead us to suggest that a neural circadian signal, pivotal for triggering the gonadotropin pre-ovulatory surge, arises from the SCN during the critical window of pro-oestrus. We also suggest that a similar signal, needed for the regulation of other events that are indispensable for proper regulation of ovulation, is also generated in this nucleus during the other stages of the cycle at a similar time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos-Camilo Silva
- Chronobiology of Reproduction Research Lab, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México.,Developmental Biology Lab, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Georgina Daniela Cortés
- Chronobiology of Reproduction Research Lab, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Cintia Yolanda Javier
- Chronobiology of Reproduction Research Lab, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Angélica Flores
- Chronobiology of Reproduction Research Lab, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México.,Developmental Biology Lab, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Roberto Domínguez
- Chronobiology of Reproduction Research Lab, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México.,Developmental Biology Lab, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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Hogenboom R, Kalsbeek MJ, Korpel NL, de Goede P, Koenen M, Buijs RM, Romijn JA, Swaab DF, Kalsbeek A, Yi CX. Loss of arginine vasopressin- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing neurons and glial cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2019; 62:2088-2093. [PMID: 31327049 PMCID: PMC6805798 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The central pacemaker of the mammalian biological timing system is located within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the anterior hypothalamus. Together with the peripheral clocks, this central brain clock ensures a timely, up-to-date and proper behaviour for an individual throughout the day-night cycle. A mismatch between the central and peripheral clocks results in a disturbance of daily rhythms in physiology and behaviour. It is known that the number of rhythmically expressed genes is reduced in peripheral tissue of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it is not known whether the central SCN clock is also affected in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In the current study, we compared the profiles of the SCN neurons and glial cells between type 2 diabetic and control individuals. METHODS We collected post-mortem hypothalamic tissues from 28 type 2 diabetic individuals and 12 non-diabetic control individuals. We performed immunohistochemical analysis for three SCN neuropeptides, arginine vasopressin (AVP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neurotensin (NT), and for two proteins expressed in glial cells, ionised calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1, a marker of microglia) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker of astroglial cells). RESULTS The numbers of AVP immunoreactive (AVP-ir) and VIP-ir neurons and GFAP-ir astroglial cells in the SCN of type 2 diabetic individuals were significantly decreased compared with the numbers in the SCN of the control individuals. In addition, the relative intensity of AVP immunoreactivity was reduced in the individuals with type 2 diabetes. The number of NT-ir neurons and IBA1-ir microglial cells in the SCN was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data show that type 2 diabetes differentially affects the numbers of AVP- and VIP-expressing neurons and GFAP-ir astroglial cells in the SCN, each of which could affect the daily rhythmicity of the SCN biological clock machinery. Therefore, for effectively treating type 2 diabetes, lifestyle changes and/or medication to normalise central biological clock functioning might be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Hogenboom
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin J Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nikita L Korpel
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul de Goede
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marit Koenen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Cleal JK, Bruce KD, Shearer JL, Thomas H, Plume J, Gregory L, Shepard JN, Spiers-Fitzgerald KL, Mani R, Lewis RM, Lillycrop KA, Hanson MA, Byrne CD, Cagampang FR. Maternal Obesity during Pregnancy Alters Daily Activity and Feeding Cycles, and Hypothalamic Clock Gene Expression in Adult Male Mouse Offspring. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5408. [PMID: 31671625 PMCID: PMC6862679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An obesogenic diet adversely affects the endogenous mammalian circadian clock, altering daily activity and metabolism, and resulting in obesity. We investigated whether an obese pregnancy can alter the molecular clock in the offspring hypothalamus, resulting in changes to their activity and feeding rhythms. Female mice were fed a control (C, 7% kcal fat) or high fat diet (HF, 45% kcal fat) before mating and throughout pregnancy. Male offspring were fed the C or HF diet postweaning, resulting in four offspring groups: C/C, C/HF, HF/C, and HF/HF. Daily activity and food intake were monitored, and at 15 weeks of age were killed at six time-points over 24 h. The clock genes Clock, Bmal1, Per2, and Cry2 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and appetite genes Npy and Pomc in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) were measured. Daily activity and feeding cycles in the HF/C, C/HF, and HF/HF offspring were altered, with increased feeding bouts and activity during the day and increased food intake but reduced activity at night. Gene expression patterns and levels of Clock, Bmal1, Per2, and Cry2 in the SCN and Npy and Pomc in the ARC were altered in HF diet-exposed offspring. The altered expression of hypothalamic molecular clock components and appetite genes, together with changes in activity and feeding rhythms, could be contributing to offspring obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane K Cleal
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Kimberley D Bruce
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Jasmin L Shearer
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Hugh Thomas
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Jack Plume
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Louise Gregory
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - James N Shepard
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Kerry L Spiers-Fitzgerald
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Ravi Mani
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Rohan M Lewis
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Karen A Lillycrop
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mark A Hanson
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Felino R Cagampang
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Buonfiglio D, Tchio C, Furigo I, Donato J, Baba K, Cipolla-Neto J, Tosini G. Removing melatonin receptor type 1 signaling leads to selective leptin resistance in the arcuate nucleus. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12580. [PMID: 30968433 PMCID: PMC6687516 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of melatonin in the regulation of energy homeostasis. In this study, we report that mice lacking melatonin receptor 1 (MT1 KO) gained more weight, had a higher cumulative food intake, and were more hyperphagic after fasting compared to controls (WT). In response to a leptin injection, MT1 KO mice showed a diminished reduction in body weight and food intake. To evaluate hypothalamic leptin signaling, we tested leptin-induced phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Leptin failed to induce STAT3 phosphorylation in MT1 KO mice beyond levels observed in mice injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Furthermore, STAT3 phosphorylation within the arcuate nucleus (ARH) was decreased in MT1 KO mice. Leptin receptor mRNA levels in the hypothalamus of MT1 KO were significantly reduced (about 50%) compared to WT. This study shows that: (a) MT1 deficiency causes weight gain and increased food intake; (b) a lack of MT1 signaling induces leptin resistance; (c) leptin resistance is ARH region-specific; and (d) leptin resistance is likely due to down-regulation of the leptin receptor. Our data demonstrate that MT1 signaling is an important modulator of leptin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Buonfiglio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-I, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cynthia Tchio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Isadora Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-I, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-I, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kenkichi Baba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-I, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gianluca Tosini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Min C, Kim H, Choi W, Lee KJ. Diversity in the structure of action potential-mediated neural connectivity within rat supra chiasmatic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2814-2829. [PMID: 30968479 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Action potential (AP)-mediated cell-to-cell communication is essential for the frequency-locking and phase-synchronization of the clock cells within the biological master clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Nevertheless, the morphology of its network connectivity is largely unexplored. Here, with an optimized optogenetic light-stimulation and scanning protocol, we report some key characteristics of the inhibitory receptive field (IRF), the area which brings inhibitory synaptic currents to a given target cell, and basic statistics of the inhibitory network connections of rat SCN clock cells. ChR2 transfected, slice cultures of rat SCN were stimulated by a blue power LED light in a repetitive box-scanning modes, while a target cell was whole-cell patched. The registered inhibitory postsynaptic currents, which were brought by light-induced APs of presynaptic neurons, were mostly GABAergic. The sizes and shapes of IRFs of SCN cells were very diverse, and the number of presynaptic cells making up the IRF of a given target cell followed an exponential distribution with an average value of 8.9 approximately, according to our clustering analysis which is based on a hybrid measure D, combining the physical distance r and the difference in the current amplitudes of two different sites. Although this estimate inevitably depends on the construct of the measure D, it is found not so sensitive on the parameter w, which weighs the relative significance of the current amplitude different with respect to the physical distance r: The average number of presynaptic neurons varies < 26% over a significant range of 0 < w < 30. On average, the presynaptic connection number density around a target cell falls off as an exponentially decreasing function of r. But, its space constant (~210.7 μm) is quite large that long-range (>210.7 μm) neural connections are abundant (>66.9%) within the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolhong Min
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonshik Choi
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung J Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Goh GH, Maloney SK, Mark PJ, Blache D. Episodic Ultradian Events-Ultradian Rhythms. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:E15. [PMID: 30875767 PMCID: PMC6466064 DOI: 10.3390/biology8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the fast lane of chronobiology, ultradian events are short-term rhythms that have been observed since the beginning of modern biology and were quantified about a century ago. They are ubiquitous in all biological systems and found in all organisms, from unicellular organisms to mammals, and from single cells to complex biological functions in multicellular animals. Since these events are aperiodic and last for a few minutes to a few hours, they are better classified as episodic ultradian events (EUEs). Their origin is unclear. However, they could have a molecular basis and could be controlled by hormonal inputs-in vertebrates, they originate from the activity of the central nervous system. EUEs are receiving increasing attention but their aperiodic nature requires specific sampling and analytic tools. While longer scale rhythms are adaptations to predictable changes in the environment, in theory, EUEs could contribute to adaptation by preparing organisms and biological functions for unpredictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Goh
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Shane K Maloney
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Dominique Blache
- School of Agriculture and Environment and UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
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Kisspeptin Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus Orchestrate Circadian Rhythms and Metabolism. Curr Biol 2019; 29:592-604.e4. [PMID: 30744968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful reproduction in female mammals is precisely timed and must be able to withstand the metabolic demand of pregnancy and lactation. We show that kisspeptin-expressing neurons in the arcuate hypothalamus (Kiss1ARH) of female mice control the daily timing of food intake, along with the circadian regulation of locomotor activity, sleep, and core body temperature. Toxin-induced silencing of Kiss1ARH neurons shifts wakefulness and food consumption to the light phase and induces weight gain. Toxin-silenced mice are less physically active and have attenuated temperature rhythms. Because the rhythm of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) appears to be intact, we hypothesize that Kiss1ARH neurons signal to neurons downstream of the master clock to modulate the output of the SCN. We conclude that, in addition to their well-established role in regulating fertility, Kiss1ARH neurons are a critical component of the hypothalamic circadian oscillator network that times overt rhythms of physiology and behavior.
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Salminen II, Crespi BJ, Mokkonen M. Baby food and bedtime: Evidence for opposite phenotypes from different genetic and epigenetic alterations in Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. SAGE Open Med 2019; 7:2050312118823585. [PMID: 30728968 PMCID: PMC6350130 DOI: 10.1177/2050312118823585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes are often referred to as a sister pair of
neurodevelopmental disorders, resulting from different genetic and epigenetic
alterations to the same chromosomal region, 15q11-q13. Some of the primary
phenotypes of the two syndromes have been suggested to be opposite to one
another, but this hypothesis has yet to be tested comprehensively, and it
remains unclear how opposite effects could be produced by changes to different
genes in one syndrome compared to the other. We evaluated the evidence for
opposite effects on sleep and eating phenotypes in Prader–Willi syndrome and
Angelman syndrome, and developed physiological–genetic models that represent
hypothesized causes of these differences. Sleep latency shows opposite
deviations from controls in Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes, with shorter
latency in Prader–Willi syndrome by meta-analysis and longer latency in Angelman
syndrome from previous studies. These differences can be accounted for by the
effects of variable gene dosages of UBE3A and MAGEL2, interacting with clock
genes, and leading to acceleration (in Prader–Willi syndrome) or deceleration
(in Angelman syndrome) of circadian rhythms. Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes
also show evidence of opposite alterations in hyperphagic food selectivity, with
more paternally biased subtypes of Angelman syndrome apparently involving
increased preference for complementary foods (“baby foods”); hedonic reward from
eating may also be increased in Angelman syndrome and decreased in Prader–Willi
syndrome. These differences can be explained in part under a model whereby
hyperphagia and food selectivity are mediated by the effects of the genes
SNORD-116, UBE3A and MAGEL2, with outcomes depending upon the genotypic cause of
Angelman syndrome. The diametric variation observed in sleep and eating
phenotypes in Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes is consistent with predictions
from the kinship theory of imprinting, reflecting extremes of higher resource
demand in Angelman syndrome and lower demand in Prader–Willi syndrome, with a
special emphasis on social–attentional demands and attachment associated with
bedtime, and feeding demands associated with mother-provided complementary foods
compared to offspring-foraged family-type foods.
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Mechanisms of Communication in the Mammalian Circadian Timing System. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020343. [PMID: 30650649 PMCID: PMC6359556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
24-h rhythms in physiology and behaviour are organized by a body-wide network of endogenous circadian clocks. In mammals, a central pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) integrates external light information to adapt cellular clocks in all tissues and organs to the external light-dark cycle. Together, central and peripheral clocks co-regulate physiological rhythms and functions. In this review, we outline the current knowledge about the routes of communication between the environment, the main pacemakers and the downstream clocks in the body, focusing on what we currently know and what we still need to understand about the communication mechanisms by which centrally and peripherally controlled timing signals coordinate physiological functions and behaviour. We highlight recent findings that shed new light on the internal organization and function of the SCN and neuroendocrine mechanisms mediating clock-to-clock coupling. These findings have implications for our understanding of circadian network entrainment and for potential manipulations of the circadian clock system in therapeutic settings.
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47
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Loganathan N, Salehi A, Chalmers JA, Belsham DD. Bisphenol A Alters Bmal1, Per2, and Rev-Erba mRNA and Requires Bmal1 to Increase Neuropeptide Y Expression in Hypothalamic Neurons. Endocrinology 2019; 160:181-192. [PMID: 30500912 PMCID: PMC6307099 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous environmental endocrine disruptor, is considered an obesogen. However, its role in the hypothalamic control of energy balance remains largely unexplored. Because disruption of the circadian clock is tightly associated with metabolic consequences, we explored how BPA affects the components of the molecular circadian clock in the feeding-related neurons of the hypothalamus. In immortalized POMC and NPY/AgRP-expressing hypothalamic cell lines and primary culture, we describe how BPA significantly alters mRNA expression of circadian clock genes Bmal1,Per2, and Rev-Erbα. Furthermore, we use newly generated Bmal1-knockout (KO) hypothalamic cell lines to link the BPA-induced neuropeptide dysregulation to the molecular clock. Specifically, BPA increased Npy, Agrp, and Pomc mRNA expression in wild type hypothalamic cells, whereas the increase in Npy, but not Agrp or Pomc, was abolished in cell lines lacking BMAL1. In line with this increase, BPA led to increased BMAL1 binding to the Npy promotor, potentially increasing Npy transcription. In conclusion, we show that BPA-mediated dysregulation of the circadian molecular clock is linked to the deleterious effects of BPA on neuropeptide expression. Furthermore, we describe hypothalamic Bmal1-KO cell lines to study the role of BMAL1 in hypothalamic responses to metabolic, hormonal, and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neruja Loganathan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashkan Salehi
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bentivoglio M, Kristensson K, Rottenberg ME. Circumventricular Organs and Parasite Neurotropism: Neglected Gates to the Brain? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2877. [PMID: 30619260 PMCID: PMC6302769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circumventricular organs (CVOs), neural structures located around the third and fourth ventricles, harbor, similarly to the choroid plexus, vessels devoid of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). This enables them to sense immune-stimulatory molecules in the blood circulation, but may also increase chances of exposure to microbes. In spite of this, attacks to CVOs by microbes are rarely described. It is here highlighted that CVOs and choroid plexus can be infected by pathogens circulating in the bloodstream, providing a route for brain penetration, as shown by infections with the parasites Trypanosoma brucei. Immune responses elicited by pathogens or systemic infections in the choroid plexus and CVOs are briefly outlined. From the choroid plexus trypanosomes can seed into the ventricles and initiate accelerated infiltration of T cells and parasites in periventricular areas. The highly motile trypanosomes may also enter the brain parenchyma from the median eminence, a CVO located at the base of the third ventricle, by crossing the border into the BBB-protected hypothalamic arcuate nuclei. A gate may, thus, be provided for trypanosomes to move into brain areas connected to networks of regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep-wakefulness, to which other CVOs are also connected. Functional imbalances in these networks characterize human African trypanosomiasis, also called sleeping sickness. They are distinct from the sickness response to bacterial infections, but can occur in common neuropsychiatric diseases. Altogether the findings lead to the question: does the neglect in reporting microbe attacks to CVOs reflect lack of awareness in investigations or of gate-opening capability by microbes?
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bentivoglio
- Department of Neuroscience Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Martin E. Rottenberg
- Department Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Maywood ES. Synchronization and maintenance of circadian timing in the mammalian clockwork. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 51:229-240. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Maywood
- Neurobiology DivisionMedical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge UK
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