1
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Guo W, Ma Q, Zhang F, Li K, Yi Q. An Effect of Chronic Negative Stress on Hippocampal Structures and Functional Connectivity in Patients with Depressive Disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:1011-1024. [PMID: 38764745 PMCID: PMC11102123 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s460429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Depressive disorder is a mental health disorder with complicated etiopathogenesis. Environmental stress and neurodevelopment combined with other factors contribute to the occurrence of depression. Especially for the depressive disorder with chronic negative stress, it has characteristics of recurrence and poor curative effect because of unclear mechanism. Here, we investigated the hippocampal structures and functional connectivity (FC) according to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with depression who underwent chronic negative stress. Patients and Methods A total of 65 patients with depression (34 underwent chronic negative stress and 31 non-underwent chronic negative stress) and 30 healthy controls who did not undergo chronic negative stress were included in the study. The volumes of hippocampal subfields, seed-based FCs between hippocampus and the whole brain voxels, and ROI-wise-based FC between hippocampal subfields were compared among the three groups. Results In the patients with depression who underwent chronic negative stress, the volumes of right_GC-ML-DG-head, right_CA4-head and right_CA3-head increased, FCs between Temporal_Mid_R, Precuneus_R, Frontal_Sup_R, Temporal_Sup_R, Angular_L, Frontal_Inf_Tri_R, Supp_Motor_Area_R, Precentral_L and hippocampus increased, and FCs between parasubiculum and CA3, and presubiculum and CA1 decreased. When compared to the patients who did not undergo chronic negative stress, the patients who underwent chronic negative stress had larger volumes of right_GC-ML-DG-head and right_CA3-head, higher FCs between Frontal_Sup_R, Frontal_Inf_Tri_R and hippocampus, and lower FCs between presubiculum and CA1. Conclusion The depression underwent chronic negative stress may experience disrupted hippocampal structures and functional connectivity. It may be one of potential depressive disorder subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioural Disorders, Baoding, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunshu Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioural Disorders, Baoding, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentao Guo
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioural Disorders, Baoding, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Mental (Psychological) Disorder, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioural Disorders, Baoding, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keqing Li
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioural Disorders, Baoding, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qizhong Yi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Mental (Psychological) Disorder, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
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Jiang H, Long X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Chen L, Yang X, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Chai Y, Bao T. Acupuncture Ameliorates Depression-Like Behaviors Through Modulating the Neuroinflammation Mediated by TLR4 Signaling Pathway in Rats Exposed to Chronic Restraint Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2606-2619. [PMID: 37917302 PMCID: PMC11043104 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, emerging evidence has identified that stress-induced activation of neuroinflammation is considered to be one of the most prevalently precipitating factors in the pathogenesis of depression. Data from clinical trials and experimental findings has verified the efficacy and safety of acupuncture in the prevention and treatment of depression. However, the mechanism of the preventive effect of acupuncture for depression has not been fully elucidated. The current study aimed to investigate the preventive effect and mechanism of acupuncture through modulating the neuroinflammation mediated by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in rats exposed to chronic restraint stress (CRS). All rats were subjected to CRS for 21 days, with the exception of rats in control group. One hour before CRS, rats in acupuncture group were exposed to acupuncture at Baihui (GV20) and Yintang (GV29). The depression-like behaviors were evaluated by body weight assessment and sucrose preference test at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days. The expression of activated microglia in hippocampus was detected by immunofluorescence. The expression of key proteins on TLR4 signaling pathway of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, NF-κB p65, TNF-α, and mRNA of TLR4 in the hippocampus was detected by western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to investigate the effect of acupuncture on stress-induced activation of neuroinflammation. The present study provided evidence that acupuncture exerted potential preventive effect that might be mediated in part by suppressing the neuroinflammation induced by TLR4 signaling pathway, which may be a promising treatment target to improve current treatments for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Jiang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Research Center of Mental and Neurological Disorders, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xianqi Long
- Department of Medicine, Qiannan Medical College for Nationalities, Duyun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lu Chen
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
- Research Center of Mental and Neurological Disorders, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinjing Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingcong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yemao Chai
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tuya Bao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Research Center of Mental and Neurological Disorders, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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3
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Valipour H, Meftahi GH, Pirzad Jahromi G, Mohammadi A. Lateralization of the 5-HT 1A receptors in the basolateral amygdala in metabolic and anxiety responses to chronic restraint stress. Amino Acids 2024; 56:13. [PMID: 38340185 PMCID: PMC10858818 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Behavioral and functional studies describe hemispheric asymmetry in anxiety and metabolic behaviors in responses to stress. However, no study has reported serotonergic receptor (the 5-HT1A receptor) lateralization in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in vivo on anxiety and metabolic behaviors under stress. In the present study, the effect of unilateral and bilateral suppression of the 5-HT1A receptor in the BLA on anxiety, and metabolic responses to chronic restraint stress was assessed. Male Wistar rats 7 days after cannulation into the BLA received chronic restraint stress for 14 consecutive days. 20 minutes before induction of stress, WAY-100-635 (selective 5-HT1A antagonist) or sterile saline (vehicle) was administered either uni- or bi-laterally into the BLA. Behavioral (elevated plus maze; EPM, and open field test), and metabolic parameter studies were performed. Results showed that stress causes a significant increase in weight gain compared to control. In the non-stress condition, the left and bilaterally, and in the stress condition the right, left, and both sides, inhibition of 5-HT1A in the BLA reduced weight gain. In the restraint stress condition, only inhibition of the 5-HT1A receptor in the left BLA led to decreased food intake compared to the control group. In stress conditions, inhibition of the 5-HT1A receptor on the right, left, and bilateral BLA increased water intake compared to the stress group. Inhibition of the 5-HT1A receptor on the left side of the BLA by WAY-100-635 induced anxiety-like behaviors in stressed rats. Similarly, WAY-100-635 on the left BLA effectively caused anxiety-like behaviors in both EPM and open field tests in the control animals. In conclusion, it seems that 5-HT1A receptors in the left BLA are more responsible for anxiety-like behaviors and metabolic changes in responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Valipour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Hossein Meftahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gila Pirzad Jahromi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohammadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lee D, Woo CW, Heo H, Ko Y, Jang JS, Na S, Kim N, Woo DC, Kim KW, Lee DW. Mapping Changes in Glutamate with Glutamate-Weighted MRI in Forced Swim Test Model of Depression in Rats. Biomedicines 2024; 12:384. [PMID: 38397986 PMCID: PMC10887078 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer with glutamate (GluCEST) imaging is a novel technique for the non-invasive detection and quantification of cerebral Glu levels in neuromolecular processes. Here we used GluCEST imaging and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) to assess in vivo changes in Glu signals within the hippocampus in a rat model of depression induced by a forced swim test. The forced swimming test (FST) group exhibited markedly reduced GluCEST-weighted levels and Glu concentrations when examined using 1H MRS in the hippocampal region compared to the control group (GluCEST-weighted levels: 3.67 ± 0.81% vs. 5.02 ± 0.44%, p < 0.001; and Glu concentrations: 6.560 ± 0.292 μmol/g vs. 7.133 ± 0.397 μmol/g, p = 0.001). Our results indicate that GluCEST imaging is a distinctive approach to detecting and monitoring Glu levels in a rat model of depression. Furthermore, the application of GluCEST imaging may provide a deeper insight into the neurochemical involvement of glutamate in various psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Fujairah P.O. Box 1626, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Chul-Woong Woo
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (C.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.)
| | - Hwon Heo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yousun Ko
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Sung Jang
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (J.S.J.); (S.N.)
| | - Seongwon Na
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (J.S.J.); (S.N.)
| | - Nari Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-Cheol Woo
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (C.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.)
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Do-Wan Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
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van Rensburg DJ, Lindeque Z, Harvey BH, Steyn SF. Ndufs4 KO mice: A model to study comorbid mood disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 234:173689. [PMID: 38070656 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
The Ndufs4 knockout (KO) mouse is a validated and robust preclinical model of mitochondrial diseases (specifically Leigh syndrome), that displays a narrow window of relative phenotypical normality, despite its inherent mitochondrial complex I dysfunction and severe phenotype. Preclinical observations related to psychiatric comorbidities that arise in patients with mitochondrial diseases and indeed in Leigh syndrome are, however, yet to be investigated in this model. Strengthening this narrative is the fact that major depression and bipolar disorder are known to present with deficits in mitochondrial function. We therefore screened the behavioural profile of male and female Ndufs4 KO mice (relative to heterozygous; HET and wildtype; WT mice) between postnatal days 28 and 35 for locomotor, depressive- and anxiety-like alterations and linked it with selected brain biomarkers, viz. serotonin, kynurenine, and redox status in brain areas relevant to psychiatric pathologies (i.e., prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum). The Ndufs4 KO mice initially displayed depressive-like behaviour in the tail suspension test on PND31 but not on PND35 in the forced swim test. In the mirror box test, increased risk resilience was observed. Serotonin levels of KO mice, compared to HET controls, were increased on PND36, together with increased tryptophan to serotonin and kynurenine turnover. Kynurenine to kynurenic acid turnover was however decreased, while reduced versus oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) was increased. When considering the comorbid psychiatric traits of patients with mitochondrial disorders, this work elaborates on the neuropsychiatric profile of the Ndufs KO mouse. Secondly, despite locomotor differences, Ndufs4 KO mice present with a behavioural profile not unlike rodent models of bipolar disorder, namely variable mood states and risk-taking behaviour. The model may elucidate the bio-energetic mechanisms underlying mood disorders, especially in the presence of mitochondrial disease. Studies are however required to further validate the model's translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël J van Rensburg
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Zander Lindeque
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa; The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Stephan F Steyn
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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6
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Imamura K, Bota A, Shirafuji T, Takumi T. The blues and rhythm. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00199-2. [PMID: 38000448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Most organisms, including humans, show daily rhythms in many aspects of physiology and behavior, and abnormalities in the rhythms are potential risk factors for various diseases. Mood disorders such as depression are no exception. Accumulating evidence suggests strong associations between circadian disturbances and the development of depression. Numerous studies have shown that interventions to circadian rhythms trigger depression-like phenotypes in human cases and animal models. Conversely, mood changes can affect circadian rhythms as symptoms of depression. Our preliminary data suggest that the phosphorylation signal pathway of the clock protein may act as a common pathway for mood and clock regulation. We hypothesize that mood regulation and circadian rhythms may influence each other and may share a common regulatory mechanism. This review provides an overview of circadian disturbances in animal models and human patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyomichi Imamura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Chuo, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ayaka Bota
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Chuo, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Shirafuji
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Chuo, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toru Takumi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Chuo, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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7
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Aliphon B, Dai T, Moretti J, Penrose-Menz M, Mulders WHAM, Blache D, Rodger J. A repeated measures cognitive affective bias test in rats: comparison with forced swim test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2257-2270. [PMID: 36450831 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is an urgent need to identify behaviours in animals that can provide insight into the aetiology and potential treatment of depression in humans. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to validate a repeated measures cognitive affective bias (CAB) test in a rat model of chronic stress and compare CAB with forced swim test (FST) measures. METHODS Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were trained to associate large and small rewards with scent, spatial, and tactile cues, and their response to an ambiguous tactile stimulus tested. Rats underwent weekly CAB testing for 4 weeks with no intervention, or for 2 weeks of chronic restraint stress (CRS), followed by 2 weeks of fluoxetine, vehicle, or no treatment. CRS rats also underwent the FST at selected timepoints. RESULTS In control rats, CAB was positive and remained stable over the 4-week period. In CRS-fluoxetine and CRS-vehicle groups, CAB was initially positive, became negative during chronic restraint stress, and returned to positive by 2 weeks after treatment. However, in the CRS-no treatment group, CAB was variable at the outset and unstable over time. Behaviour in the FST was not affected by treatment, and there was no correlation between CAB and FST outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Instability in the CRS-no treatment group precluded interpretation of the impact of fluoxetine on CAB post-CRS. Our results suggest that behaviour in the FST does not reflect or alter affective state and support the use of CAB tests as part of the behavioural testing repertoire for preclinical animal models of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Aliphon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Twain Dai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Jessica Moretti
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Marissa Penrose-Menz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Wilhelmina H A M Mulders
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Dominique Blache
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.
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8
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Tripathi A, Bartosh A, Whitehead C, Pillai A. Activation of cell-free mtDNA-TLR9 signaling mediates chronic stress-induced social behavior deficits. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3806-3815. [PMID: 37528226 PMCID: PMC10730412 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and social behavior deficits are associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Chronic stress, a major risk factor for depression and other mental health conditions is known to increase inflammatory responses and social behavior impairments. Disturbances in mitochondria function have been found in chronic stress conditions, however the mechanisms that link mitochondrial dysfunction to stress-induced social behavior deficits are not well understood. In this study, we found that chronic restraint stress (RS) induces significant increases in serum cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) levels in mice, and systemic Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) treatment attenuated RS-induced social behavioral deficits. Our findings revealed potential roles of mitophagy and Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) in mediating chronic stress-induced changes in cf-mtDNA levels and social behavior. Furthermore, we showed that inhibition of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) attenuates mtDNA-induced social behavior deficits. Together, these findings show that cf-mtDNA-TLR9 signaling is critical in mediating stress-induced social behavior deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Tripathi
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alona Bartosh
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carl Whitehead
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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9
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Peay DN, Acuna A, Reynolds CM, Willis C, Takalkar R, Bryce Ortiz J, Conrad CD. Chronic stress leads to persistent and contrasting stellate neuron dendritic hypertrophy in the amygdala of male and female rats, an effect not found in the hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2023; 812:137403. [PMID: 37473795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
In males, chronic stress enhances dendritic complexity in the amygdala, a region important in emotion regulation. An amygdalar subregion, the basolateral amygdala (BLA), is influenced by the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex to coordinate emotional learning and memory. This study quantified changes in dendritic complexity of BLA stellate neurons ten days after an unpredictable chronic stressor ended in both male and female rats. In addition, dendritic complexity of hippocampal neurons in male rats was assessed at a similar timepoint. Following Golgi processing, stressed male and female rats showed enhanced BLA dendritic complexity; increased arborization occurred near the soma in males and distally in females. As the brain was sampled ten days after chronic stress ended, BLA dendritic hypertrophy persisted in both sexes after the stressor had ended. For the hippocampus, CA3 dendritic complexity was similar for control and stressed males when assessed eight days after stress ended, suggesting that any stress-induced changes had resolved. These results show persistent enhancement of BLA dendritic arborization in both sexes following chronic stress, reveal sex differences in how BLA hypertrophy manifests, and suggest a putative neurobiological substrate by which chronic stress may create a vulnerable phenotype for emotional dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan N Peay
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, United States
| | - Amanda Acuna
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, United States
| | - Cindy M Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, United States
| | - Chris Willis
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, United States
| | - Rujuta Takalkar
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, United States
| | - J Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, United States
| | - Cheryl D Conrad
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, United States.
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10
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Dai T, Seewoo BJ, Hennessy LA, Bolland SJ, Rosenow T, Rodger J. Identifying reproducible resting state networks and functional connectivity alterations following chronic restraint stress in anaesthetized rats. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1151525. [PMID: 37284657 PMCID: PMC10239969 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1151525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) in rodent models have the potential to bridge invasive experiments and observational human studies, increasing our understanding of functional alterations in the brains of patients with depression. A major limitation in current rodent rs-fMRI studies is that there has been no consensus on healthy baseline resting-state networks (RSNs) that are reproducible in rodents. Therefore, the present study aimed to construct reproducible RSNs in a large dataset of healthy rats and then evaluate functional connectivity changes within and between these RSNs following a chronic restraint stress (CRS) model within the same animals. Methods A combined MRI dataset of 109 Sprague Dawley rats at baseline and after two weeks of CRS, collected during four separate experiments conducted by our lab in 2019 and 2020, was re-analysed. The mICA and gRAICAR toolbox were first applied to detect optimal and reproducible ICA components and then a hierarchical clustering algorithm (FSLNets) was applied to construct reproducible RSNs. Ridge-regularized partial correlation (FSLNets) was used to evaluate the changes in the direct connection between and within identified networks in the same animals following CRS. Results Four large-scale networks in anesthetised rats were identified: the DMN-like, spatial attention-limbic, corpus striatum, and autonomic network, which are homologous across species. CRS decreased the anticorrelation between DMN-like and autonomic network. CRS decreased the correlation between amygdala and a functional complex (nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum) in the right hemisphere within the corpus striatum network. However, a high individual variability in the functional connectivity before and after CRS within RSNs was observed. Conclusion The functional connectivity changes detected in rodents following CRS differ from reported functional connectivity alterations in patients with depression. A simple interpretation of this difference is that the rodent response to CRS does not reflect the complexity of depression as it is experienced by humans. Nonetheless, the high inter-subject variability of functional connectivity within networks suggests that rats demonstrate different neural phenotypes, like humans. Therefore, future efforts in classifying neural phenotypes in rodents might improve the sensitivity and translational impact of models used to address aetiology and treatment of psychiatric conditions including depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twain Dai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bhedita J. Seewoo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Minderoo Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lauren A. Hennessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Samuel J. Bolland
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tim Rosenow
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, Research Infrastructure Centres, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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11
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Li Z, Ma Y, Dong B, Hu B, He H, Jia J, Xiong M, Xu T, Xu B, Xi W. Functional magnetic resonance imaging study on anxiety and depression disorders induced by chronic restraint stress in rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 450:114496. [PMID: 37201894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Persistent and negative stress stimulation is one of the most important factors leading to anxiety and depression in individuals, and it can negatively affect the normal function and structure of brain-related regions. However, the maladaptive changes of brain neural networks in anxiety and depression induced by chronic stress have not been explored in detail. In this study, we analyzed the changes in global information transfer efficiency, stress related blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD)- and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)- signals and functional connectivity (FC) in rat models based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). The results showed that compared to control group, rats treated with chronic restraint stress (CRS) for 5 weeks had reconstructed the small-world network properties. In addition, CRS group had increased coherence and activity in bilateral Striatum (ST_R & L), but decreased coherence and activity in unilateral (left) Frontal Association Cortex (FrA_L) and unilateral (left) Medial Entorhinal Cortex (MEC_L). DTI analysis and correlation analysis confirmed the disrupted integrity of MEC_L and ST_R & L and their correlation to anxiety- and depressive-liked behaviors. Functional connectivity further showed these regions of interest (ROI) had decreased positive correlations with several brain areas, respectively. Our study comprehensively revealed the adaptive changes of brain neural networks induced by chronic stress and emphasized the abnormal activity and functional connectivity of ST_R & L and MEC_L in the pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoju Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Department of Anesthesiology, Southern Theater General Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, P.R. China; Department of Anesthesiology, Southern Theater General Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, P.R. China
| | - Yongyuan Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southern Theater General Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, P.R. China
| | - Bo Dong
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R.China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southern Theater General Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, P.R. China.
| | - Huan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southern Theater General Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, P.R. China
| | - Ji Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southern Theater General Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, P.R. China
| | - Ming Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology & Peri-Operative Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Neuroscience Program, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R.China.
| | - Bo Xu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Department of Anesthesiology, Southern Theater General Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, P.R. China; Department of Anesthesiology, Southern Theater General Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, P.R. China.
| | - Wenbin Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southern Theater General Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, P.R. China
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12
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Yuruk D, Ozger C, Garzon JF, Leffler JM, Shekunov J, Vande Voort JL, Zaccariello MJ, Nakonezny PA, Croarkin PE. Sequential bilateral accelerated theta burst stimulation in adolescents with suicidal ideation associated with major depressive disorder: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280010. [PMID: 37053246 PMCID: PMC10101506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a leading cause of death in adolescents worldwide. Previous research findings suggest that suicidal adolescents with depression have pathophysiological dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) deficits in γ-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission. Interventions with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) directly address these underlying pathophysiological deficits in the prefrontal cortex. Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is newer dosing approach for TMS. Accelerated TBS (aTBS) involves administering multiple sessions of TMS daily as this dosing may be more efficient, tolerable, and rapid acting than standard TMS. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of sequential bilateral aTBS in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidal ideation. Three sessions are administered daily for 10 days. During each session, continuous TBS is administered first to the right DPFC, in which 1,800 pulses are delivered continuously over 120 seconds. Then intermittent TBS is applied to the left DPFC, in which 1,800 pulses are delivered in 2-second bursts and repeated every 10 seconds for 570 seconds. The TBS parameters were adopted from prior research, with 3-pulse, 50-Hz bursts given every 200 ms (at 5 Hz) with an intensity of 80% active motor threshold. The comparison group will receive 3 daily sessions of bilateral sham TBS treatment for 10 days. All participants will receive the standard of care for patients with depression and suicidal ideation including daily psychotherapeutic skill sessions. Long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) biomarkers will be measured before and after treatment. Exploratory measures will be collected with TMS and electroencephalography for biomarker development. DISCUSSION This is the first known randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of sequential bilateral aTBS for treating suicidal ideation in adolescents with MDD. Results from this study will also provide opportunities to further understand the neurophysiological and molecular mechanisms of suicidal ideation in adolescents. TRIAL REGISTRATION Investigational device exemption (IDE) Number: G200220, ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04701840). Registered August 6, 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04502758?term=NCT04701840&draw=2&rank=1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yuruk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Can Ozger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Juan F. Garzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jarrod M. Leffler
- Virginia Treatment Center for Children, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Julia Shekunov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Vande Voort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Children’s Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Zaccariello
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Children’s Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Nakonezny
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul E. Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Children’s Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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13
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Are neuromodulation interventions associated with changes in the gut microbiota? A systematic review. Neuropharmacology 2023; 223:109318. [PMID: 36334762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) refers to the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut microbiota and recent studies have linked the MGBA to health and disease. Research has so far investigated this axis mainly from microbiota to brain but less is known about the other direction. One approach to examine the MGBA from brain to microbiota is through understanding if and how neuromodulation might impact microbiota. Neuromodulation encompasses a wide range of stimulation techniques and is used to treat neurological, psychiatric and metabolic disorders, like Parkinson's Disease, depression and obesity. Here, we performed a systematic review to investigate whether neuromodulation is associated with subsequent changes in the gut microbiota. Searches in PsycINFO and MEDLINE were performed up to March 2022. Included studies needed to be clinical or preclinical studies comparing the effects of deep brain stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation or vagal nerve stimulation on the gut microbiota before and after treatment or between active and control groups. Seven studies were identified. Neuromodulation was associated with changes in relative bacterial abundances, but not with (changes in) α-diversity or β-diversity. Summarizing, currently reported findings suggest that neuromodulation interventions are associated with moderate changes in the gut microbiome. However, findings remain inconclusive due to the limited number and varying quality of included studies, as well as the large heterogeneity between studies. More research is required to more conclusively establish whether, and if so, via which mechanism(s) of action neuromodulation interventions might influence the gut microbiota.
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14
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Zhou R, Wang Z, Zhou B, Yu Z, Wu C, Hou J, Cheng K, Liu TC. Estrogen receptors mediate the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise: A possible new mechanism. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1040828. [PMID: 36570542 PMCID: PMC9780551 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to examine whether aerobic exercise exerts mood-modulating effects through an estrogen signaling mechanism. Method The experiment was divided into two parts. The first part is to compare the three modeling methods to obtain the most obvious method of depression-like phenotype for further study in the second part. The first part of ovariectomized rats (age, 13 weeks) was tested when rats were 14 or 22 weeks old or in the sixth week after 3 weeks of chronic restraint stress. The second part was to treat the animals with the most obvious depression-like phenotype in different ways, placebo treatment or estradiol (E2) replacement therapy was administered, aerobic training, or estrogen receptor antagonist treatment. The cognitive (Barnes maze and 3-chamber social tests), anxiety-like (open-field and elevated plus maze tests) and depression-like (sucrose preference and forced swim tests) behaviors of rats in both parts were analyzed to study the effects of estrogen depletion and aerobic exercise. Results Rats did not develop depressive symptoms immediately after ovariectomy, however, the symptoms became more pronounced with a gradual decrease in ovarian hormone levels. Compared with the placebo or control groups, the exercise and E2 groups showed improved performance in all behavioral test tasks, and the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise were comparable to those of estrogen. Moreover, the estrogen receptor antagonist has markedly inhibited the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise. Conclusion Estrogen receptors may mediate the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise. In addition, an increasingly fragile ovarian hormonal environment may underlies chronic restraint stress-induced depression.
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15
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Petković A, Chaudhury D. Encore: Behavioural animal models of stress, depression and mood disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:931964. [PMID: 36004305 PMCID: PMC9395206 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.931964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies over the past two decades have led to extensive advances in our understanding of pathogenesis of depressive and mood disorders. Among these, rodent behavioural models proved to be of highest informative value. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the most popular behavioural models with respect to physiological, circuit, and molecular biological correlates. Behavioural stress paradigms and behavioural tests are assessed in terms of outcomes, strengths, weaknesses, and translational value, especially in the domain of pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipesh Chaudhury
- Laboratory of Neural Systems and Behaviour, Department of Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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16
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The Effects of Low-Intensity Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on White Matter Plasticity and Depression. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:92-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Seewoo BJ, Hennessy LA, Jaeschke LA, Mackie LA, Etherington SJ, Dunlop SA, Croarkin PE, Rodger J. A Preclinical Study of Standard Versus Accelerated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression in Adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2022; 32:187-193. [PMID: 34978846 PMCID: PMC9057889 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2021.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Ongoing studies are focused on adapting transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescent humans. Most protocols in adolescent humans to date have delivered daily 10 Hz prefrontal stimulation with mixed results. Novel TMS dosing strategies such as accelerated TMS have recently been considered. There are knowledge gaps related to the potential clinical and pragmatic advantages of accelerated TMS. This pilot study compared the behavioral effects of a standard daily and accelerated low-intensity TMS (LI-TMS) protocol in an adolescent murine model of depression. Methods: Male adolescent Sprague Dawley rats were placed in transparent plexiglass tubes for 2.5 hours daily for 13 days as part of a study to validate the chronic restraint stress (CRS) protocol. Rats subsequently received 10 minutes of active or sham 10 Hz LI-TMS daily for 2 weeks (standard) or three times daily for 1 week (accelerated). Behavior was assessed using the elevated plus maze and forced swim test (FST). Hippocampal neurogenesis was assessed by injection of the thymidine analogue 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine at the end of LI-TMS treatment (2 weeks standard, 1 week accelerated), followed by postmortem histological analysis. Results: There were no significant differences in behavioral outcomes among animals receiving once-daily sham or active LI-TMS treatment. However, animals treated with accelerated LI-TMS demonstrated significant improvements in behavioral outcomes compared with sham treatment. Specifically, animals receiving active accelerated treatment showed greater latency to the first immobility behavior (p < 0.05; active: 130 ± 46 seconds; sham: 54 ± 39 seconds) and increased climbing behaviors (p < 0.05; active: 16 ± 5; sham: 9 ± 5) during FST. There were no changes in hippocampal neurogenesis nor any evidence of cell death in histological sections. Conclusions: An accelerated LI-TMS protocol outperformed the standard (once-daily) protocol in adolescent male animals with depression-like behaviors induced by CRS and was not accompanied by any toxicity or tolerability concerns. These preliminary findings support the speculation that novel TMS dosing strategies should be studied in adolescent humans and will inform future clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhedita J. Seewoo
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, Research Infrastructure Centres, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren A. Hennessy
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Liz A. Jaeschke
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leah A. Mackie
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Etherington
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah A. Dunlop
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Minderoo Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul E. Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Address correspondence to: Jennifer Rodger, PhD, Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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18
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van Rensburg D, Lindeque Z, Harvey BH, Steyn SF. Reviewing the mitochondrial dysfunction paradigm in rodent models as platforms for neuropsychiatric disease research. Mitochondrion 2022; 64:82-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Mao Y, Xu Y, Yuan X. Validity of chronic restraint stress for modeling anhedonic-like behavior in rodents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221075816. [PMID: 35196899 PMCID: PMC8891861 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221075816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic restraint stress (CRS) is widely used to recapitulate depression phenotypes in rodents but is frequently criticized for a perceived lack of efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate anhedonic-like behavior in the CRS model in rodents by performing a meta-analysis of studies that included sucrose preference tests. METHODS This meta-analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. We comprehensively searched for eligible studies published before June 2021 in the PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Web of Science databases. We chose sucrose preference ratio as the indicative measure of anhedonia because it is a core symptom of depression in humans. RESULTS Our pooled analysis included 34 articles with 57 studies and seven rodent species/strains and demonstrated decreased sucrose preference in the stress group compared with controls. The duration of CRS differentially affected the validity of anhedonic-like behavior in the models. Rats exhibited greater susceptibility to restraint stress than mice, demonstrating inter-species variability. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis of studies that used the CRS paradigm to evaluate anhedonic-like behavior in rodents was focused on a core symptom of depression (anhedonia) as the main endpoint of the model and identified species-dependent susceptibility to restraint stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Mao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yongkang Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xia Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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20
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Cnops V, Iyer VR, Parathy N, Wong P, Dawe GS. Test, Rinse, Repeat: A Review of Carryover Effects in Rodent Behavioral Assays. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Russo G, Helluy X, Behroozi M, Manahan-Vaughan D. Gradual Restraint Habituation for Awake Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Combined With a Sparse Imaging Paradigm Reduces Motion Artifacts and Stress Levels in Rodents. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:805679. [PMID: 34992520 PMCID: PMC8724036 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.805679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging, as a non-invasive technique, offers unique opportunities to assess brain function and connectivity under a broad range of applications, ranging from passive sensory stimulation to high-level cognitive abilities, in awake animals. This approach is confounded, however, by the fact that physical restraint and loud unpredictable acoustic noise must inevitably accompany fMRI recordings. These factors induce marked stress in rodents, and stress-related elevations of corticosterone levels are known to alter information processing and cognition in the rodent. Here, we propose a habituation strategy that spans specific stages of adaptation to restraint, MRI noise, and confinement stress in awake rats and circumvents the need for surgical head restraint. This habituation protocol results in stress levels during awake fMRI that do not differ from pre-handling levels and enables stable image acquisition with very low motion artifacts. For this, rats were gradually trained over a period of three weeks and eighteen training sessions. Stress levels were assessed by analysis of fecal corticosterone metabolite levels and breathing rates. We observed significant drops in stress levels to below pre-handling levels at the end of the habituation procedure. During fMRI in awake rats, after the conclusion of habituation and using a non-invasive head-fixation device, breathing was stable and head motion artifacts were minimal. A task-based fMRI experiment, using acoustic stimulation, conducted 2 days after the end of habituation, resulted in precise whole brain mapping of BOLD signals in the brain, with clear delineation of the expected auditory-related structures. The active discrimination by the animals of the acoustic stimuli from the backdrop of scanner noise was corroborated by significant increases in BOLD signals in the thalamus and reticular formation. Taken together, these data show that effective habituation to awake fMRI can be achieved by gradual and incremental acclimatization to the experimental conditions. Subsequent BOLD recordings, even during superimposed acoustic stimulation, reflect low stress-levels, low motion and a corresponding high-quality image acquisition. Furthermore, BOLD signals obtained during fMRI indicate that effective habituation facilitates selective attention to sensory stimuli that can in turn support the discrimination of cognitive processes in the absence of stress confounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Russo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Xavier Helluy
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mehdi Behroozi
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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22
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Seewoo BJ, Chua EG, Arena-Foster Y, Hennessy LA, Gorecki AM, Anderton R, Rodger J. Changes in the rodent gut microbiome following chronic restraint stress and low-intensity rTMS. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 17:100430. [PMID: 35146078 PMCID: PMC8819474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bhedita J. Seewoo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, Research Infrastructure Centres, The University of Western Australia, 6 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Eng Guan Chua
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Yasmin Arena-Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Lauren A. Hennessy
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Anastazja M. Gorecki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ryan Anderton
- Institute for Health Research and School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, 33 Phillimore Street, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Corresponding author. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Chen L, Jiang H, Bao T, Wang Y, Meng H, Sun Y, Liu P, Quan S, Li W, Qi S, Ren X. Acupuncture Ameliorates Depressive Behaviors by Modulating the Expression of Hippocampal Iba-1 and HMGB1 in Rats Exposed to Chronic Restraint Stress. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:903004. [PMID: 35733802 PMCID: PMC9207245 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.903004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidepressant mechanism of acupuncture has not been fully elucidated recently. Thus, the objective of the present study is to investigate the antidepressant mechanism of acupuncture of modulating the neuroinflammation induced by high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in rats subjected to chronic restraint stress (CRS). Forty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, model, escitalopram, and acupuncture group. Except for rats in the control group, all rats were exposed to CRS for 21 days continuously. Rats in the escitalopram group were subjected to a suspension of escitalopram and saline. One hour before CRS procedures, acupuncture was performed at Baihui (GV20) and Yintang (GV29) for rats in the acupuncture group, 20 min per day for 21 days. All rats in each group were conducted to detect the body weight, sucrose preference test at 0, 7, 14, 21 days to evaluate the depression-like behaviors. The expression of microglial activation and HMGB1 in the hippocampus was detected by immunofluorescence. The expression of hippocampal interleukin-10 (IL-10) was detected by western blot. And the content of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. CRS-exposed rats showed obviously decreased body weight and sucrose preference when compared with the control group, which was reversed by acupuncture. The results have also shown that acupuncture ameliorated the CRS-induced activation of microglia and HMGB1 in the hippocampus CA1 region. Furthermore, acupuncture reduced the stress-induced upregulation of TNF-α in serum. Collectively, the current study highlights the role of acupuncture in alleviating depressive behavior associated with stress-induced neuroinflammation mediated by HMGB1 in the CRS model of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huili Jiang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Mental and Neurological Disorders, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tuya Bao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Mental and Neurological Disorders, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Sun
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Mental and Neurological Disorders, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Songxiao Quan
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenshan Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Simin Qi
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiujun Ren
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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24
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Zhvania M, Japaridze N, Tizabi Y, Sharikadze I, Pochkhidze N, Cheishvili L. Anxiety and ultrastructural consequences of chronic mild stress in rats. Neurosci Lett 2021; 771:136390. [PMID: 34896437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Detrimental consequences following exposure to severe stress, either acute or chronic are well recognized. Chronic mild stress (CMS) is also a leading cause of emotional distress and neuropsychiatric conditions such as anxiety disorders. However, the neurobiological substrates of the latter, particularly at the ultrastructural levels have not been adequately investigated. In this study, adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 4 h daily mild restraint for 20 days and their behavior in open field and elevated plus maze (EPM) were evaluated 24 h after the last restraint. Anxiety-like behavior was evident in CMS exposed rats by increases in rearing and grooming in the open field and the avoidance of open arms in the EPM. Concomitant ultrastructural alterations such as chromatolysis, agglutination of synaptic vesicles or mitochondrial damage were also observed in the central nucleus of amygdala (CNA), an area intimately involved in emotional and fear response, in CMS exposed rats. These results while confirming detrimental consequences of CMS, also suggest that ultrastructural alterations in CNA may be a basis for CMS-induced anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mzia Zhvania
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University. 3/5 K. Cholokashvili Avenue, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia; Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine. 14 Gotua Street, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia.
| | - Nadezhda Japaridze
- Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine. 14 Gotua Street, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia; School of Medicine, New Vision University. 1A Evgeni Mikeladze Street, Tbilisi 0159, Georgia
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Irina Sharikadze
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University. 3/5 K. Cholokashvili Avenue, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia
| | - Nino Pochkhidze
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University. 3/5 K. Cholokashvili Avenue, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia; Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine. 14 Gotua Street, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia
| | - Levan Cheishvili
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University. 3/5 K. Cholokashvili Avenue, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia
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25
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Kwatra M, Ahmed S, Gangipangi VK, Panda SR, Gupta N, Shantanu PA, Gawali B, Naidu VGM. Lipopolysaccharide exacerbates chronic restraint stress-induced neurobehavioral deficits: Mechanisms by redox imbalance, ASK1-related apoptosis, autophagic dysregulation. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 144:462-482. [PMID: 34768069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the foremost leading psychiatric illness prevailing around the globe. It usually exists along with anxiety and other clinical conditions (cardiovascular, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases). Chronic restraint stress (RS) and LPS-induce neurobehavioral alterations in rodent models however their interaction studies in association with the pathogenesis of MDD are still unclear. Therefore, the current study was aimed to investigate the LPS influence on chronic RS mediated redox imbalance, apoptosis, and autophagic dysregulation in the hippocampus (HIP) and frontal cortex (FC) of mice brain. Male Balb/c mice were exposed to 28 days consecutive stress (6h/day) with a single-dose LPS challenge (0.83 mg/kg, i.p.) on the last day (Day 28). In addition, we also carried out separate study to understand physiological relevance, where we used the DSS (dextran sulfate sodium), a water soluble polysaccharide (negatively charged) and studied its influence on RS induced neurobehavioral and certain neurochemical anomalies. The obtained results in RS and RS + LPS animal groups showed significant immune dysfunction, depleted monoamines, lowered ATP & NAD level, elevated serum CORT level, serum and brain tissues IL-1β/TNF-α/IL-6, SOD activity but reduced CAT activity. Furthermore, the redox perturbation was found where significantly upregulated P-NFκB p65, Keap-1, Prx-SO3 and downregulated Nrf2, Srx1, Prx2 protein expression was seen in RS + LPS mice. The apoptosis signaling (P-ASK1, P-p38 MAPK, P-SAPK/JNK, cleaved PARP, cleaved Caspase-3, Cyto-C), autophagic impairment (p62, LC3II/I) were noticed in HIP and FC of RS and RS + LPS grouped animals. Our new findings provide a complex interplay of chemical (LPS) and physical (RS) stressors where both single dose LPS challenge and 3% DSS in drinking water (for 7 days) exaggerated chronic RS-induced inflammation, lowered redox status, increased apoptosis and dysregulated autophagy leading drastic neurobehavioral alterations in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kwatra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India
| | - Sahabuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Gangipangi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India
| | - Samir Ranjan Panda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India
| | - Nitika Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India
| | - P A Shantanu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India
| | - Basveshwar Gawali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India
| | - V G M Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India.
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26
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Reamtong O, Lapmanee S, Tummatorn J, Palavong N, Thongsornkleeb C, Ruchirawat S. Synthesis of Benzoazepine Derivatives via Azide Rearrangement and Evaluation of Their Antianxiety Activities. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1449-1458. [PMID: 34531953 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new synthetic method for the construction of benzoazepine analogues has been developed employing ortho-arylmethylbenzyl azide derivatives as precursors using an azide rearrangement reaction. In this work, 14 benzoazepine compounds were successfully synthesized in moderate to excellent yields. All synthetic benzoazepines were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against normal human kidney cell line (HEK cell). The results showed that compound 18c had the lowest cytotoxicity (IC50 = 65.68 μM) among tested compounds, which was comparable with the antianxiety drug diazepam (IC50 = 87.90 μM). Based on the cytotoxicity results, five benzoazepine analogues (compounds 18c, 18h, 18j, 18n, and 18p) were selected to determine the antianxiety effect on stressed rats using elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test (OFT) methods. Interestingly, compound 18c showed better anxiolytic activity than diazepam without a sedative effect by showing superior hyperlocomotor activity. Therefore, this discovery could pave the way for drug development to treat patients with anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Lapmanee
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Siam University, Bangkok 10160, Thailand
| | - Jumreang Tummatorn
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, 906 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Nitwaree Palavong
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, 906 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Charnsak Thongsornkleeb
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, 906 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, 906 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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27
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Seewoo BJ, Feindel KW, Won Y, Joos AC, Figliomeni A, Hennessy LA, Rodger J. White Matter Changes Following Chronic Restraint Stress and Neuromodulation: A Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Young Male Rats. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 2:153-166. [PMID: 36325163 PMCID: PMC9616380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a noninvasive neuromodulation technique, is an effective treatment for depression. However, few studies have used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the longitudinal effects of rTMS on the abnormal brain white matter (WM) described in depression. Methods In this study, we acquired diffusion magnetic resonance imaging from young adult male Sprague Dawley rats to investigate 1) the longitudinal effects of 10- and 1-Hz low-intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) in healthy animals; 2) the effect of chronic restraint stress (CRS), an animal model of depression; and 3) the effect of 10 Hz LI-rTMS in CRS animals. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics and fixel-based analysis. Results Similar changes in diffusion and kurtosis fractional anisotropy were induced by 10- and 1-Hz stimulation in healthy animals, although changes induced by 10-Hz stimulation were detected earlier than those following 1-Hz stimulation. Additionally, 10-Hz stimulation increased axial and mean kurtosis within the external capsule, suggesting that the two protocols may act via different underlying mechanisms. Brain maturation–related changes in WM, such as increased corpus callosum, fimbria, and external and internal capsule fiber cross-section, were compromised in CRS animals compared with healthy control animals and were rescued by 10-Hz LI-rTMS. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased myelination within the corpus callosum in LI-rTMS–treated CRS animals compared with those that received sham or no stimulation. Conclusions Overall, decreased WM connectivity and integrity in the CRS model corroborate findings in patients experiencing depression with high anxiety, and the observed LI-rTMS–induced effects on WM structure suggest that LI-rTMS might rescue abnormal WM by increasing myelination.
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28
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Type 1 interferon mediates chronic stress-induced neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits via complement component 3-dependent pathway. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3043-3059. [PMID: 33833372 PMCID: PMC8497654 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a major risk factor in the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, chronic stress conditions can promote neuroinflammation and inflammatory responses in both humans and animal models. Type I interferons (IFN-I) are critical mediators of the inflammatory response in the periphery and responsible for the altered mood and behavior. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of IFN-I signaling in chronic stress-induced changes in neuroinflammation and behavior. Using the chronic restraint stress model, we found that chronic stress induces a significant increase in serum IFNβ levels in mice, and systemic blockade of IFN-I signaling attenuated chronic stress-induced infiltration of macrophages into prefrontal cortex and behavioral abnormalities. Furthermore, complement component 3 (C3) mediates systemic IFNβ-induced changes in neuroinflammation and behavior. Also, we found significant increases in the mRNA expression levels of IFN-I stimulated genes in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide subjects and significant correlation with C3 and inflammatory markers. Together, these findings from animal and human postmortem brain studies identify a crucial role of C3 in IFN-I-mediated changes in neuroinflammation and behavior under chronic stress conditions.
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29
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Kolar D, Kleteckova L, Brozka H, Vales K. Mini-review: Brain energy metabolism and its role in animal models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and autism. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136003. [PMID: 34098028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles essential for energy metabolism and antioxidant defense. Mitochondrial impairment is implicated in many psychiatric disorders, including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. To characterize and eventually find effective treatments of bioenergetic impairment in psychiatric disease, researchers find animal models indispensable. The present review focuses on brain energetics in several environmental, genetic, drug-induced, and surgery-induced animal models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. Most reported deficits included decreased activity in the electron transport chain, increased oxidative damage, decreased antioxidant defense, decreased ATP levels, and decreased mitochondrial potential. Models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism shared many bioenergetic deficits. This is in concordance with the absence of a disease-specific brain energy phenotype in human patients. Unfortunately, due to the absence of null results in examined literature, indicative of reporting bias, we refrain from making generalized conclusions. Present review can be a valuable tool for comparing current findings, generating more targeted hypotheses, and selecting fitting models for further preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kolar
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Hana Brozka
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
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30
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Jenkins BW, Khokhar JY. Cannabis Use and Mental Illness: Understanding Circuit Dysfunction Through Preclinical Models. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:597725. [PMID: 33613338 PMCID: PMC7892618 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.597725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with a serious mental illness often use cannabis at higher rates than the general population and are also often diagnosed with cannabis use disorder. Clinical studies reveal a strong association between the psychoactive effects of cannabis and the symptoms of serious mental illnesses. Although some studies purport that cannabis may treat mental illnesses, others have highlighted the negative consequences of use for patients with a mental illness and for otherwise healthy users. As epidemiological and clinical studies are unable to directly infer causality or examine neurobiology through circuit manipulation, preclinical animal models remain a valuable resource for examining the causal effects of cannabis. This is especially true considering the diversity of constituents in the cannabis plant contributing to its effects. In this mini-review, we provide an updated perspective on the preclinical evidence of shared neurobiological mechanisms underpinning the dual diagnosis of cannabis use disorder and a serious mental illness. We present studies of cannabinoid exposure in otherwise healthy rodents, as well as rodent models of schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder, and the resulting impact on electrophysiological indices of neural circuit activity. We propose a consolidated neural circuit-based understanding of the preclinical evidence to generate new hypotheses and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jibran Y. Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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31
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Sarawagi A, Soni ND, Patel AB. Glutamate and GABA Homeostasis and Neurometabolism in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:637863. [PMID: 33986699 PMCID: PMC8110820 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.637863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of distress, disability, and suicides. As per the latest WHO report, MDD affects more than 260 million people worldwide. Despite decades of research, the underlying etiology of depression is not fully understood. Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, respectively, in the matured central nervous system. Imbalance in the levels of these neurotransmitters has been implicated in different neurological and psychiatric disorders including MDD. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful non-invasive method to study neurometabolites homeostasis in vivo. Additionally, 13C-NMR spectroscopy together with an intravenous administration of non-radioactive 13C-labeled glucose or acetate provides a measure of neural functions. In this review, we provide an overview of NMR-based measurements of glutamate and GABA homeostasis, neurometabolic activity, and neurotransmitter cycling in MDD. Finally, we highlight the impact of recent advancements in treatment strategies against a depressive disorder that target glutamate and GABA pathways in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Sarawagi
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Narayan Datt Soni
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anant Bahadur Patel
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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