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Markiewicz R, Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Trubalski M, Łoza B. Neurocognitive, Clinical and Reelin Activity in Rehabilitation Using Neurofeedback Therapy in Patients with Schizophrenia. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4035. [PMID: 39064075 PMCID: PMC11277514 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Reelin is a neuropeptide responsible for the migration and positioning of pyramidal neurons, interneurons, and Purkinje cells. In adulthood, it still supports neuroplasticity, especially dendritic spines formation and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Genetic studies have confirmed the involvement of reelin system failure in the etiopathogenesis of mental diseases, including schizophrenia. Given the role of reelin in brain cytoarchitectonics and the regularly observed reduction in its activity in prefrontal areas in cases of schizophrenia, dysfunction of the reelin pathway fits the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, both as a biochemical predisposition and/or the ultimate trigger of psychosis and as a biosocial factor determining the clinical course, and finally, as a potential target for disease monitoring and treatment. Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine associations of the reelin blood level with clinical and neurocognitive parameters during an intensive, structured neurofeedback therapy of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Thirty-seven male patients with paranoid schizophrenia were randomly divided into two groups: a group with 3-month neurofeedback as an add-on to ongoing antipsychotic treatment (NF, N18), and a control group with standard social support and antipsychotic treatment (CON, N19). The reelin serum concentration, clinical and neurocognitive tests were compared between the groups. Results: After 3-month trial (T2), the reelin serum level increased in the NF group vs. the CON group. The negative and general symptoms of PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) were reduced significantly more in the NF group at T2, and the d2 (d2 Sustained Attention Test) and BCIS (Beck Cognitive Insight Scale) scores improved only in the NF group. The AIS scores improved more dynamically in the NF group, but not enough to differentiate them from the CON group at T2. Conclusions: The clinical and neurocognitive improvement within the 3-month NF add-on therapy trial was associated with a significant increase of reelin serum level in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Markiewicz
- Occupational Therapy Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 7 Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Mateusz Trubalski
- Student Scientific Association at the Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Łoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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2
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Vinci M, Treccarichi S, Galati Rando R, Musumeci A, Todaro V, Federico C, Saccone S, Elia M, Calì F. A de novo ARIH2 gene mutation was detected in a patient with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15848. [PMID: 38982159 PMCID: PMC11233510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin protein ligase encoded by ARIH2 gene catalyses the ubiquitination of target proteins and plays a crucial role in posttranslational modifications across various cellular processes. As prior documented, mutations in genes involved in the ubiquitination process are often associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or intellectual disability (ID). In the current study, a de novo heterozygous mutation was identified in the splicing intronic region adjacent to the last exon of the ARIH2 gene using whole exome sequencing (WES). We hypothesize that this mutation, found in an ASD/ID patient, disrupts the protein Ariadne domain which is involved in the autoinhibition of ARIH2 enzyme. Predictive analyses elucidated the implications of the novel mutation in the splicing process and confirmed its autosomal dominant inheritance model. Nevertheless, we cannot exclude the possibility that other genetic factors, undetectable by WES, such as mutations in non-coding regions and polygenic risk in inter-allelic complementation, may contribute to the patient's phenotype. This work aims to suggest potential relationship between the detected mutation in ARIH2 gene and both ASD and ID, even though functional studies combined with new sequencing approaches will be necessary to validate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valeria Todaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy.
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3
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Markiewicz R, Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Borowski B, Trubalski M, Łoza B. Reelin Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity in Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1704. [PMID: 38137152 PMCID: PMC10741648 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research emphasizes the significance of studying the quality of life of schizophrenia patients, considering the complex nature of the illness. Identifying neuronal markers for early diagnosis and treatment is crucial. Reelin (RELN) stands out among these markers, with genetic studies highlighting its role in mental health. Suppression of RELN expression may contribute to cognitive deficits by limiting dendritic proliferation, affecting neurogenesis, and leading to improper neuronal circuits. Although the physiological function of reelin is not fully understood, it plays a vital role in hippocampal cell stratification and neuroglia formation. This analysis explores reelin's importance in the nervous system, shedding light on its impact on mental disorders such as schizophrenia, paving the way for innovative therapeutic approaches, and at the same time, raises the following conclusions: increased methylation levels of the RELN gene in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia results in a multiple decrease in the expression of reelin, and monitoring of this indicator, i.e., methylation levels, can be used to monitor the severity of symptoms in the course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Markiewicz
- Occupational Therapy Laboratory, Chair of Nursing Development, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Bartosz Borowski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Mateusz Trubalski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Bartosz Łoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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4
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Ortega-Gascó A, Parcerisas A, Hino K, Herranz-Pérez V, Ulloa F, Elias-Tersa A, Bosch M, García-Verdugo JM, Simó S, Pujadas L, Soriano E. Regulation of young-adult neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation by neural cell adhesion molecule 2 (NCAM2). Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10931-10948. [PMID: 37724425 PMCID: PMC10629901 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis persists in mammals in the neurogenic zones, where newborn neurons are incorporated into preexisting circuits to preserve and improve learning and memory tasks. Relevant structural elements of the neurogenic niches include the family of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which participate in signal transduction and regulate the survival, division, and differentiation of radial glial progenitors (RGPs). Here we analyzed the functions of neural cell adhesion molecule 2 (NCAM2) in the regulation of RGPs in adult neurogenesis and during corticogenesis. We characterized the presence of NCAM2 across the main cell types of the neurogenic process in the dentate gyrus, revealing different levels of NCAM2 amid the progression of RGPs and the formation of neurons. We showed that Ncam2 overexpression in adult mice arrested progenitors in an RGP-like state, affecting the normal course of young-adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, changes in Ncam2 levels during corticogenesis led to transient migratory deficits but did not affect the survival and proliferation of RGPs, suggesting a differential role of NCAM2 in adult and embryonic stages. Our data reinforce the relevance of CAMs in the neurogenic process by revealing a significant role of Ncam2 levels in the regulation of RGPs during young-adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ortega-Gascó
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 643 Diagonal Ave., Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 4 Sinesio Delgado, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Antoni Parcerisas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 643 Diagonal Ave., Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 4 Sinesio Delgado, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Technology and Engineering, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 13 Laura St., Vic 08500, Spain
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), 70 Roda Rd., Vic 08500, Spain
- Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalonia (UIC), S/N Josep Trueta St., Sant Cugat del Vallès 08195, Spain
| | - Keiko Hino
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, 1275 Med Science Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 4 Sinesio Delgado, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, 7 Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch St., València 46010, Spain
- Predepartamental Unit of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, S/N Vicent Sos Baynat Ave., Castelló de la Plana 12006, Spain
| | - Fausto Ulloa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 643 Diagonal Ave., Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 4 Sinesio Delgado, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Alba Elias-Tersa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 643 Diagonal Ave., Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 4 Sinesio Delgado, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Miquel Bosch
- Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalonia (UIC), S/N Josep Trueta St., Sant Cugat del Vallès 08195, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 4 Sinesio Delgado, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, 7 Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch St., València 46010, Spain
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, 1275 Med Science Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 643 Diagonal Ave., Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 4 Sinesio Delgado, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), 70 Roda Rd., Vic 08500, Spain
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Methodology, Faculty of Heath Sciences and Wellfare, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 7 Sagrada Família St., Vic 08500, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 643 Diagonal Ave., Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 4 Sinesio Delgado, Madrid 28031, Spain
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5
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Munz M, Bharioke A, Kosche G, Moreno-Juan V, Brignall A, Rodrigues TM, Graff-Meyer A, Ulmer T, Haeuselmann S, Pavlinic D, Ledergerber N, Gross-Scherf B, Rózsa B, Krol J, Picelli S, Cowan CS, Roska B. Pyramidal neurons form active, transient, multilayered circuits perturbed by autism-associated mutations at the inception of neocortex. Cell 2023; 186:1930-1949.e31. [PMID: 37071993 PMCID: PMC10156177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Cortical circuits are composed predominantly of pyramidal-to-pyramidal neuron connections, yet their assembly during embryonic development is not well understood. We show that mouse embryonic Rbp4-Cre cortical neurons, transcriptomically closest to layer 5 pyramidal neurons, display two phases of circuit assembly in vivo. At E14.5, they form a multi-layered circuit motif, composed of only embryonic near-projecting-type neurons. By E17.5, this transitions to a second motif involving all three embryonic types, analogous to the three adult layer 5 types. In vivo patch clamp recordings and two-photon calcium imaging of embryonic Rbp4-Cre neurons reveal active somas and neurites, tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated conductances, and functional glutamatergic synapses, from E14.5 onwards. Embryonic Rbp4-Cre neurons strongly express autism-associated genes and perturbing these genes interferes with the switch between the two motifs. Hence, pyramidal neurons form active, transient, multi-layered pyramidal-to-pyramidal circuits at the inception of neocortex, and studying these circuits could yield insights into the etiology of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Munz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arjun Bharioke
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Kosche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Brignall
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tiago M Rodrigues
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Graff-Meyer
- Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Talia Ulmer
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Haeuselmann
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dinko Pavlinic
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Ledergerber
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Gross-Scherf
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jacek Krol
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Picelli
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cameron S Cowan
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Botond Roska
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Pardo M, Gregorio S, Montalban E, Pujadas L, Elias-Tersa A, Masachs N, Vílchez-Acosta A, Parent A, Auladell C, Girault JA, Vila M, Nairn AC, Manso Y, Soriano E. Adult-specific Reelin expression alters striatal neuronal organization: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1143319. [PMID: 37153634 PMCID: PMC10157100 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1143319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to neuronal migration, brain development, and adult plasticity, the extracellular matrix protein Reelin has been extensively implicated in human psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, heterozygous reeler mice exhibit features reminiscent of these disorders, while overexpression of Reelin protects against its manifestation. However, how Reelin influences the structure and circuits of the striatal complex, a key region for the above-mentioned disorders, is far from being understood, especially when altered Reelin expression levels are found at adult stages. In the present study, we took advantage of complementary conditional gain- and loss-of-function mouse models to investigate how Reelin levels may modify adult brain striatal structure and neuronal composition. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we determined that Reelin does not seem to influence the striatal patch and matrix organization (studied by μ-opioid receptor immunohistochemistry) nor the density of medium spiny neurons (MSNs, studied with DARPP-32). We show that overexpression of Reelin leads to increased numbers of striatal parvalbumin- and cholinergic-interneurons, and to a slight increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive projections. We conclude that increased Reelin levels might modulate the numbers of striatal interneurons and the density of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections, suggesting that these changes may be involved in the protection of Reelin against neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Pardo
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Gregorio
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrica Montalban
- Institut du Fer à Moulin UMR-S 1270, INSERM, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Methodology, Faculty of Health Science and Welfare, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Elias-Tersa
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Masachs
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Vílchez-Acosta
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annabelle Parent
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miquel Vila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Angus C. Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yasmina Manso
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Yasmina Manso,
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Soriano,
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7
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Wang G, Lei J, Wang Y, Yu J, He Y, Zhao W, Hu Z, Xu Z, Jin Y, Gu Y, Guo X, Yang B, Gao Z, Wang Z. The ZSWIM8 ubiquitin ligase regulates neurodevelopment by guarding the protein quality of intrinsically disordered Dab1. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:3866-3881. [PMID: 35989311 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control (PQC) is essential for maintaining protein homeostasis and guarding the accuracy of neurodevelopment. Previously, we found that a conserved EBAX-type CRL regulates the protein quality of SAX-3/ROBO guidance receptors in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we report that ZSWIM8, the mammalian homolog of EBAX-1, is essential for developmental stability of mammalian brains. Conditional deletion of Zswim8 in the embryonic nervous system causes global cellular stress, partial perinatal lethality and defective migration of neural progenitor cells. CRISPR-mediated knockout of ZSWIM8 impairs spine formation and synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons. Mechanistic studies reveal that ZSWIM8 controls protein quality of Disabled 1 (Dab1), a key signal molecule for brain development, thus protecting the signaling strength of Dab1. As a ubiquitin ligase enriched with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), ZSWIM8 specifically recognizes IDRs of Dab1 through a "disorder targets misorder" mechanism and eliminates misfolded Dab1 that cannot be properly phosphorylated. Adult survivors of ZSWIM8 CKO show permanent hippocampal abnormality and display severely impaired learning and memory behaviors. Altogether, our results demonstrate that ZSWIM8-mediated PQC is critical for the stability of mammalian brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Lei
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Chu Kochen Honors College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yinghui He
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiqi Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhechun Hu
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenzhong Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yishi Jin
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yan Gu
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xing Guo
- The Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bing Yang
- The Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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8
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Hansen AH, Pauler FM, Riedl M, Streicher C, Heger A, Laukoter S, Sommer C, Nicolas A, Hof B, Tsai LH, Rülicke T, Hippenmeyer S. Tissue-Wide Effects Override Cell-Intrinsic Gene Function in Radial Neuron Migration. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac009. [PMID: 38596707 PMCID: PMC10939316 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is composed of diverse neuronal and glial cell classes that broadly arrange in six distinct laminae. Cortical layers emerge during development and defects in the developmental programs that orchestrate cortical lamination are associated with neurodevelopmental diseases. The developmental principle of cortical layer formation depends on concerted radial projection neuron migration, from their birthplace to their final target position. Radial migration occurs in defined sequential steps, regulated by a large array of signaling pathways. However, based on genetic loss-of-function experiments, most studies have thus far focused on the role of cell-autonomous gene function. Yet, cortical neuron migration in situ is a complex process and migrating neurons traverse along diverse cellular compartments and environments. The role of tissue-wide properties and genetic state in radial neuron migration is however not clear. Here we utilized mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) technology to either sparsely or globally delete gene function, followed by quantitative single-cell phenotyping. The MADM-based gene ablation paradigms in combination with computational modeling demonstrated that global tissue-wide effects predominate cell-autonomous gene function albeit in a gene-specific manner. Our results thus suggest that the genetic landscape in a tissue critically affects the overall migration phenotype of individual cortical projection neurons. In a broader context, our findings imply that global tissue-wide effects represent an essential component of the underlying etiology associated with focal malformations of cortical development in particular, and neurological diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Florian M Pauler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michael Riedl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna Heger
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Laukoter
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Sommer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Armel Nicolas
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Björn Hof
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Li Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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9
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Tripathi MK, Kartawy M, Ginzburg S, Amal H. Arsenic alters nitric oxide signaling similar to autism spectrum disorder and Alzheimer's disease-associated mutations. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:127. [PMID: 35351881 PMCID: PMC8964747 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have proven that exposure to Arsenic (AS) leads to the development of many neurological disorders. However, few studies have investigated its molecular mechanisms in the brain. Our previous work has revealed nitric oxide (NO)-mediated apoptosis and SNO reprogramming in the cortex following arsenic treatment, yet the role of NO and S-nitrosylation (SNO) in AS-mediated neurotoxicity has not been investigated. Therefore, we have conducted a multidisciplinary in-vivo study in mice with two different doses of Sodium Arsenite (SA) (0.1 ppm and 1 ppm) in drinking water. We used the novel SNOTRAP-based mass spectrometry method followed by the bioinformatics analysis, Western blot validation, and five different behavioral tests. Bioinformatics analysis of SA-treated mice showed significant SNO-enrichment of processes involved in mitochondrial respiratory function, endogenous antioxidant systems, transcriptional regulation, cytoskeleton maintenance, and regulation of apoptosis. Western blotting showed increased levels of cleaved PARP-1 and cleaved caspase-3 in SA-treated mice consistent with SA-induced apoptosis. Behavioral studies showed significant cognitive dysfunctions similar to those of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). A comparative analysis of the SNO-proteome of SA-treated mice with two transgenic mouse strains, models of ASD and AD, showed molecular convergence of SA environmental neurotoxicity and the genetic mutations causing ASD and AD. This is the first study to show the effects of AS on SNO-signaling in the striatum and hippocampus and its effects on behavioral characteristics. Finally, further investigation of the NO-dependent mechanisms of AS-mediated neurotoxicity may reveal new drug targets for its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Tripathi
- grid.9619.70000 0004 1937 0538Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maryam Kartawy
- grid.9619.70000 0004 1937 0538Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shelly Ginzburg
- grid.9619.70000 0004 1937 0538Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haitham Amal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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10
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Hattori M, Kohno T. Regulation of Reelin functions by specific proteolytic processing in the brain. J Biochem 2021; 169:511-516. [PMID: 33566063 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted glycoprotein Reelin plays important roles in both brain development and function. During development, Reelin regulates neuronal migration and dendrite development. In the mature brain, the glycoprotein is involved in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. It has been suggested that Reelin loss or decreased function contributes to the onset and/or deterioration of neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. While the molecular mechanisms underpinning Reelin function remain unclear, recent studies have suggested that the specific proteolytic cleavage of Reelin may play central roles in the embryonic and postnatal brain. In this review, we focus on Reelin proteolytic processing and review its potential physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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11
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Hatanaka Y, Hirata T. How Do Cortical Excitatory Neurons Terminate Their Migration at the Right Place? Critical Roles of Environmental Elements. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:596708. [PMID: 33195277 PMCID: PMC7644909 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.596708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between neurons and their environment are crucial for proper termination of neuronal migration during brain development. In this review, we first introduce the migration behavior of cortical excitatory neurons from neurogenesis to migration termination, focusing on morphological and behavioral changes. We then describe possible requirements for environmental elements, including extracellular matrix proteins and Cajal–Retzius cells in the marginal zone, radial glial cells, and neighboring neurons, to ensure proper migration termination of these neurons at their final destinations. The requirements appear to be highly linked to sequential and/or concurrent changes in adhesiveness of migrating neurons and their surroundings, which allow the neurons to reach their final positions, detach from substrates, and establish stable laminar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Hirata
- Brain Function Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Japan
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12
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Hansen AH, Hippenmeyer S. Non-Cell-Autonomous Mechanisms in Radial Projection Neuron Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:574382. [PMID: 33102480 PMCID: PMC7545535 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.574382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerted radial migration of newly born cortical projection neurons, from their birthplace to their final target lamina, is a key step in the assembly of the cerebral cortex. The cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the specific sequential steps of radial neuronal migration in vivo are however still unclear, let alone the effects and interactions with the extracellular environment. In any in vivo context, cells will always be exposed to a complex extracellular environment consisting of (1) secreted factors acting as potential signaling cues, (2) the extracellular matrix, and (3) other cells providing cell–cell interaction through receptors and/or direct physical stimuli. Most studies so far have described and focused mainly on intrinsic cell-autonomous gene functions in neuronal migration but there is accumulating evidence that non-cell-autonomous-, local-, systemic-, and/or whole tissue-wide effects substantially contribute to the regulation of radial neuronal migration. These non-cell-autonomous effects may differentially affect cortical neuron migration in distinct cellular environments. However, the cellular and molecular natures of such non-cell-autonomous mechanisms are mostly unknown. Furthermore, physical forces due to collective migration and/or community effects (i.e., interactions with surrounding cells) may play important roles in neocortical projection neuron migration. In this concise review, we first outline distinct models of non-cell-autonomous interactions of cortical projection neurons along their radial migration trajectory during development. We then summarize experimental assays and platforms that can be utilized to visualize and potentially probe non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Lastly, we define key questions to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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13
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CRL5-dependent regulation of the small GTPases ARL4C and ARF6 controls hippocampal morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23073-23084. [PMID: 32873638 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002749117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase ARL4C participates in the regulation of cell migration, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and vesicular trafficking in epithelial cells. The ARL4C signaling cascade starts by the recruitment of the ARF-GEF cytohesins to the plasma membrane, which, in turn, bind and activate the small GTPase ARF6. However, the role of ARL4C-cytohesin-ARF6 signaling during hippocampal development remains elusive. Here, we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cullin 5/RBX2 (CRL5) controls the stability of ARL4C and its signaling effectors to regulate hippocampal morphogenesis. Both RBX2 knockout and Cullin 5 knockdown cause hippocampal pyramidal neuron mislocalization and development of multiple apical dendrites. We used quantitative mass spectrometry to show that ARL4C, Cytohesin-1/3, and ARF6 accumulate in the RBX2 mutant telencephalon. Furthermore, we show that depletion of ARL4C rescues the phenotypes caused by Cullin 5 knockdown, whereas depletion of CYTH1 or ARF6 exacerbates overmigration. Finally, we show that ARL4C, CYTH1, and ARF6 are necessary for the dendritic outgrowth of pyramidal neurons to the superficial strata of the hippocampus. Overall, we identified CRL5 as a key regulator of hippocampal development and uncovered ARL4C, CYTH1, and ARF6 as CRL5-regulated signaling effectors that control pyramidal neuron migration and dendritogenesis.
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14
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Jossin Y. Reelin Functions, Mechanisms of Action and Signaling Pathways During Brain Development and Maturation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060964. [PMID: 32604886 PMCID: PMC7355739 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development and adulthood, Reelin exerts several important functions in the brain including the regulation of neuronal migration, dendritic growth and branching, dendritic spine formation, synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. As a consequence, the Reelin signaling pathway has been associated with several human brain disorders such as lissencephaly, autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, mental retardation, Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy. Several elements of the signaling pathway are known. Core components, such as the Reelin receptors very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), Src family kinases Src and Fyn, and the intracellular adaptor Disabled-1 (Dab1), are common to most but not all Reelin functions. Other downstream effectors are, on the other hand, more specific to defined tasks. Reelin is a large extracellular protein, and some aspects of the signal are regulated by its processing into smaller fragments. Rather than being inhibitory, the processing at two major sites seems to be fulfilling important physiological functions. In this review, I describe the various cellular events regulated by Reelin and attempt to explain the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action. After discussing the shared and distinct elements of the Reelin signaling pathway involved in neuronal migration, dendritic growth, spine development and synaptic plasticity, I briefly outline the data revealing the importance of Reelin in human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Gao F, Fan Y, Zhou B, Guo W, Jiang X, Shi J, Ren C. The functions and properties of cullin-5, a potential therapeutic target for cancers. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:618-632. [PMID: 32194910 PMCID: PMC7061844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cullin-5 (CUL5), a scaffold protein in active cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes, is a member of the cullin family of proteins. The CUL5-type ubiquitin ligase can target multiple proteins involved in ubiquitination and proteasome degradation. CUL5 plays positive roles in regulating cell growth, proliferation and physiological and other processes in the human body. It has been found that the expression of CUL5 is significantly downregulated in various cancer cells, which affects the course of the cancers. Here, we reviewed the current data on the expression and role of CUL5 in both normal and cancer cells, its possible mechanisms, and its potential as a therapeutic target for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Bolun Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
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16
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Parcerisas A, Pujadas L, Ortega-Gascó A, Perelló-Amorós B, Viais R, Hino K, Figueiro-Silva J, La Torre A, Trullás R, Simó S, Lüders J, Soriano E. NCAM2 Regulates Dendritic and Axonal Differentiation through the Cytoskeletal Proteins MAP2 and 14-3-3. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3781-3799. [PMID: 32043120 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecule 2 (NCAM2) is involved in the development and plasticity of the olfactory system. Genetic data have implicated the NCAM2 gene in neurodevelopmental disorders including Down syndrome and autism, although its role in cortical development is unknown. Here, we show that while overexpression of NCAM2 in hippocampal neurons leads to minor alterations, its downregulation severely compromises dendritic architecture, leading to an aberrant phenotype including shorter dendritic trees, retraction of dendrites, and emergence of numerous somatic neurites. Further, our data reveal alterations in the axonal tree and deficits in neuronal polarization. In vivo studies confirm the phenotype and reveal an unexpected role for NCAM2 in cortical migration. Proteomic and cell biology experiments show that NCAM2 molecules exert their functions through a protein complex with the cytoskeletal-associated proteins MAP2 and 14-3-3γ and ζ. We provide evidence that NCAM2 depletion results in destabilization of the microtubular network and reduced MAP2 signal. Our results demonstrate a role for NCAM2 in dendritic formation and maintenance, and in neural polarization and migration, through interaction of NCAM2 with microtubule-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Parcerisas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Ortega-Gascó
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bartomeu Perelló-Amorós
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Viais
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Keiko Hino
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joana Figueiro-Silva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna La Torre
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ramón Trullás
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jens Lüders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Academia, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Zhang B, Wang W, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Meng F, Wang F, Lou H, Zhu L, Godbout R, Duan S, Gao Z. Alternative Splicing of Disabled-1 Controls Multipolar-to-Bipolar Transition of Migrating Neurons in the Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:3457-3467. [PMID: 28968791 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipolar-to-bipolar transition (MBT) is crucial for the neuronal migration and positioning in the neocortex. Reelin-Disabled-1 (Dab1) signaling plays a pivotal role in neuronal migration, yet how Dab1 coordinatively regulates downstream molecules to affect MBT remains unclear. We have previously found that alternative splicing produces multiple Dab1 isoforms with different tyrosine motifs and differential ability to recruit downstream effectors. Here, we report that splicing of Dab1 exons 7 and 8 and 9bc dynamically regulates the inclusion and activities of Dab1 tyrosine motifs in the neocortex. By in utero electroporation, we show that expression of Dab1 isoforms missing exons 7 and 8 or retaining exons 9bc in WT neurons resulted in neuronal migration defects with attenuated Dab1 tyrosine phosphorylation, disrupted leading process extension, and disorientated multipolar neurons in the multipolar accumulation zone. Introducing the canonical Dab1 form, but not those missing exons 7 and 8 or retaining exons 9bc, into Dab1-deficient neurons promoted MBT and rescued neuronal migration defects, suggesting that alternative splicing of Dab1 modulates the tyrosine motif switch and mediates MBT of cortical neurons. Our study reveals a critical mechanism by which Dab1 alternative splicing coordinately controls MBT and neuronal migration in a spatiotemporal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaling Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Lou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Roseline Godbout
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shumin Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Fairchild CLA, Cheema SK, Wong J, Hino K, Simó S, La Torre A. Let-7 regulates cell cycle dynamics in the developing cerebral cortex and retina. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15336. [PMID: 31653921 PMCID: PMC6814839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the neural progenitors of the developing central nervous system (CNS), cell proliferation is tightly controlled and coordinated with cell fate decisions. Progenitors divide rapidly during early development and their cell cycle lengthens progressively as development advances to eventually give rise to a tissue of the correct size and cellular composition. However, our understanding of the molecules linking cell cycle progression to developmental time is incomplete. Here, we show that the microRNA (miRNA) let-7 accumulates in neural progenitors over time throughout the developing CNS. Intriguingly, we find that the level and activity of let-7 oscillate as neural progenitors progress through the cell cycle by in situ hybridization and fluorescent miRNA sensor analyses. We also show that let-7 mediates cell cycle dynamics: increasing the level of let-7 promotes cell cycle exit and lengthens the S/G2 phase of the cell cycle, while let-7 knock down shortens the cell cycle in neural progenitors. Together, our findings suggest that let-7 may link cell proliferation to developmental time and regulate the progressive cell cycle lengthening that occurs during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne L A Fairchild
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Simranjeet K Cheema
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Wong
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Keiko Hino
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anna La Torre
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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19
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Yamakage Y, Kato M, Hongo A, Ogino H, Ishii K, Ishizuka T, Kamei T, Tsuiji H, Miyamoto T, Oishi H, Kohno T, Hattori M. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 2 cleaves and inactivates Reelin in the postnatal cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but not in the cerebellum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 100:103401. [PMID: 31491533 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin plays important roles in regulating neuronal development, modulating synaptic function, and counteracting amyloid β toxicity. A specific proteolytic cleavage (N-t cleavage) of Reelin abolishes its biological activity. We recently identified ADAMTS-3 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 3) as the major N-t cleavage enzyme in the embryonic and early postnatal brain. The contribution of other proteases, particularly in the postnatal brain, has not been demonstrated in vivo. ADAMTS-2, -3 and -14 share similar domain structures and substrate specificity, raising the possibility that ADAMTS-2 and -14 may cleave Reelin. We found that recombinant ADAMTS-2 protein expressed in cultured cell lines cleaves Reelin at the N-t site as efficiently as ADAMTS-3 while recombinant ADAMTS-14 hardly cleaves Reelin. The disintegrin domain is necessary for the Reelin-cleaving activity of ADAMTS-2 and -3. ADAMTS-2 is expressed in the adult brain at approximately the same level as ADAMTS-3. We generated ADAMTS-2 knockout (KO) mice and found that ADAMTS-2 significantly contributes to the N-t cleavage and inactivation of Reelin in the postnatal cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but much less in the cerebellum. Therefore, it was suggested that ADAMTS-2 can be a therapeutic target for adult brain disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamakage
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michinao Kato
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aya Hongo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Himari Ogino
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishii
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takumi Ishizuka
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takana Kamei
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hitomi Tsuiji
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomomi Miyamoto
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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20
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Vaswani AR, Weykopf B, Hagemann C, Fried HU, Brüstle O, Blaess S. Correct setup of the substantia nigra requires Reelin-mediated fast, laterally-directed migration of dopaminergic neurons. eLife 2019; 8:41623. [PMID: 30689541 PMCID: PMC6349407 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons migrate to form the laterally-located substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and medially-located ventral tegmental area (VTA), but little is known about the underlying cellular and molecular processes. Here we visualize the dynamic cell morphologies of tangentially migrating SN-mDA neurons in 3D and identify two distinct migration modes. Slow migration is the default mode in SN-mDA neurons, while fast, laterally-directed migration occurs infrequently and is strongly associated with bipolar cell morphology. Tangential migration of SN-mDA neurons is altered in absence of Reelin signaling, but it is unclear whether Reelin acts directly on migrating SN-mDA neurons and how it affects their cell morphology and migratory behavior. By specifically inactivating Reelin signaling in mDA neurons we demonstrate its direct role in SN-mDA tangential migration. Reelin promotes laterally-biased movements in mDA neurons during their slow migration mode, stabilizes leading process morphology and increases the probability of fast, laterally-directed migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Ravi Vaswani
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrice Weykopf
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cathleen Hagemann
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Fried
- Light Microscope Facility, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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21
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Hino K, Simó S, Cooper JA. Comparative Analysis of cul5 and rbx2 Expression in the Developing and Adult Murine Brain and Their Essentiality During Mouse Embryogenesis. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1227-1236. [PMID: 30269386 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The E3 Cullin 5-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL5) is a multiprotein complex that has recently been highlighted as a major regulator of central nervous system development. Cullin 5 (Cul5) and the RING finger protein Rbx2 are two CRL5 core components required for CRL5 function in the brain, but their full expression patterns and developmental functions have not been described in detail. RESULTS Using a gene-trap mouse model for Cul5 and a knock-in-knockout mouse model for Rbx2, we show that lack of Cul5, but not Rbx2, disrupts blastocyst formation. However, Rbx2 is required for embryo survival at later embryonic stages. We also show that cul5 is expressed in the embryo proper as early as E7.5 and its expression is mostly restricted to the central nervous system and limbs at later time points. Finally, we show that rbx2 and cul5 are co-expressed in most areas of the brain during development and in the adult. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that Cul5, but not Rbx2, is required during early embryogenesis and suggests that Cul5 has Rbx2-independent functions in early development. In the brain, Cul5 and Rbx2 are expressed in a similar fashion, allowing the nucleation of an active CRL5 complex. Developmental Dynamics 247:1227-1236, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Hino
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jonathan A Cooper
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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22
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Hirota Y, Kubo KI, Fujino T, Yamamoto TT, Nakajima K. ApoER2 Controls Not Only Neuronal Migration in the Intermediate Zone But Also Termination of Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:223-235. [PMID: 27909010 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration contributes to the establishment of mammalian brain. The extracellular protein Reelin sends signals to various downstream molecules by binding to its receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor and exerts essential roles in the neuronal migration and formation of the layered neocortex. However, the cellular and molecular functions of Reelin signaling in the cortical development are not yet fully understood. Here, to gain insight into the role of Reelin signaling during cortical development, we examined the migratory behavior of Apoer2-deficient neurons in the developing brain. Stage-specific labeling of newborn neurons revealed that the neurons ectopically invaded the marginal zone (MZ) and that neuronal migration of both early- and late-born neurons was disrupted in the intermediate zone (IZ) in the Apoer2 KO mice. Rescue experiments showed that ApoER2 functions both in cell-autonomous and noncell-autonomous manners, that Rap1, integrin, and Akt are involved in the termination of migration beneath the MZ, and that Akt also controls neuronal migration in the IZ downstream of ApoER2. These data indicate that ApoER2 controls multiple processes in neuronal migration, including the early stage of radial migration and termination of migration beneath the MZ in the developing neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujino
- Department of Bioscience, Integrated Center for Sciences (INCS), Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime791-0295, Japan
| | - Tokuo T Yamamoto
- Department of Metabolism, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
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23
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Fairchild CL, Hino K, Han JS, Miltner AM, Peinado Allina G, Brown CE, Burns ME, La Torre A, Simó S. RBX2 maintains final retinal cell position in a DAB1-dependent and -independent fashion. Development 2018; 145:dev.155283. [PMID: 29361558 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The laminated structure of the retina is fundamental for the organization of the synaptic circuitry that translates light input into patterns of action potentials. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cell migration and layering of the retina are poorly understood. Here, we show that RBX2, a core component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL5, is essential for retinal layering and function. RBX2 regulates the final cell position of rod bipolar cells, cone photoreceptors and Muller glia. Our data indicate that sustained RELN/DAB1 signaling, triggered by depletion of RBX2 or SOCS7 - a CRL5 substrate adaptor known to recruit DAB1 - causes rod bipolar cell misposition. Moreover, whereas SOCS7 also controls Muller glia cell lamination, it is not responsible for cone photoreceptor positioning, suggesting that RBX2, most likely through CRL5 activity, controls other signaling pathways required for proper cone localization. Furthermore, RBX2 depletion reduces the number of ribbon synapses and disrupts cone photoreceptor function. Together, these results uncover RBX2 as a crucial molecular regulator of retina morphogenesis and cone photoreceptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne L Fairchild
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Keiko Hino
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jisoo S Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Adam M Miltner
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gabriel Peinado Allina
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Caileigh E Brown
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marie E Burns
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anna La Torre
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
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24
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Lawrenson ID, Krebs DL, Linossi EM, Zhang JG, McLennan TJ, Collin C, McRae HM, Kolesnik TB, Koh K, Britto JM, Kueh AJ, Sheikh BN, El-Saafin F, Nicola NA, Tan SS, Babon JJ, Nicholson SE, Alexander WS, Thomas T, Voss AK. Cortical Layer Inversion and Deregulation of Reelin Signaling in the Absence of SOCS6 and SOCS7. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:576-588. [PMID: 26503265 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the reelin gene cause severe defects in cerebral cortex development and profound intellectual impairment. While many aspects of the reelin signaling pathway have been identified, the molecular and ultimate cellular consequences of reelin signaling remain unknown. Specifically, it is unclear if termination of reelin signaling is as important for normal cortical neuron migration as activation of reelin signaling. Using mice that are single or double deficient, we discovered that combined loss of the suppressors of cytokine signaling, SOCS6 and SOCS7, recapitulated the cortical layer inversion seen in mice lacking reelin and led to a dramatic increase in the reelin signaling molecule disabled (DAB1) in the cortex. The SRC homology domains of SOCS6 and SOCS7 bound DAB1 ex vivo. Mutation of DAB1 greatly diminished binding and protected from degradation by SOCS6. Phosphorylated DAB1 was elevated in cortical neurons in the absence of SOCS6 and SOCS7. Thus, constitutive activation of reelin signaling was observed to be equally detrimental as lack of activation. We hypothesize that, by terminating reelin signaling, SOCS6 and SOCS7 may allow new cycles of reelin signaling to occur and that these may be essential for cortical neuron migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel D Lawrenson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Danielle L Krebs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Current address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Edmond M Linossi
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tamara J McLennan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Caitlin Collin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Helen M McRae
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tatiana B Kolesnik
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Katrina Koh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Joanne M Britto
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J Kueh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Bilal N Sheikh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Farrah El-Saafin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nicos A Nicola
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Seong-Seng Tan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Babon
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Warren S Alexander
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tim Thomas
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anne K Voss
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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25
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Hass H, Kipkeew F, Gauhar A, Bouché E, May P, Timmer J, Bock HH. Mathematical model of early Reelin-induced Src family kinase-mediated signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186927. [PMID: 29049379 PMCID: PMC5648249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large glycoprotein with a dual role in the mammalian brain. It regulates the positioning and differentiation of postmitotic neurons during brain development and modulates neurotransmission and memory formation in the adult brain. Alterations in the Reelin signaling pathway have been described in different psychiatric disorders. Reelin mainly signals by binding to the lipoprotein receptors Vldlr and ApoER2, which induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Dab1 mediated by Src family kinases (SFKs). In turn, phosphorylated Dab1 activates downstream signaling cascades, including PI3-kinase-dependent signaling. In this work, a mechanistic model based on ordinary differential equations was built to model early dynamics of the Reelin-mediated signaling cascade. Mechanistic models are frequently used to disentangle the highly complex mechanisms underlying cellular processes and obtain new biological insights. The model was calibrated on time-resolved data and a dose-response measurement of protein concentrations measured in cortical neurons treated with Reelin. It focusses on the interplay between Dab1 and SFKs with a special emphasis on the tyrosine phosphorylation of Dab1, and their role for the regulation of Reelin-induced signaling. Model selection was performed on different model structures and a comprehensive mechanistic model of the early Reelin signaling cascade is provided in this work. It emphasizes the importance of Reelin-induced lipoprotein receptor clustering for SFK-mediated Dab1 trans-phosphorylation and does not require co-receptors to describe the measured data. The model is freely available within the open-source framework Data2Dynamics (www.data2dynamics.org). It can be used to generate predictions that can be validated experimentally, and provides a platform for model extensions both to downstream targets such as transcription factors and interactions with other transmembrane proteins and neuronal signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Hass
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (HH); (JT); (HHB)
| | - Friederike Kipkeew
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aziz Gauhar
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Bouché
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (HH); (JT); (HHB)
| | - Hans H. Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (HH); (JT); (HHB)
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26
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The functions of Reelin in membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal dynamics: implications for neuronal migration, polarization and differentiation. Biochem J 2017; 474:3137-3165. [PMID: 28887403 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reelin is a large extracellular matrix protein with relevant roles in mammalian central nervous system including neurogenesis, neuronal polarization and migration during development; and synaptic plasticity with its implications in learning and memory, in the adult. Dysfunctions in reelin signaling are associated with brain lamination defects such as lissencephaly, but also with neuropsychiatric diseases like autism, schizophrenia and depression as well with neurodegeneration. Reelin signaling involves a core pathway that activates upon reelin binding to its receptors, particularly ApoER2 (apolipoprotein E receptor 2)/LRP8 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor, followed by Src/Fyn-mediated phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Dab1 (Disabled-1). Phosphorylated Dab1 (pDab1) is a hub in the signaling cascade, from which several other downstream pathways diverge reflecting the different roles of reelin. Many of these pathways affect the dynamics of the actin and microtubular cytoskeleton, as well as membrane trafficking through the regulation of the activity of small GTPases, including the Rho and Rap families and molecules involved in cell polarity. The complexity of reelin functions is reflected by the fact that, even now, the precise mode of action of this signaling cascade in vivo at the cellular and molecular levels remains unclear. This review addresses and discusses in detail the participation of reelin in the processes underlying neurogenesis, neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus; and the polarization, differentiation and maturation processes that neurons experiment in order to be functional in the adult brain. In vivo and in vitro evidence is presented in order to facilitate a better understanding of this fascinating system.
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27
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Kon E, Cossard A, Jossin Y. Neuronal Polarity in the Embryonic Mammalian Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:163. [PMID: 28670267 PMCID: PMC5472699 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is composed of billions of neurons that can grossly be subdivided into two broad classes: inhibitory GABAergic interneurons and excitatory glutamatergic neurons. The majority of cortical neurons in mammals are the excitatory type and they are the main focus of this review article. Like many of the cells in multicellular organisms, fully differentiated neurons are both morphologically and functionally polarized. However, they go through several changes in polarity before reaching this final mature differentiated state. Neurons are derived from polarized neuronal progenitor/stem cells and their commitment to neuronal fate is decided by cellular and molecular asymmetry during their last division in the neurogenic zone. They migrate from their birthplace using so-called multipolar migration, during which they switch direction of movement several times, and repolarize for bipolar migration when the axon is specified. Therefore, neurons have to break their previous symmetry, change their morphology and adequately respond to polarizing signals during migration in order to reach the correct position in the cortex and start making connections. Finally, the dendritic tree is elaborated and the axon/dendrite morphological polarity is set. Here we will describe the function, establishment and maintenance of polarity during the different developmental steps starting from neural stem cell (NSC) division, neuronal migration and axon specification at embryonic developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kon
- Mammalian Development and Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
| | - Alexia Cossard
- Mammalian Development and Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Jossin
- Mammalian Development and Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
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28
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Hirota Y, Nakajima K. Control of Neuronal Migration and Aggregation by Reelin Signaling in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:40. [PMID: 28507985 PMCID: PMC5410752 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral neocortex has a well-organized laminar structure, achieved by the highly coordinated control of neuronal migration. During cortical development, excitatory neurons born near the lateral ventricle migrate radially to reach their final positions to form the cortical plate. During this process, dynamic changes are observed in the morphologies and migration modes, including multipolar migration, locomotion, and terminal translocation, of the newborn neurons. Disruption of these migration processes can result in neuronal disorders such as lissencephaly and periventricular heterotopia. The extracellular protein, Reelin, mainly secreted by the Cajal-Retzius neurons in the marginal zone during development, plays a crucial role in the neuronal migration and neocortical lamination. Reelin signaling, which exerts essential roles in the formation of the layered neocortex, is triggered by the binding of Reelin to its receptors, ApoER2 and VLDLR, followed by phosphorylation of the Dab1 adaptor protein. Accumulating evidence suggests that Reelin signaling controls multiple steps of neuronal migration, including the transition from multipolar to bipolar neurons, terminal translocation, and termination of migration beneath the marginal zone. In addition, it has been shown that ectopically expressed Reelin can cause neuronal aggregation via an N-cadherin-mediated manner. This review attempts to summarize our knowledge of the roles played by Reelin in neuronal migration and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Alternative precursor-mRNA splicing is a key mechanism for regulating gene expression in mammals and is controlled by specialized RNA-binding proteins. The misregulation of splicing is implicated in multiple neurological disorders. We describe recent mouse genetic studies of alternative splicing that reveal its critical role in both neuronal development and the function of mature neurons. We discuss the challenges in understanding the extensive genetic programmes controlled by proteins that regulate splicing, both during development and in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine K Vuong
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Douglas L Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Sika Zheng
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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The C-terminal region of Reelin is necessary for proper positioning of a subset of Purkinje cells in the postnatal cerebellum. Neuroscience 2016; 336:20-29. [PMID: 27586054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the normal cerebellum, Purkinje cells (PCs) are generated in a zone along the ventricular surface, migrate radially, and align to form a single-cell layer. However, in mice lacking the secreted protein Reelin or its downstream adaptor protein Dab1, the majority of PCs are located ectopically in the deep cerebellar mass. Nonetheless, how Reelin regulates migration and alignment of PCs remains incompletely understood. Reelin has a highly-conserved C-terminal region (CTR), which is required for its full activity. Here, we report an abnormality of the cerebellum in Reelin CTR-lacking knock-in (ΔC-KI) mice. In the ΔC-KI mice, cerebellar formation was largely normal, but some PCs in selected regions were found to be located ectopically and to frequently form clusters. Ectopic PCs contained a higher amount of Dab1 protein and functional Reelin receptors, including mainly very low-density lipoprotein receptor than correctly-aligned PCs. Decreasing Dab1 gene dosage exacerbated mislocalization of PCs and the cerebellar structure in Reelin ΔC-KI mice. These results indicate that ectopic PCs in ΔC-KI mice failed to receive sufficient Reelin signaling en route to their final destinations. Further, we also found that Reelin protein with intact CTR binds preferentially to PCs. Thus, it was suggested that the extent or quality of Reelin/Dab1 signaling that PCs require for correct positioning vary and that Reelin with intact CTR is required for that of a certain subset of PCs.
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31
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Bock HH, May P. Canonical and Non-canonical Reelin Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:166. [PMID: 27445693 PMCID: PMC4928174 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that is essential for correct neuronal positioning during neurodevelopment and is important for synaptic plasticity in the mature brain. Moreover, Reelin is expressed in many extraneuronal tissues; yet the roles of peripheral Reelin are largely unknown. In the brain, many of Reelin's functions are mediated by a molecular signaling cascade that involves two lipoprotein receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (Apoer2) and very low density-lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr), the neuronal phosphoprotein Disabled-1 (Dab1), and members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases as crucial elements. This core signaling pathway in turn modulates the activity of adaptor proteins and downstream protein kinase cascades, many of which target the neuronal cytoskeleton. However, additional Reelin-binding receptors have been postulated or described, either as coreceptors that are essential for the activation of the "canonical" Reelin signaling cascade involving Apoer2/Vldlr and Dab1, or as receptors that activate alternative or additional signaling pathways. Here we will give an overview of canonical and alternative Reelin signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms involved, and their potential physiological roles in the context of different biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bosch C, Muhaisen A, Pujadas L, Soriano E, Martínez A. Reelin Exerts Structural, Biochemical and Transcriptional Regulation Over Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Elements in the Adult Hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:138. [PMID: 27303269 PMCID: PMC4884741 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin regulates neuronal positioning and synaptogenesis in the developing brain, and adult brain plasticity. Here we used transgenic mice overexpressing Reelin (Reelin-OE mice) to perform a comprehensive dissection of the effects of this protein on the structural and biochemical features of dendritic spines and axon terminals in the adult hippocampus. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed both higher density of synapses and structural complexity of both pre- and postsynaptic elements in transgenic mice than in WT mice. Dendritic spines had larger spine apparatuses, which correlated with a redistribution of Synaptopodin. Most of the changes observed in Reelin-OE mice were reversible after blockade of transgene expression, thus supporting the specificity of the observed phenotypes. Western blot and transcriptional analyses did not show major changes in the expression of pre- or postsynaptic proteins, including SNARE proteins, glutamate receptors, and scaffolding and signaling proteins. However, EM immunogold assays revealed that the NMDA receptor subunits NR2a and NR2b, and p-Cofilin showed a redistribution from synaptic to extrasynaptic pools. Taken together with previous studies, the present results suggest that Reelin regulates the structural and biochemical properties of adult hippocampal synapses by increasing their density and morphological complexity and by modifying the distribution and trafficking of major glutamatergic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Bosch
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Ashraf Muhaisen
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats AcademiaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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Okumura F, Joo-Okumura A, Nakatsukasa K, Kamura T. The role of cullin 5-containing ubiquitin ligases. Cell Div 2016; 11:1. [PMID: 27030794 PMCID: PMC4812663 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-016-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) box consists of the BC box and the cullin 5 (Cul5) box, which interact with Elongin BC and Cul5, respectively. SOCS box-containing proteins have ubiquitin ligase activity mediated by the formation of a complex with the scaffold protein Cul5 and the RING domain protein Rbx2, and are thereby members of the cullin RING ligase superfamily. Cul5-type ubiquitin ligases have a variety of substrates that are targeted for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Here, we review the current knowledge on the identification of Cul5 and the regulation of its expression, as well as the signaling pathways regulated by Cul5 and how viruses highjack the Cul5 system to overcome antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Okumura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Akiko Joo-Okumura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kunio Nakatsukasa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Takumi Kamura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
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Ohtaka-Maruyama C, Okado H. Molecular Pathways Underlying Projection Neuron Production and Migration during Cerebral Cortical Development. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:447. [PMID: 26733777 PMCID: PMC4682034 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic neurons of the mammalian cerebral cortex originate from radial glia (RG) progenitors in the ventricular zone (VZ). During corticogenesis, neuroblasts migrate toward the pial surface using two different migration modes. One is multipolar (MP) migration with random directional movement, and the other is locomotion, which is a unidirectional movement guided by the RG fiber. After reaching their final destination, the neurons finalize their migration by terminal translocation, which is followed by maturation via dendrite extension to initiate synaptogenesis and thereby complete neural circuit formation. This switching of migration modes during cortical development is unique in mammals, which suggests that the RG-guided locomotion mode may contribute to the evolution of the mammalian neocortical 6-layer structure. Many factors have been reported to be involved in the regulation of this radial neuronal migration process. In general, the radial migration can be largely divided into four steps; (1) maintenance and departure from the VZ of neural progenitor cells, (2) MP migration and transition to bipolar cells, (3) RG-guided locomotion, and (4) terminal translocation and dendrite maturation. Among these, many different gene mutations or knockdown effects have resulted in failure of the MP to bipolar transition (step 2), suggesting that it is a critical step, particularly in radial migration. Moreover, this transition occurs at the subplate layer. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying each of these steps. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary aspects of neuronal migration in corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama
- Neural Network Project, Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruo Okado
- Neural Development Project, Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Stouffer MA, Golden JA, Francis F. Neuronal migration disorders: Focus on the cytoskeleton and epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 92:18-45. [PMID: 26299390 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide spectrum of focal, regional, or diffuse structural brain abnormalities, collectively known as malformations of cortical development (MCDs), frequently manifest with intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, and/or autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). As the acronym suggests, MCDs are perturbations of the normal architecture of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The pathogenesis of these disorders remains incompletely understood; however, one area that has provided important insights has been the study of neuronal migration. The amalgamation of human genetics and experimental studies in animal models has led to the recognition that common genetic causes of neurodevelopmental disorders, including many severe epilepsy syndromes, are due to mutations in genes regulating the migration of newly born post-mitotic neurons. Neuronal migration genes often, though not exclusively, code for proteins involved in the function of the cytoskeleton. Other cellular processes, such as cell division and axon/dendrite formation, which similarly depend on cytoskeletal functions, may also be affected. We focus here on how the susceptibility of the highly organized neocortex and hippocampus may be due to their laminar organization, which involves the tight regulation, both temporally and spatially, of gene expression, specialized progenitor cells, the migration of neurons over large distances and a birthdate-specific layering of neurons. Perturbations in neuronal migration result in abnormal lamination, neuronal differentiation defects, abnormal cellular morphology and circuit formation. Ultimately this results in disorganized excitatory and inhibitory activity leading to the symptoms observed in individuals with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Stouffer
- INSERM UMRS 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMRS 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.
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36
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Moon UY, Park JY, Park R, Cho JY, Hughes LJ, McKenna J, Goetzl L, Cho SH, Crino PB, Gambello MJ, Kim S. Impaired Reelin-Dab1 Signaling Contributes to Neuronal Migration Deficits of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Cell Rep 2015; 12:965-78. [PMID: 26235615 PMCID: PMC4536164 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including defects in neuronal migration. However, the alterations in cell signaling mechanisms critical for migration and final positioning of neurons in TSC remain unclear. Our detailed cellular analyses reveal that reduced Tsc2 in newborn neurons causes abnormalities in leading processes of migrating neurons, accompanied by significantly delayed migration. Importantly, we demonstrate that Reelin-Dab1 signaling is aberrantly regulated in TSC mouse models and in cortical tubers from TSC patients owing to enhanced expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cul5, a known mediator of pDab1 ubiquitination. Likewise, mTORC1 activation by Rheb overexpression generates similar neuronal and Reelin-Dab1 signaling defects, and directly upregulates Cul5 expression. Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin treatment or by reducing Cul5 largely restores normal leading processes and positioning of migrating neurons. Thus, disrupted Reelin-Dab1 signaling is critically involved in the neuronal migration defects of TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uk Yeol Moon
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jun Young Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Lucinda J Hughes
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - James McKenna
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Laura Goetzl
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Peter B Crino
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael J Gambello
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Honda T, Nakajima K. Proper Level of Cytosolic Disabled-1, Which Is Regulated by Dual Nuclear Translocation Pathways, Is Important for Cortical Neuronal Migration. Cereb Cortex 2015. [PMID: 26209842 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Disabled-1 (Dab1) is an essential intracellular protein in the Reelin pathway. It has a nuclear localization signal (NLS; hereafter referred to as "NLS1") and 2 nuclear export signals, and shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In this study, we found that Dab1 has an additional unidentified NLS, and that the Dab1 NLS1 mutant could translocate to the nucleus in an unconventional ATP/temperature-dependent and cytoplasmic factor/RanGTP gradient-independent manner. Additional mutations in the NLS1 mutant revealed that K(67) and K(69) are important for the nuclear transport. Furthermore, an excess of the intracellular domain of the Reelin receptors inhibited the nuclear translocation of Dab1. An in utero electroporation study showed that a large amount of Dab1 in the cytoplasm in migrating neurons inhibited the migration, and that forced transport of Dab1 into the nucleus attenuated this inhibitory effect. In addition, rescue experiments using yotari, an autosomal recessive mutant of dab1, revealed that cells expressing Dab1 NLS1 mutant tend to distribute at more superficial positions than those expressing wild-type Dab1. Taken together, these findings suggest that Dab1 has at least 2 NLSs, and that the regulation of the subcellular localization of Dab1 is important for the proper migration of excitatory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Honda
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Importance of Reelin C-terminal region in the development and maintenance of the postnatal cerebral cortex and its regulation by specific proteolysis. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4776-87. [PMID: 25788693 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4119-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, Reelin exerts a variety of effects in a context-dependent manner, whereas its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We previously showed that the C-terminal region (CTR) of Reelin is required for efficient induction of phosphorylation of Dab1, an essential adaptor protein for canonical Reelin signaling. However, the physiological significance of the Reelin CTR in vivo remains unexplored. To dissect out Reelin functions, we made a knock-in (KI) mouse in which the Reelin CTR is deleted. The amount of Dab1, an indication of canonical Reelin signaling strength, is increased in the KI mouse, indicating that the CTR is necessary for efficient induction of Dab1 phosphorylation in vivo. Formation of layer structures during embryonic development is normal in the KI mouse. Intriguingly, the marginal zone (MZ) of the cerebral cortex becomes narrower at postnatal stages because upper-layer neurons invade the MZ and their apical dendrites are misoriented and poorly branched. Furthermore, Reelin undergoes proteolytic cleavage by proprotein convertases at a site located 6 residues from the C terminus, and it was suggested that this cleavage abrogates the Reelin binding to the neuronal cell membrane. Results from ectopic expression of mutant Reelin proteins in utero suggest that the dendrite development and maintenance of the MZ require Reelin protein with an intact CTR. These results provide a novel model regarding Reelin functions involving its CTR, which is not required for neuronal migration during embryonic stages but is required for the development and maintenance of the MZ in the postnatal cerebral cortex.
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Abstract
Three classes of E3 ubiquitin ligases, members of the Cbl, Hakai, and SOCS-Cul5-RING ligase families, stimulate the ubiquitination of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins, including receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases and their phosphorylated substrates. Because ubiquitination frequently routes proteins for degradation by the lysosome or proteasome, these E3 ligases are able to potently inhibit tyrosine kinase signaling. Their loss or mutational inactivation can contribute to cancer, autoimmunity, or endocrine disorders, such as diabetes. However, these ligases also have biological functions that are independent of their ubiquitination activity. Here we review relevant literature and then focus on more-recent developments in understanding the structures, substrates, and pathways through which the phosphotyrosine-specific ubiquitin ligases regulate diverse aspects of cell biology.
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40
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Jossin Y. Polarization of migrating cortical neurons by Rap1 and N-cadherin: Revisiting the model for the Reelin signaling pathway. Small GTPases 2014; 2:322-328. [PMID: 22545231 PMCID: PMC3337162 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.18283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is essential for the development of the cerebral cortex. Mutations leading to defective migration are associated with numerous brain pathologies. An important challenge in the field is to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that regulate neuronal migration during normal development and in disease. Many small GTPases are expressed in the central nervous system during embryonic development. Recent findings have shown that Rap1 and its downstream partners Ral, Rac and Cdc42 are involved in the maintenance of N-Cadherin at the plasma membrane which is necessary for the correct polarization of migrating neurons. The activation of Rap1 is triggered by Reelin, an extracellular protein known for its role in the organization of the cortex into layers of neurons. In the absence of Reelin, neurons exhibit a broader and irregular pattern of positioning. The prevailing model suggests that Reelin signals to neurons during the last step of their migration, a notion that is inconsistent with new data describing an effect of Reelin on early steps of migration. In regard to these recent findings I suggest a revised model, which I call the “polarity model,” that further refines our understanding of the developmental function played by Reelin and its downstream small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Division of Basic Sciences; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA USA; Institute of Neuroscience; University of Louvain Medical School; Brussels, Belgium
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41
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Caffrey JR, Hughes BD, Britto JM, Landman KA. An in silico agent-based model demonstrates Reelin function in directing lamination of neurons during cortical development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110415. [PMID: 25334023 PMCID: PMC4204858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic six-layered appearance of the neocortex arises from the correct positioning of pyramidal neurons during development and alterations in this process can cause intellectual disabilities and developmental delay. Malformations in cortical development arise when neurons either fail to migrate properly from the germinal zones or fail to cease migration in the correct laminar position within the cortical plate. The Reelin signalling pathway is vital for correct neuronal positioning as loss of Reelin leads to a partially inverted cortex. The precise biological function of Reelin remains controversial and debate surrounds its role as a chemoattractant or stop signal for migrating neurons. To investigate this further we developed an in silico agent-based model of cortical layer formation. Using this model we tested four biologically plausible hypotheses for neuron motility and four biologically plausible hypotheses for the loss of neuron motility (conversion from migration). A matrix of 16 combinations of motility and conversion rules was applied against the known structure of mouse cortical layers in the wild-type cortex, the Reelin-null mutant, the Dab1-null mutant and a conditional Dab1 mutant. Using this approach, many combinations of motility and conversion mechanisms can be rejected. For example, the model does not support Reelin acting as a repelling or as a stopping signal. In contrast, the study lends very strong support to the notion that the glycoprotein Reelin acts as a chemoattractant for neurons. Furthermore, the most viable proposition for the conversion mechanism is one in which conversion is affected by a motile neuron sensing in the near vicinity neurons that have already converted. Therefore, this model helps elucidate the function of Reelin during neuronal migration and cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Caffrey
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barry D. Hughes
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Britto
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerry A. Landman
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Ota H, Hikita T, Sawada M, Nishioka T, Matsumoto M, Komura M, Ohno A, Kamiya Y, Miyamoto T, Asai N, Enomoto A, Takahashi M, Kaibuchi K, Sobue K, Sawamoto K. Speed control for neuronal migration in the postnatal brain by Gmip-mediated local inactivation of RhoA. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4532. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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43
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How does Reelin control neuronal migration and layer formation in the developing mammalian neocortex? Neurosci Res 2014; 86:50-8. [PMID: 24969097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex has a laminar structure that develops in a birth-date-dependent "inside-out" pattern. Its layered structure is established by neuronal migration accompanied by sequential changes in migratory mode regulated by several signaling cascades. Although Reelin was discovered about two decades ago and is one of the best known molecules that is indispensable to the establishment of the "inside-out" neuron layers, the cellular and molecular functions of Reelin in layer formation are still largely unknown. In this review article, we summarize our recent understanding of Reelin's functions during neuronal migration. Reelin acts in at least two different steps of neuronal migration: the final step of neuronal migration (somal/terminal translocation) just beneath the marginal zone (MZ) and the regulation of cell polarity step when the neurons change their migratory mode from multipolar migration to locomotion. During the translocation mode, Reelin activates integrin α5β1 through an intracellular pathway that triggers the translocation and activates N-cadherin in concert with the nectin-afadin system. Reelin is also involved in the termination of neuronal migration by degrading Dab1 via the SOCS7-Cullin5-Rbx2 system, and Reelin has been found to induce the birth-date-dependent neuronal aggregation in vivo. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the molecular function of Reelin during neuronal migration is to control cell-adhesiveness during development by regulating the expression/activation of cell adhesion molecules.
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Sinnar SA, Antoku S, Saffin JM, Cooper JA, Halpain S. Capping protein is essential for cell migration in vivo and for filopodial morphology and dynamics. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2152-60. [PMID: 24829386 PMCID: PMC4091828 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-12-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that capping protein (CP) is essential for mammalian cell migration in vitro and in vivo. The authors also show that CP is present in filopodia of multiple cell types and that it regulates filopodial structure and function. Thus CP function in both lamellipodia and filopodia may contribute to efficient migration. Capping protein (CP) binds to barbed ends of growing actin filaments and inhibits elongation. CP is essential for actin-based motility in cell-free systems and in Dictyostelium. Even though CP is believed to be critical for creating the lamellipodial actin structure necessary for protrusion and migration, CP's role in mammalian cell migration has not been directly tested. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that structures besides lamellipodia, including lamella and filopodia, may have unappreciated roles in cell migration. CP has been postulated to be absent from filopodia, and thus its role in filopodial activity has remained unexplored. We report that silencing CP in both cultured mammalian B16F10 cells and in neurons of developing neocortex impaired cell migration. Moreover, we unexpectedly observed that low levels of CP were detectable in the majority of filopodia. CP depletion decreased filopodial length, altered filopodial shape, and reduced filopodial dynamics. Our results support an expansion of the potential roles that CP plays in cell motility by implicating CP in filopodia as well as in lamellipodia, both of which are important for locomotion in many types of migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim A Sinnar
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Susumu Antoku
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jean-Michel Saffin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jon A Cooper
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Shelley Halpain
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Neural ECM molecules in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:53-80. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Simó S, Cooper JA. Rbx2 regulates neuronal migration through different cullin 5-RING ligase adaptors. Dev Cell 2013; 27:399-411. [PMID: 24210661 PMCID: PMC3851519 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis requires the proper migration and positioning of different cell types in the embryo. Much more is known about how cells start and guide their migrations than about how they stop when they reach their destinations. Here we provide evidence that Rbx2, a subunit of the Cullin 5-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL5) complex, stops neocortical projection neurons at their target layers. Rbx2 mutation causes neocortical and cerebellar ectopias dependent on Dab1, a key signaling protein in the Reelin pathway. SOCS7, a CRL5 substrate adaptor protein, is also required for neocortical layering. SOCS7-CRL5 complexes stimulate the ubiquitylation and turnover of Dab1. SOCS7 is upregulated during projection neuron migration, and unscheduled SOCS7 expression stops migration prematurely. Cerebellar development requires Rbx2 but not SOCS7, pointing to the importance of other CRL5 adaptors. Our results suggest that CRL5 adaptor expression is spatiotemporally regulated to modulate Reelin signaling and ensure normal neuron positioning in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Simó
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, Washington 98109, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan A. Cooper
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, Washington 98109, U.S.A
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Lin PI, Kuo PH, Chen CH, Wu JY, Gau SSF, Wu YY, Liu SK. Runs of homozygosity associated with speech delay in autism in a taiwanese han population: evidence for the recessive model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72056. [PMID: 23977206 PMCID: PMC3745408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Runs of homozygosity (ROH) may play a role in complex diseases. In the current study, we aimed to test if ROHs are linked to the risk of autism and related language impairment. We analyzed 546,080 SNPs in 315 Han Chinese affected with autism and 1,115 controls. ROH was defined as an extended homozygous haplotype spanning at least 500 kb. Relative extended haplotype homozygosity (REHH) for the trait-associated ROH region was calculated to search for the signature of selection sweeps. Totally, we identified 676 ROH regions. An ROH region on 11q22.3 was significantly associated with speech delay (corrected p = 1.73×10(-8)). This region contains the NPAT and ATM genes associated with ataxia telangiectasia characterized by language impairment; the CUL5 (culin 5) gene in the same region may modulate the neuronal migration process related to language functions. These three genes are highly expressed in the cerebellum. No evidence for recent positive selection was detected on the core haplotypes in this region. The same ROH region was also nominally significantly associated with speech delay in another independent sample (p = 0.037; combinatorial analysis Stouffer's z trend = 0.0005). Taken together, our findings suggest that extended recessive loci on 11q22.3 may play a role in language impairment in autism. More research is warranted to investigate if these genes influence speech pathology by perturbing cerebellar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-I Lin
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Susan S-F. Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychology, and School of Occupational Therapy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yu Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital- Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Kai Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Taoyuan Mental Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Li J, Liu J, Zhao L, Ma Y, Jia M, Lu T, Ruan Y, Li Q, Yue W, Zhang D, Wang L. Association study between genes in Reelin signaling pathway and autism identifies DAB1 as a susceptibility gene in a Chinese Han population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 44:226-32. [PMID: 23333377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed in early childhood. The genetic factors might play an important role in its pathogenesis. Previous studies revealed that Reelin (RELN) polymorphisms were associated with autism. However, the roles of genes in Reelin signaling pathway for autism are largely unknown. As several knockout mice models in which the Reelin pathway genes (i.e. DAB1, VLDLR/APOER2, FYN/SRC and CRK/CRKL) are deficient have the similar phenotype as the reeler mice (Reelin(-/-)), we hypothesized that the Reelin signaling pathway genes might play roles in the etiology of autism. Therefore, we conducted a family-based association study. Sixty-two tagged single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering 15 genes in Reelin pathway were genotyped in 239 trios, and 14 significant SNPs were further investigated in the additional 188 trios. In the total 427 trios, we found significant genetic association between autism and four SNPs in DAB1 (rs12035887 G: p=0.0006; rs3738556 G: p=0.0044; rs1202773 A: p=0.0048; rs12740765 T: p=0.0196). After the Bonferroni correction, SNP rs12035887 remained significant. Furthermore, the haplotype constructed with rs1202773 and rs12023109 in DAB1 showed significant excess transmission in both individual and global haplotype analyses (p=0.0052 and 0.0279, respectively). Our findings suggested that variations in DAB1 involved in the Reelin signaling pathway might contribute to genetic susceptibility to autism with Chinese Han decent, supporting the defect in the Reelin signaling pathway as a predisposition factor for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, PR China
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Britto JM, Tait KJ, Lee EP, Gamble RS, Hattori M, Tan SS. Exogenous Reelin modifies the migratory behavior of neurons depending on cortical location. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:2835-47. [PMID: 23749873 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development can arise when projection neurons generated in the germinal zones fail to migrate properly into the cortical plate. This process is critically dependent on the Reelin glycoprotein, which when absent leads to an inversion of cortical layers and blurring of borders. Reelin has other functions including supporting neuron migration and maintaining their trajectories; however, the precise role on glial fiber-dependent or -independent migration of neurons remains controversial. In this study, we wish to test the hypothesis that migrating cortical neurons at different levels of the cortical wall have differential responses to Reelin. We exposed neurons migrating across the cortical wall to exogenous Reelin and monitored their migratory behavior using time-lapse imaging. Our results show that, in the germinal zones, exogenous Reelin retarded neuron migration and altered their trajectories. This behavior is in contrast to the response of neurons located in the intermediate zone (IZ), possibly because Reelin receptors are not expressed in this zone. In the reeler cortex, Reelin receptors are expressed in the IZ and exposure to exogenous Reelin was able to rescue the migratory defect. These studies demonstrate that migrating neurons have nonequivalent responses to Reelin depending on their location within the cortical wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Britto
- Brain Development and Regeneration Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia and
| | - Karen J Tait
- Brain Development and Regeneration Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | - Ean Phing Lee
- Brain Development and Regeneration Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | - Robin S Gamble
- Brain Development and Regeneration Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seong-Seng Tan
- Brain Development and Regeneration Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia and
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Sun Y, Li H. Functional characterization of SAG/RBX2/ROC2/RNF7, an antioxidant protein and an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Protein Cell 2012; 4:103-16. [PMID: 23136067 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SAG (Sensitive to Apoptosis Gene), also known as RBX2 (RING box protein 2), ROC2 (Regulator of Cullins 2), or RNF7 (RING Finger Protein 7), was originally cloned in our laboratory as a redox inducible antioxidant protein and later characterized as the second member of the RBX/ROC RING component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL-F-box Proteins) E3 ubiquitin ligase. When acting alone, SAG scavenges oxygen radicals by forming inter- and intra-molecular disulfide bonds, whereas by forming a complex with other components of the SCF E3 ligase, SAG promotes ubiquitination and degradation of a number of protein substrates, including c-JUN, DEPTOR, HIF-1α, IκBα, NF1, NOXA, p27, and procaspase-3, thus regulating various signaling pathways and biological processes. Specifically, SAG protects cells from apoptosis, confers radioresistance, and plays an essential and non-redundant role in mouse embryogenesis and vasculogenesis. Furthermore, stress-inducible SAG is overexpressed in a number of human cancers and SAG overexpression correlates with poor patient prognosis. Finally, SAG transgenic expression in epidermis causes an early stage inhibition, but later stage promotion, of skin tumorigenesis triggered by DMBA/TPA. Given its major role in promoting targeted degradation of tumor suppressive proteins, leading to apoptosis suppression and accelerated tumorigenesis, SAG E3 ligase appears to be an attractive anticancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, 4424B Medical Science-I, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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