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Saito Y, Sugimura T. Noradrenergic current responses of neurons in rat oculomotor neural integrators. J Neurophysiol 2024; 132:68-77. [PMID: 38838298 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00019.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The prepositus hypoglossi nucleus (PHN) and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) are involved in the control of horizontal and vertical gaze, respectively. A previous study showed that PHN neurons exhibit depolarized or hyperpolarized responses to noradrenaline (NA). However, the adrenoceptor types that participate in NA-induced responses and the effects of NA on INC neurons have not yet been investigated. Furthermore, the relationship between NA-induced responses and neuron types defined by neurotransmitter phenotypes has not been determined. In this study, we investigated NA-induced current responses in PHN and INC neurons and the relationships between these responses and neuron types using whole cell recordings in wild-type and transgenic rat brainstem slices. Local application of NA to the cell soma induced slow inward (SI) and slow outward (SO) currents that were mainly mediated by α1 and α2 adrenoceptors, respectively. These current responses were observed in both PHN and INC neurons, although the proportion of INC neurons that responded to NA was low. Analyses of the distributions of the current responses revealed that in the PHN, all fluorescently identified inhibitory neurons exhibited SI currents, whereas glutamatergic and cholinergic neurons exhibited both SI and SO currents. In the INC, glutamatergic and inhibitory neurons preferentially exhibited SI and SO currents, respectively. When the PHN and INC neurons were characterized by their firing pattern, we found that the proportions of the currents depended on their firing pattern. These results suggest that various modes of noradrenergic modulation in horizontal and vertical neural integrators are dependent on neuron type.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Noradrenergic modulation of oculomotor neural integrators involved in gaze control has not been elucidated. Here, we report that noradrenaline (NA)-induced slow inward (SI) and outward (SO) currents are mediated mainly by α1 and α2 adrenoceptors in neurons that participate in horizontal and vertical gaze control. The NA-induced current responses differed depending on the neurotransmitter phenotype and firing pattern. These results suggest various modes of noradrenergic modulation in horizontal and vertical integrator neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Sugimura
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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2
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Özçete ÖD, Banerjee A, Kaeser PS. Mechanisms of neuromodulatory volume transmission. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02608-3. [PMID: 38789677 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
A wealth of neuromodulatory transmitters regulate synaptic circuits in the brain. Their mode of signaling, often called volume transmission, differs from classical synaptic transmission in important ways. In synaptic transmission, vesicles rapidly fuse in response to action potentials and release their transmitter content. The transmitters are then sensed by nearby receptors on select target cells with minimal delay. Signal transmission is restricted to synaptic contacts and typically occurs within ~1 ms. Volume transmission doesn't rely on synaptic contact sites and is the main mode of monoamines and neuropeptides, important neuromodulators in the brain. It is less precise than synaptic transmission, and the underlying molecular mechanisms and spatiotemporal scales are often not well understood. Here, we review literature on mechanisms of volume transmission and raise scientific questions that should be addressed in the years ahead. We define five domains by which volume transmission systems can differ from synaptic transmission and from one another. These domains are (1) innervation patterns and firing properties, (2) transmitter synthesis and loading into different types of vesicles, (3) architecture and distribution of release sites, (4) transmitter diffusion, degradation, and reuptake, and (5) receptor types and their positioning on target cells. We discuss these five domains for dopamine, a well-studied monoamine, and then compare the literature on dopamine with that on norepinephrine and serotonin. We include assessments of neuropeptide signaling and of central acetylcholine transmission. Through this review, we provide a molecular and cellular framework for volume transmission. This mechanistic knowledge is essential to define how neuromodulatory systems control behavior in health and disease and to understand how they are modulated by medical treatments and by drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge D Özçete
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pascal S Kaeser
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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3
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Gugel A, Ingebretsen EA, Hake HS, Gantz SC. LC-derived excitatory synaptic transmission to dorsal raphe serotonin neurons is inhibited by activation of alpha2-adrenergic receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1014-1023. [PMID: 38368493 PMCID: PMC11039657 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, noradrenaline transmission controls the degree to which we are awake, alert, and attentive. Aberrant noradrenaline transmission is associated with pathological forms of hyper- and hypo-arousal that present in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders often associated with dysfunction in serotonin transmission. In vivo, noradrenaline regulates the release of serotonin because noradrenergic input drives the serotonin neurons to fire action potentials via activation of excitatory α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-AR). Despite the critical influence of noradrenaline on the activity of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons, the source of noradrenergic afferents has not been resolved and the presynaptic mechanisms that regulate noradrenaline-dependent synaptic transmission have not been described. Using an acute brain slice preparation from male and female mice and electrophysiological recordings from dorsal raphe serotonin neurons, we found that selective optogenetic activation of locus coeruleus terminals in the dorsal raphe was sufficient to produce an α1-AR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic current (α1-AR-EPSC). Activation of inhibitory α2-adrenergic receptors (α2-AR) with UK-14,304 eliminated the α1-AR-EPSC via presynaptic inhibition of noradrenaline release, likely via inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels. In a subset of serotonin neurons, activation of postsynaptic α2-AR produced an outward current through activation of GIRK potassium conductance. Further, in vivo activation of α2-AR by systemic administration of clonidine reduced the expression of c-fos in the dorsal raphe serotonin neurons, indicating reduced neural activity. Thus, α2-AR are critical regulators of serotonin neuron excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleigha Gugel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Erik A Ingebretsen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Holly S Hake
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Stephanie C Gantz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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4
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Chen Y, Xiao L, Qiu J. Neuronomodulation of Excitable Neurons. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:103-112. [PMID: 37584858 PMCID: PMC10774251 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronomodulation refers to the modulation of neural conduction and synaptic transmission (i.e., the conduction process involved in synaptic transmission) of excitable neurons via changes in the membrane potential in response to chemical substances, from spillover neurotransmitters to paracrine or endocrine hormones circulating in the blood. Neuronomodulation can be direct or indirect, depending on the transduction pathways from the ligand binding site to the ion pore, either on the same molecule, i.e. the ion channel, or through an intermediate step on different molecules. The major players in direct neuronomodulation are ligand-gated or voltage-gated ion channels. The key process of direct neuronomodulation is the binding and chemoactivation of ligand-gated or voltage-gated ion channels, either orthosterically or allosterically, by various ligands. Indirect neuronomodulation involves metabotropic receptor-mediated slow potentials, where steroid hormones, cytokines, and chemokines can implement these actions. Elucidating neuronomodulation is of great significance for understanding the physiological mechanisms of brain function, and the occurrence and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhang Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Lin Xiao
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences of Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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5
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Zheng D, Pisano F, Collard L, Balena A, Pisanello M, Spagnolo B, Mach-Batlle R, Tantussi F, Carbone L, De Angelis F, Valiente M, de la Prida LM, Ciracì C, De Vittorio M, Pisanello F. Toward Plasmonic Neural Probes: SERS Detection of Neurotransmitters through Gold-Nanoislands-Decorated Tapered Optical Fibers with Sub-10 nm Gaps. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2200902. [PMID: 36479741 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Integration of plasmonic nanostructures with fiber-optics-based neural probes enables label-free detection of molecular fingerprints via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and it represents a fascinating technological horizon to investigate brain function. However, developing neuroplasmonic probes that can interface with deep brain regions with minimal invasiveness while providing the sensitivity to detect biomolecular signatures in a physiological environment is challenging, in particular because the same waveguide must be employed for both delivering excitation light and collecting the resulting scattered photons. Here, a SERS-active neural probe based on a tapered optical fiber (TF) decorated with gold nanoislands (NIs) that can detect neurotransmitters down to the micromolar range is presented. To do this, a novel, nonplanar repeated dewetting technique to fabricate gold NIs with sub-10 nm gaps, uniformly distributed on the wide (square millimeter scale in surface area), highly curved surface of TF is developed. It is experimentally and numerically shown that the amplified broadband near-field enhancement of the high-density NIs layer allows for achieving a limit of detection in aqueous solution of 10-7 m for rhodamine 6G and 10-5 m for serotonin and dopamine through SERS at near-infrared wavelengths. The NIs-TF technology is envisioned as a first step toward the unexplored frontier of in vivo label-free plasmonic neural interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zheng
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, LE, 73010, Italy
| | - Filippo Pisano
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, LE, 73010, Italy
| | - Liam Collard
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, LE, 73010, Italy
| | - Antonio Balena
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, LE, 73010, Italy
| | - Marco Pisanello
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, LE, 73010, Italy
| | - Barbara Spagnolo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, LE, 73010, Italy
| | - Rosa Mach-Batlle
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, LE, 73010, Italy
| | - Francesco Tantussi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Convergent Technologies, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Luigi Carbone
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Francesco De Angelis
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Convergent Technologies, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | | | - Cristian Ciracì
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, LE, 73010, Italy
| | - Massimo De Vittorio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, LE, 73010, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Dell'Innovazione, Università del Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Pisanello
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, LE, 73010, Italy
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McKinney A, Hu M, Hoskins A, Mohammadyar A, Naeem N, Jing J, Patel SS, Sheth BR, Jiang X. Cellular composition and circuit organization of the locus coeruleus of adult mice. eLife 2023; 12:e80100. [PMID: 36734517 PMCID: PMC9934863 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) houses the vast majority of noradrenergic neurons in the brain and regulates many fundamental functions, including fight and flight response, attention control, and sleep/wake cycles. While efferent projections of the LC have been extensively investigated, little is known about its local circuit organization. Here, we performed large-scale multipatch recordings of noradrenergic neurons in adult mouse LC to profile their morpho-electric properties while simultaneously examining their interactions. LC noradrenergic neurons are diverse and could be classified into two major morpho-electric types. While fast excitatory synaptic transmission among LC noradrenergic neurons was not observed in our preparation, these mature LC neurons connected via gap junction at a rate similar to their early developmental stage and comparable to other brain regions. Most electrical connections form between dendrites and are restricted to narrowly spaced pairs or small clusters of neurons of the same type. In addition, more than two electrically coupled cell pairs were often identified across a cohort of neurons from individual multicell recording sets that followed a chain-like organizational pattern. The assembly of LC noradrenergic neurons thus follows a spatial and cell-type-specific wiring principle that may be imposed by a unique chain-like rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McKinney
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Junzhan Jing
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Saumil S Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Bhavin R Sheth
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of HoustonHoustonUnited States
- Center for NeuroEngineering and Cognitive Science, University of HoustonHoustonUnited States
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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7
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Kershberg L, Banerjee A, Kaeser PS. Protein composition of axonal dopamine release sites in the striatum. eLife 2022; 11:e83018. [PMID: 36579890 PMCID: PMC9937654 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is an important modulator of cognition and movement. We recently found that evoked dopamine secretion is fast and relies on active zone-like release sites. Here, we used in vivo biotin identification (iBioID) proximity proteomics in mouse striatum to assess which proteins are present at these sites. Using three release site baits, we identified proteins that are enriched over the general dopamine axonal protein content, and they fell into several categories, including active zone, Ca2+ regulatory, and synaptic vesicle proteins. We also detected many proteins not previously associated with vesicular exocytosis. Knockout of the presynaptic organizer protein RIM strongly decreased the hit number obtained with iBioID, while Synaptotagmin-1 knockout did not. α-Synuclein, a protein linked to Parkinson's disease, was enriched at release sites, and its enrichment was lost in both tested mutants. We conclude that RIM organizes scaffolded dopamine release sites and provide a proteomic assessment of the composition of these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kershberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Pascal S Kaeser
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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8
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Barcomb K, Olah SS, Kennedy MJ, Ford CP. Properties and modulation of excitatory inputs to the locus coeruleus. J Physiol 2022; 600:4897-4916. [PMID: 36156249 PMCID: PMC9669264 DOI: 10.1113/jp283605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory inputs drive burst firing of locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenaline (NA) neurons in response to a variety of stimuli. Though a small number of glutamatergic LC afferents have been investigated, the overall landscape of these excitatory inputs is largely unknown. The current study used an optogenetic approach to isolate three glutamatergic afferents: the prefrontal cortex (PFC), lateral hypothalamus (LH) and periaqueductal grey (PAG). AAV5-DIO-ChR2 was injected into each region in male and female CaMKII-Cre mice and the properties of excitatory inputs on LC-NA cells were measured. Notably we found differences among these inputs. First, the pattern of axonal innervation differed between inputs such that LH afferents were concentrated in the posterior portion of the LC-NA somatic region while PFC afferents were denser in the medial dendritic region. Second, basal intrinsic properties varied for afferents, with LH inputs having the highest connectivity and the largest amplitude excitatory postsynaptic currents while PAG inputs had the lowest initial release probability. Third, while orexin and oxytocin had minimal effects on any input, dynorphin strongly inhibited excitatory inputs originating from the LH and PAG, and corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) selectively inhibited inputs from the PAG. Overall, these results demonstrate that individual afferents to the LC have differing properties, which may contribute to the modularity of the LC and its ability to mediate various behavioural outcomes. KEY POINTS: Excitatory inputs to the locus coeruleus (LC) are important for driving noradrenaline neuron activity and downstream behaviours in response to salient stimuli, but little is known about the functional properties of different glutamate inputs that innervate these neurons We used a virus-mediated optogenetic approach to compare glutamate afferents from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the periaqueductal grey (PAG). While PFC was predicted to make synaptic inputs, we found that the LH and PAG also drove robust excitatory events in LC noradrenaline neurons. The strength, kinetics, and short-term plasticity of each input differed as did the extent of neuromodulation by both dynorphin and corticotrophin releasing factor. Thus each input displayed a unique set of basal properties and modulation by peptides. This characterization is an important step in deciphering the heterogeneity of the LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Barcomb
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Samantha S. Olah
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Matthew J. Kennedy
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Christopher P. Ford
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
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9
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Pittolo S, Yokoyama S, Willoughby DD, Taylor CR, Reitman ME, Tse V, Wu Z, Etchenique R, Li Y, Poskanzer KE. Dopamine activates astrocytes in prefrontal cortex via α1-adrenergic receptors. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111426. [PMID: 36170823 PMCID: PMC9555850 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a hub for cognitive control, and dopamine profoundly influences its functions. In other brain regions, astrocytes sense diverse neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and, in turn, orchestrate regulation of neuroactive substances. However, basic physiology of PFC astrocytes, including which neuromodulatory signals they respond to and how they contribute to PFC function, is unclear. Here, we characterize divergent signaling signatures in mouse astrocytes of the PFC and primary sensory cortex, which show differential responsiveness to locomotion. We find that PFC astrocytes express receptors for dopamine but are unresponsive through the Gs/Gi-cAMP pathway. Instead, fast calcium signals in PFC astrocytes are time locked to dopamine release and are mediated by α1-adrenergic receptors both ex vivo and in vivo. Further, we describe dopamine-triggered regulation of extracellular ATP at PFC astrocyte territories. Thus, we identify astrocytes as active players in dopaminergic signaling in the PFC, contributing to PFC function though neuromodulator receptor crosstalk. Pittolo et al. demonstrate that the neuromodulator dopamine targets astrocytes, a type of brain cell, via receptors specific to another neuromodulator—norepinephrine. This study provides groundwork on how dopamine affects non-neuronal brain cells and suggests that crosstalk between neuromodulatory pathways occurs in vivo, with possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pittolo
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sae Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Drew D Willoughby
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charlotte R Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael E Reitman
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Tse
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Roberto Etchenique
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kira E Poskanzer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Zhu F, Liu L, Li J, Liu B, Wang Q, Jiao R, Xu Y, Wang L, Sun S, Sun X, Younus M, Wang C, Hokfelt T, Zhang B, Gu H, Xu ZQD, Zhou Z. Cocaine increases quantal norepinephrine secretion through NET-dependent PKC activation in locus coeruleus neurons. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111199. [PMID: 35977516 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The norepinephrine neurons in locus coeruleus (LC-NE neurons) are essential for sleep arousal, pain sensation, and cocaine addiction. According to previous studies, cocaine increases NE overflow (the profile of extracellular NE level in response to stimulation) by blocking the NE reuptake. NE overflow is determined by NE release via exocytosis and reuptake through NE transporter (NET). However, whether cocaine directly affects vesicular NE release has not been directly tested. By recording quantal NE release from LC-NE neurons, we report that cocaine directly increases the frequency of quantal NE release through regulation of NET and downstream protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, and this facilitation of NE release modulates the activity of LC-NE neurons and cocaine-induced stimulant behavior. Thus, these findings expand the repertoire of mechanisms underlying the effects of cocaine on NE (pro-release and anti-reuptake), demonstrate NET as a release enhancer in LC-NE neurons, and provide potential sites for treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feipeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Core Facilities Center, Departments of Neurobiology and Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qinglong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruiying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Suhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Muhammad Younus
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tomas Hokfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 71 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; Institute of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.
| | - Howard Gu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Core Facilities Center, Departments of Neurobiology and Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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11
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Baral S, Hosseini H, More K, Fabrin TMC, Braun J, Prigge M. Spike-Dependent Dynamic Partitioning of the Locus Coeruleus Network through Noradrenergic Volume Release in a Simulation of Nucleus Core. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060728. [PMID: 35741613 PMCID: PMC9221380 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Locus coeruleus (LC) modulates various neuronal circuits throughout the brain. Its unique architectural organization encompasses a net of axonal innervation that spans the entire brain, while its somatic core is highly compact. Recent research revealed an unexpected cellular input specificity within the nucleus that can give rise to various network states that either broadcast norepinephrine signals throughout the brain or pointedly modulate specific brain areas. Such adaptive input–output functions likely surpass our existing network models that build upon a given synaptic wiring configuration between neurons. As the distances between noradrenergic neurons in the core of the LC are unusually small, neighboring neurons could theoretically impact each other via volume transmission of NE. We therefore set out to investigate if such interaction could be mediated through noradrenergic alpha2-receptors in a spiking neuron model of the LC. We validated our model of LC neurons through comparison with experimental patch-clamp data and identified key variables that impact alpha2-mediated inhibition of neighboring LC neurons. Our simulation confirmed a reliable autoinhibition of LC neurons after episodes of high neuronal activity that continue even after neuronal activity subsided. Additionally, dendro-somatic synapses inhibited spontaneous spiking in the somatic compartment of connected neurons in our model. We determined the exact position of hundreds of LC neurons in the mouse brain stem via a tissue clearing approach and, based on this, further determined that 25 percent of noradrenergic neurons have a neighboring LC neuron within less than a 25-micrometer radius. By modeling NE diffusion, we estimated that more than 15 percent of the alpha2-adrenergic receptors fraction can bind NE within such a diffusion radius. Our spiking neuron model of LC neurons predicts that repeated or long-lasting episodes of high neuronal activity induce partitioning of the gross LC network and reduce the spike rate in neighboring neurons at distances smaller than 25 μm. As these volume-mediating neighboring effects are challenging to test with the current methodology, our findings can guide future experimental approaches to test this phenomenon and its physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Baral
- Research Group Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.B.); (H.H.); (K.M.); (T.M.C.F.)
- Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von Guericke University, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Hosseini
- Research Group Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.B.); (H.H.); (K.M.); (T.M.C.F.)
| | - Kaushik More
- Research Group Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.B.); (H.H.); (K.M.); (T.M.C.F.)
| | - Thomaz M. C. Fabrin
- Research Group Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.B.); (H.H.); (K.M.); (T.M.C.F.)
| | - Jochen Braun
- Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von Guericke University, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Matthias Prigge
- Research Group Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.B.); (H.H.); (K.M.); (T.M.C.F.)
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (M.P.)
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12
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Everett AC, Graul BE, Ronström JW, Robinson JK, Watts DB, España RA, Siciliano CA, Yorgason JT. Effectiveness and Relationship between Biased and Unbiased Measures of Dopamine Release and Clearance. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1534-1548. [PMID: 35482592 PMCID: PMC10763521 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an effective tool for measuring dopamine release and clearance throughout the brain, especially the striatum where dopamine terminals are abundant and signals are heavily regulated by release machinery and the dopamine transporter (DAT). Peak height measurement is perhaps the most common method for measuring dopamine release, but it is influenced by changes in clearance. Michaelis-Menten-based modeling has been a standard in measuring dopamine clearance, but it is problematic in that it requires experimenter fitted modeling subject to experimenter bias. This study presents the use of the first derivative (velocity) of evoked dopamine signals as an alternative approach for measuring and distinguishing dopamine release from clearance. Maximal upward velocity predicts reductions in dopamine peak height due to D2 and GABAB receptor stimulation and by alterations in calcium concentrations. The Michaelis-Menten maximal velocity (Vmax) measure, an approximation for DAT levels, predicts maximal downward velocity in slices and in vivo. Dopamine peak height and upward velocity were similar between wild-type and DAT knock-out (DATKO) mice. In contrast, downward velocity was lower and exponential decay (tau) was higher in DATKO mice, supporting the use of both measures for extreme changes in DAT activity. In slices, the competitive DAT inhibitors cocaine, PTT, and WF23 increased peak height and upward velocity differentially across increasing concentrations, with PTT and cocaine reducing these measures at high concentrations. Downward velocity and tau values decreased and increased respectively across concentrations, with greater potency and efficacy observed with WF23 and PTT. In vivo recordings demonstrated similar effects of WF23, PTT, and cocaine on measures of release and clearance. Tau was a more sensitive measure at low concentrations, supporting its use as a surrogate for the Michaelis-Menten measure of apparent affinity (Km). Together, these results inform on the use of these various measures for dopamine release and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Everett
- Brigham Young University, Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Ben E. Graul
- Brigham Young University, Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Joakim W. Ronström
- Brigham Young University, Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - J. Kayden Robinson
- Brigham Young University, Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Daniel B. Watts
- Brigham Young University, Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Rodrigo A. España
- Drexel University, Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Philadelphia, PA 28619, USA
| | - Cody A. Siciliano
- Vanderbilt University, Center for Addiction Research, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Jordan T. Yorgason
- Brigham Young University, Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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13
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Zych SM, Ford CP. Divergent properties and independent regulation of striatal dopamine and GABA co-transmission. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110823. [PMID: 35584679 PMCID: PMC9134867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine neurons play a key role in regulating the activity of striatal circuits within the basal ganglia. In addition to dopamine, these neurons release several other transmitters, including the major inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Both dopamine and GABA are loaded into SNc synaptic vesicles by the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), and co-release of GABA provides strong inhibition to the striatum by directly inhibiting striatal medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) through activation of GABAA receptors. Here, we found that despite both dopamine and GABA being co-packaged by VMAT2, the properties of transmission, including Ca2+ sensitivity, release probability, and requirement of active zone scaffolding proteins, differ between the two transmitters. Moreover, the extent by which presynaptic neuromodulators inhibit co-transmission also varied. Differences in modulation and the mechanisms controlling release allow for independent regulation of dopamine and GABA signals despite both being loaded via similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Zych
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christopher P Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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14
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Banerjee A, Imig C, Balakrishnan K, Kershberg L, Lipstein N, Uronen RL, Wang J, Cai X, Benseler F, Rhee JS, Cooper BH, Liu C, Wojcik SM, Brose N, Kaeser PS. Molecular and functional architecture of striatal dopamine release sites. Neuron 2022; 110:248-265.e9. [PMID: 34767769 PMCID: PMC8859508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of dopamine for striatal circuit function, mechanistic understanding of dopamine transmission remains incomplete. We recently showed that dopamine secretion relies on the presynaptic scaffolding protein RIM, indicating that it occurs at active zone-like sites similar to classical synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Here, we establish using a systematic gene knockout approach that Munc13 and Liprin-α, active zone proteins for vesicle priming and release site organization, are important for dopamine secretion. Furthermore, RIM zinc finger and C2B domains, which bind to Munc13 and Liprin-α, respectively, are needed to restore dopamine release after RIM ablation. In contrast, and different from typical synapses, the active zone scaffolds RIM-BP and ELKS, and RIM domains that bind to them, are expendable. Hence, dopamine release necessitates priming and release site scaffolding by RIM, Munc13, and Liprin-α, but other active zone proteins are dispensable. Our work establishes that efficient release site architecture mediates fast dopamine exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cordelia Imig
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Lauren Kershberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Noa Lipstein
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Riikka-Liisa Uronen
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiexin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xintong Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fritz Benseler
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeong Seop Rhee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin H Cooper
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Changliang Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pascal S Kaeser
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Lebowitz JJ, Trinkle M, Bunzow JR, Balcita-Pedicino JJ, Hetelekides S, Robinson B, De La Torre S, Aicher SA, Sesack SR, Williams JT. Subcellular localization of D2 receptors in the murine substantia nigra. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:925-941. [PMID: 34854963 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled D2 autoreceptors expressed on dopamine neurons (D2Rs) inhibit transmitter release and cell firing at axonal endings and somatodendritic compartments. Mechanistic details of somatodendritic dopamine release remain unresolved, partly due to insufficient information on the subcellular distribution of D2Rs. Previous studies localizing D2Rs have been hindered by a dearth of antibodies validated for specificity in D2R knockout animals and have been limited by the small sampling areas imaged by electron microscopy. This study utilized sub-diffraction fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy to examine D2 receptors in a superecliptic pHlourin GFP (SEP) epitope-tagged D2 receptor knockin mouse. Incubating live slices with an anti-SEP antibody achieved the selective labeling of plasma membrane-associated receptors for immunofluorescent imaging over a large area of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). SEP-D2Rs appeared as puncta-like structures along the surface of dendrites and soma of dopamine neurons visualized by antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). TH-associated SEP-D2Rs displayed a cell surface density of 0.66 puncta/µm2, which corresponds to an average frequency of 1 punctum every 1.50 µm. Separate ultrastructural experiments using silver-enhanced immunogold revealed that membrane-bound particles represented 28% of total D2Rs in putative dopamine cells within the SNc. Structures immediately adjacent to dendritic membrane gold particles were unmyelinated axons or axon varicosities (40%), astrocytes (19%), other dendrites (7%), or profiles unidentified (34%) in single sections. Some apposed profiles also expressed D2Rs. Fluorescent and ultrastructural analyses also provided the first visualization of membrane D2Rs at the axon initial segment, a compartment critical for action potential generation. The punctate appearance of anti-SEP staining indicates there is a population of D2Rs organized in discrete signaling sites along the plasma membrane, and for the first time, a quantitative estimate of spatial frequency is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Lebowitz
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Mason Trinkle
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - James R Bunzow
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | - Savas Hetelekides
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Brooks Robinson
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Santiago De La Torre
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sue A Aicher
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Susan R Sesack
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - John T Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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16
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Condon AF, Robinson BG, Asad N, Dore TM, Tian L, Williams JT. The residence of synaptically released dopamine on D2 autoreceptors. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109465. [PMID: 34348146 PMCID: PMC8351352 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation mediated by synaptically released endogenous transmitters acting in G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is slow primarily because of multistep downstream signaling. What is less well understood is the spatial and temporal kinetics of transmitter and receptor interaction. The present work uses the combination of the dopamine sensor, dLight, to detect the spatial release and diffusion of dopamine and a caged form of a D2-dopamine receptor antagonist, CyHQ-sulpiride, to rapidly block the D2 autoreceptors. Photoactivation of the CyHQ-sulpiride blocks receptors in milliseconds such that the time course of dopamine/receptor interaction is mapped onto the downstream signaling. The results show that highly localized release, but not dopamine diffusion, defines the time course of the functional interaction between dopamine and D2 autoreceptors, which determines downstream inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec F Condon
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brooks G Robinson
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Naeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy M Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John T Williams
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.
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17
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Liu C, Goel P, Kaeser PS. Spatial and temporal scales of dopamine transmission. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:345-358. [PMID: 33837376 PMCID: PMC8220193 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a prototypical neuromodulator that controls circuit function through G protein-coupled receptor signalling. Neuromodulators are volume transmitters, with release followed by diffusion for widespread receptor activation on many target cells. Yet, we are only beginning to understand the specific organization of dopamine transmission in space and time. Although some roles of dopamine are mediated by slow and diffuse signalling, recent studies suggest that certain dopamine functions necessitate spatiotemporal precision. Here, we review the literature describing dopamine signalling in the striatum, including its release mechanisms and receptor organization. We then propose the domain-overlap model, in which release and receptors are arranged relative to one another in micrometre-scale structures. This architecture is different from both point-to-point synaptic transmission and the widespread organization that is often proposed for neuromodulation. It enables the activation of receptor subsets that are within micrometre-scale domains of release sites during baseline activity and broader receptor activation with domain overlap when firing is synchronized across dopamine neuron populations. This signalling structure, together with the properties of dopamine release, may explain how switches in firing modes support broad and dynamic roles for dopamine and may lead to distinct pathway modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliang Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pragya Goel
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pascal S Kaeser
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Kurose S, Kubota M, Takahata K, Yamamoto Y, Fujiwara H, Kimura Y, Ito H, Takeuchi H, Mimura M, Suhara T, Higuchi M. Relationship between regional gray matter volumes and dopamine D 2 receptor and transporter in living human brains. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4048-4058. [PMID: 34014611 PMCID: PMC8288088 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although striatal dopamine neurotransmission is believed to be functionally linked to the formation of the corticostriatal network, there has been little evidence for this regulatory process in the human brain and its disruptions in neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we aimed to investigate associations of striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) and D2 receptor availabilities with gray matter (GM) volumes in healthy humans. Positron emission tomography images of D2 receptor (n = 34) and DAT (n = 17) captured with the specific radioligands [11C]raclopride and [18F]FE‐PE2I, respectively, were acquired along with T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging data in our previous studies, and were re‐analyzed in this work. We quantified the binding potentials (BPND) of these radioligands in the limbic, executive, and sensorimotor functional subregions of the striatum. Correlations between the radioligand BPND and regional GM volume were then examined by voxel‐based morphometry. In line with the functional and anatomical connectivity, [11C]raclopride BPND in the limbic striatum was positively correlated with volumes of the uncal/parahippocampal gyrus and adjacent temporal areas. Similarly, we found positive correlations between the BPND of this radioligand in the executive striatum and volumes of the prefrontal cortices and their adjacent areas as well as between the BPND in the sensorimotor striatum and volumes of the somatosensory and supplementary motor areas. By contrast, no significant correlation was found between [18F]FE‐PE2I BPND and regional GM volumes. Our results suggest unique structural and functional corticostriatal associations involving D2 receptor in healthy humans, which might be partially independent of the nigrostriatal pathway reflected by striatal DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kurose
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Kubota
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takahata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yamamoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Fujiwara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kimura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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19
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Chen J, Cho KE, Skwarzynska D, Clancy S, Conley NJ, Clinton SM, Li X, Lin L, Zhu JJ. The Property-Based Practical Applications and Solutions of Genetically Encoded Acetylcholine and Monoamine Sensors. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2318-2328. [PMID: 33627325 PMCID: PMC7984589 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1062-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulatory communication among various neurons and non-neuronal cells mediates myriad physiological and pathologic processes, yet defining regulatory and functional features of neuromodulatory transmission remains challenging because of limitations of available monitoring tools. Recently developed genetically encoded neuromodulatory transmitter sensors, when combined with superresolution and/or deconvolution microscopy, allow the first visualization of neuromodulatory transmission with nanoscale or microscale spatiotemporal resolution. In vitro and in vivo experiments have validated several high-performing sensors to have the qualities necessary for demarcating fundamental synaptic properties of neuromodulatory transmission, and initial analysis has unveiled unexpected fine control and precision of neuromodulation. These new findings underscore the importance of synaptic dynamics in synapse-, subcellular-, and circuit-specific neuromodulation, as well as the prospect of genetically encoded transmitter sensors in expanding our knowledge of various behaviors and diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, sleeping disorders, tumorigenesis, and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Katriel E Cho
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Tools for Modern Neurobiology Class of 2020, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Daria Skwarzynska
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Tools for Modern Neurobiology Class of 2020, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Shaylyn Clancy
- Tools for Modern Neurobiology Class of 2020, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Nicholas J Conley
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Tools for Modern Neurobiology Class of 2020, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Sarah M Clinton
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - J Julius Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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20
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Lin L, Gupta S, Zheng WS, Si K, Zhu JJ. Genetically encoded sensors enable micro- and nano-scopic decoding of transmission in healthy and diseased brains. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:443-455. [PMID: 33277628 PMCID: PMC7850973 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural communication orchestrates a variety of behaviors, yet despite impressive effort, delineating transmission properties of neuromodulatory communication remains a daunting task due to limitations of available monitoring tools. Recently developed genetically encoded neurotransmitter sensors, when combined with superresolution and deconvolution microscopic techniques, enable the first micro- and nano-scopic visualization of neuromodulatory transmission. Here we introduce this image analysis method by presenting its biophysical foundation, practical solutions, biological validation, and broad applicability. The presentation illustrates how the method resolves fundamental synaptic properties of neuromodulatory transmission, and the new data unveil unexpected fine control and precision of rodent and human neuromodulation. The findings raise the prospect of rapid advances in the understanding of neuromodulatory transmission essential for resolving the physiology or pathogenesis of various behaviors and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Smriti Gupta
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
| | - W. Sharon Zheng
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA ,grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XBiomedical Engineering Class of 2021, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Ke Si
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XSchool of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - J. Julius Zhu
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
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21
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Wiencke K, Horstmann A, Mathar D, Villringer A, Neumann J. Dopamine release, diffusion and uptake: A computational model for synaptic and volume transmission. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008410. [PMID: 33253315 PMCID: PMC7728201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational modeling of dopamine transmission is challenged by complex underlying mechanisms. Here we present a new computational model that (I) simultaneously regards release, diffusion and uptake of dopamine, (II) considers multiple terminal release events and (III) comprises both synaptic and volume transmission by incorporating the geometry of the synaptic cleft. We were able to validate our model in that it simulates concentration values comparable to physiological values observed in empirical studies. Further, although synaptic dopamine diffuses into extra-synaptic space, our model reflects a very localized signal occurring on the synaptic level, i.e. synaptic dopamine release is negligibly recognized by neighboring synapses. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that cognitive performance can be predicted by signal variability of neuroimaging data (e.g. BOLD). Signal variability in target areas of dopaminergic neurons (striatum, cortex) may arise from dopamine concentration variability. On that account we compared spatio-temporal variability in a simulation mimicking normal dopamine transmission in striatum to scenarios of enhanced dopamine release and dopamine uptake inhibition. We found different variability characteristics between the three settings, which may in part account for differences in empirical observations. From a clinical perspective, differences in striatal dopaminergic signaling contribute to differential learning and reward processing, with relevant implications for addictive- and compulsive-like behavior. Specifically, dopaminergic tone is assumed to impact on phasic dopamine and hence on the integration of reward-related signals. However, in humans DA tone is classically assessed using PET, which is an indirect measure of endogenous DA availability and suffers from temporal and spatial resolution issues. We discuss how this can lead to discrepancies with observations from other methods such as microdialysis and show how computational modeling can help to refine our understanding of DA transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Wiencke
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki
| | - David Mathar
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
- Mind & Brain Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane Neumann
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany
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22
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Zhu PK, Zheng WS, Zhang P, Jing M, Borden PM, Ali F, Guo K, Feng J, Marvin JS, Wang Y, Wan J, Gan L, Kwan AC, Lin L, Looger LL, Li Y, Zhang Y. Nanoscopic Visualization of Restricted Nonvolume Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Transmission with Genetically Encoded Sensors. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4073-4083. [PMID: 32396366 PMCID: PMC7519949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
How neuromodulatory transmitters diffuse into the extracellular space remains an unsolved fundamental biological question, despite wide acceptance of the volume transmission model. Here, we report development of a method combining genetically encoded fluorescent sensors with high-resolution imaging and analysis algorithms which permits the first direct visualization of neuromodulatory transmitter diffusion at various neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Our analysis reveals that acetylcholine and monoamines diffuse at individual release sites with a spread length constant of ∼0.75 μm. These transmitters employ varied numbers of release sites, and when spatially close-packed release sites coactivate they can spillover into larger subcellular areas. Our data indicate spatially restricted (i.e., nonvolume) neuromodulatory transmission to be a prominent intercellular communication mode, reshaping current thinking of control and precision of neuromodulation crucial for understanding behaviors and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula K. Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Math, Engineering & Science Academy Class of 2020, Albemarle High School, Charlottesville, VA 22901
- Summer Secondary School Neurobiology Class of 2019, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Current address: Undergraduate Class of 2024, Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - W. Sharon Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Class of 2021, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Miao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Philip M. Borden
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
- Current address: LifeEDIT, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Farhan Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kaiming Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiesi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jonathan S. Marvin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jinxia Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Alex C. Kwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Loren L. Looger
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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23
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Armbruster M, Dulla CG, Diamond JS. Effects of fluorescent glutamate indicators on neurotransmitter diffusion and uptake. eLife 2020; 9:54441. [PMID: 32352378 PMCID: PMC7255799 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent glutamate indicators (iGluSnFRs) enable neurotransmitter release and diffusion to be visualized in intact tissue. Synaptic iGluSnFR signal time courses vary widely depending on experimental conditions, often lasting 10–100 times longer than the extracellular lifetime of synaptically released glutamate estimated with uptake measurements. iGluSnFR signals typically also decay much more slowly than the unbinding kinetics of the indicator. To resolve these discrepancies, here we have modeled synaptic glutamate diffusion, uptake and iGluSnFR activation to identify factors influencing iGluSnFR signal waveforms. Simulations suggested that iGluSnFR competes with transporters to bind synaptically released glutamate, delaying glutamate uptake. Accordingly, synaptic transporter currents recorded from iGluSnFR-expressing astrocytes in mouse cortex were slower than those in control astrocytes. Simulations also suggested that iGluSnFR reduces free glutamate levels in extrasynaptic spaces, likely limiting extrasynaptic receptor activation. iGluSnFR and lower affinity variants, nonetheless, provide linear indications of vesicle release, underscoring their value for optical quantal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Armbruster
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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24
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Asad N, McLain DE, Condon AF, Gore S, Hampton SE, Vijay S, Williams JT, Dore TM. Photoactivatable Dopamine and Sulpiride to Explore the Function of Dopaminergic Neurons and Circuits. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:939-951. [PMID: 32077679 PMCID: PMC7101055 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic analysis of dopamine receptor activation and inactivation and the study of dopamine-dependent signaling requires precise simulation of the presynaptic release of the neurotransmitter dopamine and tight temporal control over the release of dopamine receptor antagonists. The 8-cyano-7-hydroxyquinolinyl (CyHQ) photoremovable protecting group was conjugated to dopamine and the dopamine receptor antagonist sulpiride to generate "caged" versions of these neuromodulators (CyHQ-O-DA and CyHQ-sulpiride, respectively) that could release their payloads with 365 or 405 nm light or through 2-photon excitation (2PE) at 740 nm. These compounds are stable under physiological conditions in the dark, yet photolyze rapidly and cleanly to yield dopamine or sulpiride and the caging remnant CyHQ-OH. CyHQ-O-DA mediated the light activation of dopamine-1 (D1) receptors on the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in culture. In mouse brain slice from the substantia nigra pars compacta, localized flash photolysis of CyHQ-O-DA accurately mimicked the natural presynaptic release of dopamine and activation of dopamine-2 (D2) receptors, causing a robust, concentration-dependent, and repeatable G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel-mediated outward current in whole-cell voltage clamp recordings that was amplified by cocaine and blocked by sulpiride. Photolysis of CyHQ-sulpiride rapidly blocked synaptic activity, enabling measurement of the unbinding rates of dopamine and quinpirole, a D2 receptor agonist. These tools will enable more detailed study of dopamine receptors, their interactions with other GPCRs, and the physiology of dopamine signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Duncan E. McLain
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Alec F. Condon
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Sangram Gore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahienaz E. Hampton
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sauparnika Vijay
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - John T. Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Timothy M. Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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25
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Ranjbar-Slamloo Y, Fazlali Z. Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Brain; Overlapping or Dissociate Functions? Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:334. [PMID: 32038164 PMCID: PMC6986277 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine and noradrenaline are crucial neuromodulators controlling brain states, vigilance, action, reward, learning, and memory processes. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) and Locus Coeruleus (LC) are canonically described as the main sources of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) with dissociate functions. A comparison of diverse studies shows that these neuromodulators largely overlap in multiple domains such as shared biosynthetic pathway and co-release from the LC terminals, convergent innervations, non-specificity of receptors and transporters, and shared intracellular signaling pathways. DA–NA interactions are mainly studied in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, yet it can be extended to the whole brain given the diversity of catecholamine innervations. LC can simultaneously broadcast both dopamine and noradrenaline across the brain. Here, we briefly review the molecular, cellular, and physiological overlaps between DA and NA systems and point to their functional implications. We suggest that DA and NA may function in parallel to facilitate learning and maintain the states required for normal cognitive processes. Various signaling modules of NA and DA have been targeted for developing of therapeutics. Understanding overlaps of the two systems is crucial for more effective interventions in a range of neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Ranjbar-Slamloo
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zeinab Fazlali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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26
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Patriarchi T, Cho JR, Merten K, Marley A, Broussard GJ, Liang R, Williams J, Nimmerjahn A, von Zastrow M, Gradinaru V, Tian L. Imaging neuromodulators with high spatiotemporal resolution using genetically encoded indicators. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:3471-3505. [PMID: 31732722 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple aspects of neural activity, from neuronal firing to neuromodulator release and signaling, underlie brain function and ultimately shape animal behavior. The recently developed and constantly growing toolbox of genetically encoded sensors for neural activity, including calcium, voltage, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator sensors, allows precise measurement of these signaling events with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we describe the engineering, characterization and application of our recently developed dLight1, a suite of genetically encoded dopamine (DA) sensors based on human inert DA receptors. dLight1 offers high molecular specificity, requisite affinity and kinetics and great sensitivity for measuring DA release in vivo. The detailed workflow described in this protocol can be used to systematically characterize and validate dLight1 in increasingly intact biological systems, from cultured cells to acute brain slices to behaving mice. For tool developers, we focus on characterizing five distinct properties of dLight1: dynamic range, affinity, molecular specificity, kinetics and interaction with endogenous signaling; for end users, we provide comprehensive step-by-step instructions for how to leverage fiber photometry and two-photon imaging to measure dLight1 transients in vivo. The instructions provided in this protocol are designed to help laboratory personnel with a broad range of experience (at the graduate or post-graduate level) to develop and utilize novel neuromodulator sensors in vivo, by using dLight1 as a benchmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Patriarchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Merten
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Marley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gerard Joey Broussard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ruqiang Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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27
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Robinson BG, Cai X, Wang J, Bunzow JR, Williams JT, Kaeser PS. RIM is essential for stimulated but not spontaneous somatodendritic dopamine release in the midbrain. eLife 2019; 8:47972. [PMID: 31486769 PMCID: PMC6754207 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Action potentials trigger neurotransmitter release at active zones, specialized release sites in axons. Many neurons also secrete neurotransmitters or neuromodulators from their somata and dendrites. However, it is unclear whether somatodendritic release employs specialized sites for release, and the molecular machinery for somatodendritic release is not understood. Here, we identify an essential role for the active zone protein RIM in stimulated somatodendritic dopamine release in the midbrain. In mice in which RIMs are selectively removed from dopamine neurons, action potentials failed to evoke significant somatodendritic release detected via D2 receptor-mediated currents. Compellingly, spontaneous dopamine release was normal upon RIM knockout. Dopamine neuron morphology, excitability, and dopamine release evoked by amphetamine, which reverses dopamine transporters, were also unaffected. We conclude that somatodendritic release employs molecular scaffolds to establish secretory sites for rapid dopamine signaling during firing. In contrast, basal release that is independent of action potential firing does not require RIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks G Robinson
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Xintong Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jiexin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - James R Bunzow
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - John T Williams
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Pascal S Kaeser
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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28
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Smith CT, San Juan MD, Dang LC, Katz DT, Perkins SF, Burgess LL, Cowan RL, Manning HC, Nickels ML, Claassen DO, Samanez-Larkin GR, Zald DH. Ventral striatal dopamine transporter availability is associated with lower trait motor impulsivity in healthy adults. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:269. [PMID: 30531858 PMCID: PMC6286354 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is a transdiagnostic feature of a range of externalizing psychiatric disorders. Preclinical work links reduced ventral striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability with heightened impulsivity and novelty seeking. However, there is a lack of human data investigating the relationship between DAT availability, particularly in subregions of the striatum, and the personality traits of impulsivity and novelty seeking. Here we collected PET measures of DAT availability (BPND) using the tracer 18F-FE-PE2I in 47 healthy adult subjects and examined relations between BPND in striatum, including its subregions: caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum (VS), and trait impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: BIS-11) and novelty seeking (Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: TPQ-NS), controlling for age and sex. DAT BPND in each striatal subregion showed nominal negative associations with total BIS-11 but not TPQ-NS. At the subscale level, VS DAT BPND was significantly associated with BIS-11 motor impulsivity (e.g., taking actions without thinking) after correction for multiple comparisons. VS DAT BPND explained 13.2% of the variance in motor impulsivity. Our data demonstrate that DAT availability in VS is negatively related to impulsivity and suggest a particular influence of DAT regulation of dopamine signaling in VS on acting without deliberation (BIS motor impulsivity). While needing replication, these data converge with models of ventral striatal functions that emphasize its role as a key interface linking motivation to action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Smith
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA
| | - M. Danica San Juan
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA
| | - Linh C. Dang
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA
| | - Daniel T. Katz
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA
| | - Scott F. Perkins
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA
| | - Leah L. Burgess
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA
| | - Ronald L. Cowan
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA ,0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212 USA ,0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - H. Charles Manning
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232 USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235 USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Biomedical Engineering, PMB 351826, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235-1826 USA ,0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, T4224 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2380 USA
| | - Michael L. Nickels
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Daniel O. Claassen
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, A-0118, Nashville, TN 37232-2551 USA
| | - Gregory R. Samanez-Larkin
- 0000 0004 1936 7961grid.26009.3dDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - David H. Zald
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA ,0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
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29
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Abstract
The brain hosts a vast and diverse repertoire of neuropeptides, a class of signalling molecules often described as neurotransmitters. Here I argue that this description entails a catalogue of misperceptions, misperceptions that feed into a narrative in which information processing in the brain can be understood only through mapping neuronal connectivity and by studying the transmission of electrically conducted signals through chemical synapses. I argue that neuropeptide signalling in the brain involves primarily autocrine, paracrine and neurohormonal mechanisms that do not depend on synaptic connectivity and that it is not solely dependent on electrical activity but on mechanisms analogous to secretion from classical endocrine cells. As in classical endocrine systems, to understand the role of neuropeptides in the brain, we must understand not only how their release is regulated, but also how their synthesis is regulated and how the sensitivity of their targets is regulated. We must also understand the full diversity of effects of neuropeptides on those targets, including their effects on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Leng
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to G Leng:
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30
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Orexin as a modulator of fear-related behavior: Hypothalamic control of noradrenaline circuit. Brain Res 2018; 1731:146037. [PMID: 30481504 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fear is an important physiological function for survival. It appears when animals or humans are confronted with an environmental threat. The amygdala has been shown to play a highly important role in emergence of fear. Hypothalamic orexin neurons are activated by fearful stimuli to evoke a 'defense reaction' with an increase in arousal level and sympathetic outflow to deal with the imminent danger. However, how this system contributes to the emergence of fear-related behavior is not well understood. Orexin neurons in the hypothalamus send excitatory innervations to noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (NALC) which express orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) and send projections to the lateral amygdala (LA). Inhibition of this di-synaptic orexin → NALC → LA pathway by pharmacological or opto/chemogenetic methods reduces cue-induced fear expression. Excitatory manipulation of this pathway induces freezing, a fear-related behavior that only occurs when the environment contains some elements suggestive of danger. Although, fear memory helps animals respond to a context or cue previously paired with an aversive stimulus, fear-related behavior is sometimes evoked even in a distinct context containing some similar elements, which is known as fear generalization. Our recent observation suggests that the orexin → NALC → LA pathway might contribute to this response. This review focuses on recent advances regarding the role of hypothalamic orexin neurons in behavioral fear expression. We also discuss the potential effectiveness of orexin receptor antagonists for treating excessive fear response or overgeneralization seen in anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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31
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Ma L, Jongbloets BC, Xiong WH, Melander JB, Qin M, Lameyer TJ, Harrison MF, Zemelman BV, Mao T, Zhong H. A Highly Sensitive A-Kinase Activity Reporter for Imaging Neuromodulatory Events in Awake Mice. Neuron 2018; 99:665-679.e5. [PMID: 30100256 PMCID: PMC6152931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuromodulation imposes powerful control over brain function, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a central downstream mediator of multiple neuromodulators. Although genetically encoded PKA sensors have been developed, single-cell imaging of PKA activity in living mice has not been established. Here, we used two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (2pFLIM) to visualize genetically encoded PKA sensors in response to the neuromodulators norepinephrine and dopamine. We screened available PKA sensors for 2pFLIM and further developed a variant (named tAKARα) with increased sensitivity and a broadened dynamic range. This sensor allowed detection of PKA activation by norepinephrine at physiologically relevant concentrations and kinetics, and by optogenetically released dopamine. In vivo longitudinal 2pFLIM imaging of tAKARα tracked bidirectional PKA activities in individual neurons in awake mice and revealed neuromodulatory PKA events that were associated with wakefulness, pharmacological manipulation, and locomotion. This new sensor combined with 2pFLIM will enable interrogation of neuromodulation-induced PKA signaling in awake animals. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ma
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Bart C Jongbloets
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Wei-Hong Xiong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Joshua B Melander
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Maozhen Qin
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Tess J Lameyer
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Madeleine F Harrison
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Boris V Zemelman
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tianyi Mao
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Haining Zhong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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32
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Takács VT, Cserép C, Schlingloff D, Pósfai B, Szőnyi A, Sos KE, Környei Z, Dénes Á, Gulyás AI, Freund TF, Nyiri G. Co-transmission of acetylcholine and GABA regulates hippocampal states. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2848. [PMID: 30030438 PMCID: PMC6054650 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal forebrain cholinergic system is widely assumed to control cortical functions via non-synaptic transmission of a single neurotransmitter. Yet, we find that mouse hippocampal cholinergic terminals invariably establish GABAergic synapses, and their cholinergic vesicles dock at those synapses only. We demonstrate that these synapses do not co-release but co-transmit GABA and acetylcholine via different vesicles, whose release is triggered by distinct calcium channels. This co-transmission evokes composite postsynaptic potentials, which are mutually cross-regulated by presynaptic autoreceptors. Although postsynaptic cholinergic receptor distribution cannot be investigated, their response latencies suggest a focal, intra- and/or peri-synaptic localisation, while GABAA receptors are detected intra-synaptically. The GABAergic component alone effectively suppresses hippocampal sharp wave-ripples and epileptiform activity. Therefore, the differentially regulated GABAergic and cholinergic co-transmission suggests a hitherto unrecognised level of control over cortical states. This novel model of hippocampal cholinergic neurotransmission may lead to alternative pharmacotherapies after cholinergic deinnervation seen in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virág T Takács
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.,Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Dániel Schlingloff
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - András Szőnyi
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Katalin E Sos
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Attila I Gulyás
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Tamás F Freund
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyiri
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
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Patriarchi T, Cho JR, Merten K, Howe MW, Marley A, Xiong WH, Folk RW, Broussard GJ, Liang R, Jang MJ, Zhong H, Dombeck D, von Zastrow M, Nimmerjahn A, Gradinaru V, Williams JT, Tian L. Ultrafast neuronal imaging of dopamine dynamics with designed genetically encoded sensors. Science 2018; 360:eaat4422. [PMID: 29853555 PMCID: PMC6287765 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuromodulatory systems exert profound influences on brain function. Understanding how these systems modify the operating mode of target circuits requires spatiotemporally precise measurement of neuromodulator release. We developed dLight1, an intensity-based genetically encoded dopamine indicator, to enable optical recording of dopamine dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution in behaving mice. We demonstrated the utility of dLight1 by imaging dopamine dynamics simultaneously with pharmacological manipulation, electrophysiological or optogenetic stimulation, and calcium imaging of local neuronal activity. dLight1 enabled chronic tracking of learning-induced changes in millisecond dopamine transients in mouse striatum. Further, we used dLight1 to image spatially distinct, functionally heterogeneous dopamine transients relevant to learning and motor control in mouse cortex. We also validated our sensor design platform for developing norepinephrine, serotonin, melatonin, and opioid neuropeptide indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Patriarchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Katharina Merten
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark W Howe
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Aaron Marley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | - Wei-Hong Xiong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Robert W Folk
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gerard Joey Broussard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ruqiang Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Min Jee Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Haining Zhong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Daniel Dombeck
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - John T Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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34
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Del-Bel E, De-Miguel FF. Extrasynaptic Neurotransmission Mediated by Exocytosis and Diffusive Release of Transmitter Substances. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:13. [PMID: 29937726 PMCID: PMC6003215 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article deals with the mechanisms of extrasynaptic release of transmitter substances, namely the release from the soma, axon and dendrites in the absence of postsynaptic counterparts. Extrasynaptic release occurs by exocytosis or diffusion. Spillover from the synaptic cleft also contributes to extrasynaptic neurotransmission. Here, we first describe two well-known examples of exocytosis from the neuronal soma, which may release copious amounts of transmitter for up to hundreds of seconds after electrical stimulation. The mechanisms for somatic exocytosis of the low molecular weight transmitter serotonin, and the peptides oxytocin and vasopressin have been studied in detail. Serotonin release from leech neurons and oxytocin and vasopressin from rodent neurons have a common multi-step mechanism, which is completely different from that for exocytosis from presynaptic endings. Most transmitters and peptides released extrasynaptically seem to follow this same mechanism. Extrasynaptic exocytosis may occur onto glial cells, which act as intermediaries for long-term and long-distance transmission. The second part of this review article focuses on the release upon synthesis of the representative diffusible molecules nitric oxide (NO) and endocannabinoids. Diffusible molecules are synthesized “on demand” from postsynaptic terminals in response to electrical activity and intracellular calcium elevations. Their effects include the retrograde modulation of presynaptic electrical activity and transmitter release. Extrasynaptic neurotransmission is well exemplified in the retina. Light-evoked extrasynaptic communication sets the gain for visual responses and integrates the activity of neurons, glia and blood vessels. Understanding how extrasynaptic communication changes the function of hard-wired circuits has become fundamental to understand the function of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Del-Bel
- Department of Morphology Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, USP-Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco F De-Miguel
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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35
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Marcott PF, Gong S, Donthamsetti P, Grinnell SG, Nelson MN, Newman AH, Birnbaumer L, Martemyanov KA, Javitch JA, Ford CP. Regional Heterogeneity of D2-Receptor Signaling in the Dorsal Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens. Neuron 2018; 98:575-587.e4. [PMID: 29656874 PMCID: PMC6048973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine input to the dorsal and ventral striatum originates from separate populations of midbrain neurons. Despite differences in afferent inputs and behavioral output, little is known about how dopamine release is encoded by dopamine receptors on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) across striatal subregions. Here we examined the activation of D2 receptors following the synaptic release of dopamine in the dorsal striatum (DStr) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell. We found that D2 receptor-mediated synaptic currents were slower in the NAc and this difference occurred at the level of D2-receptor signaling. As a result of preferential coupling to Gαo, we also found that D2 receptors in MSNs demonstrated higher sensitivity for dopamine in the NAc. The higher sensitivity in the NAc was eliminated following cocaine exposure. These results identify differences in the sensitivity and timing of D2-receptor signaling across the striatum that influence how nigrostriatal and mesolimbic signals are encoded across these circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela F Marcott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Steven G Grinnell
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Melissa N Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Amy H Newman
- National Institute of Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA; Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher P Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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36
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Tschumi CW, Beckstead MJ. Diverse actions of the modulatory peptide neurotensin on central synaptic transmission. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:784-793. [PMID: 29405480 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is expressed throughout the central nervous system and is implicated in the etiology of multiple diseases and disorders. Many primary investigations of NT-induced modulation of neuronal excitability at the level of the synapse have been conducted, but they have not been summarized in review form in nearly 30 years. Therefore, the goal of this review is to discuss the many actions of NT on neuronal excitability across brain regions as well as NT circuit architecture. In the basal ganglia as well as other brain nuclei, NT can act through diverse intracellular signaling cascades to enhance or depress neuronal activity by modulating activity of ion channels, ionotropic and metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors, and presynaptic release of neurotransmitters. Further, NT can produce indirect effects by evoking endocannabinoid release, and recently has itself been identified as a putative retrograde messenger. In the basal ganglia, the diverse actions and circuit architecture of NT signaling allow for input-specific control of reward-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Tschumi
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104-5005, USA
| | - Michael J Beckstead
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104-5005, USA
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37
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Gantz SC, Ford CP, Morikawa H, Williams JT. The Evolving Understanding of Dopamine Neurons in the Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area. Annu Rev Physiol 2018; 80:219-241. [PMID: 28938084 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the population of neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN) has been examined at multiple levels. The results indicate that the projections, neurochemistry, and receptor and ion channel expression in this cell population vary widely. This review centers on the intrinsic properties and synaptic regulation that control the activity of dopamine neurons. Although all dopamine neurons fire action potentials in a pacemaker pattern in the absence of synaptic input, the intrinsic properties that underlie this activity differ considerably. Likewise, the transition into a burst/pause pattern results from combinations of intrinsic ion conductances, inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs that differ among this cell population. Finally, synaptic plasticity is a key regulator of the rate and pattern of activity in different groups of dopamine neurons. Through these fundamental properties, the activity of dopamine neurons is regulated and underlies the wide-ranging functions that have been attributed to dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Gantz
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Christopher P Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Hitoshi Morikawa
- Department of Neuroscience and Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - John T Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA;
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38
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McCall JG, Siuda ER, Bhatti DL, Lawson LA, McElligott ZA, Stuber GD, Bruchas MR. Locus coeruleus to basolateral amygdala noradrenergic projections promote anxiety-like behavior. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28708061 PMCID: PMC5550275 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased tonic activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) neurons induces anxiety-like and aversive behavior. While some information is known about the afferent circuitry that endogenously drives this neural activity and behavior, the downstream receptors and anatomical projections that mediate these acute risk aversive behavioral states via the LC-NE system remain unresolved. Here we use a combination of retrograde tracing, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, electrophysiology, and in vivo optogenetics with localized pharmacology to identify neural substrates downstream of increased tonic LC-NE activity in mice. We demonstrate that photostimulation of LC-NE fibers in the BLA evokes norepinephrine release in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), alters BLA neuronal activity, conditions aversion, and increases anxiety-like behavior. Additionally, we report that β-adrenergic receptors mediate the anxiety-like phenotype of increased NE release in the BLA. These studies begin to illustrate how the complex efferent system of the LC-NE system selectively mediates behavior through distinct receptor and projection-selective mechanisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18247.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan G McCall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Edward R Siuda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Dionnet L Bhatti
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Lamley A Lawson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Zoe A McElligott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Garret D Stuber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
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39
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Abstract
Dendritic release of dopamine activates dopamine D2 autoreceptors, which are inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), to decrease the excitability of dopamine neurons. This study used tagged D2 receptors to identify the localization and distribution of these receptors in living midbrain dopamine neurons. GFP-tagged D2 receptors were found to be unevenly clustered on the soma and dendrites of dopamine neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Physiological signaling and desensitization of the tagged receptors were not different from wild type receptors. Unexpectedly, upon desensitization the tagged D2 receptors were not internalized. When tagged D2 receptors were expressed in locus coeruleus neurons, a desensitizing protocol induced significant internalization. Likewise, when tagged µ-opioid receptors were expressed in dopamine neurons they too were internalized. The distribution and lack of agonist-induced internalization of D2 receptors on dopamine neurons indicate a purposefully regulated localization of these receptors.
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40
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Tillo SE, Xiong WH, Takahashi M, Miao S, Andrade AL, Fortin DA, Yang G, Qin M, Smoody BF, Stork PJS, Zhong H. Liberated PKA Catalytic Subunits Associate with the Membrane via Myristoylation to Preferentially Phosphorylate Membrane Substrates. Cell Rep 2017; 19:617-629. [PMID: 28423323 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) has diverse functions in neurons. At rest, the subcellular localization of PKA is controlled by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). However, the dynamics of PKA upon activation remain poorly understood. Here, we report that elevation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in neuronal dendrites causes a significant percentage of the PKA catalytic subunit (PKA-C) molecules to be released from the regulatory subunit (PKA-R). Liberated PKA-C becomes associated with the membrane via N-terminal myristoylation. This membrane association does not require the interaction between PKA-R and AKAPs. It slows the mobility of PKA-C and enriches kinase activity on the membrane. Membrane-residing PKA substrates are preferentially phosphorylated compared to cytosolic substrates. Finally, the myristoylation of PKA-C is critical for normal synaptic function and plasticity. We propose that activation-dependent association of PKA-C renders the membrane a unique PKA-signaling compartment. Constrained mobility of PKA-C may synergize with AKAP anchoring to determine specific PKA function in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane E Tillo
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Wei-Hong Xiong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Maho Takahashi
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sheng Miao
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Adriana L Andrade
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dale A Fortin
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Maozhen Qin
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Barbara F Smoody
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Philip J S Stork
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Haining Zhong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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41
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Mamaligas AA, Ford CP. Spontaneous Synaptic Activation of Muscarinic Receptors by Striatal Cholinergic Neuron Firing. Neuron 2016; 91:574-86. [PMID: 27373830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic interneurons (CHIs) play a major role in motor and learning functions of the striatum. As acetylcholine does not directly evoke postsynaptic events at most striatal synapses, it remains unclear how postsynaptic cholinergic receptors encode the firing patterns of CHIs in the striatum. To examine the dynamics of acetylcholine release, we used optogenetics and paired recordings from CHIs and medium spiny neurons (MSNs) virally overexpressing G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. Due to the efficient coupling between endogenous muscarinic receptors and GIRK channels, we found that firing of individual CHIs resulted in monosynaptic spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic currents (IPSCs) in MSNs. Paired CHI-MSN recordings revealed that the high probability of acetylcholine release at these synapses allowed muscarinic receptors to faithfully encode physiological activity patterns from individual CHIs without failure. These results indicate that muscarinic receptors in striatal output neurons reliably decode CHI firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphroditi A Mamaligas
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA
| | - Christopher P Ford
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA.
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Courtney NA, Ford CP. Mechanisms of 5-HT1A receptor-mediated transmission in dorsal raphe serotonin neurons. J Physiol 2015; 594:953-65. [PMID: 26634643 DOI: 10.1113/jp271716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS In the dorsal raphe nucleus, it is known that serotonin release activates metabotropic 5-HT1A autoreceptors located on serotonin neurons that leads to an inhibition of firing through the activation of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels. We found that in mouse brain slices evoked serotonin release produced a 5-HT1A receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) that resulted in only a transient pause in firing. While spillover activation of receptors contributed to evoked IPSCs, serotonin reuptake transporters prevented pooling of serotonin in the extrasynaptic space from activating 5-HT1A -IPSCs. As a result, the decay of 5-HT1A -IPSCs was independent of the intensity of stimulation or the probability of transmitter release. These results indicate that evoked serotonin transmission in the dorsal raphe nucleus mediated by metabotropic 5-HT1A autoreceptors may occur via point-to-point synapses rather than by paracrine mechanisms. ABSTRACT In the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), feedback activation by Gαi/o -coupled 5-HT1A autoreceptors reduces the excitability of serotoninergic neurons, which decreases serotonin release both locally within the DRN and in projection regions. Serotonin transmission within the DRN is thought to occur via transmitter spillover and paracrine activation of extrasynaptic receptors. Here, we tested the volume transmission hypothesis in mouse DRN brain slices by recording 5-HT1A receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (5-HT1A -IPSCs) generated by the activation of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs). We found that in the DRN of ePET1-EYFP mice, which selectively express enhanced yellow fluorescent protein in serontonergic neurons, the local release of serotonin generated 5-HT1A -IPSCs in serotonin neurons that rose and fell within a second. The transient activation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors resulted in brief pauses in neuron firing that did not alter the overall firing rate. The duration of 5-HT1A -IPSCs was primarily shaped by receptor deactivation due to clearance via serotonin reuptake transporters. Slowing diffusion with dextran prolonged the rise and reduced the amplitude the IPSCs and the effects were potentiated when uptake was inhibited. By examining the decay kinetics of IPSCs, we found that while spillover may allow for the activation of extrasynaptic receptors, efficient uptake by serotonin reuptake transporters (SERTs) prevented the pooling of serotonin from prolonging the duration of transmission when multiple inputs were active. Together the results suggest that the activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the DRN results from the local release of serotonin rather than the extended diffusion throughout the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Courtney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4970, USA
| | - Christopher P Ford
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4970, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4970, USA
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Neurotensin Induces Presynaptic Depression of D2 Dopamine Autoreceptor-Mediated Neurotransmission in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. J Neurosci 2015; 35:11144-52. [PMID: 26245975 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3816-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increased dopaminergic signaling is a hallmark of severe mesencephalic pathologies such as schizophrenia and psychostimulant abuse. Activity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons is under strict control of inhibitory D2 autoreceptors. Application of the modulatory peptide neurotensin (NT) to midbrain dopaminergic neurons transiently increases activity by decreasing D2 dopamine autoreceptor function, yet little is known about the mechanisms that underlie long-lasting effects. Here, we performed patch-clamp electrophysiology and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in mouse brain slices to determine the effects of NT on dopamine autoreceptor-mediated neurotransmission. Application of the active peptide fragment NT8-13 produced synaptic depression that exhibited short- and long-term components. Sustained depression of D2 autoreceptor signaling required activation of the type 2 NT receptor and the protein phosphatase calcineurin. NT application increased paired-pulse ratios and decreased extracellular levels of somatodendritic dopamine, consistent with a decrease in presynaptic dopamine release. Surprisingly, we observed that electrically induced long-term depression of dopaminergic neurotransmission that we reported previously was also dependent on type 2 NT receptors and calcineurin. Because electrically induced depression, but not NT-induced depression, was blocked by postsynaptic calcium chelation, our findings suggest that endogenous NT may act through a local circuit to decrease presynaptic dopamine release. The current research provides a mechanism through which augmented NT release can produce a long-lasting increase in membrane excitability of midbrain dopamine neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Whereas plasticity of glutamate synapses in the brain has been studied extensively, demonstrations of plasticity at dopaminergic synapses have been more elusive. By quantifying inhibitory neurotransmission between midbrain dopaminergic neurons in brain slices from mice we have discovered that the modulatory peptide neurotensin can induce a persistent synaptic depression by decreasing dopamine release. This depression of inhibitory synaptic input would be expected to increase excitability of dopaminergic neurons. Induction of the plasticity can be pharmacologically blocked by antagonists of either the protein phosphatase calcineurin or neurotensin receptors, and persists surprisingly long after a brief exposure to the peptide. Since neurotensin-dopamine interactions have been implicated in hyperdopaminergic pathologies, these findings describe a synaptic mechanism that could contribute to addiction and/or schizophrenia.
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McCall JG, Al-Hasani R, Siuda ER, Hong DY, Norris AJ, Ford CP, Bruchas MR. CRH Engagement of the Locus Coeruleus Noradrenergic System Mediates Stress-Induced Anxiety. Neuron 2015; 87:605-20. [PMID: 26212712 PMCID: PMC4529361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) system is one of the first systems engaged following a stressful event. While numerous groups have demonstrated that LC-NE neurons are activated by many different stressors, the underlying neural circuitry and the role of this activity in generating stress-induced anxiety has not been elucidated. Using a combination of in vivo chemogenetics, optogenetics, and retrograde tracing, we determine that increased tonic activity of the LC-NE system is necessary and sufficient for stress-induced anxiety and aversion. Selective inhibition of LC-NE neurons during stress prevents subsequent anxiety-like behavior. Exogenously increasing tonic, but not phasic, activity of LC-NE neurons is alone sufficient for anxiety-like and aversive behavior. Furthermore, endogenous corticotropin-releasing hormone(+) (CRH(+)) LC inputs from the amygdala increase tonic LC activity, inducing anxiety-like behaviors. These studies position the LC-NE system as a critical mediator of acute stress-induced anxiety and offer a potential intervention for preventing stress-related affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan G McCall
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Edward R Siuda
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Y Hong
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron J Norris
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher P Ford
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Roseberry AG. Acute fasting increases somatodendritic dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1072-82. [PMID: 26084913 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01008.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting and food restriction alter the activity of the mesolimbic dopamine system to affect multiple reward-related behaviors. Food restriction decreases baseline dopamine levels in efferent target sites and enhances dopamine release in response to rewards such as food and drugs. In addition to releasing dopamine from axon terminals, dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) also release dopamine from their soma and dendrites, and this somatodendritic dopamine release acts as an autoinhibitory signal to inhibit neighboring VTA dopamine neurons. It is unknown whether acute fasting also affects dopamine release, including the local inhibitory somatodendritic dopamine release in the VTA. In these studies, I have tested whether fasting affects the inhibitory somatodendritic dopamine release within the VTA by examining whether an acute 24-h fast affects the inhibitory postsynaptic current mediated by evoked somatodendritic dopamine release (D2R IPSC). Fasting increased the contribution of the first action potential to the overall D2R IPSC and increased the ratio of repeated D2R IPSCs evoked at short intervals. Fasting also reduced the effect of forskolin on the D2R IPSC and led to a significantly bigger decrease in the D2R IPSC in low extracellular calcium. Finally, fasting resulted in an increase in the D2R IPSCs when a more physiologically relevant train of D2R IPSCs was used. Taken together, these results indicate that fasting caused a change in the properties of somatodendritic dopamine release, possibly by increasing dopamine release, and that this increased release can be sustained under conditions where dopamine neurons are highly active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Roseberry
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Wang HY, Kuo ZC, Fu YS, Chen RF, Min MY, Yang HW. GABAB receptor-mediated tonic inhibition regulates the spontaneous firing of locus coeruleus neurons in developing rats and in citalopram-treated rats. J Physiol 2014; 593:161-80. [PMID: 25556794 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.281378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Noradrenaline (NA)-releasing neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) provide NA to the forebrain and play important roles in regulating many brain functions. LC neurons are subject to tonic inhibition mediated by GABAB receptors (GABAB Rs) and that the extent of the effect varies with ambient GABA levels. GABAB R-mediated tonic inhibition can effectively tune the spontaneous firing rate (SFR) of LC neurons; it is developmentally regulated and is responsible for maintaining a constant SFR of LC neurons during development. In male, but not female rats, chronic perinatal treatment with citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, results in downregulation of GABAB R-mediated tonic inhibition of LC neurons that partially accounts for increased SFR in male, but not female, rats receiving such treatment. Our results show that GABAB R-mediated tonic inhibition could be an important player in the development of normal and abnormal behaviours/brain functions associated with the LC-NA system. Noradrenaline (NA)-releasing neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) provide NA to the forebrain. Their activity is believed to be a key factor regulating the wakefulness/arousal level of the brain. In this study, we found that the activity of NA-releasing neurons in the LC (LC neurons) was subject to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) tonic inhibition through GABAB receptors (GABAB Rs), but not GABAA receptors. The intensity of GABAB R tonic inhibition was found to depend on ambient GABA levels, as it was dramatically increased by blockade of GABA reuptake. It also varied with the function of GABAB Rs. The GABAB R activity on LC neurons was found to increase with postnatal age up to postnatal days 8-10, resulting in increased tonic inhibition. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the spontaneous activity of LC neurons at different postnatal ages unless GABAB R tonic inhibition was blocked. These results show that, during postnatal development, there is a continuous increase in GABAB R tonic inhibition that maintains the activity of LC neurons at a proper level. In male, but not female, rats, chronic perinatal treatment with citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, reduced GABAB R activity and tonic inhibition, which might result in the significantly higher spontaneous activity of LC neurons seen in these animals. In conclusion, our results show that GABAB R-mediated tonic inhibition has a direct impact on the spontaneous activity of LC neurons and that the extent of the effect varies with ambient GABA levels and functionality of GABAB R signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Wang
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 107, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 107, Taiwan
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Marcott PF, Mamaligas AA, Ford CP. Phasic dopamine release drives rapid activation of striatal D2-receptors. Neuron 2014; 84:164-176. [PMID: 25242218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Striatal dopamine transmission underlies numerous goal-directed behaviors. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are a major target of dopamine in the striatum. However, as dopamine does not directly evoke a synaptic event in MSNs, the time course of dopamine signaling in these cells remains unclear. To examine how dopamine release activates D2-receptors on MSNs, G protein activated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK2; Kir 3.2) channels were virally overexpressed in the striatum, and the resulting outward currents were used as a sensor of D2-receptor activation. Electrical and optogenetic stimulation of dopamine terminals evoked robust D2-receptor inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in GIRK2-expressing MSNs that occurred in under a second. Evoked D2-IPSCs could be driven by repetitive stimulation and were not occluded by background dopamine tone. Together, the results indicate that D2-receptors on MSNs exhibit functional low affinity and suggest that striatal D2-receptors can encode both tonic and phasic dopamine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela F Marcott
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA
| | - Aphroditi A Mamaligas
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA
| | - Christopher P Ford
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA.
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