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Arriero-Cabañero A, García-Vences E, Sánchez-Torres S, Aristizabal-Hernandez S, García-Rama C, Pérez-Rizo E, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Grijalva I, Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Doncel-Pérez E, Mey J. Transplantation of Predegenerated Peripheral Nerves after Complete Spinal Cord Transection in Rats: Effect of Neural Precursor Cells and Pharmacological Treatment with the Sulfoglycolipid Tol-51. Cells 2024; 13:1324. [PMID: 39195214 DOI: 10.3390/cells13161324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), the regenerative capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) is severely limited by the failure of axonal regeneration. The regeneration of CNS axons has been shown to occur by grafting predegenerated peripheral nerves (PPNs) and to be promoted by the transplantation of neural precursor cells (NPCs). The introduction of a combinatorial treatment of PPNs and NPCs after SCI has to address the additional problem of glial scar formation, which prevents regenerating axons from leaving the implant and making functional connections. Previously, we discovered that the synthetic sulfoglycolipid Tol-51 inhibits astrogliosis. The objective was to evaluate axonal regeneration and locomotor function improvement after SCI in rats treated with a combination of PPN, NPC, and Tol-51. One month after SCI, the scar tissue was removed and replaced with segments of PPN or PPN+Tol-51; PPN+NPC+Tol-51. The transplantation of a PPN segment favors regenerative axonal growth; in combination with Tol-51 and NPC, 30% of the labeled descending corticospinal axons were able to grow through the PPN and penetrate the caudal spinal cord. The animals treated with PPN showed significantly better motor function. Our data demonstrate that PPN implants plus NPC and Tol-51 allow successful axonal regeneration in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa García-Vences
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
- Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados en Sanidad, Ciudad de Méxcio 11200, Mexico
| | - Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | | | - Concepción García-Rama
- Laboratorio de Regeneración Neural, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Enrique Pérez-Rizo
- Unidad de Ingeniería y Evaluación Motora del Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Israel Grijalva
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | | | - Ernesto Doncel-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Regeneración Neural, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jörg Mey
- Laboratorio de Regeneración Neural, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- EURON Graduate School of Neuroscience, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Shen T, Zhang W, Wang X, Ren X. Application of"Spinal cord fusion" in spinal cord injury repair and its neurological mechanism. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29422. [PMID: 38638967 PMCID: PMC11024622 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely disabling and catastrophic condition that poses significant global clinical challenges. The difficulty of SCI repair results from the distinctive pathophysiological mechanisms, which are characterised by limited regenerative capacity and inadequate neuroplasticity of the spinal cord. Additionally, the formation of cystic cavities and astrocytic scars after SCI further obstructs both the ascending and descending neural conduction pathways. Consequently, the urgent challenge in post-SCI recovery lies in repairing the damaged spinal cord to reconstruct a functional and intact neural conduction circuit. In recent years, significant advancements in biological tissue engineering technology and novel therapies have resulted in a transformative shift in the field of SCI repair. Currently, SCI treatment primarily involves drug therapy, stem cell therapy, the use of biological materials, growth factors, and other approaches. This paper comprehensively reviews the progress in SCI research over the years, with a particular focus on the concept of "Spinal Cord Fusion" as a promising technique for SCI reconstruction. By discussing this important research progress and the neurological mechanisms involved, our aim is to help solve the problem of SCI repair as soon as possible and to bring new breakthroughs in the treatment of paraplegia after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Shen
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Global Initiative to Cure Paralysis (GICUP Alliance), Columbus, OH, 43221, United States
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Global Initiative to Cure Paralysis (GICUP Alliance), Columbus, OH, 43221, United States
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Global Initiative to Cure Paralysis (GICUP Alliance), Columbus, OH, 43221, United States
| | - Xiaoping Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Global Initiative to Cure Paralysis (GICUP Alliance), Columbus, OH, 43221, United States
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3
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Zheng B, Tuszynski MH. Regulation of axonal regeneration after mammalian spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:396-413. [PMID: 36604586 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
One hundred years ago, Ramón y Cajal, considered by many as the founder of modern neuroscience, stated that neurons of the adult central nervous system (CNS) are incapable of regenerating. Yet, recent years have seen a tremendous expansion of knowledge in the molecular control of axon regeneration after CNS injury. We now understand that regeneration in the adult CNS is limited by (1) a failure to form cellular or molecular substrates for axon attachment and elongation through the lesion site; (2) environmental factors, including inhibitors of axon growth associated with myelin and the extracellular matrix; (3) astrocyte responses, which can both limit and support axon growth; and (4) intraneuronal mechanisms controlling the establishment of an active cellular growth programme. We discuss these topics together with newly emerging hypotheses, including the surprising finding from transcriptomic analyses of the corticospinal system in mice that neurons revert to an embryonic state after spinal cord injury, which can be sustained to promote regeneration with neural stem cell transplantation. These gains in knowledge are steadily advancing efforts to develop effective treatment strategies for spinal cord injury in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,VA San Diego Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,VA San Diego Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA.
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4
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Hall A, Fortino T, Spruance V, Niceforo A, Harrop JS, Phelps PE, Priest CA, Zholudeva LV, Lane MA. Cell transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 166:79-158. [PMID: 36424097 PMCID: PMC10008620 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hall
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tara Fortino
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Victoria Spruance
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Division of Kidney, Urologic, & Hematologic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alessia Niceforo
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James S Harrop
- Department of Neurological and Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Lyandysha V Zholudeva
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael A Lane
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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5
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Sinopoulou E, Spejo AB, Roopnarine N, Burnside ER, Bartus K, De Winter F, McMahon SB, Bradbury EJ. Chronic muscle recordings reveal recovery of forelimb function in spinal injured female rats after cortical epidural stimulation combined with rehabilitation and chondroitinase ABC. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:2055-2076. [PMID: 35916483 PMCID: PMC9544922 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cervical level spinal cord injury (SCI) can severely impact upper limb muscle function, which is typically assessed in the clinic using electromyography (EMG). Here, we established novel preclinical methodology for EMG assessments of muscle function after SCI in awake freely moving animals. Adult female rats were implanted with EMG recording electrodes in bicep muscles and received bilateral cervical (C7) contusion injuries. Forelimb muscle activity was assessed by recording maximum voluntary contractions during a grip strength task and cortical motor evoked potentials in the biceps. We demonstrate that longitudinal recordings of muscle activity in the same animal are feasible over a chronic post-injury time course and provide a sensitive method for revealing post-injury changes in muscle activity. This methodology was utilized to investigate recovery of muscle function after a novel combination therapy. Cervical contused animals received intraspinal injections of a neuroplasticity-promoting agent (lentiviral-chondroitinase ABC) plus 11 weeks of cortical epidural electrical stimulation (3 h daily, 5 days/week) and behavioral rehabilitation (15 min daily, 5 days/week). Longitudinal monitoring of voluntary and evoked muscle activity revealed significantly increased muscle activity and upper limb dexterity with the combination treatment, compared to a single treatment or no treatment. Retrograde mapping of motor neurons innervating the biceps showed a predominant distribution across spinal segments C5-C8, indicating that treatment effects were likely due to neuroplastic changes in a mixture of intact and injured motor neurons. Thus, longitudinal assessments of muscle function after SCI correlate with skilled reach and grasp performance and reveal functional benefits of a novel combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Sinopoulou
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, The Center for Neural Repair, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aline Barroso Spejo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - Naomi Roopnarine
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - Emily R Burnside
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - Katalin Bartus
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - Fred De Winter
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
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Kjell J, Svensson M. Advancing Peripheral Nerve Graft Transplantation for Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:885245. [PMID: 35573831 PMCID: PMC9097274 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.885245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves have a propensity for axon growth and regeneration that the central nervous system lacks (CNS). However, CNS axons can also grow long distances if introduced to a graft harvested from a peripheral nerve (PNGs), which is the rationale for using PNGs as repair strategy for injuries of the spinal cord. From a clinical perspective, PNGs provide interesting possibilities with potential to repair the injured spinal cord. First, there are numerous options to harvest autologous grafts associated with low risk for the patient. Second, a PNG allow axons to grow considerable distances and can, by the surgical procedure, be navigated to specific target sites in the CNS. Furthermore, a PNG provides all necessary biological substrates for myelination of elongating axons. A PNG can thus be suited to bridge axons long distances across an injury site and restore long tracts in incomplete SCI. Experimentally, locomotor functions have been improved transplanting a PNG after incomplete injury. However, we still know little with regard to the formation of new circuitries and functional outcome in association to when, where, and how grafts are inserted into the injured spinal cord, especially for sensory functions. In this perspective, we discuss the advantages of PNG from a clinical and surgical perspective, the need for adding/repairing long tracts, how PNGs are best applied for incomplete injuries, and the unexplored areas we believe are in need of answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kjell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mikael Svensson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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7
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Pizzolato C, Gunduz MA, Palipana D, Wu J, Grant G, Hall S, Dennison R, Zafonte RD, Lloyd DG, Teng YD. Non-invasive approaches to functional recovery after spinal cord injury: Therapeutic targets and multimodal device interventions. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Prager J, Ito D, Carwardine DR, Jiju P, Chari DM, Granger N, Wong LF. Delivery of chondroitinase by canine mucosal olfactory ensheathing cells alongside rehabilitation enhances recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113660. [PMID: 33647272 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause chronic paralysis and incontinence and remains a major worldwide healthcare burden, with no regenerative treatment clinically available. Intraspinal transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and injection of chondroitinase ABC (chABC) are both promising therapies but limited and unpredictable responses are seen, particularly in canine clinical trials. Sustained delivery of chABC presents a challenge due to its thermal instability; we hypothesised that transplantation of canine olfactory mucosal OECs genetically modified ex vivo by lentiviral transduction to express chABC (cOEC-chABC) would provide novel delivery of chABC and synergistic therapy. Rats were randomly divided into cOEC-chABC, cOEC, or vehicle transplanted groups and received transplant immediately after dorsal column crush corticospinal tract (CST) injury. Rehabilitation for forepaw reaching and blinded behavioural testing was conducted for 8 weeks. We show that cOEC-chABC transplanted animals recover greater forepaw reaching accuracy on Whishaw testing and more normal gait than cOEC transplanted or vehicle control rats. Increased CST axon sprouting cranial to the injury and serotonergic fibres caudal to the injury suggest a mechanism for recovery. We therefore demonstrate that cOECs can deliver sufficient chABC to drive modest functional improvement, and that this genetically engineered cellular and molecular approach is a feasible combination therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Prager
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Japan
| | | | - Prince Jiju
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Divya M Chari
- Neural Tissue Engineering, Keele School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Nicolas Granger
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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Transneuronal delivery of hyper-interleukin-6 enables functional recovery after severe spinal cord injury in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:391. [PMID: 33452250 PMCID: PMC7810685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes severe and permanent disabilities due to the regenerative failure of severed axons. Here we report significant locomotor recovery of both hindlimbs after a complete spinal cord crush. This is achieved by the unilateral transduction of cortical motoneurons with an AAV expressing hyper-IL-6 (hIL-6), a potent designer cytokine stimulating JAK/STAT3 signaling and axon regeneration. We find collaterals of these AAV-transduced motoneurons projecting to serotonergic neurons in both sides of the raphe nuclei. Hence, the transduction of cortical neurons facilitates the axonal transport and release of hIL-6 at innervated neurons in the brain stem. Therefore, this transneuronal delivery of hIL-6 promotes the regeneration of corticospinal and raphespinal fibers after injury, with the latter being essential for hIL-6-induced functional recovery. Thus, transneuronal delivery enables regenerative stimulation of neurons in the deep brain stem that are otherwise challenging to access, yet highly relevant for functional recovery after SCI.
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10
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Xu JH, Qin XZ, Zhang HN, Ma YX, Qi SB, Zhang HC, Ma JJ, Fu XY, Xie JL, Saijilafu. Deletion of Krüppel-like factor-4 promotes axonal regeneration in mammals. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:166-171. [PMID: 32788472 PMCID: PMC7818869 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration plays an important role in functional recovery after nervous system damage. However, after axonal injury in mammals, regeneration is often poor. The deletion of Krüppel-like factor-4 (Klf4) has been shown to promote axonal regeneration in retinal ganglion cells. However, the effects of Klf4 deletion on the corticospinal tract and peripheral nervous system are unknown. In this study, using a mouse model of sciatic nerve injury, we show that the expression of Klf4 in dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons was significantly reduced after peripheral axotomy, suggesting that the regeneration of the sciatic nerve is associated with Klf4. In vitro, dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons with Klf4 knockout exhibited significantly enhanced axonal regeneration. Furthermore, the regeneration of the sciatic nerve was enhanced in vivo following Klf4 knockout. Finally, AAV-Cre virus was used to knockout the Klf4 gene in the cortex. The deletion of Klf4 enhanced regeneration of the corticospinal tract in mice with spinal cord injury. Together, our findings suggest that regulating KLF4 activity in neurons is a potential strategy for promoting axonal regeneration and functional recovery after nervous system injury. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee at Soochow University, China (approval No. SUDA20200316A01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hui Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu-Zhen Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao-Nan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Xia Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Bin Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin-Jin Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin-Ya Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ji-Le Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Saijilafu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Sadat-Ali M, Al-Dakheel DA, Ahmed A, Al-Turki HA, Al-Omran AS, Acharya S, Al-Bayat MI. Spinal cord injury regeneration using autologous bone marrow-derived neurocytes and rat embryonic stem cells: A comparative study in rats. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1591-1602. [PMID: 33505602 PMCID: PMC7789116 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an important cause of traumatic paralysis and is mainly due to motor vehicle accidents. However, there is no definite treatment for spinal cord damage. AIM To assess the outcome of rat embryonic stem cells (rESC) and autologous bone marrow-derived neurocytes (ABMDN) treatment in iatrogenic SCI created in rats, and to compare the efficacy of the two different cell types. METHODS The study comprised 45 male Wistar rats weighing between 250 and 300 g, which were divided into three groups, the control, rESC and ABMDN groups. The anesthetized animals underwent exposure of the thoracic 8th to lumbar 1st vertebrae. A T10-thoracic 12th vertebrae laminectomy was performed to expose the spinal cord. A drop-weight injury using a 10 g weight from a height of 25 cm onto the exposed spinal cord was conducted. The wound was closed in layers. The urinary bladder was manually evacuated twice daily and after each evacuation Ringer lactate 5 mL/100 g was administered, twice daily after each bladder evacuation for the first 7 postoperative days. On the 10th day, the rats underwent nerve conduction studies and behavioral assessment [Basso, Beattie, Brenham (BBB)] to confirm paraplegia. Rat embryonic stem cells, ABMDN and saline were injected on the 10th day. The animals were euthanized after 8 wk and the spinal cord was isolated, removed and placed in 2% formalin for histopathological analysis to assess the healing of neural tissues at the axonal level. RESULTS All the animals tolerated the procedure well. The BBB scale scoring showed that at the end of the first week no recovery was observed in the groups. Post-injection, there was a strong and significant improvement in rats receiving rESC and ABMDN as compared to the control group based on the BBB scale, and the Train-of-four-Watch SX acceleromyography device exhibited statistically significant (P < 0.0001) regeneration of neural tissue after SCI. Histological evaluation of the spinal cord showed maximum vacuolization and least gliosis in the control group compared to the rESC and ABMDN treated animals. In the ABMDN group, limited vacuolization and more prominent gliosis were observed in all specimens as compared to the control and rESC groups. CONCLUSION This study provided strong evidence to support that transplantation of rESC and ABMDN can improve functional recovery after iatrogenic SCI. The transplanted cells showed a beneficial therapeutic effect when compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Sadat-Ali
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University and King Fahd Hospital of the University, Dammam 31952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dakheel A Al-Dakheel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa A Al-Turki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah S Al-Omran
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University and King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadananda Acharya
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Methal I Al-Bayat
- Department of Pathology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31952, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Warren PM, Andrews MR, Smith M, Bartus K, Bradbury EJ, Verhaagen J, Fawcett JW, Kwok JCF. Secretion of a mammalian chondroitinase ABC aids glial integration at PNS/CNS boundaries. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11262. [PMID: 32647242 PMCID: PMC7347606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell grafts support axonal growth following spinal cord injury, but a boundary forms between the implanted cells and host astrocytes. Axons are reluctant to exit the graft tissue in large part due to the surrounding inhibitory environment containing chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs). We use a lentiviral chondroitinase ABC, capable of being secreted from mammalian cells (mChABC), to examine the repercussions of CSPG digestion upon Schwann cell behaviour in vitro. We show that mChABC transduced Schwann cells robustly secrete substantial quantities of the enzyme causing large-scale CSPG digestion, facilitating the migration and adhesion of Schwann cells on inhibitory aggrecan and astrocytic substrates. Importantly, we show that secretion of the engineered enzyme can aid the intermingling of cells at the Schwann cell-astrocyte boundary, enabling growth of neurites over the putative graft/host interface. These data were echoed in vivo. This study demonstrates the profound effect of the enzyme on cellular motility, growth and migration. This provides a cellular mechanism for mChABC induced functional and behavioural recovery shown in in vivo studies. Importantly, we provide in vitro evidence that mChABC gene therapy is equally or more effective at producing these effects as a one-time application of commercially available ChABC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Warren
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK. .,Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK. .,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Melissa R Andrews
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.,Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Marc Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Katalin Bartus
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James W Fawcett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.,Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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13
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Nagappan PG, Chen H, Wang DY. Neuroregeneration and plasticity: a review of the physiological mechanisms for achieving functional recovery postinjury. Mil Med Res 2020; 7:30. [PMID: 32527334 PMCID: PMC7288425 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal networks, especially those in the central nervous system (CNS), evolved to support extensive functional capabilities while ensuring stability. Several physiological "brakes" that maintain the stability of the neuronal networks in a healthy state quickly become a hinderance postinjury. These "brakes" include inhibition from the extracellular environment, intrinsic factors of neurons and the control of neuronal plasticity. There are distinct differences between the neuronal networks in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the CNS. Underpinning these differences is the trade-off between reduced functional capabilities with increased adaptability through the formation of new connections and new neurons. The PNS has "facilitators" that stimulate neuroregeneration and plasticity, while the CNS has "brakes" that limit them. By studying how these "facilitators" and "brakes" work and identifying the key processes and molecules involved, we can attempt to apply these theories to the neuronal networks of the CNS to increase its adaptability. The difference in adaptability between the CNS and PNS leads to a difference in neuroregenerative properties and plasticity. Plasticity ensures quick functional recovery of abilities in the short and medium term. Neuroregeneration involves synthesizing new neurons and connections, providing extra resources in the long term to replace those damaged by the injury, and achieving a lasting functional recovery. Therefore, by understanding the factors that affect neuroregeneration and plasticity, we can combine their advantages and develop rehabilitation techniques. Rehabilitation training methods, coordinated with pharmacological interventions and/or electrical stimulation, contributes to a precise, holistic treatment plan that achieves functional recovery from nervous system injuries. Furthermore, these techniques are not limited to limb movement, as other functions lost as a result of brain injury, such as speech, can also be recovered with an appropriate training program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Chen
- Shengli Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
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14
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Sadik ME, Ozturk AK, Albayar A, Branche M, Sullivan PZ, Schlosser LO, Browne KD, Jaye AH, Smith DH. A Strategy Toward Bridging a Complete Spinal Cord Lesion Using Stretch-Grown Axons. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:623-635. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Ezra Sadik
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali K. Ozturk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ahmed Albayar
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marc Branche
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patricia Zadnik Sullivan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura O. Schlosser
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin D. Browne
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew H. Jaye
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas H. Smith
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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15
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Invited review: Utilizing peripheral nerve regenerative elements to repair damage in the CNS. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 335:108623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Rodemer W, Zhang G, Sinitsa I, Hu J, Jin LQ, Li S, Selzer ME. PTPσ Knockdown in Lampreys Impairs Reticulospinal Axon Regeneration and Neuronal Survival After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:61. [PMID: 32265663 PMCID: PMC7096546 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in persistent functional deficits due to the lack of axon regeneration within the mammalian CNS. After SCI, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) inhibit axon regrowth via putative interactions with the LAR-family protein tyrosine phosphatases, PTPσ and LAR, localized on the injured axon tips. Unlike mammals, the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, robustly recovers locomotion after complete spinal cord transection (TX). Behavioral recovery is accompanied by heterogeneous yet predictable anatomical regeneration of the lamprey's reticulospinal (RS) system. The identified RS neurons can be categorized as "good" or "bad" regenerators based on the likelihood that their axons will regenerate. Those neurons that fail to regenerate their axons undergo a delayed form of caspase-mediated cell death. Previously, this lab reported that lamprey PTPσ mRNA is selectively expressed in "bad regenerator" RS neurons, preceding SCI-induced caspase activation. Consequently, we hypothesized that PTPσ deletion would reduce retrograde cell death and promote axon regeneration. Using antisense morpholino oligomers (MOs), we knocked down PTPσ expression after TX and assessed the effects on axon regeneration, caspase activation, intracellular signaling, and behavioral recovery. Unexpectedly, PTPσ knockdown significantly impaired RS axon regeneration at 10 weeks post-TX, primarily due to reduced long-term neuron survival. Interestingly, cell loss was not preceded by an increase in caspase or p53 activation. Behavioral recovery was largely unaffected, although PTPσ knockdowns showed mild deficits in the recovery of swimming distance and latency to immobility during open field swim assays. Although the mechanism underlying the cell death following TX and PTPσ knockdown remains unknown, this study suggests that PTPσ is not a net negative regulator of long tract axon regeneration in lampreys.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rodemer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guixin Zhang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Isabelle Sinitsa
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jianli Hu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Li-qing Jin
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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17
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Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Rivera-Osorio J, Orozco-Suárez S, Vega-García A, García-Vences E, Sánchez-Torres S, Jiménez-Estrada I, Guizar-Sahagún G, Mondragon-Caso J, Fernández-Valverde F, Madrazo I, Grijalva I. Single vs. Combined Therapeutic Approaches in Rats With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:136. [PMID: 32210903 PMCID: PMC7076126 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capability of the central nervous system is limited after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors that inhibit spinal cord regeneration, resulting in deficient functional recovery. It has been shown that strategies, such as pre-degenerated peripheral nerve (PPN) grafts or the use of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) or exogenous molecules, such as chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) promote axonal growth and remyelination, resulting in an improvement in locomotor function. These treatments have been primarily assessed in acute injury models. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the ability of several single and combined treatments in order to modify the course of chronic complete SCI in rats. A complete cord transection was performed at the T9 level. One month later, animals were divided into five groups: original injury only (control group), and original injury plus spinal cord re-transection to create a gap to accommodate BMSCs, PPN, PPN + BMSCs, and PPN + BMSCs + ChABC. In comparison with control and single-treatment groups (PPN and BMSCs), combined treatment groups (PPN + BMSCs and PPN + BMSCs + ChABC) showed significative axonal regrowth, as revealed by an increase in GAP-43 and MAP-1B expression in axonal fibers, which correlated with an improvement in locomotor function. In conclusion, the combined therapies tested here improve locomotor function by enhancing axonal regeneration in rats with chronic SCI. Further studies are warranted to refine this promising line of research for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinnitsa Buzoianu-Anguiano
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jared Rivera-Osorio
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Vega-García
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elisa García-Vences
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac México Campus Norte, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ismael Jiménez-Estrada
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Guizar-Sahagún
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Proyecto Camina AC, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose Mondragon-Caso
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac México Campus Norte, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ignacio Madrazo
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Israel Grijalva
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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Griffin JM, Bradke F. Therapeutic repair for spinal cord injury: combinatory approaches to address a multifaceted problem. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11505. [PMID: 32090481 PMCID: PMC7059014 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent years saw the advent of promising preclinical strategies that combat the devastating effects of a spinal cord injury (SCI) that are progressing towards clinical trials. However, individually, these treatments produce only modest levels of recovery in animal models of SCI that could hamper their implementation into therapeutic strategies in spinal cord injured humans. Combinational strategies have demonstrated greater beneficial outcomes than their individual components alone by addressing multiple aspects of SCI pathology. Clinical trial designs in the future will eventually also need to align with this notion. The scenario will become increasingly complex as this happens and conversations between basic researchers and clinicians are required to ensure accurate study designs and functional readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred M Griffin
- Laboratory for Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory for Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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19
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Repair strategies for traumatic spinal cord injury, with special emphasis on novel biomaterial-based approaches. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 176:252-260. [PMID: 31982183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a part of the central nervous system (CNS), the adult mammalian spinal cord displays only very poor ability for self-repair in response to traumatic lesions, which mostly lead to more or less severe, life-long disability. While even adult CNS neurons have a certain plastic potential, their intrinsic regenerative capacity highly varies among different neuronal populations and in the end, regeneration is almost completely inhibited due to extrinsic factors such as glial scar and cystic cavity formation, excessive and persistent inflammation, presence of various inhibitory molecules, and absence of trophic support and of a growth-supportive extracellular matrix structure. In recent years, a number of experimental animal models have been developed to overcome these obstacles. Since all those studies based on a single approach have yielded only relatively modest functional recovery, it is now consensus that different therapeutic approaches will have to be combined to synergistically overcome the multiple barriers to CNS regeneration, especially in humans. In this review, we particularly emphasize the hope raised by the development of novel, implantable biomaterials that should favor the reconstruction of the damaged nervous tissue, and ultimately allow for functional recovery of sensorimotor functions. Since human spinal cord injury pathology depends on the vertebral level and the severity of the traumatic impact, and since the timing of application of the different therapeutic approaches appears very important, we argue that every case will necessitate individual evaluation, and specific adaptation of therapeutic strategies.
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20
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Gao J, Xia B, Li S, Huang L, Ma T, Shi X, Luo K, Yang Y, Zhao L, Zhang H, Luo B, Huang J. Magnetic Field Promotes Migration of Schwann Cells with Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC)-Loaded Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles Across Astrocyte Boundary in vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:315-332. [PMID: 32021182 PMCID: PMC6980842 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s227328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical outcome of spinal cord injury is usually poor due to the lack of axonal regeneration and glia scar formation. As one of the most classical supporting cells in neural regeneration, Schwann cells (SCs) provide bioactive substrates for axonal migration and release molecules that regulate axonal growth. However, the effect of SC transplantation is limited by their poor migration capacity in the astrocyte-rich central nervous system. METHODS In this study, we first magnetofected SCs with chondroitinase ABC-polyethylenimine functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (ChABC/PEI-SPIONs) to induce overexpression of ChABC for the removal of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. These are inhibitory factors and forming a dense scar that acts as a barrier to the regenerating axons. In vitro, we observed the migration of SCs in the region of astrocytes after the application of a stable external magnetic field. RESULTS We found that magnetofection with ChABC/PEI-SPIONs significantly up-regulated the expression of ChABC in SCs. Under the driven effect of the directional magnetic field (MF), the migration of magnetofected SCs was enhanced in the direction of the magnetic force. The number of SCs with ChABC/PEI-SPIONs migrated and the distance of migration into the astrocyte region was significantly increased. The number of SCs with ChABC/PEI-SPIONs that migrated into the astrocyte region was 11.6- and 4.6-fold higher than those observed for the intact control and non-MF groups, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that SCs with ChABC/PEI-SPIONs were in close contact with astrocytes and no longer formed boundaries in the presence of MF. CONCLUSION The mobility of the SCs with ChABC/PEI-SPIONs was enhanced along the axis of MF, holding the potential to promote nerve regeneration by providing a bioactive microenvironment and relieving glial obstruction to axonal regeneration in the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengyou Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The General Hospital of Central Theater Command of People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 985th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Laihe Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, People’s Hospital of Longhua District, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beier Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
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21
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CRISPR, Prime Editing, Optogenetics, and DREADDs: New Therapeutic Approaches Provided by Emerging Technologies in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2085-2100. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01861-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Gad P, Lee S, Terrafranca N, Zhong H, Turner A, Gerasimenko Y, Edgerton VR. Non-Invasive Activation of Cervical Spinal Networks after Severe Paralysis. J Neurotrauma 2019; 35:2145-2158. [PMID: 29649928 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralysis of the upper extremities following cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) significantly impairs one's ability to live independently. While regaining hand function or grasping ability is considered one of the most desired functions in tetraplegics, limited therapeutic development in this direction has been demonstrated to date in humans with a high severe cervical injury. The underlying hypothesis is that after severe cervical SCI, nonfunctional sensory-motor networks within the cervical spinal cord can be transcutaneously neuromodulated to physiological states that enable and amplify voluntary control of the hand. Improved voluntary hand function occurred within a single session in every subject tested. After eight sessions of non-invasive transcutaneous stimulation, combined with training over 4 weeks, maximum voluntary hand grip forces increased by ∼325% (in the presence of stimulation) and ∼225% (when grip strength was tested without simultaneous stimulation) in chronic cervical SCI subjects (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale [AIS] B, n = 3; AIS C, n = 5) 1-21 years post-injury). Maximum grip strength improved in both the left and right hands and the magnitude of increase was independent of hand dominance. We refer to the neuromodulatory method used as transcutaneous enabling motor control to emphasize that the stimulation parameters used are designed to avoid directly inducing muscular contractions, but to enable task performance according to the subject's voluntary intent. In some subjects, there were improvements in autonomic function, lower extremity motor function, and sensation below the level of the lesion. Although a neuromodulation-training effect was observed in every subject tested, further controlled and blinded studies are needed to determine the responsiveness of a larger and broader population of subjects varying in the type, severity, and years post-injury. It appears rather convincing, however, that a "central pattern generation" phenomenon as generally perceived in the lumbosacral networks in controlling stepping neuromodulator is not a critical element of spinal neuromodulation to regain function among spinal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Gad
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Sujin Lee
- 2 Veterans Affair Healthcare System Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center , Long Beach, California
| | | | - Hui Zhong
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Amanda Turner
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Yury Gerasimenko
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,4 Pavlov Institute of Physiology , St. Petersburg, Russia .,10 Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University , Kazan, Russia
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,5 Department of Neurobiology, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,6 Department of Neurosurgery, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,7 Brain Research Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,8 Institut Guttmann. Hospital de Neurorehabilitació, Institut Universitari adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain .,9 The Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo, Australia
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23
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Zhou P, Guan J, Xu P, Zhao J, Zhang C, Zhang B, Mao Y, Cui W. Cell Therapeutic Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8:585-605. [PMID: 31637103 PMCID: PMC6798812 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder that resulted from destroyed long axis of spinal cord, affecting thousands of people every year. With the occurrence of SCI, the lesions can form cystic cavities and produce glial scar, myelin inhibitor, and inflammation that negatively impact repair of spinal cord. Therefore, SCI remains a difficult problem to overcome with present therapeutics. This review of cell therapeutics in SCI provides a systematic review of combinatory therapeutics of SCI and helps the realization of regeneration of spinal cord in the future. Recent Advances: With major breakthroughs in neurobiology in recent years, present therapeutic strategies for SCI mainly aim at nerve regeneration or neuroprotection. For nerve regeneration, the application approaches are tissue engineering and cell transplantation, while drug therapeutics is applied for neuroprotection. Cell therapeutics is a new approach that treats SCI by cell transplantation. Cell therapeutics possesses advantages of neuroprotection, immune regulation, axonal regeneration, neuron relay formation, and remyelination. Critical Issues: Neurons cannot regenerate at the site of injury. Therefore, it is essential to find a repair strategy for remyelination, axon regeneration, and functional recovery. Cell therapeutics is emerging as the most promising approach for treating SCI. Future Directions: The future application of SCI therapy in clinical practice may require a combination of multiple strategies. A comprehensive treatment of injury of spinal cord is the focus of the present research. With the combination of different cell therapy strategies, future experiments will achieve more dramatic success in spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Guan
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Changchun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Yingji Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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24
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Ong W, Pinese C, Chew SY. Scaffold-mediated sequential drug/gene delivery to promote nerve regeneration and remyelination following traumatic nerve injuries. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 149-150:19-48. [PMID: 30910595 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue regeneration following traumatic injuries is often subpar. As a result, the field of neural tissue engineering has evolved to find therapeutic interventions and has seen promising outcomes. However, robust nerve and myelin regeneration remain elusive. One possible reason may be the fact that tissue regeneration often follows a complex sequence of events in a temporally-controlled manner. Although several other fields of tissue engineering have begun to recognise the importance of delivering two or more biomolecules sequentially for more complete tissue regeneration, such serial delivery of biomolecules in neural tissue engineering remains limited. This review aims to highlight the need for sequential delivery to enhance nerve regeneration and remyelination after traumatic injuries in the central nervous system, using spinal cord injuries as an example. In addition, possible methods to attain temporally-controlled drug/gene delivery are also discussed for effective neural tissue regeneration.
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25
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Fawcett JW. The Struggle to Make CNS Axons Regenerate: Why Has It Been so Difficult? Neurochem Res 2019; 45:144-158. [PMID: 31388931 PMCID: PMC6942574 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration in the CNS is inhibited by many extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Because these act in parallel, no single intervention has been sufficient to enable full regeneration of damaged axons in the adult mammalian CNS. In the external environment, NogoA and CSPGs are strongly inhibitory to the regeneration of adult axons. CNS neurons lose intrinsic regenerative ability as they mature: embryonic but not mature neurons can grow axons for long distances when transplanted into the adult CNS, and regeneration fails with maturity in in vitro axotomy models. The causes of this loss of regeneration include partitioning of neurons into axonal and dendritic fields with many growth-related molecules directed specifically to dendrites and excluded from axons, changes in axonal signalling due to changes in expression and localization of receptors and their ligands, changes in local translation of proteins in axons, and changes in cytoskeletal dynamics after injury. Also with neuronal maturation come epigenetic changes in neurons, with many of the transcription factor binding sites that drive axon growth-related genes becoming inaccessible. The overall aim for successful regeneration is to ensure that the right molecules are expressed after axotomy and to arrange for them to be transported to the right place in the neuron, including the damaged axon tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
- Centre of Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medicine ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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26
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Zhong J, Lan C, Zhang C, Yang Y, Chen WX, Zhang KY, Zhao HL, Fang XY, Li HH, Tan L, Wang P, Ge HF, Hu R, Feng H. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan represses neural stem/progenitor cells migration via PTPσ/α-actinin4 signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11008-11021. [PMID: 30688376 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are a promising candidate for the cell-replacement therapy after central nervous system (CNS) injury. However, the short of sufficient NSPCs migration and integration into the lesions is an essential challenge for cell-based therapy after CNS injury due to the disturbance of local environmental homeostasis. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) is obviously accumulated at the lesions and destroyed local homeostasis after CNS injury. The previous study has demonstrated that the CSPG is a dominating ingredient inhibiting axonal regrowth of newly born neurons after CNS injury. NSPCs, a strain of special neural subtypes, hold the capacity of leading processes formation to regulate NSPCs migration, which has the same mechanism as axonal regrowth. Hence, it is worth investigating the effect of CSPG on NSPCs migration and its underlying mechanism. Here, different concentration of CSPG was used to evaluate its effect on NSPCs migration. The results showed that the CSPG suppressed NSPCs migration in a dose-dependent manner from 10 to 80 µg/mL with phase-contrast microscopy after 24 hours. Meanwhile, transwell assays were performed to certify the above results. Our data indicated that the 40 µg/mL CSPG obviously suppressed NSPCs migration via decreasing filopodia formation using immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, data indicated that the 40 µg/mL CSPG upregulated protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor σ (PTPσ) expression and decreased α-actinin4 (ACTN4) expression through immunofluorescence, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot assays. While the inhibitory effect was attenuated using PTPσ-specific small interfering RNA. In addition, data demonstrated that the 40 µg/mL CSPG facilitated NSPCs differentiation into glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells and inhibited NSPCs directing into MAP2- and MBP-positive cells. Collectively, these data demonstrated that the CSPG suppressed NSPCs migration through PTPσ/ACTN4 signaling pathway. Meanwhile, CSPG facilitated NSPCs differentiation into astrocytes and inhibited NSPCs directing into neurons and oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Lan
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Heng-Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan-Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Huan-Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Fei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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27
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Rosenzweig ES, Salegio EA, Liang JJ, Weber JL, Weinholtz CA, Brock JH, Moseanko R, Hawbecker S, Pender R, Cruzen CL, Iaci JF, Caggiano AO, Blight AR, Haenzi B, Huie JR, Havton LA, Nout-Lomas YS, Fawcett JW, Ferguson AR, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Tuszynski MH. Chondroitinase improves anatomical and functional outcomes after primate spinal cord injury. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1269-1275. [PMID: 31235933 PMCID: PMC6693679 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory extracellular matrices form around mature neurons as perineuronal nets containing chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that limit axonal sprouting after CNS injury. The enzyme chondroitinase (Chase) degrades the inhibitory CSPGs and improves axonal sprouting and functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rodents. We evaluated the effects of Chase in Rhesus monkeys that had undergone C7 spinal cord hemisection. Four weeks after hemisection, multiple intraparenchymal Chase injections targeted spinal cord circuits controlling hand function below the lesion. Hand function improved significantly in Chase-treated monkeys relative to vehicle-injected controls. Moreover, Chase significantly increased corticospinal axon growth and the number of synapses formed by corticospinal terminals in gray matter caudal to the lesion. No detrimental effects were detected. This approach appears to merit clinical translation in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephron S Rosenzweig
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ernesto A Salegio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Justine J Liang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Janet L Weber
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chase A Weinholtz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John H Brock
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rod Moseanko
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Hawbecker
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Roger Pender
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christina L Cruzen
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - J Russell Huie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leif A Havton
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Adam R Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Beattie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Bresnahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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28
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Papa S, Rossi F, Vismara I, Forloni G, Veglianese P. Nanovector-Mediated Drug Delivery in Spinal Cord Injury: A Multitarget Approach. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1173-1182. [PMID: 30763071 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many preclinical studies seek cures for spinal cord injury (SCI), but when the results are translated to clinical trials they give scant efficacy. One possible reason is that most strategies use treatments directed toward a single pathological mechanism, while a multitherapeutic approach needs to be tested to significantly improve outcomes after SCI. Most of the preclinical reports gave better outcomes when a combination of different compounds was used instead of a single drug. This promising approach, however, must still be improved because it raises some criticism: (i) the blood-spinal cord barrier limits drug distribution, (ii) it is hard to understand the interactions among the pharmacological components after systemic administration, and (iii) the timing of treatments is crucial: the spread of the lesion is a process finely regulated over time, so therapies must be scheduled at precise times during the postinjury course. Nanomedicine could be useful to overcome these limitations. Nanotools allow finely regulated drug administration in terms of cell selectivity and release kinetics. We believe that excellent therapeutic results could be obtained by exploiting this tool in multitherapy. Combining nanoparticles loaded with different compounds that act on the main pathological pathways could overcome the restrictions of traditional drug delivery routes, a major limit for the clinical application of multitherapy. This review digs into these topics, discussing the critical aspects of multitherapies now proposed and suggesting new points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Papa
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Vismara
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
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29
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Warren PM, Alilain WJ. Plasticity Induced Recovery of Breathing Occurs at Chronic Stages after Cervical Contusion. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1985-1999. [PMID: 30565484 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe midcervical contusion injury causes profound deficits throughout the respiratory motor system that last from acute to chronic time points post-injury. We use chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) to digest chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans within the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the respiratory system at both acute and chronic time points post-injury to explore whether augmentation of plasticity can recover normal motor function. We demonstrate that, regardless of time post-injury or treatment application, the lesion cavity remains consistent, showing little regeneration or neuroprotection within our model. Through electromyography (EMG) recordings of multiple inspiratory muscles, however, we show that application of the enzyme at chronic time points post-injury initiates the recovery of normal breathing in previously paralyzed respiratory muscles. This reduced the need for compensatory activity throughout the motor system. Application of ChABC at acute time points recovered only modest amounts of respiratory function. To further understand this effect, we assessed the anatomical mechanism of this recovery. Increased EMG activity in previously paralyzed muscles was brought about by activation of spared bulbospinal pathways through the site of injury and/or sprouting of spared serotonergic fibers from the contralateral side of the cord. Accordingly, we demonstrate that alterations to the ECM and augmentation of plasticity at chronic time points post-cervical contusion can cause functional recovery of the respiratory motor system and reveal mechanistic evidence of the pathways that govern this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Mary Warren
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, MetroHealth Medical Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,2 King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, United Kingdom
| | - Warren Joseph Alilain
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, MetroHealth Medical Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,3 Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Centre, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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30
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Tran AP, Warren PM, Silver J. The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury. Physiol Rev 2018. [PMID: 29513146 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since no approved therapies to restore mobility and sensation following spinal cord injury (SCI) currently exist, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms following SCI that compromise regeneration or neuroplasticity is needed to develop new strategies to promote axonal regrowth and restore function. Physical trauma to the spinal cord results in vascular disruption that, in turn, causes blood-spinal cord barrier rupture leading to hemorrhage and ischemia, followed by rampant local cell death. As subsequent edema and inflammation occur, neuronal and glial necrosis and apoptosis spread well beyond the initial site of impact, ultimately resolving into a cavity surrounded by glial/fibrotic scarring. The glial scar, which stabilizes the spread of secondary injury, also acts as a chronic, physical, and chemo-entrapping barrier that prevents axonal regeneration. Understanding the formative events in glial scarring helps guide strategies towards the development of potential therapies to enhance axon regeneration and functional recovery at both acute and chronic stages following SCI. This review will also discuss the perineuronal net and how chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposited in both the glial scar and net impede axonal outgrowth at the level of the growth cone. We will end the review with a summary of current CSPG-targeting strategies that help to foster axonal regeneration, neuroplasticity/sprouting, and functional recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Phuong Tran
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Mary Warren
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
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31
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Miller RJ, Chan CY, Rastogi A, Grant AM, White CM, Bette N, Schaub NJ, Corey JM. Combining electrospun nanofibers with cell-encapsulating hydrogel fibers for neural tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2018; 29:1625-1642. [PMID: 29862935 PMCID: PMC7446748 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1479084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A promising component of biomaterial constructs for neural tissue engineering are electrospun fibers, which differentiate stem cells and neurons as well as direct neurite growth. However, means of protecting neurons, glia, and stem cells seeded on electrospun fibers between lab and surgical suite have yet to be developed. Here we report an effort to accomplish this using cell-encapsulating hydrogel fibers made by interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation (IPC). IPC-hydrogel fibers were created by interfacing acid-soluble chitosan (AsC) and cell-containing alginate and spinning them on bundles of aligned electrospun fibers. Primary spinal astrocytes, cortical neurons, or L929 fibroblasts were mixed into alginate hydrogels prior to IPC-fiber spinning. The viability of each cell type was assessed at 30 min, 4 h, 1 d, and 7 d after encapsulation in IPC hydrogels. Some neurons were encapsulated in IPC-hydrogel fibers made from water-soluble chitosan (WsC). Neurons were also stained with Tuj1 and assessed for neurite extension. Neuron survival in AsC-fibers was worse than astrocytes in AsC-fibers (p < 0.05) and neurons in WsC-fibers (p < 0.05). As expected, neuron and glia survival was worse than L929 fibroblasts (p < 0.05). Neurons in IPC-hydrogel fibers fabricated with WsC extended neurites robustly, while none in AsC fibers did. Neurons remaining inside IPC-hydrogel fibers extended neurites inside them, while others de-encapsulated, extending neurites on electrospun fibers, which did not fully integrate with IPC-hydrogel fibers. This study demonstrates that primary neurons and astrocytes can be encapsulated in IPC-hydrogel fibers at good percentages of survival. IPC hydrogel technology may be a useful tool for encapsulating neural and other cells on electrospun fiber scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Miller
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Cheook Y. Chan
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arjun Rastogi
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Allison M. Grant
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christina M. White
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Nicole Bette
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Nicholas J. Schaub
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joseph M. Corey
- Department of Research and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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32
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Patil N, Truong V, Holmberg MH, Lavoie NS, McCoy MR, Dutton JR, Holmberg EG, Parr AM. Safety and Efficacy of Rose Bengal Derivatives for Glial Scar Ablation in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1745-1754. [PMID: 29373946 PMCID: PMC6033306 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no effective therapies available currently to ameliorate loss of function for patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). In addition, proposed treatments that demonstrated functional recovery in animal models of acute SCI have failed almost invariably when applied to chronic injury models. Glial scar formation in chronic injury is a likely contributor to limitation on regeneration. We have removed existing scar tissue in chronically contused rat spinal cord using a rose Bengal-based photo ablation approach. In this study, we compared two chemically modified rose bengal derivatives to unmodified rose bengal, both confirming and expanding on our previously published report. Rats were treated with unmodified rose bengal (RB1) or rose bengal modified with hydrocarbon (RB2) or polyethylene glycol (RB3), to determine the effects on scar components and spared tissue post-treatment. Our results showed that RB1 was more efficacious than RB2, while still maintaining minimal collateral effects on spared tissue. RB3 was not taken up by the cells, likely because of its size, and therefore had no effect. Treatment with RB1 also resulted in an increase in serotonin eight days post-treatment in chronically injured spinal cords. Thus, we suggest that unmodified rose Bengal is a potent candidate agent for the development of a therapeutic strategy for scar ablation in chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandadevi Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Vincent Truong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mackenzie H. Holmberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nicolas S. Lavoie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mark R. McCoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - James R. Dutton
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eric G. Holmberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Ann M. Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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33
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Jin Y, Shumsky JS, Fischer I. Axonal regeneration of different tracts following transplants of human glial restricted progenitors into the injured spinal cord in rats. Brain Res 2018; 1686:101-112. [PMID: 29408659 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of human glial restricted progenitors (hGRPs) in promoting axonal growth of different tracts. We examined the potential of hGRPs grafted into a cervical (C4) dorsal column lesion to test sensory axons, and into a C4 hemisection to test motor tracts. The hGRPs, thawed from frozen stocks, were suspended in a PureCol matrix and grafted acutely into a C4 dorsal column or hemisection lesion. Control rats received PureCol only. Five weeks after transplantation, all transplanted cells survived in rats with the dorsal column lesion but only about half of the grafts in the hemisection. In the dorsal column lesion group, few sensory axons grew short distances into the lesion site of control animals. The presence of hGRPs transplants enhanced axonal growth significantly farther into the transplants. In the hemisection group, coerulospinal axons extended similarly into both control and transplant groups with no enhancement by the presence of hGRPs. Rubrospinal axons did not grow into the lesion even in the presence of hGRPs. However, reticulospinal and raphespinal axons grew for a significantly longer distance into the transplants. These results demonstrate the differential capacity of axonal growth/regeneration of the motor and sensory tracts based on their intrinsic abilities as well as their response to the modified environment induced by the hGRPs transplants. We conclude that hGRP transplants can modify the injury site for axon growth of sensory and some motor tracts, and suggest they could be combined with other interventions to restore connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | - Jed S Shumsky
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Itzhak Fischer
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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34
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Rosich K, Hanna BF, Ibrahim RK, Hellenbrand DJ, Hanna A. The Effects of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:3311-3325. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Rosich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bishoy F. Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ross University School of Medicine, Dominica, West Indies
| | - Rami K. Ibrahim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel J. Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amgad Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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35
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Goganau I, Sandner B, Weidner N, Fouad K, Blesch A. Depolarization and electrical stimulation enhance in vitro and in vivo sensory axon growth after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:247-258. [PMID: 29183676 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activity dependent plasticity is a key mechanism for the central nervous system (CNS) to adapt to its environment. Whether neuronal activity also influences axonal regeneration in the injured CNS, and whether electrical stimulation (ES) can activate regenerative programs in the injured CNS remains incompletely understood. Using KCl-induced depolarization, in vivo ES followed by ex-vivo neurite growth assays and ES after spinal cord lesions and cell grafting, we aimed to identify parameters important for ES-enhanced neurite growth and axonal regeneration. Using cultures of sensory neurons, neurite growth was analyzed after KCl-induced depolarization for 1-72h. Increased neurite growth was detected after short-term stimulation and after longer stimulation if a sufficient delay between stimulation and growth measurements was provided. After in vivo ES (20Hz, 2× motor threshold, 0.2ms, 1h) of the intact sciatic nerve in adult Fischer344 rats, sensory neurons showed a 2-fold increase in in vitro neurite length one week later compared to sham animals, an effect not observed one day after ES. Longer ES (7h) and repeated ES (7days, 1h each) also increased growth by 56-67% one week later, but provided no additional benefit. In vivo growth of dorsal column sensory axons into a graft of bone marrow stromal cells 4weeks after a cervical spinal cord lesion was also enhanced with a single post-injury 1h ES of the intact sciatic nerve and was also observed after repeated ES without inducing pain-like behavior. While ES did not result in sensory functional recovery, our data indicate that ES has time-dependent influences on the regenerative capacity of sensory neurons and might further enhance axonal regeneration in combinatorial approaches after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Goganau
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200A, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beatrice Sandner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200A, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Weidner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200A, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karim Fouad
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 3-87 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G4, Canada
| | - Armin Blesch
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200A, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Dept. of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, 320 West 15th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Wiersma AM, Fouad K, Winship IR. Enhancing Spinal Plasticity Amplifies the Benefits of Rehabilitative Training and Improves Recovery from Stroke. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10983-10997. [PMID: 29025926 PMCID: PMC6596489 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0770-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited recovery that occurs following stroke happens almost entirely in the first weeks postinjury. Moreover, the efficacy of rehabilitative training is limited beyond this narrow time frame. Sprouting of spared corticospinal tract axons in the contralesional spinal cord makes a significant contribution to sensorimotor recovery, but this structural plasticity is also limited to the first few weeks after stroke. Here, we tested the hypothesis that inducing plasticity in the spinal cord during chronic stroke could improve recovery from persistent sensorimotor impairment. We potentiated spinal plasticity during chronic stroke, weeks after the initial ischemic injury, in male Sprague-Dawley rats via intraspinal injections of chondroitinase ABC. Our data show that chondroitinase injections into the contralesional gray matter of the cervical spinal cord administered 28 d after stroke induced significant sprouting of corticospinal axons originating in the peri-infarct cortex. Chondroitinase ABC injection during chronic stroke without additional training resulted in moderate improvements of sensorimotor deficits. Importantly, this therapy dramatically potentiated the efficacy of rehabilitative training delivered during chronic stroke in a skilled forelimb reaching task. These novel data suggest that spinal therapy during chronic stroke can amplify the benefits of delayed rehabilitative training with the potential to reduce permanent disability in stroke survivors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain and spinal cord undergo adaptive rewiring ("plasticity") following stroke. This plasticity allows for partial functional recovery from stroke induced sensorimotor impairments. However, the plasticity that underlies recovery occurs predominantly in the first weeks following stroke, and most stroke survivors are left with permanent disability even after rehabilitation. Using animal models, our data show that removal of plasticity-inhibiting signals in the spinal cord (via intraspinal injections of the enzyme chondroitinase ABC) augments rewiring of circuits connecting the brain to the spinal cord, even weeks after stroke. Moreover, this plasticity can be harnessed by rehabilitative training to significantly promote sensorimotor recovery. Thus, intraspinal therapy may augment rehabilitative training and improve recovery even in individuals living with chronic disability due to stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim Fouad
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, and
| | - Ian R Winship
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute,
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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DePaul MA, Lin CY, Silver J, Lee YS. Combinatory repair strategy to promote axon regeneration and functional recovery after chronic spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9018. [PMID: 28827771 PMCID: PMC5567101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight weeks post contusive spinal cord injury, we built a peripheral nerve graft bridge (PNG) through the cystic cavity and treated the graft/host interface with acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and chondroitinase ABC (ChABC). This combinatorial strategy remarkably enhanced integration between host astrocytes and graft Schwann cells, allowing for robust growth, especially of catecholaminergic axons, through the graft and back into the distal spinal cord. In the absence of aFGF+ChABC fewer catecholaminergic axons entered the graft, no axons exited, and Schwann cells and astrocytes failed to integrate. In sharp contrast with the acutely bridge-repaired cord, in the chronically repaired cord only low levels of serotonergic axons regenerated into the graft, with no evidence of re-entry back into the spinal cord. The failure of axons to regenerate was strongly correlated with a dramatic increase of SOCS3 expression. While regeneration was more limited overall than at acute stages, our combinatorial strategy in the chronically injured animals prevented a decline in locomotor behavior and bladder physiology outcomes associated with an invasive repair strategy. These results indicate that PNG+aFGF+ChABC treatment of the chronically contused spinal cord can provide a permissive substrate for the regeneration of certain neuronal populations that retain a growth potential over time, and lead to functional improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A DePaul
- Case Western Reserve Univ., Dept. of Neurosciences, 10900 Euclid Ave., SOM E654, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Lin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Case Western Reserve Univ., Dept. of Neurosciences, 10900 Euclid Ave., SOM E654, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yu-Shang Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.
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Wu D, Klaw MC, Connors T, Kholodilov N, Burke RE, Côté MP, Tom VJ. Combining Constitutively Active Rheb Expression and Chondroitinase Promotes Functional Axonal Regeneration after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2715-2726. [PMID: 28967557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), severed axons in the adult mammalian CNS are unable to mount a robust regenerative response. In addition, the glial scar at the lesion site further restricts the regenerative potential of axons. We hypothesized that a combinatorial approach coincidentally targeting these obstacles would promote axonal regeneration. We combined (1) transplantation of a growth-permissive peripheral nerve graft (PNG) into an incomplete, cervical lesion cavity; (2) transduction of neurons rostral to the SCI site to express constitutively active Rheb (caRheb; a Ras homolog enriched in brain), a GTPase that directly activates the growth-promoting pathway mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) via AAV-caRheb injection; and (3) digestion of growth-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans within the glial scar at the distal PNG interface using the bacterial enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC). We found that expressing caRheb in neurons post-SCI results in modestly yet significantly more axons regenerating across a ChABC-treated distal graft interface into caudal spinal cord than either treatment alone. Excitingly, we found that caRheb+ChABC treatment significantly potentiates the formation of synapses in the host spinal cord and improves the animals' ability to use the affected forelimb. Thus, this combination strategy enhances functional axonal regeneration following a cervical SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Michelle C Klaw
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Theresa Connors
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | | | - Robert E Burke
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marie-Pascale Côté
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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Galindo LT, Mundim MTVV, Pinto AS, Chiarantin GMD, Almeida MES, Lamers ML, Horwitz AR, Santos MF, Porcionatto M. Chondroitin Sulfate Impairs Neural Stem Cell Migration Through ROCK Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3185-3195. [PMID: 28477140 PMCID: PMC5842503 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain injuries such as trauma and stroke lead to glial scar formation by reactive astrocytes which produce and secret axonal outgrowth inhibitors. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) constitute a well-known class of extracellular matrix molecules produced at the glial scar and cause growth cone collapse. The CSPG glycosaminoglycan side chains composed of chondroitin sulfate (CS) are responsible for its inhibitory activity on neurite outgrowth and are dependent on RhoA activation. Here, we hypothesize that CSPG also impairs neural stem cell migration inhibiting their penetration into an injury site. We show that DCX+ neuroblasts do not penetrate a CSPG-rich injured area probably due to Nogo receptor activation and RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway as we demonstrate in vitro with neural stem cells cultured as neurospheres and pull-down for RhoA. Furthermore, CS-impaired cell migration in vitro induced the formation of large mature adhesions and altered cell protrusion dynamics. ROCK inhibition restored migration in vitro as well as decreased adhesion size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla T Galindo
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3o andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Mayara T V V Mundim
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3o andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Agnes S Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3o andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly M D Chiarantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3o andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Maíra E S Almeida
- Physiopathology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L Lamers
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Alan R Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, 22903, USA
| | - Marinilce F Santos
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marimelia Porcionatto
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 3o andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil.
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Huang L, Xia B, Liu Z, Cao Q, Huang J, Luo Z. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Mediated Forces Enhance the Migration of Schwann Cells Across the Astrocyte-Schwann Cell Boundary In vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:83. [PMID: 28400720 PMCID: PMC5368970 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are one of the most promising cellular candidates for the treatment of spinal cord injury. However, SCs show poor migratory ability within the astrocyte-rich central nervous system (CNS) environment and exhibit only limited integration with host astrocytes. Our strategy for improving the therapeutic potential of SCs was to magnetically drive SCs to migrate across the astrocyte-SC boundary to intermingle with astrocytes. SCs were firstly magnetized with poly-L-lysine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Internalization of SPIONs showed no effect upon the migration of SCs in the absence of a magnetic field (MF). In contrast, magnetized SCs exhibited enhanced migration along the direction of force in the presence of a MF. An inverted coverslip assay showed that a greater number of magnetized SCs migrated longer distances onto astrocytic monolayers under the force of a MF compared to other test groups. More importantly, a confrontation assay demonstrated that magnetized SCs intermingled with astrocytes under an applied MF. Furthermore, inhibition of integrin activation reduced the migration of magnetized SCs within an astrocyte-rich environment under an applied MF. Thus, SPION-mediated forces could act as powerful stimulants to enhance the migration of SCs across the astrocyte-SC boundary, via integrin-mediated mechanotransduction, and could represent a vital way of improving the therapeutic potential of SCs for spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Quanliang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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Gwak SJ, Macks C, Jeong DU, Kindy M, Lynn M, Webb K, Lee JS. RhoA knockdown by cationic amphiphilic copolymer/siRhoA polyplexes enhances axonal regeneration in rat spinal cord injury model. Biomaterials 2017; 121:155-166. [PMID: 28088077 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in permanent loss of motor and sensory function due to developmentally-related and injured-induced changes in the extrinsic microenvironment and intrinsic neuronal biochemistry that limit plasticity and axonal regeneration. Our long term goal is to develop cationic, amphiphilic copolymers (poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-g-polyethylenimine, PgP) for combinatorial delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids (TNAs) and drugs targeting these different barriers. In this study, we evaluated the ability of PgP to deliver siRNA targeting RhoA, a critical signaling pathway activated by multiple extracellular inhibitors of axonal regeneration. After generation of rat compression SCI model, PgP/siRhoA polyplexes were locally injected into the lesion site. Relative to untreated injury only, PgP/siRhoA polyplexes significantly reduced RhoA mRNA and protein expression for up to 4 weeks post-injury. Histological analysis at 4 weeks post-injury showed that RhoA knockdown was accompanied by reduced apoptosis, cavity size, and astrogliosis and increased axonal regeneration within the lesion site. These studies demonstrate that PgP is an efficient non-viral delivery carrier for therapeutic siRhoA to the injured spinal cord and may be a promising platform for the development of combinatorial TNA/drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Jung Gwak
- Drug Design, Development, and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Christian Macks
- Drug Design, Development, and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Da Un Jeong
- Drug Design, Development, and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Michael Lynn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC 29615, USA
| | - Ken Webb
- Drug Design, Development, and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Jeoung Soo Lee
- Drug Design, Development, and Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Dell'Anno MT, Strittmatter SM. Rewiring the spinal cord: Direct and indirect strategies. Neurosci Lett 2016; 652:25-34. [PMID: 28007647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is currently incurable. Treatment is limited to minimizing secondary complications and maximizing residual function by rehabilitation. Neurologic recovery is prevented by the poor intrinsic regenerative capacity of neurons in the adult central nervous system and by the presence of growth inhibitors in the adult brain and spinal cord. Here we identify three approaches to rewire the spinal cord after injury: axonal regeneration (direct endogenous reconnection), axonal sprouting (indirect endogenous reconnection) and neural stem cell transplantation (indirect exogenous reconnection). Regeneration and sprouting of axonal fibers can be both enhanced through the neutralization of myelin- and extracellular matrix-associated inhibitors described in the first part of this review. Alternatively, in the second part we focus on the formation of a novel circuit through the grafting of neural stem cells in the lesion site. Transplanted neural stem cells differentiate in vivo into neurons and glial cells which form an intermediate station between the rostral and caudal segment of the recipient spinal cord. In particular, here we describe how neural stem cells-derived neurons are endowed with the ability to extend long-distance axons to regain the transmission of motor and sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Dell'Anno
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
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Hellenbrand DJ, Kaeppler KE, Ehlers ME, Thompson CD, Zurko JC, Buchholz MM, Springer AR, Thompson DL, Ibrahim RK, Hanna A. Immunohistochemical assessment of rat nerve isografts and immunosuppressed allografts. Neurol Res 2016; 38:1094-1101. [PMID: 27809726 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1248626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autologous peripheral nerve grafts are commonly used clinically as a treatment for peripheral nerve injuries. However, in research using an autologous graft is not always feasible due to loss of function, which in many cases is assessed to determine the efficacy of the peripheral nerve graft. In addition, using allografts for research require the use of an immunosuppressant, which creates unwanted side effects and another variable within the experiment that can affect regeneration. The objective of this study was to analyze graft rejection in peripheral nerve grafts and the effects of cyclosporine A (CSA) on axonal regeneration. METHODS Peripheral nerve grafts in inbred Lewis rats were compared with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to assess graft rejection, CSA side effects, immune responses, and regenerative capability. Macrophages and CD8+ cells were labeled to determine graft rejection, and neurofilaments were labeled to determine axonal regeneration. RESULTS SD rats without CSA had significantly more macrophages and CD8+ cells compared to Lewis autografts, Lewis isografts, and SD allografts treated with CSA. Lewis autografts, Lewis isografts, and SD autografts had significantly more regenerated axons than SD rat allografts. Moreover, allografts in immunosuppressed SD rats had significantly less axons than Lewis rat autograft and isografts. DISCUSSION Autografts have long been the gold standard for treating major nerve injuries and these data suggest that even though CSA is effective at reducing graft rejection, axon regeneration is still superior in autografts versus immunosuppressed allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hellenbrand
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Katie E Kaeppler
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Mark E Ehlers
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Colton D Thompson
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Joanna C Zurko
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Morgan M Buchholz
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Alexandra R Springer
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Daniel L Thompson
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Rami K Ibrahim
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Amgad Hanna
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
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Winter CC, Katiyar KS, Hernandez NS, Song YJ, Struzyna LA, Harris JP, Cullen DK. Transplantable living scaffolds comprised of micro-tissue engineered aligned astrocyte networks to facilitate central nervous system regeneration. Acta Biomater 2016; 38:44-58. [PMID: 27090594 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neurotrauma, stroke, and neurodegenerative disease may result in widespread loss of neural cells as well as the complex interconnectivity necessary for proper central nervous system function, generally resulting in permanent functional deficits. Potential regenerative strategies involve the recruitment of endogenous neural stem cells and/or directed axonal regeneration through the use of tissue engineered "living scaffolds" built to mimic features of three-dimensional (3-D) in vivo migratory or guidance pathways. Accordingly, we devised a novel biomaterial encasement scheme using tubular hydrogel-collagen micro-columns that facilitated the self-assembly of seeded astrocytes into 3-D living scaffolds consisting of long, cable-like aligned astrocytic networks. Here, robust astrocyte alignment was achieved within a micro-column inner diameter (ID) of 180μm or 300-350μm but not 1.0mm, suggesting that radius of curvature dictated the extent of alignment. Moreover, within small ID micro-columns, >70% of the astrocytes assumed a bi-polar morphology, versus ∼10% in larger micro-columns or planar surfaces. Cell-cell interactions also influenced the aligned architecture, as extensive astrocyte-collagen contraction was achieved at high (9-12×10(5)cells/mL) but not lower (2-6×10(5)cells/mL) seeding densities. This high density micro-column seeding led to the formation of ultra-dense 3-D "bundles" of aligned bi-polar astrocytes within collagen measuring up to 150μm in diameter yet extending to a remarkable length of over 2.5cm. Importantly, co-seeded neurons extended neurites directly along the aligned astrocytic bundles, demonstrating permissive cues for neurite extension. These transplantable cable-like astrocytic networks structurally mimic the glial tube that guides neuronal progenitor migration in vivo along the rostral migratory stream, and therefore may be useful to guide progenitor cells to repopulate sites of widespread neurodegeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This manuscript details our development of novel micro-tissue engineering techniques to generate robust networks of longitudinally aligned astrocytes within transplantable micro-column hydrogels. We report a novel biomaterial encasement scheme that facilitated the self-assembly of seeded astrocytes into long, aligned regenerative pathways. These miniature "living scaffold" constructs physically emulate the glial tube - a pathway in the brain consisting of aligned astrocytes that guide the migration of neuronal progenitor cells - and therefore may facilitate directed neuronal migration for central nervous system repair. The small size and self-contained design of these aligned astrocyte constructs will permit minimally invasive transplantation in models of central nervous system injury in future studies.
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Chondroitinase administration and pcDNA3.1-BDNF-BMSC transplantation promote motor functional recovery associated with NGF expression in spinal cord-transected rat. Spinal Cord 2016; 54:1088-1095. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2016.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Silver J. The glial scar is more than just astrocytes. Exp Neurol 2016; 286:147-149. [PMID: 27328838 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Silver
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Dynamic Changes in Local Protein Synthetic Machinery in Regenerating Central Nervous System Axons after Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:4087254. [PMID: 27375904 PMCID: PMC4914735 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4087254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-axonal localization of mRNAs and protein synthesis machinery (PSM) endows neurons with the capacity to generate proteins locally, allowing precise spatiotemporal regulation of the axonal response to extracellular stimuli. A number of studies suggest that this local translation is a promising target to enhance the regenerative capacity of damaged axons. Using a model of central nervous system (CNS) axons regenerating into intraspinal peripheral nerve grafts (PNGs) we established that adult regenerating CNS axons contain several different mRNAs and protein synthetic machinery (PSM) components in vivo. After lower thoracic level spinal cord transection, ascending sensory axons regenerate into intraspinal PNGs but axon growth is stalled when they reach the distal end of the PNG (3 versus 7 weeks after grafting, resp.). By immunofluorescence with optical sectioning of axons by confocal microscopy, the total and phosphorylated forms of PSMs are significantly lower in stalled compared with actively regenerating axons. Reinjury of these stalled axons increased axonal localization of the PSM proteins, indicative of possible priming for a subcellular response to axotomy. These results suggest that axons downregulate protein synthetic capacity as they cease growing, yet they retain the ability to upregulate PSM after a second injury.
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Carwardine D, Wong LF, Fawcett JW, Muir EM, Granger N. Canine olfactory ensheathing cells from the olfactory mucosa can be engineered to produce active chondroitinase ABC. J Neurol Sci 2016; 367:311-8. [PMID: 27423610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of factors must be overcome following spinal cord injury (SCI) in order to achieve clinical improvement in patients. It is thought that by combining promising therapies these diverse factors could be combatted with the aim of producing an overall improvement in function. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) present in the glial scar that forms following SCI present a significant block to axon regeneration. Digestion of CSPGs by chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) leads to axon regeneration, neuronal plasticity and functional improvement in preclinical models of SCI. However, the enzyme activity decays at body temperature within 24-72h, limiting the translational potential of ChABC as a therapy. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have shown huge promise as a cell transplant therapy in SCI. Their beneficial effects have been demonstrated in multiple small animal SCI models as well as in naturally occurring SCI in canine patients. In the present study, we have genetically modified canine OECs from the mucosa to constitutively produce enzymatically active ChABC. We have developed a lentiviral vector that can deliver a mammalian modified version of the ChABC gene to mammalian cells, including OECs. Enzyme production was quantified using the Morgan-Elson assay that detects the breakdown products of CSPG digestion in cell supernatants. We confirmed our findings by immunolabelling cell supernatant samples using Western blotting. OECs normal cell function was unaffected by genetic modification as demonstrated by normal microscopic morphology and the presence of the low affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75(NGF)) following viral transduction. We have developed the means to allow production of active ChABC in combination with a promising cell transplant therapy for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Carwardine
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Biomedical Science Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
| | - Liang-Fong Wong
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Biomedical Science Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
| | - James W Fawcett
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom.
| | - Elizabeth M Muir
- University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, Anatomy Building, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicolas Granger
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
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Mironets E, Wu D, Tom VJ. Manipulating extrinsic and intrinsic obstacles to axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:224-5. [PMID: 27073365 PMCID: PMC4810976 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.177719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Mironets
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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Schaub NJ, Johnson CD, Cooper B, Gilbert RJ. Electrospun Fibers for Spinal Cord Injury Research and Regeneration. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1405-15. [PMID: 26650778 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is the process by which a scaffold containing micrometer and nanometer diameter fibers are drawn from a polymer solution or melt using a large voltage gradient between a polymer emitting source and a grounded collector. Ramakrishna and colleagues first investigated electrospun fibers for neural applications in 2004. After this initial study, electrospun fibers are increasingly investigated for neural tissue engineering applications. Electrospun fibers robustly support axonal regeneration within in vivo rodent models of spinal cord injury. These findings suggest the possibility of their eventual use within patients. Indeed, both spinal cord and peripheral nervous system regeneration research over the last several years shows that physical guidance cues induce recovery of limb, respiration, or bladder control in rodent models. Electrospun fibers may be an alternative to the peripheral nerve graft (PNG), because PNG autografts injure the patient and are limited in supply, and allografts risk host rejection. In addition, electrospun fibers can be engineered easily to confront new therapeutic challenges. Fibers can be modified to release therapies locally or can be physically modified to direct neural stem cell differentiation. This review summarizes the major findings and trends in the last decade of research, with a particular focus on spinal cord injury. This review also demonstrates how electrospun fibers can be used to study the central nervous system in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Schaub
- 1 Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselear Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselear Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | - Christopher D Johnson
- 1 Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselear Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselear Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | | | - Ryan J Gilbert
- 1 Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselear Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselear Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
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