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Nagayama T, Yagishita S, Shibata M, Furuno A, Saito T, Saido TC, Wakatsuki S, Araki T. Transient sleep apnea results in long-lasting increase in β-amyloid generation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Neurosci Res 2024; 205:40-46. [PMID: 38508957 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Sleep apnea is regarded as an important risk factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Chronic intermittent hypoxia treatment (IHT) given during the sleep period of the circadian cycle in experimental animals is a well-established sleep apnea model. Here we report that transient IHT for 4 days on AD model mice causes Aβ overproduction 2 months after IHT presumably via upregulation of synaptic BACE1, side-by-side with tau hyperphosphorylation. These results suggest that even transient IHT may be sufficient to cause long-lasting changes in the molecules measured as AD biomarkers in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Nagayama
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Sosuke Yagishita
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Megumi Shibata
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Akiko Furuno
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan; Laboratory of Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory of Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shuji Wakatsuki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
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2
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Sirisi S, Sánchez-Aced É, Belbin O, Lleó A. APP dyshomeostasis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: implications for current drug targets. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:144. [PMID: 38951839 PMCID: PMC11218153 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane glycoprotein from which amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are generated after proteolytic cleavage. Aβ peptides are the main constituent of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The physiological functions of APP in the human adult brain are very diverse including intracellular signaling, synaptic and neuronal plasticity, and cell adhesion, among others. There is growing evidence that APP becomes dysfunctional in AD and that this dyshomeostasis may impact several APP functions beyond Aβ generation. The vast majority of current anti-amyloid approaches in AD have focused on reducing the synthesis of Aβ or increasing the clearance of brain Aβ aggregates following a paradigm in which Aβ plays a solo in APP dyshomeostasis. A wider view places APP at the center stage in which Aβ is an important, but not the only, factor involved in APP dyshomeostasis. Under this paradigm, APP dysfunction is universal in AD, but with some differences across different subtypes. Little is known about how to approach APP dysfunction therapeutically beyond anti-Aβ strategies. In this review, we will describe the role of APP dyshomeostasis in AD beyond Aβ and the potential therapeutic strategies targeting APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Sirisi
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Érika Sánchez-Aced
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Belbin
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sant Quintí 77, Barcelona, 08041, Spain.
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3
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Zhou B, Lu JG, Siddu A, Wernig M, Südhof TC. Synaptogenic effect of APP-Swedish mutation in familial Alzheimer's disease. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn9380. [PMID: 36260691 PMCID: PMC9894682 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn9380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) cause familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) probably by enhancing Aβ peptides production from APP. An antibody targeting Aβ (aducanumab) was approved as an AD treatment; however, some Aβ antibodies have been reported to accelerate, instead of ameliorating, cognitive decline in individuals with AD. Using conditional APP mutations in human neurons for perfect isogenic controls and translational relevance, we found that the APP-Swedish mutation in familial AD increased synapse numbers and synaptic transmission, whereas the APP deletion decreased synapse numbers and synaptic transmission. Inhibition of BACE1, the protease that initiates Aβ production from APP, lowered synapse numbers, suppressed synaptic transmission in wild-type neurons, and occluded the phenotype of APP-Swedish-mutant neurons. Modest elevations of Aβ, conversely, elevated synapse numbers and synaptic transmission. Thus, the familial AD-linked APP-Swedish mutation under physiologically relevant conditions increased synaptic connectivity in human neurons via a modestly enhanced production of Aβ. These data are consistent with the relative inefficacy of BACE1 and anti-Aβ treatments in AD and the chronic nature of AD pathogenesis, suggesting that AD pathogenesis is not simply caused by overproduction of toxic Aβ but rather by a long-term effect of elevated Aβ concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jacqueline G. Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alberto Siddu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas C. Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford 94305, USA
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4
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Franco R, Navarro G, Martínez-Pinilla E. Plant-derived compounds, vitagens, vitagenes and mitochondrial function. PHARMANUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2021.100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Lee SH, Bolshakov VY, Shen J. Inactivation of Presenilin in inhibitory neurons results in decreased GABAergic responses and enhanced synaptic plasticity. Mol Brain 2021; 14:85. [PMID: 34034776 PMCID: PMC8152317 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Presenilin genes are the major genetic cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presenilin (PS) is highly expressed in the hippocampus, which is particularly vulnerable in AD. Previous studies of PS function in the hippocampus, however, focused exclusively on excitatory neurons. Whether PS regulates inhibitory neuronal function remained unknown. In the current study, we investigate PS function in GABAergic neurons by performing whole-cell and field-potential electrophysiological recordings using acute hippocampal slices from inhibitory neuron-specific PS conditional double knockout (IN-PS cDKO) mice at 2 months of age, before the onset of age-dependent loss of interneurons. We found that the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) is reduced in hippocampal CA1 neurons of IN-PS cDKO mice, whereas the amplitude of sIPSCs is normal. Moreover, the efficacy of inhibitory neurotransmission as assessed with synaptic input/output relations for evoked mono- and di-synaptic IPSCs is markedly lowered in hippocampal CA1 neurons of IN-PS cDKO mice. Consistent with these findings, IN-PS cDKO mice display enhanced paired-pulse facilitation, frequency facilitation and long-term potentiation in the Schaffer collateral-CA1 pathway. Interestingly, depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores by inhibition of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase results in a reduction of IPSC amplitude in control hippocampal neurons but not in IN-PS cDKO neurons, suggesting that impaired intracellular calcium homeostasis in the absence of PS may contribute to the deficiencies in inhibitory neurotransmission. Furthermore, the amplitude of IPSCs induced by short trains of presynaptic stimulation and paired-pulse ratio are decreased in IN-PS cDKO mice. These findings show that inactivation of PS in interneurons results in decreased GABAergic responses and enhanced synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, providing additional evidence for the importance of PS in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Vadim Y Bolshakov
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Gavriel Y, Rabinovich-Nikitin I, Ezra A, Barbiro B, Solomon B. Subcutaneous Administration of AMD3100 into Mice Models of Alzheimer's Disease Ameliorated Cognitive Impairment, Reduced Neuroinflammation, and Improved Pathophysiological Markers. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 78:653-671. [PMID: 33016905 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD), the prevalent dementia in the elderly, involves many related and interdependent pathologies that manifest simultaneously, leading to cognitive impairment and death. Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain triggers the onset of AD, accompanied by neuroinflammatory response and pathological changes. The CXCR4/CXCL12 (SDF1) axis is one of the major signal transduction cascades involved in the inflammation process and regulation of homing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) within the bone marrow niche. Inhibition of the axis with AMD3100, a reversible antagonist of CXCR4 mobilizes endogenous HSCs from the bone marrow into the periphery, facilitating the recruitment of bone marrow-derived microglia-like cells into the brain, attenuates the neuroinflammation process that involves release of excitotoxic markers such as TNFα, intracellular Ca2 +, and glutamate and upregulates monocarboxylate transporter 1, the major L-lactate transporter in the brain. OBJECTIVE Herein, we investigate if administration of a combination of AMD3100 and L-lactate may have beneficial effects in the treatment of AD. METHODS We tested the feasibility of the combined treatment for short- and long-term efficacy for inducing endogenous stem cells' mobilization and attenuation of neuroinflammation in two distinct amyloid-β-induced AD mouse models. RESULTS The combined treatment did not demonstrate any adverse effects on the mice, and resulted in a significant improvement in cognitive/memory functions, attenuated neuroinflammation, and alleviated AD pathologies compared to each treatment alone. CONCLUSION This study showed AMD3100's beneficial effect in ameliorating AD pathogenesis, suggesting an alternative to the multistep procedures of transplantation of stem cells in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Gavriel
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Rabinovich-Nikitin
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Assaf Ezra
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Becki Barbiro
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Beka Solomon
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Nakano M, Mitsuishi Y, Liu L, Watanabe N, Hibino E, Hata S, Saito T, Saido TC, Murayama S, Kasuga K, Ikeuchi T, Suzuki T, Nishimura M. Extracellular Release of ILEI/FAM3C and Amyloid-β Is Associated with the Activation of Distinct Synapse Subpopulations. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:159-174. [PMID: 33492290 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is released into the interstitial fluid (ISF) in a neuronal activity-dependent manner, and Aβ deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to baseline neuronal activity. Although the intrinsic mechanism for Aβ generation remains to be elucidated, interleukin-like epithelial-mesenchymal transition inducer (ILEI) is a candidate for an endogenous Aβ suppressor. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to access the mechanism underlying ILEI secretion and its effect on Aβ production in the brain. METHODS ILEI and Aβ levels in the cerebral cortex were monitored using a newly developed ILEI-specific ELISA and in vivo microdialysis in mutant human Aβ precursor protein-knockin mice. ILEI levels in autopsied brains and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured using ELISA. RESULTS Extracellular release of ILEI and Aβ was dependent on neuronal activation and specifically on tetanus toxin-sensitive exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. However, simultaneous monitoring of extracellular ILEI and Aβ revealed that a spontaneous fluctuation of ILEI levels appeared to inversely mirror that of Aβ levels. Selective activation and inhibition of synaptic receptors differentially altered these levels. The evoked activation of AMPA-type receptors resulted in opposing changes to ILEI and Aβ levels. Brain ILEI levels were selectively decreased in AD. CSF ILEI concentration correlated with that of Aβ and were reduced in AD and mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION ILEI and Aβ are released from distinct subpopulations of synaptic terminals in an activity-dependent manner, and ILEI negatively regulates Aβ production in specific synapse types. CSF ILEI might represent a surrogate marker for the accumulation of brain Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nakano
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yachiyo Mitsuishi
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Lei Liu
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Emi Hibino
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neurology and Neuropathology (the Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensaku Kasuga
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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Lee SH, Kang J, Ho A, Watanabe H, Bolshakov VY, Shen J. APP Family Regulates Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity but Not Neuronal Survival. Neuron 2020; 108:676-690.e8. [PMID: 32891188 PMCID: PMC7704911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is associated with both familial and sporadic forms of Alzheimer's disease. Despite its importance, the role of APP family in neuronal function and survival remains unclear because of perinatal lethality exhibited by knockout mice lacking all three APP family members. Here we report that selective inactivation of APP family members in excitatory neurons of the postnatal forebrain results in neither cortical neurodegeneration nor increases in apoptosis and gliosis up to ∼2 years of age. However, hippocampal synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory are impaired in these mutant mice. Furthermore, hippocampal neurons lacking APP family exhibit hyperexcitability, as evidenced by increased neuronal spiking in response to depolarizing current injections, whereas blockade of Kv7 channels mimics and largely occludes the effects of APP family inactivation. These findings demonstrate that APP family is not required for neuronal survival and suggest that APP family may regulate neuronal excitability through Kv7 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jongkyun Kang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Angela Ho
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hirotaka Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vadim Y Bolshakov
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Romano R, Bucci C. Role of EGFR in the Nervous System. Cells 2020; 9:E1887. [PMID: 32806510 PMCID: PMC7464966 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the first discovered member of the receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily and plays a fundamental role during embryogenesis and in adult tissues, being involved in growth, differentiation, maintenance and repair of various tissues and organs. The role of EGFR in the regulation of tissue development and homeostasis has been thoroughly investigated and it has also been demonstrated that EGFR is a driver of tumorigenesis. In the nervous system, other growth factors, and thus other receptors, are important for growth, differentiation and repair of the tissue, namely neurotrophins and neurotrophins receptors. For this reason, for a long time, the role of EGFR in the nervous system has been underestimated and poorly investigated. However, EGFR is expressed both in the central and peripheral nervous systems and it has been demonstrated to have specific important neurotrophic functions, in particular in the central nervous system. This review discusses the role of EGFR in regulating differentiation and functions of neurons and neuroglia. Furthermore, its involvement in regeneration after injury and in the onset of neurodegenerative diseases is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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10
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Hoffman JL, Faccidomo S, Kim M, Taylor SM, Agoglia AE, May AM, Smith EN, Wong LC, Hodge CW. Alcohol drinking exacerbates neural and behavioral pathology in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 148:169-230. [PMID: 31733664 PMCID: PMC6939615 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that represents the most common cause of dementia in the United States. Although the link between alcohol use and AD has been studied, preclinical research has potential to elucidate neurobiological mechanisms that underlie this interaction. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that nondependent alcohol drinking exacerbates the onset and magnitude of AD-like neural and behavioral pathology. We first evaluated the impact of voluntary 24-h, two-bottle choice home-cage alcohol drinking on the prefrontal cortex and amygdala neuroproteome in C57BL/6J mice and found a striking association between alcohol drinking and AD-like pathology. Bioinformatics identified the AD-associated proteins MAPT (Tau), amyloid beta precursor protein (APP), and presenilin-1 (PSEN-1) as the main modulators of alcohol-sensitive protein networks that included AD-related proteins that regulate energy metabolism (ATP5D, HK1, AK1, PGAM1, CKB), cytoskeletal development (BASP1, CAP1, DPYSL2 [CRMP2], ALDOA, TUBA1A, CFL2, ACTG1), cellular/oxidative stress (HSPA5, HSPA8, ENO1, ENO2), and DNA regulation (PURA, YWHAZ). To address the impact of alcohol drinking on AD, studies were conducted using 3xTg-AD mice that express human MAPT, APP, and PSEN-1 transgenes and develop AD-like brain and behavioral pathology. 3xTg-AD and wild-type mice consumed alcohol or saccharin for 4 months. Behavioral tests were administered during a 1-month alcohol-free period. Alcohol intake induced AD-like behavioral pathologies in 3xTg-AD mice including impaired spatial memory in the Morris Water Maze, diminished sensorimotor gating as measured by prepulse inhibition, and exacerbated conditioned fear. Multiplex immunoassay conducted on brain lysates showed that alcohol drinking upregulated primary markers of AD pathology in 3xTg-AD mice: Aβ 42/40 ratio in the lateral entorhinal and prefrontal cortex and total Tau expression in the lateral entorhinal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and amygdala at 1-month post alcohol exposure. Immunocytochemistry showed that alcohol use upregulated expression of pTau (Ser199/Ser202) in the hippocampus, which is consistent with late-stage AD. According to the NIA-AA Research Framework, these results suggest that alcohol use is associated with Alzheimer's pathology. Results also showed that alcohol use was associated with a general reduction in Akt/mTOR signaling via several phosphoproteins (IR, IRS1, IGF1R, PTEN, ERK, mTOR, p70S6K, RPS6) in multiple brain regions including hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Dysregulation of Akt/mTOR phosphoproteins suggests alcohol may target this pathway in AD progression. These results suggest that nondependent alcohol drinking increases the onset and magnitude of AD-like neural and behavioral pathology in 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sara Faccidomo
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michelle Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Seth M Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Abigail E Agoglia
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ashley M May
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Evan N Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - L C Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Clyde W Hodge
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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11
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Lauritzen I, Pardossi-Piquard R, Bourgeois A, Bécot A, Checler F. Does Intraneuronal Accumulation of Carboxyl-terminal Fragments of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Trigger Early Neurotoxicity in Alzheimer’s Disease? Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:453-457. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190325092841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with extracellular accumulation and
aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides ultimately seeding in senile plaques. Recent data show that their
direct precursor C99 (βCTF) also accumulates in AD-affected brain as well as in AD-like mouse models.
C99 is consistently detected much earlier than Aβ, suggesting that this metabolite could be an early
contributor to AD pathology. C99 accumulates principally within endolysosomal and autophagic structures
and its accumulation was described as both a consequence and one of the causes of endolysosomalautophagic
pathology, the occurrence of which has been documented as an early defect in AD. C99 was
also accompanied by C99-derived C83 (αCTF) accumulation occurring within the same intracellular
organelles. Both these CTFs were found to dimerize leading to the generation of higher molecular
weight CTFs, which were immunohistochemically characterized in situ by means of aggregate-specific
antibodies.
Discussion:
Here, we discuss studies demonstrating a direct link between the accumulation of C99 and
C99-derived APP-CTFs and early neurotoxicity. We discuss the role of C99 in endosomal-lysosomalautophagic
dysfunction, neuroinflammation, early brain network alterations and synaptic dysfunction as
well as in memory-related behavioral alterations, in triple transgenic mice as well as in newly developed
AD animal models.
Conclusion:
This review summarizes current evidence suggesting a potential role of the β -secretasederived
APP C-terminal fragment C99 in Alzheimer’s disease etiology
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Lauritzen
- IPMC, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 0660 Valbonne, France
| | - R. Pardossi-Piquard
- IPMC, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 0660 Valbonne, France
| | - A. Bourgeois
- IPMC, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 0660 Valbonne, France
| | - A. Bécot
- IPMC, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 0660 Valbonne, France
| | - F. Checler
- IPMC, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 0660 Valbonne, France
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12
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Medoro A, Bartollino S, Mignogna D, Passarella D, Porcile C, Pagano A, Florio T, Nizzari M, Guerra G, Di Marco R, Intrieri M, Raimo G, Russo C. Complexity and Selectivity of γ-Secretase Cleavage on Multiple Substrates: Consequences in Alzheimer's Disease and Cancer. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:1-15. [PMID: 29103038 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The processing of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) by β- and γ-secretases is a pivotal event in the genesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides familial mutations on the AβPP gene, or upon its overexpression, familial forms of AD are often caused by mutations or deletions in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and 2 (PSEN2) genes: the catalytic components of the proteolytic enzyme γ-secretase (GS). The "amyloid hypothesis", modified over time, states that the aberrant processing of AβPP by GS induces the formation of specific neurotoxic soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides which, in turn, cause neurodegeneration. This theory, however, has recently evidenced significant limitations and, in particular, the following issues are debated: 1) the concept and significance of presenilin's "gain of function" versus "loss of function"; and 2) the presence of several and various GS substrates, which interact with AβPP and may influence Aβ formation. The latter consideration is suggestive: despite the increasing number of GS substrates so far identified, their reciprocal interaction with AβPP itself, even in the AD field, is significantly unexplored. On the other hand, GS is also an important pharmacological target in the cancer field; inhibitors or GS activity are investigated in clinical trials for treating different tumors. Furthermore, the function of AβPP and PSENs in brain development and in neuronal migration is well known. In this review, we focused on a specific subset of GS substrates that directly interact with AβPP and are involved in its proteolysis and signaling, by evaluating their role in neurodegeneration and in cell motility or proliferation, as a possible connection between AD and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Medoro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Silvia Bartollino
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Donatella Mignogna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Daniela Passarella
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Carola Porcile
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Aldo Pagano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS per l'Oncologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mariano Intrieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Gennaro Raimo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Claudio Russo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Reyes-Resina I, Navarro G, Aguinaga D, Canela EI, Schoeder CT, Załuski M, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Saura CA, Müller CE, Franco R. Molecular and functional interaction between GPR18 and cannabinoid CB 2 G-protein-coupled receptors. Relevance in neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:169-179. [PMID: 29870711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
GPR18, still considered an orphan receptor, may respond to endocannabinoids, whose canonical receptors are CB1 and CB2. GPR18 and CB2 receptors share a role in peripheral immune response regulation and are co-expressed in microglia, which are immunocompetent cells in the central nervous system (CNS). We aimed at identifying heteroreceptor complexes formed by GPR18 and CB1R or CB2R in resting and activated microglia. Receptor-receptor interaction was assessed using energy-transfer approaches, and receptor function by determining cAMP levels and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in heterologous cells and primary cultures of microglia. Heteroreceptor identification in primary cultures of microglia was achieved by in situ proximity ligation assays. Energy transfer results showed interaction of GPR18 with CB2R but not with CB1R. CB2-GPR18 heteroreceptor complexes displayed particular functional properties (heteromer prints) often consisting of negative cross-talk (activation of one receptor reduces signaling arising from the partner receptor) and cross-antagonism (the response of one of the receptors is blocked by a selective antagonist of the partner receptor). Activated microglia showed the heteromer print (negative cross-talk and bidirectional cross-antagonism) and increased expression of CB2R and GPR18. Due to the important role of CB2R in neuroprotection, we further investigated heteroreceptor occurrence in primary cultures of microglia from transgenic mice overexpressing human APPSw,Ind, an Alzheimer's disease model. Microglial cells from transgenic mice showed the heteromer print and functional interactions that were similar to those found in cells from wild-type animals that were activated by treatment with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ. Our results suggest that GPR18 and its heteromers may play important roles in neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Reyes-Resina
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Aguinaga
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric I Canela
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara T Schoeder
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michał Załuski
- Dept. Technology & Biotechnol. of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Dept. Technology & Biotechnol. of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Carlos A Saura
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, Av. Can Domenech, s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Zhang JH, Yu LJ, Yang H, Hui Z, Jiang S, Chen L, Zhao Y, Wang SL, Liu Y, Xu Y. Huatuo Zaizao pill ameliorates cognitive impairment of APP/PS1 transgenic mice by improving synaptic plasticity and reducing Aβ deposition. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:167. [PMID: 29843688 PMCID: PMC5975403 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background It is well known that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory deficits and cognitive decline. Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and synaptic dysfunction play important roles in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Huatuo Zaizao pill (HT) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that has been used clinically for many years in China, mainly for post-stroke rehabilitation and cognitive decline; however, the mechanism of cognitive function is not clear. In this study, we investigated the effect of HT on hippocampal synaptic function, Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in APP/PS1 AD transgenic mice. Method Six-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice were randomly divided into control, HT-treated, and memantine (MEM)-treated groups. Then, these groups were orally administered vehicle (for the control), HT (0.25 g/kg) and MEM (5 mg/kg) respectively for 4 weeks. The Morris water maze, Novel Object Recognition, and Open field tests were used to assess cognitive behavioral changes. We evaluated the effects of HT on neuronal excitability, membrane ion channel activity, and synaptic plasticity in acute hippocampal slices by combining electrophysiological extracellular tests. Synaptic morphology in the hippocampus was investigated by electron microscopy. Western blotting was used to assess synaptic-associated protein and Aβ production and degrading levels. Immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the relative integrated density. Results HT can ameliorate hippocampus-dependent memory deficits and improve synaptic dysfunction by reversing LTP impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Moreover, HT reduces amyloid plaque deposition by regulating α-secretase and γ-secretase levels. Conclusion HT can improve the learning and memory function of APP/PS1 transgenic mice by improving synaptic function and reducing amyloid plaque deposition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2237-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Paouri E, Tzara O, Zenelak S, Georgopoulos S. Genetic Deletion of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Attenuates Amyloid-β Production and Decreases Amyloid Plaque Formation and Glial Response in the 5XFAD Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:165-181. [PMID: 28826177 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation comprises a major characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in neurodegenerative diseases including AD, and has been proposed as a potent therapeutic target for AD. Although a number of studies focusing on pharmacological or genetic manipulation of TNF-α and its receptors in AD mice have provided significant knowledge regarding the role of TNF-α signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of AD, the consequences of TNF-α genetic deletion have not been thoroughly examined. Here, we focused on the effect of TNF-α deficiency on the amyloid phenotype of 5XFAD mice. Our analysis revealed that amyloid deposition, amyloid-β (Aβ) levels, and AβPP-carboxyterminal fragments are significantly reduced in the brains of 5XFAD/TNF-α-/- mice compared to the 5XFAD/TNF-α+/+. We found decreased protein levels of β- and α-secretases in the 5XFAD/TNF-α-/- brains, suggesting for an effect of TNF-α on AβPP processing and Aβ generation. We also show for the first time that TNF-α affects PS1in vivo, as 5XFAD mice lacking TNF-α expression display reduced PS1-carboxyterminal fragments implying for diminished PS1 activity. Moreover, TNF-α deficiency decreases microglial and astrocytic activation and significantly restricts the phagocytic activity of macrophages against Aβ, supporting for reduced responsiveness of phagocytes toward Aβ. Overall, our results reveal that TNF-α genetic deletion in 5XFAD mice attenuates amyloid plaque formation by lowering Aβ generation through the reduction of functionally active PS1 and β-secretase rather than promoting Aβ clearance by phagocytic cells. Our data further suggest TNF-α inhibition as a therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Paouri
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania Tzara
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Zenelak
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Georgopoulos
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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16
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Willén K, Sroka A, Takahashi RH, Gouras GK. Heterogeneous Association of Alzheimer's Disease-Linked Amyloid-β and Amyloid-β Protein Precursor with Synapses. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:511-524. [PMID: 28869466 PMCID: PMC5611798 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasingly viewed as a disease of synapses. Loss of synapses correlates better with cognitive decline than amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the hallmark neuropathological lesions of AD. Soluble forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) have emerged as mediators of synapse dysfunction. Aβ binds to, accumulates, and aggregates in synapses. However, the anatomical and neurotransmitter specificity of Aβ and the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) in AD remain poorly understood. In addition, the relative roles of Aβ and AβPP in the development of AD, at pre- versus post-synaptic compartments and axons versus dendrites, respectively, remain unclear. Here we use immunogold electron microscopy and confocal microscopy to provide evidence for heterogeneity in the localization of Aβ/AβPP. We demonstrate that Aβ binds to a subset of synapses in cultured neurons, with preferential binding to glutamatergic compared to GABAergic neurons. We also highlight the challenge of defining pre- versus post-synaptic localization of this binding by confocal microscopy. Further, endogenous Aβ42 accumulates in both glutamatergic and GABAergic AβPP/PS1 transgenic primary neurons, but at varying levels. Moreover, upon knock-out of presenilin 1 or inhibition of γ-secretase AβPP C-terminal fragments accumulate both pre- and post-synaptically; however earlier pre-synaptically, consistent with a higher rate of AβPP processing in axons. A better understanding of the synaptic and anatomical selectivity of Aβ/AβPP in AD can be important for the development of more effective new therapies for this major disease of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Willén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agnieszka Sroka
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Navarro G, Borroto-Escuela D, Angelats E, Etayo Í, Reyes-Resina I, Pulido-Salgado M, Rodríguez-Pérez AI, Canela EI, Saura J, Lanciego JL, Labandeira-García JL, Saura CA, Fuxe K, Franco R. Receptor-heteromer mediated regulation of endocannabinoid signaling in activated microglia. Role of CB 1 and CB 2 receptors and relevance for Alzheimer's disease and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:139-151. [PMID: 28843453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are important regulators of neurotransmission and, acting on activated microglia, they are postulated as neuroprotective agents. Endocannabinoid action is mediated by CB1 and CB2 receptors, which may form heteromeric complexes (CB1-CB2Hets) with unknown function in microglia. We aimed at establishing the expression and signaling properties of cannabinoid receptors in resting and LPS/IFN-γ-activated microglia. In activated microglia mRNA transcripts increased (2 fold for CB1 and circa 20 fold for CB2), whereas receptor levels were similar for CB1 and markedly upregulated for CB2; CB1-CB2Hets were also upregulated. Unlike in resting cells, CB2 receptors became robustly coupled to Gi in activated cells, in which CB1-CB2Hets mediated a potentiation effect. Hence, resting cells were refractory while activated cells were highly responsive to cannabinoids. Interestingly, similar results were obtained in cultures treated with ß-amyloid (Aß1-42). Microglial activation markers were detected in the striatum of a Parkinson's disease (PD) model and, remarkably, in primary microglia cultures from the hippocampus of mutant β-amyloid precursor protein (APPSw,Ind) mice, a transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) model. Also of note was the similar cannabinoid receptor signaling found in primary cultures of microglia from APPSw,Ind and in cells from control animals activated using LPS plus IFN-γ. Expression of CB1-CB2Hets was increased in the striatum from rats rendered dyskinetic by chronic levodopa treatment. In summary, our results showed sensitivity of activated microglial cells to cannabinoids, increased CB1-CB2Het expression in activated microglia and in microglia from the hippocampus of an AD model, and a correlation between levodopa-induced dyskinesia and striatal microglial activation in a PD model. Cannabinoid receptors and the CB1-CB2 heteroreceptor complex in activated microglia have potential as targets in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Navarro
- Molecular Neurobiology laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Dept. Biochemistry and Physiology, Pharmacy School, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dasiel Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8., 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edgar Angelats
- Molecular Neurobiology laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Íñigo Etayo
- Molecular Neurobiology laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Reyes-Resina
- Molecular Neurobiology laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pulido-Salgado
- Department of Biomedicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodríguez-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Barcelona ave. s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Enric I Canela
- Molecular Neurobiology laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Saura
- Department of Biomedicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Lanciego
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Neuroscience Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avida Pio XII, 55., 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Luis Labandeira-García
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Barcelona ave. s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos A Saura
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra. Plaça Cívica, s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8., 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Loss of Aβ43 Production Caused by Presenilin-1 Mutations in the Knockin Mouse Brain. Neuron 2017; 90:417-22. [PMID: 27100200 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that homozygous Presenilin-1 (Psen1) knockin (KI) mice carrying the familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) mutation L435F or C410Y recapitulate the phenotypes of Psen1(-/-) mice. Production and steady-state levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 are undetectable in KI/KI brains and reduced in KI/+ brains, though the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio is slightly increased in KI/+ brains. Moreover, the FAD mutation impairs synaptic function, learning and memory, and age-dependent neuronal survival in the adult brain. Here we extend our analysis of the effects of the L435F and C410Y mutations to the generation of Aβ43. Similar to Aβ40 and Aβ42, production of Aβ43 is undetectable in KI/KI brains and reduced in KI/+ brains. These results support our previous conclusions that the L435F and C410Y mutations cause loss of Presenilin function and γ-secretase activity, including impaired Aβ production in the brain. This Matters Arising Response paper addresses the Veugelen et al. (2016) Matters Arising paper, published concurrently in Neuron.
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19
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Lee SH, Lutz D, Mossalam M, Bolshakov VY, Frotscher M, Shen J. Presenilins regulate synaptic plasticity and mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in the hippocampal mossy fiber pathway. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:48. [PMID: 28619096 PMCID: PMC5472971 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Presenilins play a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, in which the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable. Previous studies of Presenilin function in the synapse, however, focused exclusively on the hippocampal Schaffer collateral (SC) pathway. Whether Presenilins play similar or distinct roles in other hippocampal synapses is unknown. Methods To investigate the role of Presenilins at mossy fiber (MF) synapses we performed field and whole-cell electrophysiological recordings and Ca2+ imaging using acute hippocampal slices of postnatal forebrain-restricted Presenilin conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) and control mice at 2 months of age. We also performed quantitative electron microscopy (EM) analysis to determine whether mitochondrial content is affected at presynaptic MF boutons of PS cDKO mice. We further conducted behavioral analysis to assess spatial learning and memory of PS cDKO and control mice at 2 months in the Morris water maze. Results We found that long-term potentiation and short-term plasticity, such as paired-pulse and frequency facilitation, are impaired at MF synapses of PS cDKO mice. Moreover, post-tetanic potentiation (PTP), another form of short-term plasticity, is also impaired at MF synapses of PS cDKO mice. Furthermore, blockade of mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux mimics and occludes the PTP deficits at MF synapses of PS cDKO mice, suggesting that mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis is impaired in the absence of PS. Quantitative EM analysis showed normal number and area of mitochondria at presynaptic MF boutons of PS cDKO mice, indicating unchanged mitochondrial content. Ca2+ imaging of dentate gyrus granule neurons further revealed that cytosolic Ca2+ increases induced by tetanic stimulation are reduced in PS cDKO granule neurons in acute hippocampal slices, and that inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ release during high frequency stimulation mimics and occludes the Ca2+ defects observed in PS cDKO neurons. Consistent with synaptic plasticity impairment observed at MF and SC synapses in acute PS cDKO hippocampal slices, PS cDKO mice exhibit profound spatial learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the importance of PS in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in the hippocampal MF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - David Lutz
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohanad Mossalam
- Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Vadim Y Bolshakov
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Ezra A, Rabinovich-Nikitin I, Rabinovich-Toidman P, Solomon B. Multifunctional Effect of Human Serum Albumin Reduces Alzheimer's Disease Related Pathologies in the 3xTg Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:175-88. [PMID: 26682687 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the prevalent dementia in the elderly, involves many related and interdependent pathologies that manifests simultaneously, eventually leading to cognitive impairment and death. No treatment is currently available; however, an agent addressing several key pathologies simultaneously has a better therapeutic potential. Human serum albumin (HSA) is a highly versatile protein, harboring multifunctional properties that are relevant to key pathologies underlying AD. This study provides insight into the mechanism for HSA's therapeutic effect. In vivo, a myriad of beneficial effects were observed by pumps infusing HSA intracerebroventricularly, for the first time in an AD 3xTg mice model. A significant effect on amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology was observed. Aβ1-42, soluble oligomers, and total plaque area were reduced. Neuroblastoma SHSY5Y cell line confirmed that the reduction in Aβ1-42 toxicity was due to direct binding rather than other properties of HSA. Total and hyperphosphorylated tau were reduced along with an increase in tubulin, suggesting increased microtubule stability. HSA treatment also reduced brain inflammation, affecting both astrocytes and microglia markers. Finally, evidence for blood-brain barrier and myelin integrity repair was observed. These multidimensional beneficial effects of intracranial administrated HSA, together or individually, contributed to an improvement in cognitive tests, suggesting a non-immune or Aβ efflux dependent means for treating AD.
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Intraneuronal aggregation of the β-CTF fragment of APP (C99) induces Aβ-independent lysosomal-autophagic pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:257-276. [PMID: 27138984 PMCID: PMC4947121 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal (EAL) dysfunction is an early and prominent neuropathological feature of Alzheimers’s disease, yet the exact molecular mechanisms contributing to this pathology remain undefined. By combined biochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural approaches, we demonstrate a link between EAL pathology and the intraneuronal accumulation of the β-secretase-derived βAPP fragment (C99) in two in vivo models, 3xTgAD mice and adeno-associated viral-mediated C99-infected mice. We present a pathological loop in which the accumulation of C99 is both the effect and causality of impaired lysosomal-autophagic function. The deleterious effect of C99 was found to be linked to its aggregation within EAL-vesicle membranes leading to disrupted lysosomal proteolysis and autophagic impairment. This effect was Aβ independent and was even exacerbated when γ-secretase was pharmacologically inhibited. No effect was observed in inhibitor-treated wild-type animals suggesting that lysosomal dysfunction was indeed directly linked to C99 accumulation. In some brain areas, strong C99 expression also led to inflammatory responses and synaptic dysfunction. Taken together, this work demonstrates a toxic effect of C99 which could underlie some of the early-stage anatomical hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Our work also proposes molecular mechanisms likely explaining some of the unfavorable side-effects associated with γ-secretase inhibitor-directed therapies.
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22
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Avital A, Aga-Mizrachi S, Zubedat S. Evidence for social cooperation in rodents by automated maze. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29517. [PMID: 27378418 PMCID: PMC4932492 DOI: 10.1038/srep29517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Social cooperation is defined as a joint action for mutual benefit that depends on the individual and the counterparts’ behaviors. To gain valid evidence for social cooperation behavior we conducted a series of experiments in our suggested fully automated non-conditioned maze and depicted three major findings: (i) During 18 days of training the rats showed a progressive social learning curve as well as latent social learning; (ii) Examining the perceptual communication between the cooperating partners, we found a correlation between the available perceptual modalities and the social cooperation performance; and (iii) Investigating contextual learning as a competing process to the social cooperation, we found that additional contextual cues impaired the social cooperation performance. In conclusion, our suggested automated cooperation maze is designed to further our understanding of social cooperation under normal conditions, such as decision-making, and to examine the neural basis of social cooperation. A variety of neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by disruptions in social behavior and social cognition, including depression, autism spectrum disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. Thus, on the pathological end, our maze for social cooperation evaluation can contribute significantly to the investigation of a wide range of social cooperation impairments in a rodent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Avital
- Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, Department of Physiology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, and Emek Medical Center, Israel
| | - Shlomit Aga-Mizrachi
- Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, Department of Physiology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, and Emek Medical Center, Israel
| | - Salman Zubedat
- Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, Department of Physiology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, and Emek Medical Center, Israel
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23
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Endres K, Reinhardt S, Geladaris A, Knies J, Grimm M, Hartmann T, Schmitt U. Transnasal delivery of human A-beta peptides elicits impaired learning and memory performance in wild type mice. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:44. [PMID: 27377996 PMCID: PMC4932715 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Murine models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are mainly based on overexpression of pathologic amyloid precursor protein and/or presenilins. Those genes resemble underlying cause of early onset type of AD while about 99 % of all human cases are to be characterized as sporadic, late onset. Appropriate animal models for this type of AD are still missing. We here investigated, if transnasal delivery of A-beta 42 peptides might serve to mimic pathological effects in mice. RESULTS A-beta 42 peptides, used for the behavioral study, showed the expected dose-dependent toxicity in neur oblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y and were able to form higher molecular weight species in vitro. Upon delivery into nostrils of wild type mice, protein bands that might represent aggregation products of the exogenously applied human A-beta 42 were only observed in total brain homogenates from mice pre-treated with mannitol. By using TAMRA-labeled A-beta 42 peptides we demonstrated, that transport throughout the brain was achieved already 1 h after administration. FVB/N mice treated with A-beta 42 for 3 days were significantly impaired in the cue-retention condition of the fear conditioning task as compared to controls whereas A-beta-treated C57B6/J mice were impaired in the context condition. In the Morris water maze test, these mice also displayed a delayed learning performance, indicated by significantly longer time to find the platform. Those deficits were also seen for memory performance in the probe trial as measured by number of crossings of the former platform position and time spent in the goal quadrant. CONCLUSIONS Existing AD mouse models are of genetic origin and need prolonged housing time before onset of pathology. Our short-term treatment induced learning and memory deficits via exogenous application of A-beta peptides comparable to those observed for the transgenic animals. With the transnasal A-beta 42 treatment we present an approach to investigate purely A-beta related changes suitable as a model for symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Resulting behavioral deficits were indicative for familial type of Alzheimer's disease as well as for the late onset variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Sven Reinhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anastasia Geladaris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Knies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Grimm
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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24
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Liu L, Watanabe N, Akatsu H, Nishimura M. Neuronal expression of ILEI/FAM3C and its reduction in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2016; 330:236-46. [PMID: 27256505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Decrease in brain amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation is a leading strategy for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the intrinsic mechanism of the regulation of brain Aβ production is largely unknown. Previously, we reported that ILEI (also referred to as FAM3C) binds to the γ-secretase complex and suppresses Aβ production without inhibiting γ-secretase activity. In this study, we examined ILEI expression in mouse brain using immunohistochemistry and subcellular fractionation. Brain ILEI showed widespread expression in neurons and ependymal cells but not in glial and vascular endothelial cells. Neuronal ILEI resided in perinuclear vesicular structures, which were positive for a marker protein of the trans-Golgi network. Although ILEI immunostaining was negative at synaptic terminals, synaptosome fractionation analysis suggested that ILEI was enriched in presynaptic terminals, particularly in the active zone-docked synaptic vesicles. ILEI expression levels in brain peaked during the postnatal period and declined with age. In comparison with age-matched control brains, the number of ILEI-immunoreactive neurons decreased in AD brains, although the subcellular localization was unaltered. Our results suggest that a decline of ILEI expression may cause accumulation of Aβ in the brain and the eventual development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8124, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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25
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Ding XF, Gao X, Ding XC, Fan M, Chen J. Postnatal dysregulation of Notch signal disrupts dendrite development of adult-born neurons in the hippocampus and contributes to memory impairment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25780. [PMID: 27173138 PMCID: PMC4865733 DOI: 10.1038/srep25780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in the Notch pathway are involved in a number of neurologic diseases associated with mental retardation or/and dementia. The mechanisms by which Notch dysregulation are associated with mental retardation and dementia are poorly understood. We found that Notch1 is highly expressed in the adult-born immature neurons in the hippocampus of mice. Retrovirus mediated knockout of notch1 in single adult-born immature neurons decreases mTOR signaling and compromises their dendrite morphogenesis. In contrast, overexpression of Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), to constitutively activate Notch signaling in single adult-born immature neurons, promotes mTOR signaling and increases their dendrite arborization. Using a unique genetic approach to conditionally and selectively knockout notch 1 in the postnatally born immature neurons in the hippocampus decreases mTOR signaling, compromises their dendrite morphogenesis, and impairs spatial learning and memory. Conditional overexpression of NICD in the postnatally born immature neurons in the hippocampus increases mTOR signaling and promotes dendrite arborization. These data indicate that Notch signaling plays a critical role in dendrite development of immature neurons in the postnatal brain, and dysregulation of Notch signaling in the postnatally born neurons disrupts their development and thus contributes to the cognitive deficits associated with neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Ding
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Cognitive sciences, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xin-Chun Ding
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Cognitive sciences, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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26
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Carroll CM, Li YM. Physiological and pathological roles of the γ-secretase complex. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:199-206. [PMID: 27133790 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-secretase (GS) is an enzyme complex that cleaves numerous substrates, and it is best known for cleaving amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides. Aberrant cleavage of APP can lead to Alzheimer's disease, so much research has been done to better understand GS structure and function in hopes of developing therapeutics for Alzheimer's. Therefore, most of the attention in this field has been focused on developing modulators that reduce pathogenic forms of Aβ while leaving Notch and other GS substrates intact, but GS provides multiple avenues of modulation that could improve AD pathology. GS has complex regulation, through its essential subunits and other associated proteins, providing other targets for AD drugs. Therapeutics can also alter GS trafficking and thereby improve cognition, or move beyond Aβ entirely, effecting Notch and neural stem cells. GS also cleaves substrates that affect synaptic morphology and function, presenting another window by which GS modulation could improve AD pathology. Taken together, GS presents a unique cross road for neural processes and an ideal target for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Carroll
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, United States; Program of Neuroscience, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, NY, United States.
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, United States; Program of Neuroscience, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, NY, United States; Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, NY, United States
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27
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Leung C, Jia Z. Mouse Genetic Models of Human Brain Disorders. Front Genet 2016; 7:40. [PMID: 27047540 PMCID: PMC4803727 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, genetic manipulations in mice have been used in neuroscience as a major approach to investigate the in vivo function of genes and their alterations. In particular, gene targeting techniques using embryonic stem cells have revolutionized the field of mammalian genetics and have been at the forefront in the generation of numerous mouse models of human brain disorders. In this review, we will first examine childhood developmental disorders such as autism, intellectual disability, Fragile X syndrome, and Williams-Beuren syndrome. We will then explore psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and lastly, neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. We will outline the creation of these mouse models that range from single gene deletions, subtle point mutations to multi-gene manipulations, and discuss the key behavioral phenotypes of these mice. Ultimately, the analysis of the models outlined in this review will enhance our understanding of the in vivo role and underlying mechanisms of disease-related genes in both normal brain function and brain disorders, and provide potential therapeutic targets and strategies to prevent and treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Leung
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, TorontoON, Canada; Program in Physiology, University of Toronto, TorontoON, Canada
| | - Zhengping Jia
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, TorontoON, Canada; Program in Physiology, University of Toronto, TorontoON, Canada
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28
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Arbor SC, LaFontaine M, Cumbay M. Amyloid-beta Alzheimer targets - protein processing, lipid rafts, and amyloid-beta pores. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 89:5-21. [PMID: 27505013 PMCID: PMC4797837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ), the hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), now appears to be deleterious in its low number aggregate form as opposed to the macroscopic Aβ fibers historically seen postmortem. While Alzheimer targets, such as the tau protein, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, and immune system activation continue to be investigated, the recent discovery that amyloid beta aggregates at lipid rafts and likely forms neurotoxic pores has led to a new paradigm regarding why past therapeutics may have failed and how to design the next round of compounds for clinical trials. An atomic resolution understanding of Aβ aggregates, which appear to exist in multiple conformations, is most desirable for future therapeutic development. The investigative difficulties, structures of these small Aβ aggregates, and current therapeutics are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage C. Arbor
- Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46222
| | - Mike LaFontaine
- Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46222
| | - Medhane Cumbay
- Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46222
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29
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Baranger K, Marchalant Y, Bonnet AE, Crouzin N, Carrete A, Paumier JM, Py NA, Bernard A, Bauer C, Charrat E, Moschke K, Seiki M, Vignes M, Lichtenthaler SF, Checler F, Khrestchatisky M, Rivera S. MT5-MMP is a new pro-amyloidogenic proteinase that promotes amyloid pathology and cognitive decline in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:217-36. [PMID: 26202697 PMCID: PMC4700096 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-type 5-matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP) is a proteinase mainly expressed in the nervous system with emerging roles in brain pathophysiology. The implication of MT5-MMP in Alzheimer's disease (AD), notably its interplay with the amyloidogenic process, remains elusive. Accordingly, we crossed the genetically engineered 5xFAD mouse model of AD with MT5-MMP-deficient mice and examined the impact of MT5-MMP deficiency in bigenic 5xFAD/MT5-MMP(-/-) mice. At early stages (4 months) of the pathology, the levels of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) and its amyloid precursor protein (APP) C-terminal fragment C99 were largely reduced in the cortex and hippocampus of 5xFAD/MT5-MMP(-/-), compared to 5xFAD mice. Reduced amyloidosis in bigenic mice was concomitant with decreased glial reactivity and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels, and the preservation of long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning, without changes in the activity of α-, β- and γ-secretases. The positive impact of MT5-MMP deficiency was still noticeable at 16 months of age, as illustrated by reduced amyloid burden and gliosis, and a better preservation of the cortical neuronal network and synaptophysin levels in bigenic mice. MT5-MMP expressed in HEKswe cells colocalized and co-immunoprecipitated with APP and significantly increased the levels of Aβ and C99. MT5-MMP also promoted the release of a soluble APP fragment of 95 kDa (sAPP95) in HEKswe cells. sAPP95 levels were significantly reduced in brain homogenates of 5xFAD/MT5-MMP(-/-) mice, supporting altogether the idea that MT5-MMP influences APP processing. MT5-MMP emerges as a new pro-amyloidogenic regulator of APP metabolism, whose deficiency alleviates amyloid pathology, neuroinflammation and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Baranger
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Marchalant
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
- Psychology Department, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Amandine E Bonnet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Nadine Crouzin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Alex Carrete
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nathalie A Py
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Bernard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Bauer
- Labex DistAlz, IPMC UMR 7275 CNRS-UNS, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Eliane Charrat
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Katrin Moschke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Neuroproteomics, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Mothoharu Seiki
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Michel Vignes
- UMR5247 IBMM CNRS University of Montpellier 1 and University of Montpellier 2, 34095, Montepellier, France
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Neuroproteomics, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Santiago Rivera
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13344, Marseille, France.
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30
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Foley AM, Ammar ZM, Lee RH, Mitchell CS. Systematic review of the relationship between amyloid-β levels and measures of transgenic mouse cognitive deficit in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 44:787-95. [PMID: 25362040 PMCID: PMC4346318 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is believed to directly affect memory and learning in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is widely suggested that there is a relationship between Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels and cognitive performance. In order to explore the validity of this relationship, we performed a meta-analysis of 40 peer-reviewed, published AD transgenic mouse studies that quantitatively measured Aβ levels in brain tissue after assessing cognitive performance. We examined the relationship between Aβ levels (Aβ40, Aβ42, or the ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40) and cognitive function as measured by escape latency times in the Morris water maze or exploratory preference percentage in the novel object recognition test. Our systematic review examined five mouse models (Tg2576, APP, PS1, 3xTg, APP(OSK)-Tg), gender, and age. The overall result revealed no statistically significant correlation between quantified Aβ levels and experimental measures of cognitive function. However, enough of the trends were of the same sign to suggest that there probably is a very weak qualitative trend visible only across many orders of magnitude. In summary, the results of the systematic review revealed that mice bred to show elevated levels of Aβ do not perform significantly worse in cognitive tests than mice that do not have elevated Aβ levels. Our results suggest two lines of inquiry: 1) Aβ is a biochemical “side effect” of the AD pathology; or 2) learning and memory deficits in AD are tied to the presence of qualitatively “high” levels of Aβ but are not quantitatively sensitive to the levels themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery M Foley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zeena M Ammar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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31
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Saura CA, Parra-Damas A, Enriquez-Barreto L. Gene expression parallels synaptic excitability and plasticity changes in Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:318. [PMID: 26379494 PMCID: PMC4548151 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of β-amyloid and tau and synapse dysfunction in memory-related neural circuits. Pathological and functional changes in the medial temporal lobe, a region essential for explicit memory encoding, contribute to cognitive decline in AD. Surprisingly, functional imaging studies show increased activity of the hippocampus and associated cortical regions during memory tasks in presymptomatic and early AD stages, whereas brain activity declines as the disease progresses. These findings suggest an emerging scenario where early pathogenic events might increase neuronal excitability leading to enhanced brain activity before clinical manifestations of the disease, a stage that is followed by decreased brain activity as neurodegeneration progresses. The mechanisms linking pathology with synaptic excitability and plasticity changes leading to memory loss in AD remain largely unclear. Recent studies suggest that increased brain activity parallels enhanced expression of genes involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity in preclinical stages, whereas expression of synaptic and activity-dependent genes are reduced by the onset of pathological and cognitive symptoms. Here, we review recent evidences indicating a relationship between transcriptional deregulation of synaptic genes and neuronal activity and memory loss in AD and mouse models. These findings provide the basis for potential clinical applications of memory-related transcriptional programs and their regulatory mechanisms as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to restore brain function in AD and other cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Saura
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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32
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Xu DE, Zhang WM, Yang ZZ, Zhu HM, Yan K, Li S, Bagnard D, Dawe GS, Ma QH, Xiao ZC. Amyloid precursor protein at node of Ranvier modulates nodal formation. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:396-403. [PMID: 25482638 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP), commonly associated with Alzheimer disease, is upregulated and distributes evenly along the injured axons, and therefore, also known as a marker of demyelinating axonal injury and axonal degeneration. However, the physiological distribution and function of APP along myelinated axons was unknown. We report that APP aggregates at nodes of Ranvier (NOR) in the myelinated central nervous system (CNS) axons but not in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). At CNS NORs, APP expression co-localizes with tenascin-R and is flanked by juxtaparanodal potassium channel expression demonstrating that APP localized to NOR. In APP-knockout (KO) mice, nodal length is significantly increased, while sodium channels are still clustered at NORs. Moreover, APP KO and APP-overexpressing transgenic (APP TG) mice exhibited a decreased and an increased thickness of myelin in spinal cords, respectively, although the changes are limited in comparison to their littermate WT mice. The thickness of myelin in APP KO sciatic nerve also increased in comparison to that in WT mice. Our observations indicate that APP acts as a novel component at CNS NORs, modulating nodal formation and has minor effects in promoting myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-En Xu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases ; Institute of Neuroscience; the Second Affiliated Hospital; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
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33
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Gautam V, D'Avanzo C, Berezovska O, Tanzi RE, Kovacs DM. Synaptotagmins interact with APP and promote Aβ generation. Mol Neurodegener 2015. [PMID: 26202512 PMCID: PMC4511450 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulation of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent studies have shown that synaptic Aβ toxicity may directly impair synaptic function. However, proteins regulating Aβ generation at the synapse have not been characterized. Here, we sought to identify synaptic proteins that interact with the extracellular domain of APP and regulate Aβ generation. Results Affinity purification-coupled mass spectrometry identified members of the Synaptotagmin (Syt) family as novel interacting proteins with the APP ectodomain in mouse brains. Syt-1, −2 and −9 interacted with APP in cells and in mouse brains in vivo. Using a GST pull-down approach, we have further demonstrated that the Syt interaction site lies in the 108 amino acids linker region between the E1 and KPI domains of APP. Stable overexpression of Syt-1 or Syt-9 with APP in CHO and rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) significantly increased APP-CTF and sAPP levels, with a 2 to 3 fold increase in secreted Aβ levels in PC12 cells. Moreover, using a stable knockdown approach to reduce the expression of endogenous Syt-1 in PC12 cells, we have observed a ~ 50 % reduction in secreted Aβ generation. APP processing also decreased in these cells, shown by lower CTF levels. Lentiviral-mediated knock down of endogenous Syt-1 in mouse primary neurons also led to a significant reduction in both Aβ40 and Aβ42 generation. As secreted sAPPβ levels were significantly reduced in PC12 cells lacking Syt-1 expression, our results suggest that Syt-1 regulates Aβ generation by modulating BACE1-mediated cleavage of APP. Conclusion Altogether, our data identify the synaptic vesicle proteins Syt-1 and 9 as novel APP-interacting proteins that promote Aβ generation and thus may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0028-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Gautam
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Carla D'Avanzo
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Oksana Berezovska
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Dora M Kovacs
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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Xia D, Watanabe H, Wu B, Lee SH, Li Y, Tsvetkov E, Bolshakov VY, Shen J, Kelleher RJ. Presenilin-1 knockin mice reveal loss-of-function mechanism for familial Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2015; 85:967-81. [PMID: 25741723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Presenilins play essential roles in memory formation, synaptic function, and neuronal survival. Mutations in the Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene are the major cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). How PSEN1 mutations cause FAD is unclear, and pathogenic mechanisms based on gain or loss of function have been proposed. Here, we generated Psen1 knockin (KI) mice carrying the FAD mutation L435F or C410Y. Remarkably, KI mice homozygous for either mutation recapitulate the phenotypes of Psen1(-/-) mice. Neither mutation altered Psen1 mRNA expression, but both abolished γ-secretase activity. Heterozygosity for the KI mutation decreased production of Aβ40 and Aβ42, increased the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, and exacerbated Aβ deposition. Furthermore, the L435F mutation impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory and causes age-dependent neurodegeneration in the aging cerebral cortex. Collectively, our findings reveal that FAD mutations can cause complete loss of Presenilin-1 function in vivo, suggesting that clinical PSEN mutations produce FAD through a loss-of-function mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xia
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hirotaka Watanabe
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bei Wu
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Evgeny Tsvetkov
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Vadim Y Bolshakov
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jie Shen
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Raymond J Kelleher
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Minocycline reduces neuroinflammation but does not ameliorate neuron loss in a mouse model of neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10535. [PMID: 26000566 PMCID: PMC4441131 DOI: 10.1038/srep10535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Minocycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic. A number of preclinical studies have shown that minocycline exhibits neuroprotective effects in various animal models of neurological diseases. However, it remained unknown whether minocycline is effective to prevent neuron loss. To systematically evaluate its effects, minocycline was used to treat Dicer conditional knockout (cKO) mice which display age-related neuron loss. The drug was given to mutant mice prior to the occurrence of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and the treatment had lasted 2 months. Levels of inflammation markers, including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule1 (Iba1) and interleukin6 (IL6), were significantly reduced in minocycline-treated Dicer cKO mice. In contrast, levels of neuronal markers and the total number of apoptotic cells in Dicer cKO mice were not affected by the drug. In summary, inhibition of neuroinflammation by minocycline is insufficient to prevent neuron loss and apoptosis.
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36
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Liu L, Fujino K, Nishimura M. Pre-synaptic localization of the γ-secretase-inhibiting protein p24α2 in the mammalian brain. J Neurochem 2015; 133:422-31. [PMID: 25438880 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated metabolism and consequent extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain underlie the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Extracellular Aβ in the brain parenchyma is mainly secreted from the pre-synaptic terminals of neuronal cells in a synaptic activity-dependent manner. The p24 family member p24α2 reportedly attenuates Aβ generation by inhibiting γ-secretase processing of amyloid precursor protein; however, the pattern of expression and localization of p24α2 in the brain remains unknown. We performed immunohistochemical staining and subcellular fractionation for p24α2 in the mouse brain. Immunostaining showed that p24α2 is broadly distributed in the gray matter of the central nervous system and is predominantly localized to synapses. Subcellular fractionation revealed prominent localization of p24α2 in the pre-synaptic terminals. Immunoisolation of synaptic vesicles (SV) indicated that p24α2 is condensed at active zone-docked SV. During development, p24α2 expression is highest in the post-natal period and gradually decreases with age. We also confirmed that amyloid precursor protein and γ-secretase components are localized at active zone-docked SV. Our results suggest a novel functional role for p24α2 in the regulation of synaptic transmission and synaptogenesis, and provide evidence for the participation of p24α2 in the regulation of Aβ generation and secretion in the brain. The p24 family member p24α2 attenuates amyloid-β (Aβ) generation by inhibiting the γ-secretase processing. We report that p24α2 is condensed at active zone-docked synaptic vesicles in the brain. p24α2 expression is highest in the post-natal period and gradually decreases with age. Our results suggest a novel function for p24α2 at the synapse, including the regulation of brain Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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37
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Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin (PSEN1 and PSEN2) genes are linked to familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cause loss of its essential function. Complete inactivation of presenilins in excitatory neurons of the adult mouse cerebral cortex results in progressive memory impairment and age-dependent neurodegeneration, recapitulating key features of AD. In this study, we examine the effects of varying presenilin dosage on cortical neuron survival by generating presenilin-1 conditional knock-out (PS1 cKO) mice carrying two, one, or zero copies of the PS2 gene. We found that PS1 cKO;PS2(+/-) mice at 16 months exhibit marked neurodegeneration in the cerebral cortex with ∼17% reduction of cortical volume and neuron number, as well as astrogliosis and microgliosis compared with ∼50% reduction of cortical volume and neuron number in PS1 cKO;PS2(-/-) mice. Moreover, there are more apoptotic neurons labeled by activated caspase-3 immunoreactivity and TUNEL assay in PS1 cKO;PS2(+/-) mice at 16 months, whereas apoptotic neurons are increased in the PS1 cKO;PS2(-/-) cerebral cortex at 4 months. The accumulation of the C-terminal fragments of the amyloid precursor protein is inversely correlated with PS dosage. Interestingly, levels of PS2 are higher in the cerebral cortex of PS1 cKO mice, suggesting a compensatory upregulation that may provide protection against neurodegeneration in these mice. Together, our findings show that partial to complete loss of presenilin activity causes progressively more severe neurodegeneration in the mouse cerebral cortex during aging, suggesting that impaired presenilin function by PSEN mutations may lead to neurodegeneration and dementia in AD.
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Abstract
Many lines of evidence support that β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides play an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. But despite much effort the molecular mechanisms of how Aβ contributes to AD remain unclear. While Aβ is generated from its precursor protein throughout life, the peptide is best known as the main component of amyloid plaques, the neuropathological hallmark of AD. Reduction in Aβ has been the major target of recent experimental therapies against AD. Unfortunately, human clinical trials targeting Aβ have not shown the hoped-for benefits. Thus, doubts have been growing about the role of Aβ as a therapeutic target. Here we review evidence supporting the involvement of Aβ in AD, highlight the importance of differentiating between various forms of Aβ, and suggest that a better understanding of Aβ's precise pathophysiological role in the disease is important for correctly targeting it for potential future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar K. Gouras
- />Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas T. Olsson
- />Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- />Clinical Memory Research Unit, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- />Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Skåne, Sweden
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Schafer MJ, Alldred MJ, Lee SH, Calhoun ME, Petkova E, Mathews PM, Ginsberg SD. Reduction of β-amyloid and γ-secretase by calorie restriction in female Tg2576 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1293-302. [PMID: 25556162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that female risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) is greater than that of males. Moderate reduction of calorie intake, known as calorie restriction (CR), reduces pathology in AD mouse models and is a potentially translatable prevention measure for individuals at-risk for AD, as well as an important tool for understanding how the brain endogenously attenuates age-related pathology. Whether sex influences the response to CR remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the effect of CR on beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) pathology and hippocampal CA1 neuron specific gene expression in the Tg2576 mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis. Relative to ad libitum (AL) feeding, CR feeding significantly reduced hippocampal Aβ burden in 15-month-old female, but not age-matched male, Tg2576 mice. Sustained CR also significantly reduced expression of presenilin enhancer 2 (Psenen) and presenilin 1, components of the γ-secretase complex, in Tg2576 females. These results indicate that long-term CR significantly reduces age-dependent female Tg2576 Aβ pathology, which is likely to involve CR-mediated reductions in γ-secretase-dependent amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa J Schafer
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Division of Medical Physics, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | | | - Eva Petkova
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Child Psychiatry, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Paul M Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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40
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Hallaq R, Volpicelli F, Cuchillo-Ibanez I, Hooper C, Mizuno K, Uwanogho D, Causevic M, Asuni A, To A, Soriano S, Giese KP, Lovestone S, Killick R. The Notch intracellular domain represses CRE-dependent transcription. Cell Signal 2014; 27:621-9. [PMID: 25479589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the cyclic-AMP response-element binding protein (CREB) transcription factor family regulate the expression of genes needed for long-term memory formation. Loss of Notch impairs long-term, but not short-term, memory in flies and mammals. We investigated if the Notch-1 (N1) exerts an effect on CREB-dependent gene transcription. We observed that N1 inhibits CREB mediated activation of cyclic-AMP response element (CRE) containing promoters in a γ-secretase-dependent manner. We went on to find that the γ-cleaved N1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) sequesters nuclear CREB1α, inhibits cAMP/PKA-mediated neurite outgrowth and represses the expression of specific CREB regulated genes associated with learning and memory in primary cortical neurons. Similar transcriptional effects were observed with the N2ICD, N3ICD and N4ICDs. Together, these observations indicate that the effects of Notch on learning and memory are, at least in part, via an effect on CREB-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hallaq
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Floriana Volpicelli
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibanez
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Claudie Hooper
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Dafe Uwanogho
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mirsada Causevic
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ayodeji Asuni
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Alvina To
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Salvador Soriano
- Department of Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, Evans Hall B08, 24785 Stewart Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - K Peter Giese
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Richard Killick
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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Cheng YL, Choi Y, Sobey CG, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. Emerging roles of the γ-secretase-notch axis in inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:80-90. [PMID: 25448038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a distinct proteolytic complex required for the activation of many transmembrane proteins. The cleavage of substrates by γ-secretase plays diverse biological roles in producing essential products for the organism. More than 90 transmembrane proteins have been reported to be substrates of γ-secretase. Two of the most widely known and studied of these substrates are the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the Notch receptor, which are precursors for the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), respectively. The wide spectrum of γ-secretase substrates has made analyses of the pathology of γ-secretase-related diseases and underlying mechanisms challenging. Inflammation is an important aspect of disease pathology that requires an in-depth analysis. γ-Secretase may contribute to disease development or progression by directly increasing and regulating production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review summarizes recent evidence for a role of γ-secretase in inflammatory diseases, and discusses the potential use of γ-secretase inhibitors as an effective future treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuri Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
To assess the consequences of locus ceruleus (LC) degeneration and subsequent noradrenaline (NA) deficiency in early Alzheimer's disease (AD), mice overexpressing mutant amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 (APP/PS1) were crossed with Ear2(-/-) mice that have a severe loss of LC neurons projecting to the hippocampus and neocortex. Testing spatial memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation revealed an impairment in APP/PS1 Ear2(-/-) mice, whereas APP/PS1 or Ear2(-/-) mice showed only minor changes. These deficits were associated with distinct synaptic changes including reduced expression of the NMDA 2A subunit and increased levels of NMDA receptor 2B in APP/PS1 Ear2(-/-) mice. Acute pharmacological replacement of NA by L-threo-DOPS partially restored phosphorylation of β-CaMKII and spatial memory performance in APP/PS1 Ear2(-/-) mice. These changes were not accompanied by altered APP processing or amyloid β peptide (Aβ) deposition. Thus, early LC degeneration and subsequent NA reduction may contribute to cognitive deficits via CaMKII and NMDA receptor dysfunction independent of Aβ and suggests that NA supplementation could be beneficial in treating AD.
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Farfara D, Tuby H, Trudler D, Doron-Mandel E, Maltz L, Vassar RJ, Frenkel D, Oron U. Low-level laser therapy ameliorates disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:430-6. [PMID: 24994540 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used to treat inflammation, tissue healing, and repair processes. We recently reported that LLLT to the bone marrow (BM) led to proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their homing in the ischemic heart suggesting its role in regenerative medicine. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of LLLT to stimulate MSCs of autologous BM in order to affect neurological behavior and β-amyloid burden in progressive stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model. MSCs from wild-type mice stimulated with LLLT showed to increase their ability to maturate towards a monocyte lineage and to increase phagocytosis activity towards soluble amyloid beta (Aβ). Furthermore, weekly LLLT to BM of AD mice for 2 months, starting at 4 months of age (progressive stage of AD), improved cognitive capacity and spatial learning, as compared to sham-treated AD mice. Histology revealed a significant reduction in Aβ brain burden. Our results suggest the use of LLLT as a therapeutic application in progressive stages of AD and imply its role in mediating MSC therapy in brain amyloidogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Farfara
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Crtc1 activates a transcriptional program deregulated at early Alzheimer's disease-related stages. J Neurosci 2014; 34:5776-87. [PMID: 24760838 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5288-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is associated with gene expression changes in the brain, but the transcriptional mechanisms underlying memory impairments in cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are largely unknown. Here, we aimed to elucidate relevant mechanisms responsible for transcriptional changes underlying early memory loss in AD by examining pathological, behavioral, and transcriptomic changes in control and mutant β-amyloid precursor protein (APPSw,Ind) transgenic mice during aging. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis using mouse microarrays revealed deregulation of a gene network related with neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and learning/memory in the hippocampus of APPSw,Ind mice after spatial memory training. Specifically, APPSw,Ind mice show changes on a cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcriptional program dependent on the CREB-regulated transcription coactivator-1 (Crtc1). Interestingly, synaptic activity and spatial memory induces Crtc1 dephosphorylation (Ser151), nuclear translocation, and Crtc1-dependent transcription in the hippocampus, and these events are impaired in APPSw,Ind mice at early pathological and cognitive decline stages. CRTC1-dependent genes and CRTC1 levels are reduced in human hippocampus at intermediate Braak III/IV pathological stages. Importantly, adeno-associated viral-mediated Crtc1 overexpression in the hippocampus efficiently reverses Aβ-induced spatial learning and memory deficits by restoring a specific subset of Crtc1 target genes. Our results reveal a critical role of Crtc1-dependent transcription on spatial memory formation and provide the first evidence that targeting brain transcriptome reverses memory loss in AD.
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Ghasemi R, Zarifkar A, Rastegar K, maghsoudi N, Moosavi M. Insulin protects against Aβ-induced spatial memory impairment, hippocampal apoptosis and MAPKs signaling disruption. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:113-20. [PMID: 24881967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular deposits of beta amyloid (Aβ) and neuronal loss particularly in the hippocampus. Accumulating evidences have implied that insulin signaling impairment plays a key role in the pathology of AD; as much as it is considered as type 3 Diabetes. MAPKs are a group of signaling molecules which are involved in pathobiology of AD. Therefore this study was designed to investigate if intrahippocampal insulin hinders Aβ-related memory deterioration, hippocampal apoptosis and MAPKs signaling alteration induced by Aβ. Adult male Sprague-Dawely rats weighing 250-300 g were used in this study. The canules were implanted bilaterally into CA1 region. Aβ25-35 was administered during first 4 days after surgery (5 μg/2.5 μL/daily). Insulin treatment (0.5 or 6 mU) was done during days 4-9. The animal's learning and memory capability was assessed on days 10-13 using Morris water maze. After finishing of behavioral studies the hippocampi was isolated and the amount of hippocampal cleaved caspase 3 (the landmark of apoptosis) and the phosphorylated (activated) forms of P38, JNK and ERK was analyzed by western blot. The results showed that insulin in 6 but not 0.5 mU reversed the memory loss induced by Aβ25-35. Western blot analysis revealed that Aβ25-35 induced elevation of caspase-3 and all 3 MAPks subfamily activity, while insulin in 6 mu restored ERK and P38 activation but has no effect on JNK. This study disclosed that intrahippocampal insulin treatment averts not only Aβ-induced memory deterioration but also hippocampal caspase-3, ERK and P38 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology and Shiraz Neuroscience Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asadollah Zarifkar
- Department of Physiology and Shiraz Neuroscience Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Karim Rastegar
- Department of Physiology and Shiraz Neuroscience Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nader maghsoudi
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Moosavi
- Department of Physiology and Shiraz Neuroscience Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Becerril-Ortega J, Bordji K, Fréret T, Rush T, Buisson A. Iron overload accelerates neuronal amyloid-β production and cognitive impairment in transgenic mice model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2288-301. [PMID: 24863668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron dyshomeostasis is proving increasingly likely to be involved in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD); yet, its mechanism is not well understood. Here, we investigated the AD-related mechanism(s) of iron-sulfate exposure in vitro and in vivo, using cultured primary cortical neurons and APP/PS1 AD-model mice, respectively. In both systems, we observed iron-induced disruptions of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, neuronal signaling, and cognitive behavior. Iron overload increased production of amyloidogenic KPI-APP and amyloid beta. Further, this APP misprocessing was blocked by MK-801 in vitro, suggesting the effect was N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dependent. Calcium imaging confirmed that 24 hours iron exposure led to disrupted synaptic signaling by augmenting GluN2B-containing NMDAR expression-GluN2B messenger RNA and protein levels were increased and promoting excessing extrasynaptic NMDAR signaling. The disrupted GluN2B expression was concurrent with diminished expression of the splicing factors, sc35 and hnRNPA1. In APP/PS1 mice, chronic iron treatment led to hastened progression of cognitive impairment with the novel object recognition discrimination index, revealing a deficit at the age of 4 months, concomitant with augmented GluN2B expression. Together, these data suggest iron-induced APP misprocessing and hastened cognitive decline occur through inordinate extrasynaptic NMDAR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Becerril-Ortega
- INSERM, U836, BP 170, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France; Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, BP 170, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
| | - Karim Bordji
- Université de Caen-Basse Normandie, GIP Cyceron, CNRS UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy Group, Caen, France
| | - Thomas Fréret
- GMPc-EA4259, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP Cyceron 14032, Caen, France
| | - Travis Rush
- INSERM, U836, BP 170, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France; Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, BP 170, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
| | - Alain Buisson
- INSERM, U836, BP 170, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France; Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, BP 170, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France.
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47
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Webster SJ, Bachstetter AD, Nelson PT, Schmitt FA, Van Eldik LJ. Using mice to model Alzheimer's dementia: an overview of the clinical disease and the preclinical behavioral changes in 10 mouse models. Front Genet 2014; 5:88. [PMID: 24795750 PMCID: PMC4005958 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review is to discuss how behavioral tests in mice relate to the pathological and neuropsychological features seen in human Alzheimer's disease (AD), and present a comprehensive analysis of the temporal progression of behavioral impairments in commonly used AD mouse models that contain mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP). We begin with a brief overview of the neuropathological changes seen in the AD brain and an outline of some of the clinical neuropsychological assessments used to measure cognitive deficits associated with the disease. This is followed by a critical assessment of behavioral tasks that are used in AD mice to model the cognitive changes seen in the human disease. Behavioral tests discussed include spatial memory tests [Morris water maze (MWM), radial arm water maze (RAWM), Barnes maze], associative learning tasks (passive avoidance, fear conditioning), alternation tasks (Y-Maze/T-Maze), recognition memory tasks (Novel Object Recognition), attentional tasks (3 and 5 choice serial reaction time), set-shifting tasks, and reversal learning tasks. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each of these behavioral tasks, and how they may correlate with clinical assessments in humans. Finally, the temporal progression of both cognitive and non-cognitive deficits in 10 AD mouse models (PDAPP, TG2576, APP23, TgCRND8, J20, APP/PS1, TG2576 + PS1 (M146L), APP/PS1 KI, 5×FAD, and 3×Tg-AD) are discussed in detail. Mouse models of AD and the behavioral tasks used in conjunction with those models are immensely important in contributing to our knowledge of disease progression and are a useful tool to study AD pathophysiology and the resulting cognitive deficits. However, investigators need to be aware of the potential weaknesses of the available preclinical models in terms of their ability to model cognitive changes observed in human AD. It is our hope that this review will assist investigators in selecting an appropriate mouse model, and accompanying behavioral paradigms to investigate different aspects of AD pathology and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Webster
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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48
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Toyn JH, Ahlijanian MK. Interpreting Alzheimer's disease clinical trials in light of the effects on amyloid-β. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:14. [PMID: 25031632 PMCID: PMC4014014 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The failure of several potential Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics in mid- to late-stage clinical development has provoked significant discussion regarding the validity of the amyloid hypothesis. In this review, we propose a minimum criterion of 25% for amyloid-β (Aβ) lowering to achieve clinically meaningful slowing of disease progression. This criterion is based on genetic, risk factor, clinical and preclinical studies. We then compare this minimum criterion with the degree of Aβ lowering produced by the potential therapies that have failed in clinical trials. If the proposed minimum Aβ lowering criterion is used, then the amyloid hypothesis has yet to be adequately tested in the clinic. Therefore, we believe that the amyloid hypothesis remains valid and remains to be confirmed or refuted in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H Toyn
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
| | - Michael K Ahlijanian
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
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Sorrentino P, Iuliano A, Polverino A, Jacini F, Sorrentino G. The dark sides of amyloid in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:641-52. [PMID: 24491999 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although widely explored, the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has yet to be cleared. Over the past twenty years the so call amyloid cascade hypothesis represented the main research paradigm in AD pathogenesis. In spite of its large consensus, the proposed role of β-amyloid (Aβ) remain to be elucidated. Many evidences are starting to cast doubt on Aβ as the primary causative factor in AD. For instance, Aβ is deposited in the brain following many different kinds of injury. Also, concentration of Aβ needed to induce toxicity in vitro are never reached in vivo. In this review we propose an amyloid-independent interpretation of several AD pathogenic features, such as synaptic plasticity, endo-lysosomal trafficking, cell cycle regulation and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Sorrentino
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Iuliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy; Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura Hermitage Capodimonte, Naples, Italy
| | - Arianna Polverino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy; Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura Hermitage Capodimonte, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Jacini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy; Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura Hermitage Capodimonte, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sorrentino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy; Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura Hermitage Capodimonte, Naples, Italy.
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50
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Sesele K, Thanopoulou K, Paouri E, Tsefou E, Klinakis A, Georgopoulos S. Conditional inactivation of nicastrin restricts amyloid deposition in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Aging Cell 2013; 12:1032-40. [PMID: 23826707 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of Aβ by γ-secretase is a key event in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The γ-secretase complex consists of presenilin (PS) 1 or 2, nicastrin (ncstn), Pen-2, and Aph-1 and cleaves type I transmembrane proteins, including the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Although ncstn is widely accepted as an essential component of the complex required for γ-secretase activity, recent in vitro studies have suggested that ncstn is dispensable for APP processing and Aβ production. The focus of this study was to answer this controversy and evaluate the role of ncstn in Aβ generation and the development of the amyloid-related phenotype in the mouse brain. To eliminate ncstn expression in the mouse brain, we used a ncstn conditional knockout mouse that we mated with an established AD transgenic mouse model (5XFAD) and a neuronal Cre-expressing transgenic mouse (CamKIIα-iCre), to generate AD mice (5XFAD/CamKIIα-iCre/ncstn(f/f) mice) where ncstn was conditionally inactivated in the brain. 5XFAD/CamKIIα-iCre/ncstn(f/f) mice at 10 week of age developed a neurodegenerative phenotype with a significant reduction in Aβ production and formation of Aβ aggregates and the absence of amyloid plaques. Inactivation of nctsn resulted in substantial accumulation of APP-CTFs and altered PS1 expression. These results reveal a key role for ncstn in modulating Aβ production and amyloid plaque formation in vivo and suggest ncstn as a target in AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Sesele
- Department of Cell Biology; Biomedical Research Foundation; Academy of Athens; Athens 115 27 Greece
| | - Kalliopi Thanopoulou
- Department of Cell Biology; Biomedical Research Foundation; Academy of Athens; Athens 115 27 Greece
| | - Evi Paouri
- Department of Cell Biology; Biomedical Research Foundation; Academy of Athens; Athens 115 27 Greece
| | - Eliona Tsefou
- Department of Cell Biology; Biomedical Research Foundation; Academy of Athens; Athens 115 27 Greece
| | - Apostolos Klinakis
- Department of Genetics and Gene Therapy; Biomedical Research Foundation; Academy of Athens; Athens 115 27 Greece
| | - Spiros Georgopoulos
- Department of Cell Biology; Biomedical Research Foundation; Academy of Athens; Athens 115 27 Greece
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