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Lozinski BM, Ta K, Dong Y. Emerging role of galectin 3 in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2004-2009. [PMID: 38227529 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are key processes that mediate the development and progression of neurological diseases. However, the mechanisms modulating these processes in different diseases remain incompletely understood. Advances in single cell based multi-omic analyses have helped to identify distinct molecular signatures such as Lgals3 that is associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Lgals3 encodes galectin-3 (Gal3), a β-galactoside and glycan binding glycoprotein that is frequently upregulated by reactive microglia/macrophages in the CNS during various neurological diseases. While Gal3 has previously been associated with non-CNS inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, recent studies highlight Gal3 as a prominent regulator of inflammation and neuroaxonal damage in the CNS during diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we summarize the pleiotropic functions of Gal3 and discuss evidence that demonstrates its detrimental role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration during different neurological diseases. We also consider the challenges of translating preclinical observations into targeting Gal3 in the human CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Lozinski
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Khanh Ta
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Saadi MT, Mohammed NUG, Abed BA, Farhan LO, Salman IN. Validity of galactin-3 in acromegaly: comparison with traditional markers. Ir J Med Sci 2024; 193:1837-1841. [PMID: 38520613 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-024-03674-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acromegaly occurs due to overproduction of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has recently emerged as a novel biomarker, related to IGF-1. This study aimed to assess Gal-3 in patients with acromegaly and compare its effectiveness with traditional biomarker tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized case control study conducted in a single center included 50 acromegaly patients and 40 apparently healthy subjects (HS) serve as control group matched both age and BMI. Laboratory test was measured by routine assay used in center. Gal-3, GH, and IGF-1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULT There were 50 patients with an average age of 50.40 ± 12.229 (50% of males). Compared with HS, patients' serum GAL-3 levels have increased significantly. The serum GAL-3 exceeds 14.363 ng/ml, with a sensitivity of 100.0 and a specificity of 100.0. Furthermore, serum Gal-3 levels in combination with traditional tests (GH and IGF-1) by DeLoongs test had a significant difference in discriminating acromegaly more accurately than traditional tests. CONCLUSION In a summary, this study recommended clinicians measure serum Gal-3 as biomarkers for patients with acromegaly. In addition, the result above shed light on role of Gal-3 on acromegaly pathogenesis and might provide a therapeutic target of acromegaly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Thaer Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Noor Ulhuda G Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | | | - Layla Othman Farhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Doostparast Torshizi A, Truong DT, Hou L, Smets B, Whelan CD, Li S. Proteogenomic network analysis reveals dysregulated mechanisms and potential mediators in Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6430. [PMID: 39080267 PMCID: PMC11289099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is highly heterogeneous across disease symptoms, clinical manifestations and progression trajectories, hampering the identification of therapeutic targets. Despite knowledge gleaned from genetics analysis, dysregulated proteome mechanisms stemming from genetic aberrations remain underexplored. In this study, we develop a three-phase system-level proteogenomic analytical framework to characterize disease-associated proteins and dysregulated mechanisms. Proteogenomic analysis identified 577 proteins that enrich for Parkinson's disease-related pathways, such as cytokine receptor interactions and lysosomal function. Converging lines of evidence identified nine proteins, including LGALS3, CSNK2A1, SMPD3, STX4, APOA2, PAFAH1B3, LDLR, HSPB1, BRK1, with potential roles in disease pathogenesis. This study leverages the largest population-scale proteomics dataset, the UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project, to characterize genetically-driven protein disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease. Taken together, our work contributes to better understanding of genome-proteome dynamics in Parkinson's disease and sets a paradigm to identify potential indirect mediators connected to GWAS signals for complex neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Doostparast Torshizi
- Population Analytics & Insights, AI/ML, Data Science & Digital Health, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA.
| | - Dongnhu T Truong
- Population Analytics & Insights, AI/ML, Data Science & Digital Health, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Liping Hou
- Population Analytics & Insights, AI/ML, Data Science & Digital Health, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Bart Smets
- Neuroscience Data Science, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Christopher D Whelan
- Neuroscience Data Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shuwei Li
- Population Analytics & Insights, AI/ML, Data Science & Digital Health, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
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Wang Q, Zeng F, Fang C, Sun Y, Zhao X, Rong X, Zhang H, Xu Y. Galectin-3 alleviates demyelination by modulating microglial anti-inflammatory polarization through PPARγ-CD36 axis. Brain Res 2024; 1842:149106. [PMID: 38986827 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Demyelination is characterized by disruption of myelin sheath and disorders in myelin formation. Currently, there are no effective therapeutic treatments available. Microglia, especially anti-inflammatory phenotype microglia are critical for remyelination. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which is known to modulate microglia activation, is correlated with myelination. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the roles of Gal-3 during myelin formation and explore the efficiency and mechanism of rGal-3 administration in remyelination. We enrolled Gal-3 knockout (Lgals3 KO) mice and demonstrated Lgals3 KO causes demyelination during spontaneous myelinogenesis. We performed a cuprizone (CPZ) intoxication model and found Lgals3 KO aggravates demyelinated lesions and favors microglial pro-inflammatory phenotype polarization. Recombinant Gal-3 (rGal-3) administration alleviates CPZ intoxication and drives microglial towards anti-inflammatory phenotype. Additionally, RNA sequencing results reveal the correlation between Gal-3 and the PPARγ-CD36 axis. Thus, we performed SSO and GW9662 administration to inhibit the activation of the PPARγ-CD36 axis and found that rGal-3 administration modulates microglial phenotype polarization by regulating the PPARγ-CD36 axis. Together, our findings highlight the importance of Gal-3 in myelination and provide insights into rGal-3 administration for modulating microglial anti-inflammatory phenotype polarization through the PPARγ-CD36 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Fansen Zeng
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chunxiao Fang
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao Rong
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huayan Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Shen Y, Zhang W, Chang H, Li Z, Lin C, Zhang G, Mao L, Ma C, Liu N, Lu H. Galectin-3 modulates microglial activation and neuroinflammation in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114777. [PMID: 38636772 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating acute cerebrovascular event with high mortality and permanent disability rates. Higher galectin-3 levels on days 1-3 have been shown to predict the development of delayed cerebral infarction or adverse outcomes after SAH. Recent single-cell analysis of microglial transcriptomic diversity in SAH revealed that galectin could influence the development and course of neuroinflammation after SAH. METHODS This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of galectin-3 in SAH and to determine whether galectin-3 inhibition prevents early brain injury by reducing microglia polarization using a mouse model of SAH and oxyhemoglobin-treated activation of mouse BV2 cells in vitro. RESULTS We found that the expression of galectin-3 began to increase 12 h after SAH and continued to increase up to 72 h. Importantly, TD139-inhibited galectin-3 expression reduced the release of inflammatory factors in microglial cells. In the experimental SAH model, TD139 treatment alleviated neuroinflammatory damage after SAH and improved defects in neurological functions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that galectin-3 inhibition affected the activation and M1 polarization of microglial cells after SAH. TD139 treatment inhibited the expression of TLR4, p-NF-κB p65, and NF-κB p65 in microglia activated by oxyhemoglobin as well as eliminated the increased expression and phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that regulating microglia polarization by galectin-3 after SAH to improve neuroinflammation may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Hanxiao Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chencheng Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Lu Q, Yu A, Pu J, Chen D, Zhong Y, Bai D, Yang L. Post-stroke cognitive impairment: exploring molecular mechanisms and omics biomarkers for early identification and intervention. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1375973. [PMID: 38845616 PMCID: PMC11153683 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1375973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a major stroke consequence that has a severe impact on patients' quality of life and survival rate. For this reason, it is especially crucial to identify and intervene early in high-risk groups during the acute phase of stroke. Currently, there are no reliable and efficient techniques for the early diagnosis, appropriate evaluation, or prognostication of PSCI. Instead, plenty of biomarkers in stroke patients have progressively been linked to cognitive impairment in recent years. High-throughput omics techniques that generate large amounts of data and process it to a high quality have been used to screen and identify biomarkers of PSCI in order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the disease. These techniques include metabolomics, which explores dynamic changes in the organism, gut microbiomics, which studies host-microbe interactions, genomics, which elucidates deeper disease mechanisms, transcriptomics and proteomics, which describe gene expression and regulation. We looked through electronic databases like PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and common databases for each omics to find biomarkers that might be connected to the pathophysiology of PSCI. As all, we found 34 studies: 14 in the field of metabolomics, 5 in the field of gut microbiomics, 5 in the field of genomics, 4 in the field of transcriptomics, and 7 in the field of proteomics. We discovered that neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis may be the primary causes of PSCI development, and that metabolomics may play a role in the molecular mechanisms of PSCI. In this study, we summarized the existing issues across omics technologies and discuss the latest discoveries of PSCI biomarkers in the context of omics, with the goal of investigating the molecular causes of post-stroke cognitive impairment. We also discuss the potential therapeutic utility of omics platforms for PSCI mechanisms, diagnosis, and intervention in order to promote the area's advancement towards precision PSCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyi Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonging, China
| | - Anqi Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonging, China
| | - Juncai Pu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonging, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonging, China
| | - Yujie Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonging, China
| | - Dingqun Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonging, China
| | - Lining Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonging, China
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Abraira L, López-Maza S, Quintana M, Fonseca E, Toledo M, Campos-Fernández D, Lallana S, Grau-López L, Ciurans J, Jiménez M, Becerra JL, Bustamante A, Rubiera M, Penalba A, Montaner J, Álvarez Sabin J, Santamarina E. Exploratory study of blood biomarkers in patients with post-stroke epilepsy. Eur Stroke J 2024:23969873241244584. [PMID: 38557165 DOI: 10.1177/23969873241244584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In addition to clinical factors, blood-based biomarkers can provide useful information on the risk of developing post-stroke epilepsy (PSE). Our aim was to identify serum biomarkers at stroke onset that could contribute to predicting patients at higher risk of PSE. PATIENTS AND METHODS From a previous study in which 895 acute stroke patients were followed-up, 51 patients developed PSE. We selected 15 patients with PSE and 15 controls without epilepsy. In a biomarker discovery setting, 5 Olink panels of 96 proteins each, were used to determine protein levels. Biomarkers that were down-regulated and overexpressed in PSE patients, and those that showed the strongest interactions with other proteins were validated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in samples from 50 PSE patients and 50 controls. A ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive ability of significant biomarkers to develop PSE. RESULTS Mean age of the PSE discovery cohort was 68.56 ± 15.1, 40% women and baseline NIHSS 12 [IQR 1-25]. Nine proteins were down-expressed: CASP-8, TNFSF-14, STAMBP, ENRAGE, EDA2R, SIRT2, TGF-alpha, OSM and CLEC1B. VEGFa, CD40 and CCL4 showed greatest interactions with the remaining proteins. In the validation analysis, TNFSF-14 was the single biomarker showing statistically significant downregulated levels in PSE patients (p = 0.006) and it showed a good predictive capability to develop PSE (AUC 0.733, 95% CI 0.601-0.865). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Protein expression in PSE patients differs from that of non-epileptic stroke patients, suggesting the involvement of several different proteins in post-stroke epileptogenesis. TNFSF-14 emerges as a potential biomarker for predicting PSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Abraira
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus. Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel López-Maza
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus. Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Quintana
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus. Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Fonseca
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus. Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Toledo
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus. Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Campos-Fernández
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus. Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofía Lallana
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus. Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Grau-López
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ciurans
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Jiménez
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Becerra
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bustamante
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rubiera
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Penalba
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Álvarez Sabin
- Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estevo Santamarina
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus. Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
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Yao M, Liang D, Zeng X, Xie X, Gao J, Huang L. Dynamic Changes and Clinical Significance of Plasma Galectin-3 in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Undergoing Endovascular Therapy. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1377-1387. [PMID: 38444639 PMCID: PMC10913805 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s455401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Galectin-3 is a key regulator of microglial proliferation and activation and may have dual and time-dependent effects on ischemic stroke. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the dynamic changes in Galectin-3 levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke receiving endovascular therapy and its clinical significance. Patients and Methods A total of 105 patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular therapy were prospectively enrolled. Plasma Galectin-3 was quantitatively detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before the operation and at 1 day, 3 days and 7 days after the operation. A linear mixed-effect model, Pearson correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to evaluate the dynamic changes in the plasma Galectin-3 concentration and its relationship with clinical outcomes. Results Increases in plasma Galectin-3 levels at 1 day and 3 days after surgery were associated with early neurological deterioration and death (both P <0.05). Increased Galectin-3 levels before surgery and at 1 day and 3 days after surgery were associated with poor prognosis (P <0.05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed that Galectin-3 levels before surgery (r =0.318, P =0.002), at 1 day (r =0.318, P =0.001), 3 days (r =0.429, P < 0.001) and 7 days after surgery (r =0.340, P =0.001) were positively correlated with NIHSS scores. The ROC curve results showed that Galectin-3 concentration had a certain predictive value for death at 1 day (AUC=0.707, P=0.013), 3 days (AUC=0.708, P=0.016) and 7 days after the operation (AUC=0.708, P=0.016), but this predictive value was lower than that of the NIHSS score. Conclusion In acute ischemic stroke patients receiving endovascular therapy, an increase in the plasma Galectin-3 levels were associated with death, poor prognosis, and early neurological deterioration. Galectin-3 levels were significantly correlated with the NIHSS score and had a certain predictive value for death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzheng Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li’an Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang X, Yang L, Zhang J, Huang P, Jin Z, Liu Y, Zeng D. Association between galectin-3 and the prognosis of patients with stroke: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:270-280. [PMID: 38151436 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the prognostic value of galectin-3 among patients with stroke. DATA SYNTHESIS Electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, and Clinical Trials, were utilized for conducting searches from database inception to November 2022. Two reviewers independently screened the papers, extracted the data, and used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to determine the risk of bias. Stata 17 was employed to conduct the meta-analysis, while the funnel plot was utilized to identify potential publication bias. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were employed to examine the sources of heterogeneity. Nine studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were included. Galectin-3 levels were higher post-stroke in patients with poor outcomes and mortality compared to those in patients with good outcomes (standardized mean difference [SMD], 2.83; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.25-4.40; P<0.001) and stroke survivors (SMD, 1.18; 95 % CI, 0.96-1,39; P< 0.001), and elevated galectin-3 levels were associated with poor stroke outcomes (odds ratio [OR], 1.19; 95 % CI, 1.06-1.33; P<0.001). Further, higher post-stroke galectin-3 levels were associated with a higher risk of mortality (OR, 1.16; 95 % CI, 1.08-1.25; P<0.001), and this relationship was maintained after trim-and-fill analyses (OR, 1.14; 95 % CI, 1.06-1.22). CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3 levels post-stroke are increased in patients with a poor prognosis, and this elevation is associated with poor stroke outcomes and mortality. It is recommended that further high-caliber investigations with expanded sample sizes corroborate the outcomes of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhang
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linjia Yang
- The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengpeng Huang
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenhua Jin
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Duchun Zeng
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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曹 天, 刘 青, 潘 美, 张 雪. [LncRNA SNHG8 inhibits miR-494-3p expression to alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2023; 43:2015-2022. [PMID: 38189386 PMCID: PMC10774103 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2023.12.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism by which LncRNA SNHG8 regulates miR-494-3p expression to alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS A mouse model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was established, and TTC staining was used to determine the infarct area; ELISA was used to detect the contents of the inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the brain tissue, and RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expression levels of LncRNA MALAT1 and miR-155-5p. A microglial cell model overexpressing LncRNA SNHG8 was exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), and inflammatory reaction and apoptosis of the cells were detected using ELISA and flow cytometry. A luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the targeting relationship between LncRNA SNHG8 and miR-494-3p. We further constructed a microglial cell model overexpressing both LncRNA SNHG8 the miR-494-3p, and examined inflammatory reactions and apoptosis of the cells following OGD/R exposure. RESULTS In the mouse model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, the contents of inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α increased significantly in the brain tissue (P < 0.001), where LncRNA SNHG8 expression was lowered (P < 0.01) and miR-494-3p expression increased significantly (P < 0.01). In the microglial cells, overexpression of LncRNA SNHG8 significantly inhibited the inflammatory reaction and apoptosis following OGD/R exposure (P < 0.01), and overexpression of LncRNA SNHG8 strongly inhibited the expression of miR-494-3p (P < 0.01). Overexpression of miR-494-3p in microglia overexpressing SNHG8 partially promoted inflammatory reaction and cell apoptosis in response to OGD/R (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION LncRNA SNHG8 can improve cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by inhibiting the expression of miR-494-3p and suppressing inflammatory reactions and apoptosis of the microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- 天然 曹
- 长沙市第一医院临床试验研究中心,湖南 长沙 410005Clinical Trial Research Center, Changsha First Hospital, Changsha 410005, China
| | - 青芳 刘
- 长沙市第一医院神经医学中心,湖南 长沙 410005Neurology Center, Changsha First Hospital, Changsha 410005, China
| | - 美民 潘
- 长沙市第一医院临床试验研究中心,湖南 长沙 410005Clinical Trial Research Center, Changsha First Hospital, Changsha 410005, China
| | - 雪红 张
- 长沙市第一医院临床试验研究中心,湖南 长沙 410005Clinical Trial Research Center, Changsha First Hospital, Changsha 410005, China
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11
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Karadogan ZN, Tanir Y, Karayagmurlu A, Kucukgergin C, Coskun M. Higher Levels of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 in Young Subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared to Unaffected Siblings and Healthy Controls. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 21:749-757. [PMID: 37859448 PMCID: PMC10591161 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.23.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective : Despite being highly genetic, the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), has not yet been clarified. Recent research has focused on the role of neuroinflammation and immune system dysfunction in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders including ASD. Galectin-1 and galactin-3 are considered among the biomarkers of neuroinflammation and there has been recent reports on the potential role of galectins in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, there has been no study examining the relationship between ASD and galectin levels. Methods : Current study aimed to investigate galectin-1 and galectin-3 serum levels in young subjects with ASD comparing with their unaffected siblings and healthy controls. Results : We found significantly higher levels of galectin-1 in case group compared to both unaffected siblings and healthy controls, and higher levels of galectin-3 in case group compared to healthy controls. However, there was no significant association between galectin-1 and galectin-3 levels with the severity of ASD. Conclusion : Findings of our study may support neuroinflammation hypothesis in the etiology of ASD and the potential role of galectin-1 and galectin-3 as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasar Tanir
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Karayagmurlu
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Kucukgergin
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Coskun
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Tack RWP, Amboni C, van Nuijs D, Pekna M, Vergouwen MDI, Rinkel GJE, Hol EM. Inflammation, Anti-inflammatory Interventions, and Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Human and Animal Studies. Transl Stroke Res 2023:10.1007/s12975-023-01218-5. [PMID: 38012509 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology and treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) are not clear. Stroke triggers an inflammatory response, which might affect synapse function and cognitive status. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether patients with PSCI have increased levels of inflammatory markers and whether anti-inflammatory interventions in animals decrease PSCI. We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and PsychInfo for studies on stroke. For human studies, we determined the standardized mean difference (SMD) on the association between PSCI and markers of inflammation. For animal studies, we determined the SMD of post-stroke cognitive outcome after an anti-inflammatory intervention. Interventions were grouped based on proposed mechanism of action. In patients, the SMD of inflammatory markers for those with versus those without PSCI was 0.46 (95% CI 0.18; 0.76; I2 = 92%), and the correlation coefficient between level of inflammation and cognitive scores was - 0.25 (95% CI - 0.34; - 0.16; I2 = 75%). In animals, the SMD of cognition for those treated with versus those without anti-inflammatory interventions was 1.43 (95% CI 1.12; 1.74; I2 = 83%). The largest effect sizes in treated animals were for complement inhibition (SMD = 1.94 (95% CI 1.50; 2.37), I2 = 51%) and fingolimod (SMD = 2.1 (95% CI 0.75; 3.47), I2 = 81%). Inflammation is increased in stroke survivors with cognitive impairment and is negatively correlated with cognitive functioning. Anti-inflammatory interventions seem to improve cognitive functioning in animals. Complement inhibition and fingolimod are promising therapies on reducing PSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinier W P Tack
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Claudia Amboni
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danny van Nuijs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mervyn D I Vergouwen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel J E Rinkel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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White KS, Walker JA, Wang J, Autissier P, Miller AD, Abuelezan NN, Burrack R, Li Q, Kim WK, Williams KC. Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques with AIDS co-develop cardiovascular pathology and encephalitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240946. [PMID: 37965349 PMCID: PMC10641955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV co-morbidities remain where central nervous system (CNS) neurocognitive disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-pathology that are linked with myeloid activation are most prevalent. Comorbidities such as neurocogntive dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain prevalent among people living with HIV. We sought to investigate if cardiac pathology (inflammation, fibrosis, cardiomyocyte damage) and CNS pathology (encephalitis) develop together during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and if their co-development is linked with monocyte/macrophage activation. We used a cohort of SIV-infected rhesus macaques with rapid AIDS and demonstrated that SIV encephalitis (SIVE) and CVD pathology occur together more frequently than SIVE or CVD pathology alone. Their co-development correlated more strongly with activated myeloid cells, increased numbers of CD14+CD16+ monocytes, plasma CD163 and interleukin-18 (IL-18) than did SIVE or CVD pathology alone, or no pathology. Animals with both SIVE and CVD pathology had greater numbers of cardiac macrophages and increased collagen and monocyte/macrophage accumulation, which were better correlates of CVD-pathology than SIV-RNA. Animals with SIVE alone had higher levels of activated macrophage biomarkers and cardiac macrophage accumulation than SIVnoE animals. These observations were confirmed in HIV infected individuals with HIV encephalitis (HIVE) that had greater numbers of cardiac macrophages and fibrosis than HIV-infected controls without HIVE. These results underscore the notion that CNS and CVD pathologies frequently occur together in HIV and SIV infection, and demonstrate an unmet need for adjunctive therapies targeting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. White
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Joshua A. Walker
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - John Wang
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Patrick Autissier
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Physiology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nadia N. Abuelezan
- Connel School of Nursing, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Rachel Burrack
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
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14
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Zhou Z, Feng Z, Sun X, Wang Y, Dou G. The Role of Galectin-3 in Retinal Degeneration and Other Ocular Diseases: A Potential Novel Biomarker and Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15516. [PMID: 37958500 PMCID: PMC10649114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is the most studied member of the Galectin family, with a large range of mediation in biological activities such as cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cell adhesion, and tissue repair, as well as in pathological processes such as inflammation, tissue fibrosis, and angiogenesis. As is known to all, inflammation, aberrant cell apoptosis, and neovascularization are the main pathophysiological processes in retinal degeneration and many ocular diseases. Therefore, the review aims to conclude the role of Gal3 in the retinal degeneration of various diseases as well as the occurrence and development of the diseases and discuss its molecular mechanisms according to research in systemic diseases. At the same time, we summarized the predictive role of Gal3 as a biomarker and the clinical application of its inhibitors to discuss the possibility of Gal3 as a novel target for the treatment of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yusheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
| | - Guorui Dou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
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15
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Hermann DM, Bacigaluppi M, Peruzzotti-Jametti L. Editorial: Hot topics in cellular neuropathology, volume II: promoting neuronal plasticity in the injured central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1269763. [PMID: 37731464 PMCID: PMC10507398 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1269763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M. Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marco Bacigaluppi
- Department of Neurology and Neuroimmunology Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Wingo AP, Liu Y, Gerasimov ES, Vattathil SM, Liu J, Cutler DJ, Epstein MP, Blokland GAM, Thambisetty M, Troncoso JC, Duong DM, Bennett DA, Levey AI, Seyfried NT, Wingo TS. Sex differences in brain protein expression and disease. Nat Med 2023; 29:2224-2232. [PMID: 37653343 PMCID: PMC10504083 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Most complex human traits differ by sex, but we have limited insight into the underlying mechanisms. Here, we investigated the influence of biological sex on protein expression and its genetic regulation in 1,277 human brain proteomes. We found that 13.2% (1,354) of brain proteins had sex-differentiated abundance and 1.5% (150) of proteins had sex-biased protein quantitative trait loci (sb-pQTLs). Among genes with sex-biased expression, we found 67% concordance between sex-differentiated protein and transcript levels; however, sex effects on the genetic regulation of expression were more evident at the protein level. Considering 24 psychiatric, neurologic and brain morphologic traits, we found that an average of 25% of their putatively causal genes had sex-differentiated protein abundance and 12 putatively causal proteins had sb-pQTLs. Furthermore, integrating sex-specific pQTLs with sex-stratified genome-wide association studies of six psychiatric and neurologic conditions, we uncovered another 23 proteins contributing to these traits in one sex but not the other. Together, these findings begin to provide insights into mechanisms underlying sex differences in brain protein expression and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza P Wingo
- Veterans Affairs Atlanta Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Selina M Vattathil
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael P Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabriëlla A M Blokland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Madhav Thambisetty
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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17
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Batista S, Bocanegra-Becerra JE, Claassen B, Rubião F, Rabelo NN, Figueiredo EG, Oberman DZ. Biomarkers in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A short review. World Neurosurg X 2023; 19:100205. [PMID: 37206060 PMCID: PMC10189293 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2023.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor outcomes of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) can be the result of the initial catastrophic event or the many acute or delayed neurological complications. Recent evidence suggests that some molecules play a critical role in both events, through some unknown pathways involved. Understanding the role of these molecules in these events could allow to improve diagnostic accuracy, guide management, and prevent long-term disability in aSAH. Here we present the studies on aSAH biomarkers present in current medical literature, highlighting their roles and main results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sávio Batista
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bernardo Claassen
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Rubião
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dan Zimelewicz Oberman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de Força Aérea do Galeão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Neurosurgery Department Hospital Força Aérea do Galeão, Estrada do Galeão, 4101 - Galeão, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 21941-353, Brazil.
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18
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Xue S, Lozinski BM, Ghorbani S, Ta K, D'Mello C, Yong VW, Dong Y. Elevated Galectin-3 Is Associated with Aging, Multiple Sclerosis, and Oxidized Phosphatidylcholine-Induced Neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4725-4737. [PMID: 37208177 PMCID: PMC10286945 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2312-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a significant risk factor associated with the progression of CNS neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS parenchyma, are a major population of immune cells that accumulate in MS lesions. While they normally regulate tissue homeostasis and facilitate the clearance of neurotoxic molecules including oxidized phosphatidylcholines (OxPCs), their transcriptome and neuroprotective functions are reprogrammed by aging. Thus, determining the factors that instigate aging associated microglia dysfunction can lead to new insights for promoting CNS repair and for halting MS disease progression. Through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), we identified Lgals3, which encodes for galectin-3 (Gal3), as an age upregulated gene by microglia responding to OxPC. Consistently, excess Gal3 accumulated in OxPC and lysolecithin-induced focal spinal cord white matter (SCWM) lesions of middle-aged mice compared with young mice. Gal3 was also elevated in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) lesions and more importantly in MS brain lesions from two male and one female individuals. While Gal3 delivery alone into the mouse spinal cord did not induce damage, its co-delivery with OxPC increased cleaved caspase 3 and IL-1β within white matter lesions and exacerbated OxPC-induced injury. Conversely, OxPC-mediated neurodegeneration was reduced in Gal3-/- mice compared with Gal3+/+ mice. Thus, Gal3 is associated with increased neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and its overexpression by microglia/macrophages may be detrimental for lesions within the aging CNS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Aging accelerates the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Understanding the molecular mechanisms of aging that increases the susceptibility of the CNS to damage could lead to new strategies to manage MS progression. Here, we highlight that microglia/macrophage-associated galectin-3 (Gal3) was upregulated with age exacerbated neurodegeneration in the mouse spinal cord white matter (SCWM) and in MS lesions. More importantly, co-injection of Gal3 with oxidized phosphatidylcholines (OxPCs), which are neurotoxic lipids found in MS lesions, caused greater neurodegeneration compared with injection of OxPC alone, whereas genetic loss of Gal3 reduced OxPC damage. These results demonstrate that Gal3 overexpression is detrimental to CNS lesions and suggest its deposition in MS lesions may contribute to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Xue
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Brian M Lozinski
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Khanh Ta
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Charlotte D'Mello
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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19
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Wang H, Li J, Zhang H, Wang M, Xiao L, Wang Y, Cheng Q. Regulation of microglia polarization after cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1182621. [PMID: 37361996 PMCID: PMC10285223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1182621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke ranks second as a leading cause of death and permanent disability globally. Microglia, innate immune cells in the brain, respond rapidly to ischemic injury, triggering a robust and persistent neuroinflammatory reaction throughout the disease's progression. Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the mechanism of secondary injury in ischemic stroke and is a significant controllable factor. Microglia activation takes on two general phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 type and the anti-inflammatory M2 type, although the reality is more complex. The regulation of microglia phenotype is crucial to controlling the neuroinflammatory response. This review summarized the key molecules and mechanisms of microglia polarization, function, and phenotypic transformation following cerebral ischemia, with a focus on the influence of autophagy on microglia polarization. The goal is to provide a reference for the development of new targets for the treatment for ischemic stroke treatment based on the regulation of microglia polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lifang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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20
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Garcia-Bonilla L, Shahanoor Z, Sciortino R, Nazarzoda O, Racchumi G, Iadecola C, Anrather J. Brain and blood single-cell transcriptomics in acute and subacute phases after experimental stroke. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.31.535150. [PMID: 37066298 PMCID: PMC10103945 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.535150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia triggers a powerful inflammatory reaction involving both peripheral leukocytes and brain resident cells. Recent evidence indicates that their differentiation into a variety of functional phenotypes contributes to both tissue injury and repair. However, the temporal dynamics and diversity of post-stroke immune cell subsets remain poorly understood. To address these limitations, we performed a longitudinal single-cell transcriptomic study of both brain and mouse blood to obtain a composite picture of brain-infiltrating leukocytes, circulating leukocytes, microglia and endothelium diversity over the ischemic/reperfusion time. Brain cells and blood leukocytes isolated from mice 2 or 14 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery were purified by FACS sorting and processed for droplet-based single-cell transcriptomics. The analysis revealed a strong divergence of post-ischemic microglia, macrophages, and neutrophils over time, while such diversity was less evident in dendritic cells, B, T and NK cells. Conversely, brain endothelial cells and brain associated-macrophages showed altered transcriptomic signatures at 2 days post-stroke, but low divergence from sham at day 14. Pseudotime trajectory inference predicted the in-situ longitudinal progression of monocyte-derived macrophages from their blood precursors into day 2 and day 14 phenotypes, while microglia phenotypes at these two time points were not connected. In contrast to monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils were predicted to be continuously de-novo recruited from the blood. Brain single-cell transcriptomics from both female and male aged mice did not show major changes in respect to young mice, but aged and young brains differed in their immune cell composition. Furthermore, blood leukocyte analysis also revealed altered transcriptomes after stroke. However, brain-infiltrating leukocytes displayed higher transcriptomic divergence than their circulating counterparts, indicating that phenotypic diversification into cellular subsets occurs within the brain in the early and the recovery phase of ischemic stroke. In addition, this resource report contains a searchable database https://anratherlab.shinyapps.io/strokevis/ to allow user-friendly access to our data. The StrokeVis tool constitutes a comprehensive gene expression atlas that can be interrogated at the gene and cell type level to explore the transcriptional changes of endothelial and immune cell subsets from mouse brain and blood after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Garcia-Bonilla
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Ziasmin Shahanoor
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Rose Sciortino
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Omina Nazarzoda
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Gianfranco Racchumi
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Josef Anrather
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
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21
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Huffels CFM, Middeldorp J, Hol EM. Aß Pathology and Neuron-Glia Interactions: A Synaptocentric View. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1026-1046. [PMID: 35976488 PMCID: PMC10030451 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes the majority of dementia cases worldwide. Early pathological hallmarks include the accumulation of amyloid-ß (Aß) and activation of both astrocytes and microglia. Neurons form the building blocks of the central nervous system, and astrocytes and microglia provide essential input for its healthy functioning. Their function integrates at the level of the synapse, which is therefore sometimes referred to as the "quad-partite synapse". Increasing evidence puts AD forward as a disease of the synapse, where pre- and postsynaptic processes, as well as astrocyte and microglia functioning progressively deteriorate. Here, we aim to review the current knowledge on how Aß accumulation functionally affects the individual components of the quad-partite synapse. We highlight a selection of processes that are essential to the healthy functioning of the neuronal synapse, including presynaptic neurotransmitter release and postsynaptic receptor functioning. We further discuss how Aß affects the astrocyte's capacity to recycle neurotransmitters, release gliotransmitters, and maintain ion homeostasis. We additionally review literature on how Aß changes the immunoprotective function of microglia during AD progression and conclude by summarizing our main findings and highlighting the challenges in current studies, as well as the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan F M Huffels
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology & Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Ritzel RM, Li Y, Jiao Y, Lei Z, Doran SJ, He J, Shahror RA, Henry RJ, Khan R, Tan C, Liu S, Stoica BA, Faden AI, Szeto G, Loane DJ, Wu J. Brain injury accelerates the onset of a reversible age-related microglial phenotype associated with inflammatory neurodegeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd1101. [PMID: 36888713 PMCID: PMC9995070 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipofuscin is an autofluorescent (AF) pigment formed by lipids and misfolded proteins, which accumulates in postmitotic cells with advanced age. Here, we immunophenotyped microglia in the brain of old C57BL/6 mice (>18 months old) and demonstrate that in comparison to young mice, one-third of old microglia are AF, characterized by profound changes in lipid and iron content, phagocytic activity, and oxidative stress. Pharmacological depletion of microglia in old mice eliminated the AF microglia following repopulation and reversed microglial dysfunction. Age-related neurological deficits and neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury (TBI) were attenuated in old mice lacking AF microglia. Furthermore, increased phagocytic activity, lysosomal burden, and lipid accumulation in microglia persisted for up to 1 year after TBI, were modified by APOE4 genotype, and chronically driven by phagocyte-mediated oxidative stress. Thus, AF may reflect a pathological state in aging microglia associated with increased phagocytosis of neurons and myelin and inflammatory neurodegeneration that can be further accelerated by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M. Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yun Jiao
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Zhuofan Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sarah J. Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Junyun He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rami A. Shahror
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Romeesa Khan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77370, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77370, USA
| | - Shaolin Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Bogdan A. Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gregory Szeto
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Allen Institute for Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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23
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Mechanistic Insights into the Role of OPN in Mediating Brain Damage via Triggering Lysosomal Damage in Microglia/Macrophage. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060854. [PMID: 36980197 PMCID: PMC10046941 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously found that osteopontin (OPN) played a role in hypoxia–ischemia (HI) brain damage. However, its underlying mechanism is still unknown. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the OPN protein was linked to the lysosomal cathepsin B (CTSB) and galectin-3 (GAL-3) proteins after HI exposure. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that OPN was able to play a critical role in the lysosomal damage of microglia/macrophages following HI insult in neonatal mice. The results showed that OPN expression was enhanced, especially in microglia/macrophages, and colocalized with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and GAL-3; this was accompanied by increased LAMP1 and GAL-3 expression, CTSB leakage, as well as impairment of autophagic flux in the early stage of the HI process. In addition, the knockdown of OPN expression markedly restored lysosomal function with significant improvements in the autophagic flux after HI insult. Interestingly, cleavage of OPN was observed in the ipsilateral cortex following HI. The wild-type OPN and C-terminal OPN (Leu152-Asn294), rather than N-terminal OPN (Met1-Gly151), interacted with GAL-3 to induce lysosomal damage. Furthermore, the secreted OPN stimulated lysosomal damage by binding to CD44 in microglia in vitro. Collectively, this study demonstrated that upregulated OPN in microglia/macrophages and its cleavage product was able to interact with GAL-3, and secreted OPN combined with CD44, leading to lysosomal damage and exacerbating autophagosome accumulation after HI exposure.
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24
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Chadarevian JP, Lombroso SI, Peet GC, Hasselmann J, Tu C, Marzan DE, Capocchi J, Purnell FS, Nemec KM, Lahian A, Escobar A, England W, Chaluvadi S, O'Brien CA, Yaqoob F, Aisenberg WH, Porras-Paniagua M, Bennett ML, Davtyan H, Spitale RC, Blurton-Jones M, Bennett FC. Engineering an inhibitor-resistant human CSF1R variant for microglia replacement. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20220857. [PMID: 36584406 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can replace endogenous microglia with circulation-derived macrophages but has high mortality. To mitigate the risks of HSCT and expand the potential for microglia replacement, we engineered an inhibitor-resistant CSF1R that enables robust microglia replacement. A glycine to alanine substitution at position 795 of human CSF1R (G795A) confers resistance to multiple CSF1R inhibitors, including PLX3397 and PLX5622. Biochemical and cell-based assays show no discernable gain or loss of function. G795A- but not wildtype-CSF1R expressing macrophages efficiently engraft the brain of PLX3397-treated mice and persist after cessation of inhibitor treatment. To gauge translational potential, we CRISPR engineered human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iMG) to express G795A. Xenotransplantation studies demonstrate that G795A-iMG exhibit nearly identical gene expression to wildtype iMG, respond to inflammatory stimuli, and progressively expand in the presence of PLX3397, replacing endogenous microglia to fully occupy the brain. In sum, we engineered a human CSF1R variant that enables nontoxic, cell type, and tissue-specific replacement of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Paul Chadarevian
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sonia I Lombroso
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Biomedical Graduate Studies Program, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Graham C Peet
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan Hasselmann
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christina Tu
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dave E Marzan
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey , Ewing, NJ, USA
| | - Joia Capocchi
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Freddy S Purnell
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelsey M Nemec
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alina Lahian
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adrian Escobar
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Whitney England
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sai Chaluvadi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carleigh A O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fazeela Yaqoob
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William H Aisenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Mariko L Bennett
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Spitale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - F Chris Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Kamikubo Y, Jin H, Zhou Y, Niisato K, Hashimoto Y, Takasugi N, Sakurai T. Ex vivo analysis platforms for monitoring amyloid precursor protein cleavage. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1068990. [PMID: 36683852 PMCID: PMC9852844 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1068990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. The presence of large numbers of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and cerebral atrophy is the characteristic feature of AD. Amyloid β peptide (Aβ), derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), is the main component of senile plaques. AD has been extensively studied using methods involving cell lines, primary cultures of neural cells, and animal models; however, discrepancies have been observed between these methods. Dissociated cultures lose the brain's tissue architecture, including neural circuits, glial cells, and extracellular matrix. Experiments with animal models are lengthy and require laborious monitoring of multiple parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to combine these experimental models to understand the pathology of AD. An experimental platform amenable to continuous observation and experimental manipulation is required to analyze long-term neuronal development, plasticity, and progressive neurodegenerative diseases. In the current study, we provide a practical method to slice and cultivate rodent hippocampus to investigate the cleavage of APP and secretion of Aβ in an ex vivo model. Furthermore, we provide basic information on Aβ secretion using slice cultures. Using our optimized method, dozens to hundreds of long-term stable slice cultures can be coordinated simultaneously. Our findings are valuable for analyses of AD mouse models and senile plaque formation culture models.
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26
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Chen F, Wu X, Yang J, Yu X, Liu B, Yan Z. Hippocampal Galectin-3 knockdown alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive deficits by inhibiting TLR4/NF-кB signaling in aged mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 936:175360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Ge MM, Chen N, Zhou YQ, Yang H, Tian YK, Ye DW. Galectin-3 in Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: Implications for Central Nervous System Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2066-2080. [PMID: 35105290 PMCID: PMC9886847 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220201094547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is one of the common hallmarks shared by various central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Based on surrounding circumstances, activated microglia play either detrimental or neuroprotective effects. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a group of β-galactoside-binding proteins, has been cumulatively revealed to be a crucial biomarker for microglial activation after injuries or diseases. In consideration of the important role of Gal-3 in the regulation of microglial activation, it might be a potential target for the treatment of CNS diseases. Recently, Gal-3 expression has been extensively investigated in numerous pathological processes as a mediator of neuroinflammation, as well as in cell proliferation. However, the underlying mechanisms of Gal-3 involved in microgliamediated neuroinflammation in various CNS diseases remain to be further investigated. Moreover, several clinical studies support that the levels of Gal-3 are increased in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CNS diseases. Thus, we summarized the roles and underlying mechanisms of Gal-3 in activated microglia, thus providing a better insight into its complexity expression pattern, and contrasting functions in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Ya-Qun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Yu-Ke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. E-mail: ., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail:
| | - Da-Wei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China; ,Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. E-mail: ., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail:
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28
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Wang Q, Diao S, Qiu H, Gao R, Wang M, Chen Q, Xiao M, Li Z, Chen C. Galectin-3 administration drives remyelination after hypoxic-ischemic induced perinatal white matter injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:976002. [PMID: 36204450 PMCID: PMC9532057 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.976002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) induced perinatal white matter injury (PWMI) is a major cause of neurologic disabilities characterized by selective oligodendroglial death and myelin disruption. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) modulates postnatal subventricular zone gliogenesis and attenuates ischemic injury. However, the association between Gal-3 and myelin formation still remains unclear. In this study, we first perform Gal-3 knockdown (KD) to identify the importance of Gal-3 on myelin formation. Our results show impeded myelin formation, manifested by Olig2/CC1 (+) mature oligodendrocytes number, expression of oligodendroglial maturation-associated markers (MBP and CNPase), and myelin thickness and integrity. Then we perform recombinant Gal-3 (rGal-3) administration by intracerebroventricular injection. Notably, although rGal-3 administration shows no beneficial effect on oligodendrogenesis and myelin formation under normal condition, our results show that rGal-3 administration attenuates cognitive deficits and drives remyelination after PWMI, which are coupled to signs of enhanced myelin resiliency and cognition. Also, our results indicates that the significant increases in substrates for remyelination of rGal-3 administration are accompanied by enhanced Iba-1 (microglia marker)/ Mrc1 (M2 marker) (+) microglia and decreased Iba-1/ iNOS (M1 marker) (+) microglia. Altogether, our data in this research confirm the association between Gal-3 and myelin formation, underscore its position for the capacity for remyelination and restoration of function, and unveils the efficacy of rGal-3 administration with anti-inflammatory phenotype microglia (M2 microglia) activation. Thus, the findings suggest that Gal-3 plays a significant role in myelin formation and remyelination restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Medical Center of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihao Diao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Qiu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiwei Gao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiufan Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Medical Center of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mili Xiao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Chen
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29
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Galectins—Potential Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911012. [PMID: 36232314 PMCID: PMC9569834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in medicine have increased the longevity of humans, resulting in a higher incidence of chronic diseases. Due to the rise in the elderly population, age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent. The available treatment options only provide symptomatic relief and do not cure the underlying cause of the disease. Therefore, it has become imperative to discover new markers and therapies to modulate the course of disease progression and develop better treatment options for the affected individuals. Growing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a common factor and one of the main inducers of neuronal damage and degeneration. Galectins (Gals) are a class of β-galactoside-binding proteins (lectins) ubiquitously expressed in almost all vital organs. Gals modulate various cellular responses and regulate significant biological functions, including immune response, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell growth, through their interaction with glycoproteins and glycolipids. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the Gal superfamily, with Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9 in prime focus. Their roles have been described in modulating neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we discuss the role of Gals in the causation and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. We describe the role of Gals in microglia and astrocyte modulation, along with their pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. In addition, we discuss the potential use of Gals as a novel therapeutic target for neuroinflammation and restoring tissue damage in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Tabel M, Wolf A, Szczepan M, Xu H, Jägle H, Moehle C, Chen M, Langmann T. Genetic targeting or pharmacological inhibition of galectin-3 dampens microglia reactivity and delays retinal degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:229. [PMID: 36115971 PMCID: PMC9482176 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunctional humoral and cellular innate immunity are key components in the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Specifically, chronically activated microglia and their disturbed regulatory system contribute to retinal degeneration. Galectin-3, a β-galactose binding protein, is a potent driver of macrophage and microglia activation and has been implicated in neuroinflammation, including neurodegenerative diseases of the brain. Here, we hypothesized that genetic deficiency of galectin-3 or its modulation via TD139 dampens mononuclear phagocyte reactivity and delays retinal degeneration. Methods Galectin-3 expression in AMD patients was analyzed by immunohistochemical stainings. Galectin-3 knockout and BALB/cJ mice were exposed to white bright light with an intensity of 15,000 lux for 1 h and Cx3cr1GFP/+ mice to focal blue light of 50,000 lux for 10 min. BALB/cJ and Cx3cr1GFP/+ mice received intraperitoneal injections of 15 mg/kg TD139 or vehicle for five consecutive days, starting one day prior to light exposure. The effects of galectin-3 deficiency or inhibition on microglia were analyzed by immunohistochemical stainings and in situ hybridization of retinal sections and flat mounts. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were quantified by qRT-PCR and transcriptomic changes were analyzed by RNA-sequencing. Retinal thickness and structure were evaluated by optical coherence tomography. Results We found that galectin-3 expression was strongly upregulated in reactive retinal mononuclear phagocytes of AMD patients and in the two related mouse models of light-induced retinal degeneration. The experimental in vivo data further showed that specific targeting of galectin-3 by genetic knockout or administration of the small-molecule inhibitor TD139 reduced microglia reactivity and delayed retinal damage in both light damage conditions. Conclusion This study defines galectin-3 as a potent driver of retinal degeneration and highlights the protein as a drug target for ocular immunomodulatory therapies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02589-6.
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Shi H, Yin Z, Koronyo Y, Fuchs DT, Sheyn J, Davis MR, Wilson JW, Margeta MA, Pitts KM, Herron S, Ikezu S, Ikezu T, Graham SL, Gupta VK, Black KL, Mirzaei M, Butovsky O, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Regulating microglial miR-155 transcriptional phenotype alleviates Alzheimer's-induced retinal vasculopathy by limiting Clec7a/Galectin-3 + neurodegenerative microglia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:136. [PMID: 36076283 PMCID: PMC9461176 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell RNA sequencing studies identified novel neurodegeneration-associated microglial (MGnD/DAM) subtypes activated around cerebral amyloid plaques. Micro-RNA (miR)-155 of the TREM2-APOE pathway was shown to be a key transcriptional regulator of MGnD microglial phenotype. Despite growing interest in studying manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the retina, a CNS organ accessible to noninvasive high-resolution imaging, to date MGnD microglia have not been studied in the AD retina. Here, we discovered the presence and increased populations of Clec7a+ and Galectin-3+ MGnD microglia in retinas of transgenic APPSWE/PS1L166P AD-model mice. Conditionally targeting MGnD microglia by miR-155 ablation via the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 system in APPSWE/PS1L166P mice diminished retinal Clec7a+ and Galectin-3+ microglial populations while increasing homeostatic P2ry12+ microglia. Retinal MGnD microglia were often adhering to microvessels; their depletion protected the inner blood-retina barrier and reduced vascular amyloidosis. Microglial miR-155 depletion further limits retinal inflammation. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed enhanced retinal PI3K-Akt signaling and predicted IL-8 and Spp1 decreases in mice with microglia-specific miR-155 knockout. Overall, this study identified MGnD microglia in APPSWE/PS1L166P mouse retina. Transcriptional regulation of these dysfunctional microglia mitigated retinal inflammation and vasculopathy. The protective effects of microglial miR-155 ablation should shed light on potential treatments for retinal inflammation and vascular damage during AD and other ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoshen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Zhuoran Yin
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Miyah R Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Jered W Wilson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Milica A Margeta
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M Pitts
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shawn Herron
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Molecular Sciences and Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Wang Y, Leak RK, Cao G. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity after stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:980722. [PMID: 36052339 PMCID: PMC9426757 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.980722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a major cause of long-term disability and mortality worldwide. The immune system plays an important role in determining the condition of the brain following stroke. As the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia are the primary responders in a defense network covering the entire brain parenchyma, and exert various functions depending on dynamic communications with neurons, astrocytes, and other neighboring cells under both physiological or pathological conditions. Microglia activation and polarization is crucial for brain damage and repair following ischemic stroke, and is considered a double-edged sword for neurological recovery. Microglia can exist in pro-inflammatory states and promote secondary brain damage, but they can also secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors and facilitate recovery following stroke. In this review, we focus on the role and mechanisms of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity after ischemia and relevant potential microglia-based interventions for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Guodong Cao Yuan Wang
| | - Rehana K. Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Guodong Cao Yuan Wang
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Galectin-3, a rising star in modulating microglia activation under conditions of neurodegeneration. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:628. [PMID: 35859075 PMCID: PMC9300700 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The advent of high-throughput single-cell transcriptomic analysis of microglia has revealed different phenotypes that are inherently associated with disease conditions. A common feature of some of these activated phenotypes is the upregulation of galectin-3. Representative examples of these phenotypes include disease-associated microglia (DAM) and white-associated microglia (WAM), whose role(s) in neuroprotection/neurotoxicity is a matter of high interest in the microglia community. In this review, we summarise the main findings that demonstrate the ability of galectin-3 to interact with key pattern recognition receptors, including, among others, TLR4 and TREM2 and the importance of galectin-3 in the regulation of microglia activation. Finally, we discuss increasing evidence supporting the involvement of this lectin in the main neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and stroke.
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Mijailović NR, Vesic K, Arsenijevic D, Milojević-Rakić M, Borovcanin MM. Galectin-3 Involvement in Cognitive Processes for New Therapeutic Considerations. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:923811. [PMID: 35875353 PMCID: PMC9296991 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.923811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment may be a consequence of the normal aging process, but it may also be the hallmark of various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Early identification of individuals at particular risk for cognitive decline is critical, as it is imperative to maintain a cognitive reserve in these neuropsychiatric entities. In recent years, galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of the galectin family, has received considerable attention with respect to aspects of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms behind the putative relationship between Gal-3 and cognitive impairment are not yet clear. Intrigued by this versatile molecule and its unique modular architecture, the latest data on this relationship are presented here. This mini-review summarizes recent findings on the mechanisms by which Gal-3 affects cognitive functioning in both animal and human models. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of Gal-3 in modulating the inflammatory response as a fine-tuner of microglia morphology and phenotype. A review of recent literature on the utility of Gal-3 as a biomarker is provided, and approaches to strategically exploit Gal-3 activities with therapeutic intentions in neuropsychiatric diseases are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša R. Mijailović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Nataša R. Mijailović,
| | - Katarina Vesic
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Milica M. Borovcanin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Yu F, Wang Y, Stetler AR, Leak RK, Hu X, Chen J. Phagocytic microglia and macrophages in brain injury and repair. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1279-1293. [PMID: 35751629 PMCID: PMC9344092 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Phagocytosis is the cellular digestion of extracellular particles, such as pathogens and dying cells, and is a key element in the evolution of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Microglia and macrophages are the professional phagocytes of the CNS. By clearing toxic cellular debris and reshaping the extracellular matrix, microglia/macrophages help pilot the brain repair and functional recovery process. However, CNS resident and invading immune cells can also magnify tissue damage by igniting runaway inflammation and phagocytosing stressed-but viable-neurons. DISCUSSION Microglia/macrophages help mediate intercellular communication and react quickly to the "find-me" signals expressed by dead/dying neurons. The activated microglia/macrophages then migrate to the injury site to initiate the phagocytic process upon encountering "eat-me" signals on the surfaces of endangered cells. Thus, healthy cells attempt to avoid inappropriate engulfment by expressing "do not-eat-me" signals. Microglia/macrophages also have the capacity to phagocytose immune cells that invade the injured brain (e.g., neutrophils) and to regulate their pro-inflammatory properties. During brain recovery, microglia/macrophages engulf myelin debris, initiate synaptogenesis and neurogenesis, and sculpt a favorable extracellular matrix to support network rewiring, among other favorable roles. Here, we review the multilayered nature of phagocytotic microglia/macrophages, including the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern microglia/macrophage-induced phagocytosis in acute brain injury, and discuss strategies that tap into the therapeutic potential of this engulfment process. CONCLUSION Identification of biological targets that can temper neuroinflammation after brain injury without hindering the essential phagocytic functions of microglia/macrophages will expedite better medical management of the stroke recovery stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yangfan Wang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne R Stetler
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Modulating Microglia/Macrophage Activation by CDNF Promotes Transplantation of Fetal Ventral Mesencephalic Graft Survival and Function in a Hemiparkinsonian Rat Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061446. [PMID: 35740467 PMCID: PMC9221078 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, which leads to the motor control deficits. Recently, cell transplantation is a cutting-edge technique for the therapy of PD. Nevertheless, one key bottleneck to realizing such potential is allogenic immune reaction of tissue grafts by recipients. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) was shown to possess immune-modulatory properties that benefit neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesized that co-administration of CDNF with fetal ventral mesencephalic (VM) tissue can improve the success of VM replacement therapies by attenuating immune responses. Hemiparkinsonian rats were generated by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The rats were then intrastriatally transplanted with VM tissue from rats, with/without CDNF administration. Recovery of dopaminergic function and survival of the grafts were evaluated using the apomorphine-induced rotation test and small-animal positron emission tomography (PET) coupled with [18F] DOPA or [18F] FE-PE2I, respectively. In addition, transplantation-related inflammatory response was determined by uptake of [18F] FEPPA in the grafted side of striatum. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination was used to determine the survival of the grated dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and to investigate immune-modulatory effects of CDNF. The modulation of inflammatory responses caused by CDNF might involve enhancing M2 subset polarization and increasing fractal dimensions of 6-OHDA-treated BV2 microglial cell line. Analysis of CDNF-induced changes to gene expressions of 6-OHDA-stimulated BV2 cells implies that these alternations of the biomarkers and microglial morphology are implicated in the upregulation of protein kinase B signaling as well as regulation of catalytic, transferase, and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. The effects of CDNF on 6-OHDA-induced alternation of the canonical pathway in BV2 microglial cells is highly associated with PI3K-mediated phagosome formation. Our results are the first to show that CDNF administration enhances the survival of the grafted dopaminergic neurons and improves functional recovery in PD animal model. Modulation of the polarization, morphological characteristics, and transcriptional profiles of 6-OHDA-stimualted microglia by CDNF may possess these properties in transplantation-based regenerative therapies.
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Amin D, Kuwajima T. Differential Retinal Ganglion Cell Vulnerability, A Critical Clue for the Identification of Neuroprotective Genes in Glaucoma. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:905352. [PMID: 38983528 PMCID: PMC11182220 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.905352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the neurons in the retina which directly project to the brain and transmit visual information along the optic nerve. Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of blindness, is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and degeneration of the optic nerve, which is followed by RGC death. Currently, there are no clinical therapeutic drugs or molecular interventions that prevent RGC death outside of IOP reduction. In order to overcome these major barriers, an increased number of studies have utilized the following combined analytical methods: well-established rodent models of glaucoma including optic nerve injury models and transcriptomic gene expression profiling, resulting in the successful identification of molecules and signaling pathways relevant to RGC protection. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of pathological features in a variety of animal models of glaucoma and top differentially expressed genes (DEGs) depending on disease progression, RGC subtypes, retinal regions or animal species. By comparing top DEGs among those different transcriptome profiles, we discuss whether commonly listed DEGs could be defined as potential novel therapeutic targets in glaucoma, which will facilitate development of future therapeutic neuroprotective strategies for treatments of human patients in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwarkesh Amin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Takaaki Kuwajima
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Martin-Saldaña S, Chevalier MT, Pandit A. Therapeutic potential of targeting galectins – A biomaterials-focused perspective. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Manouchehrian O, Andersson E, Eriksson-Hallberg B, Deierborg T. Galectin-3 ablation does not affect infarct size or inflammatory cytokines after experimental stroke in 24-month-old female mice. Neuroreport 2022; 33:266-271. [PMID: 35352699 PMCID: PMC8969841 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tissue damage following a focal stroke causes an inflammatory response that is thought to aggravate the disease state. Galectin-3 is a proinflammatory molecule that has been shown to play a significant role in the inflammatory responses in brain diseases and following experimental stroke. In most animal experiments, young animals are used, although attempts are often made to model diseases that affect the elderly. Therefore, in this project, we intended to investigate the role of Galectin-3 in experimental stroke in older mice. METHODS In this project, 24-month-old (aged) female mice were subjected to an experimental stroke (permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion) 7 days before sacrifice. We wanted to investigate whether the absence of the inflammatory protein Galectin-3 could affect motor phenotype, neuroinflammation and infarct size. Number of mice without Galectin-3 (Galectin-3 KO) = 9, number of wildtype controls of the same age = 6. RESULTS In our aged female mice, we could not observe any significant differences between Galectin-3 KO and wildtype regarding the inclined plane test or cylinder test. We could not observe different infarct sizes between the two genotypes. In brain homogenates, we measured levels of 10 inflammatory cytokines, but we could not see any significant differences in any of them. CONCLUSION In summary, it can be said that the absence of the inflammatory mediator Galectin-3 does not seem to have a strong poststroke effect in aged females. Unfortunately, we could not analyze these mice with immunohistochemistry, which limited our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Manouchehrian
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University
| | - Emelie Andersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Eriksson-Hallberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University
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Galectin-3: A Novel Marker for the Prediction of Stroke Incidence and Clinical Prognosis. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:2924773. [PMID: 35281427 PMCID: PMC8904909 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2924773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke, whether ischemic or haemorrhagic, is one of the main causes of mortality and disability all over the world, which entails huge burdens in both healthcare environments as well as social and economic aspects of life. Therefore, there is a continuous search for novel reliable biomarkers that can enhance the recognition of stroke events in a timely manner and predict the clinical outcomes following a stroke event. Galectins are a group of proteins expressed by many types of cells and tissues including vasculature, certain immune cells, fibroblasts, and gastrointestinal epithelial cells. These proteins vary in their structure and configuration according to their type and have a diversity of functions according to the type of tissue they are expressed in. Among these proteins, a few studies investigated mainly the roles played by galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) in the molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis and in brain tissue remodeling after a stroke event. In this review, we present an updated overview of the current understanding of Gal-3's functions and implications in stroke occurrence and the response of the brain tissue to stroke events, which may be a key to its utility as a predictor of stroke incidence and clinical prognosis in the future.
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Liu Y, Zhao C, Meng J, Li N, Xu Z, Liu X, Hou S. Galectin-3 regulates microglial activation and promotes inflammation through TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Clin Immunol 2022; 236:108939. [PMID: 35121106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3, an attractive molecule of innate immunity, has been reported to be involved in the neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the role of Galectin-3 in autoimmune uveitis is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of Galectin-3 on microglial activation and inflammation of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). We immunized female C57BL/6 J mice with IRBP651-670 to induce EAU and the specific inhibitor was intravitreally injected in EAU mice. Disease severity was evaluated by clinical and histopathological scores. Immunofluorescence, western blot, qRT-PCR analysis and immunoprecipitation were used to detect the functional phenotypes and mechanisms on microglia after Galectin-3 inhibition. Our results showed that the expression of Galectin-3 was conspicuously increased in microglia of EAU retinas. The specific inhibitor of Galectin-3, TD139 was found to ameliorate the clinical and histological manifestations of EAU mice. In addition, TD139 reduced the expression of proinflammatory factors in vivo and vitro, which are related to the severity of uveitis. In mechanism, TD139 down-regulated the expression of TLR4 and MyD88, and then inhibited the activation of NF-κB p65 in microglia. In conclusion, Galectin-3 may play important roles in a variety of immune related diseases including autoimmune uveitis. Additionally, the inhibition of Galectin-3 may attenuate the microglial activation and inflammatory response through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, highlighting a potential therapeutic target of Galectin-3 for autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayu Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zongren Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianyang Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China.
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Gal3 Plays a Deleterious Role in a Mouse Model of Endotoxemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031170. [PMID: 35163089 PMCID: PMC8835800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia induces an acute systemic inflammatory response that mimics some important features of sepsis, the disease with the highest mortality rate worldwide. In this work, we have analyzed a murine model of endotoxemia based on a single intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg of LPS. We took advantage of galectin-3 (Gal3) knockout mice and found that the absence of Gal3 decreased the mortality rate oflethal endotoxemia in the first 80 h after the administration of LPS, along with a reduction in the tissular damage in several organs measured by electron microscopy. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrated that, in control conditions, peripheral immune cells, especially monocytes, exhibited high levels of Gal3, which were early depleted in response to LPS injection, thus suggesting Gal3 release under endotoxemia conditions. However, serum levels of Gal3 early decreased in response to LPS challenge (1 h), an indication that Gal3 may be extravasated to peripheral organs. Indeed, analysis of Gal3 in peripheral organs revealed a robust up-regulation of Gal3 36 h after LPS injection. Taken together, these results demonstrate the important role that Gal3 could play in the development of systemic inflammation, a well-established feature of sepsis, thus opening new and promising therapeutic options for these harmful conditions.
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Rahimian R, Belliveau C, Chen R, Mechawar N. Microglial Inflammatory-Metabolic Pathways and Their Potential Therapeutic Implication in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:871997. [PMID: 35782423 PMCID: PMC9245023 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.871997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the notion that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), at least in a subset of patients. By virtue of their capacity to transform into reactive states in response to inflammatory insults, microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play a pivotal role in the induction of neuroinflammation. Experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells, leading to the activation of a cytotoxic response that exacerbates damage to brain cells. However, microglia display a wide range of responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. MDD has been associated with chronic priming of microglia. Recent studies suggest that altered microglial morphology and function, caused either by intense inflammatory activation or by senescence, may contribute to depression and associated impairments in neuroplasticity. In this context, modifying microglia phenotype by tuning inflammatory pathways might have important translational relevance to harness neuroinflammation in MDD. Interestingly, it was recently shown that different microglial phenotypes are associated with distinct metabolic pathways and analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms points to an instrumental role for energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Here, we review various canonical pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and metabolic pathways in microglia that may provide new therapeutic opportunities to control neuroinflammation in brain disorders, with a strong focus on MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Belliveau
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of Galectin-3 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010046. [PMID: 35053194 PMCID: PMC8774137 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 plays a prominent role in chronic inflammation and has been implicated in the development of many disease conditions, including heart disease. Galectin-3, a regulatory protein, is elevated in both acute and chronic heart failure and is involved in the inflammatory pathway after injury leading to myocardial tissue remodelling. We discussed the potential utility of galectin-3 as a diagnostic and disease severity/prognostic biomarker in different cardio/cerebrovascular diseases, such as acute ischemic stroke, acute coronary syndromes, heart failure and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Over the last decade there has been a marked increase in the understanding the role of galectin-3 in myocardial fibrosis and inflammation and as a therapeutic target for the treatment of heart failure and myocardial infarction.
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Soares LC, Al-Dalahmah O, Hillis J, Young CC, Asbed I, Sakaguchi M, O’Neill E, Szele FG. Novel Galectin-3 Roles in Neurogenesis, Inflammation and Neurological Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:3047. [PMID: 34831271 PMCID: PMC8618878 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is an evolutionarily conserved and multifunctional protein that drives inflammation in disease. Gal-3's role in the central nervous system has been less studied than in the immune system. However, recent studies show it exacerbates Alzheimer's disease and is upregulated in a large variety of brain injuries, while loss of Gal-3 function can diminish symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Several novel molecular pathways for Gal-3 were recently uncovered. It is a natural ligand for TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells), TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4), and IR (insulin receptor). Gal-3 regulates a number of pathways including stimulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and modulating Wnt signalling in a context-dependent manner. Gal-3 typically acts in pathology but is now known to affect subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the healthy brain. Despite its myriad interactors, Gal-3 has surprisingly specific and important functions in regulating SVZ neurogenesis in disease. Gal-1, a similar lectin often co-expressed with Gal-3, also has profound effects on brain pathology and adult neurogenesis. Remarkably, Gal-3's carbohydrate recognition domain bears structural similarity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein necessary for cell entry. Gal-3 can be targeted pharmacologically and is a valid target for several diseases involving brain inflammation. The wealth of molecular pathways now known further suggest its modulation could be therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana C. Soares
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; (L.C.S.); (I.A.)
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK;
| | - Osama Al-Dalahmah
- Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - James Hillis
- Massachusets General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Christopher C. Young
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA;
| | - Isaiah Asbed
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; (L.C.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Masanori Sakaguchi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan;
| | - Eric O’Neill
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK;
| | - Francis G. Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; (L.C.S.); (I.A.)
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Maruszewska-Cheruiyot M, Stear M, Donskow-Łysoniewska K. Galectins - Important players of the immune response to CNS parasitic infection. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 13:100221. [PMID: 34589740 PMCID: PMC8474370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins that bind β-galactosides and play key roles in a variety of cellular processes including host defense and entry of parasites into the host cells. They have been well studied in hosts but less so in parasites. As both host and parasite galectins are highly upregulated proteins following infection, galectins are an area of increasing interest and their role in immune modulation has only recently become clear. Correlation of CNS parasitic diseases with mental disorders as a result of direct or indirect interaction has been observed. Therefore, galectins produced by the parasite should be taken into consideration as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maruszewska-Cheruiyot
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
- Corresponding author.
| | - Michael Stear
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Agribio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Donskow-Łysoniewska
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
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Espinosa-Oliva AM, García-Miranda P, Alonso-Bellido IM, Carvajal AE, González-Rodríguez M, Carrillo-Jiménez A, Temblador AJ, Felices-Navarro M, García-Domínguez I, Roca-Ceballos MA, Vázquez-Carretero MD, García-Revilla J, Santiago M, Peral MJ, Venero JL, de Pablos RM. Galectin-3 Deletion Reduces LPS and Acute Colitis-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Microglial Activation in the Ventral Mesencephalon. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:706439. [PMID: 34483912 PMCID: PMC8416309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.706439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a highly prevalent neurological disorder for which there is currently no cure. Therefore, the knowledge of risk factors as well as the development of new putative molecular targets is mandatory. In this sense, peripheral inflammation, especially the originated in the colon, is emerging as a predisposing factor for suffering this disease. We have largely studied the pleiotropic roles of galectin-3 in driving microglia-associated immune responses. However, studies aimed at elucidating the role of galectin-3 in peripheral inflammation in terms of microglia polarization are lacking. To achieve this, we have evaluated the effect of galectin-3 deletion in two different models of acute peripheral inflammation: intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide or gut inflammation induced by oral administration of dextran sodium sulfate. We found that under peripheral inflammation the number of microglial cells and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators take place specifically in the dopaminergic system, thus supporting causative links between Parkinson’s disease and peripheral inflammation. Absence of galectin-3 highly reduced neuroinflammation in both models, suggesting an important central regulatory role of galectin-3 in driving microglial activation provoked by the peripheral inflammation. Thus, modulation of galectin-3 function emerges as a promising strategy to minimize undesired microglia polarization states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Espinosa-Oliva
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Miranda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabel María Alonso-Bellido
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana E Carvajal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Melania González-Rodríguez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carrillo-Jiménez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Arturo J Temblador
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Felices-Navarro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene García-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Angustias Roca-Ceballos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Juan García-Revilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marti Santiago
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María J Peral
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Luis Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
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Abcouwer SF, Shanmugam S, Muthusamy A, Lin CM, Kong D, Hager H, Liu X, Antonetti DA. Inflammatory resolution and vascular barrier restoration after retinal ischemia reperfusion injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:186. [PMID: 34446062 PMCID: PMC8394696 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several retinal pathologies exhibit both inflammation and breakdown of the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB) resulting in vascular permeability, suggesting that treatments that trigger resolution of inflammation may also promote iBRB restoration. Methods Using the mouse retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury model, we followed the time course of neurodegeneration, inflammation, and iBRB disruption and repair to examine the relationship between resolution of inflammation and iBRB restoration and to determine if minocycline, a tetracycline derivative shown to reverse microglial activation, can hasten these processes. Results A 90-min ischemic insult followed by reperfusion in the retina induced cell apoptosis and inner retina thinning that progressed for approximately 2 weeks. IR increased vascular permeability within hours, which resolved between 3 and 4 weeks after injury. Increased vascular permeability coincided with alteration and loss of endothelial cell tight junction (TJ) protein content and disorganization of TJ protein complexes. Shunting of blood flow away from leaky vessels and dropout of leaky capillaries were eliminated as possible mechanisms for restoring the iBRB. Repletion of TJ protein contents occurred within 2 days after injury, long before restoration of the iBRB. In contrast, the eventual re-organization of TJ complexes at the cell border coincided with restoration of the barrier. A robust inflammatory response was evident a 1 day after IR and progressed to resolution over the 4-week time course. The inflammatory response included a rapid and transient infiltration of granulocytes and Ly6C+ classical inflammatory monocytes, a slow accumulation of Ly6Cneg monocyte/macrophages, and activation, proliferation, and mobilization of resident microglia. Extravasation of the majority of CD45+ leukocytes occurred from the superficial plexus. The presence of monocyte/macrophages and increased numbers of microglia were sustained until the iBRB was eventually restored. Intervention with minocycline to reverse microglial activation at 1 week after injury promoted early restoration of the iBRB coinciding with decreased expression of mRNAs for the microglial M1 markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and Ptgs2 (Cox-2) and increased expression of secreted serine protease inhibitor Serpina3n mRNA. Conclusions These results suggest that iBRB restoration occurs as TJ complexes are reorganized and that resolution of inflammation and restoration of the iBRB following retinal IR injury are functionally linked. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02237-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Abcouwer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Sumathi Shanmugam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | | | - Cheng-Mao Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Heather Hager
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Xuwen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - David A Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Michigan Medicine, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Mehina EMF, Taylor S, Boghozian R, White E, Choi SE, Cheema MS, Korbelin J, Brown CE. Invasion of phagocytic Galectin 3 expressing macrophages in the diabetic brain disrupts vascular repair. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/34/eabg2712. [PMID: 34407943 PMCID: PMC8373127 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cellular events that dictate the repair of damaged vessels in the brain, especially in those with vascular risk factors such as diabetes, is poorly understood. Here, we dissected the role of resident microglia and infiltrative macrophages in determining the repair of ruptured cerebral microvessels. Using in vivo time-lapse imaging, gene expression analysis, and immunohistochemistry, we identified a unique population of phagocytic Galectin 3 (Gal3) expressing macrophages, distinct from resident microglia, which infiltrated and aggregated at the site of injury in diabetic mice and were associated with the elimination of microvessels. Depletion of these infiltrative macrophages in diabetic mice attenuated phagocytic activity and prevented the loss of blood vessels after injury. These findings highlight a previously unknown role for infiltrative Gal3 expressing macrophages in promoting vessel elimination after brain injury and provide impetus for future studies to determine whether depleting these cells can facilitate vascular repair in at risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam M F Mehina
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Taylor
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Roobina Boghozian
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Emily White
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Sun Eui Choi
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Manjinder S Cheema
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jakob Korbelin
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Craig E Brown
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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50
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Yazar T, Olgun Yazar H, Cihan M. Evaluation of serum galectin-3 levels at Alzheimer patients by stages: a preliminary report. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:949-954. [PMID: 32852752 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Neuroinflammation has a critic role in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. The activation of microglia is the main actor in this process. The aim of this study to collect data on the role of microglial activation in the etiology, and the possible continuum at the stage of disease through the evaluation of serum galectin-3 levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS This was a prospective and cross-sectional study conducted on patients who were diagnosed as having AD using the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) and stages determined with the scales of Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) with healthy controls. RESULTS In our study, we studied 118 people, 57 with AD and 61 healthy people as a control group. In the AD patient group, serum galectin-3 levels were higher compared with the control group (p = 0.003). There were no significant differences in either group in other collected parameters (p > 0.05). It was observed that in all patients with AD, parallel to the stage of the disease, serum galectin-3 levels, patience's age, and duration of disease were statically and significantly increased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, serum galactin-3 levels may be associated with AD and maybe a potential biomarker for the identification of disease in the early stages. In future years, serum galectin-3 levels may become an important biomarker and therapeutic agent for chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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