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Žnidarič M, Škrinjar D, Kapel A. Electrodermal activity and heart rate variability for detection of peripheral abnormalities in type 2 diabetes: A review. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2023; 23:740-751. [PMID: 36803545 PMCID: PMC10494848 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2022.8561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Modern medicine exhibits an upward trend towards non-invasive methods for early detection of disease and long-term monitoring of patients' health. Diabetes mellitus and its complications are a promising area for implementation of new medical diagnostic devices. One of the most serious complications of diabetes is diabetic foot ulcer. The main causes responsible for diabetic foot ulcer are ischemia caused by peripheral artery disease and diabetic neuropathy caused by polyol pathway-induced oxidative stress. Autonomic neuropathy impairs function of sweat glands, which can be measured by electrodermal activity. On the other hand, autonomic neuropathy leads to changes in heart rate variability, which is used to assess autonomic regulation of the sinoatrial node. Both methods are enough sensitive to detect pathological changes caused by autonomic neuropathy and are promising screening methods for early diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy, which could prevent the onset of diabetic ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Žnidarič
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | - Alen Kapel
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
- Alma Mater Europaea, Maribor, Slovenia
- Modus Medical, Maribor, Slovenia
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2
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Pacifico P, Testa G, Amodeo R, Mainardi M, Tiberi A, Convertino D, Arevalo JC, Marchetti L, Costa M, Cattaneo A, Capsoni S. Human TrkAR649W mutation impairs nociception, sweating and cognitive abilities: a mouse model of HSAN IV. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1380-1400. [PMID: 36537577 PMCID: PMC10077510 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional nerve growth factor NGF-Tropomyosin Receptor kinase A (TrkA) system is an essential requisite for the generation and maintenance of long-lasting thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in adult mammals. Indeed, mutations in the gene encoding for TrkA are responsible for a rare condition, named Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy type IV (HSAN IV), characterized by the loss of response to noxious stimuli, anhidrosis and cognitive impairment. However, to date, there is no available mouse model to properly understand how the NGF-TrkA system can lead to pathological phenotypes that are distinctive of HSAN IV. Here, we report the generation of a knock-in mouse line carrying the HSAN IV TrkAR649W mutation. First, by in vitro biochemical and biophysical analyses, we show that the pathological R649W mutation leads to kinase-inactive TrkA also affecting its membrane dynamics and trafficking. In agreement with the HSAN IV human phenotype, TrkAR649W/m mice display a lower response to thermal and chemical noxious stimuli, correlating with reduced skin innervation, in addition to decreased sweating in comparison to TrkAh/m controls. Moreover, the R649W mutation decreases anxiety-like behavior and compromises cognitive abilities, by impairing spatial-working and social memory. Our results further uncover unexplored roles of TrkA in thermoregulation and sociability. In addition to accurately recapitulating the clinical manifestations of HSAN IV patients, our findings contribute to clarifying the involvement of the NGF-TrkA system in pain sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pacifico
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Giovanna Testa
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Rosy Amodeo
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa 56127, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Marco Mainardi
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (IN-CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Alexia Tiberi
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Domenica Convertino
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa 56127, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Juan Carlos Arevalo
- Departmento de Biología Celular y Patología, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Mario Costa
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (IN-CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy
- Pisa Center for Research and Clinical Implementation Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
- Rita Levi-Montalcini European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Simona Capsoni
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
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3
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Choi JB, Seol DW, Do HS, Yang HY, Kim TM, Byun YG, Park JM, Choi J, Hong SP, Chung WS, Suh JM, Koh GY, Lee BH, Wee G, Han YM. Fasudil alleviates the vascular endothelial dysfunction and several phenotypes of Fabry disease. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1002-1016. [PMID: 36755495 PMCID: PMC10124081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD), a lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by defective α-galactosidase (GLA) activity, which results in the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in endothelial cells and leads to life-threatening complications such as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), renal failure, and stroke. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) results in Gb3 clearance; however, because of a short half-life in the body and the high immunogenicity of FD patients, ERT has a limited therapeutic effect, particularly in patients with late-onset disease or progressive complications. Because vascular endothelial cells (VECs) derived from FD-induced pluripotent stem cells display increased thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) expression and enhanced SMAD2 signaling, we screened for chemical compounds that could downregulate TSP1 and SMAD2 signaling. Fasudil reduced the levels of p-SMAD2 and TSP1 in FD-VECs and increased the expression of angiogenic factors. Furthermore, fasudil downregulated the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and mitochondrial function of FD-VECs. Oral administration of fasudil to FD mice alleviated several FD phenotypes, including LVH, renal fibrosis, anhidrosis, and heat insensitivity. Our findings demonstrate that fasudil is a novel candidate for FD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bin Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Won Seol
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sang Do
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Min Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae-Min Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Pyo Hong
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabbine Wee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Mahn Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Poitras T, Piragasam RS, Joy T, Jackson J, Chandrasekhar A, Fahlman R, Zochodne DW. Major urinary protein excreted in rodent hindpaw sweat. J Anat 2021; 239:529-535. [PMID: 33686663 PMCID: PMC8273588 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative roles for sweat production beyond thermoregulation, considered less frequently, include chemical signaling. We identified the presence of a well-established rodent urinary pheromone, major urinary protein (MUP) in sweat ductules of the footpad dermal skin of mice. A hindpaw sweat proteomic analysis in hindpaw sweat samples collected in rats and generated by unmyelinated axon activation, identified seven lipocalin family members including MUP and 19 additional unique proteins. Behavioural responses to sniffing male mouse foot protein lysates suggested avoidance in a subset of male mice, but were not definitive. Rodent hindpaw sweat glands secrete a repertoire of proteins that include MUPs known to have roles in olfactory communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Poitras
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | | | - Twinkle Joy
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Jesse Jackson
- Department of Physiology and the Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Richard Fahlman
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Douglas W. Zochodne
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
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He M, Zhou T, Niu Y, Feng W, Gu X, Xu W, Zhang S, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang C, Dong L, Liu M, Dong N, Wu Q. The protease corin regulates electrolyte homeostasis in eccrine sweat glands. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001090. [PMID: 33591965 PMCID: PMC7909636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweating is a basic skin function in body temperature control. In sweat glands, salt excretion and reabsorption are regulated to avoid electrolyte imbalance. To date, the mechanism underlying such regulation is not fully understood. Corin is a transmembrane protease that activates atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a cardiac hormone essential for normal blood volume and pressure. Here, we report an unexpected role of corin in sweat glands to promote sweat and salt excretion in regulating electrolyte homeostasis. In human and mouse eccrine sweat glands, corin and ANP are expressed in the luminal epithelial cells. In corin-deficient mice on normal- and high-salt diets, sweat and salt excretion is reduced. This phenotype is associated with enhanced epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity that mediates Na+ and water reabsorption. Treatment of amiloride, an ENaC inhibitor, normalizes sweat and salt excretion in corin-deficient mice. Moreover, treatment of aldosterone decreases sweat and salt excretion in wild-type (WT), but not corin-deficient, mice. These results reveal an important regulatory function of corin in eccrine sweat glands to promote sweat and salt excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling He
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, the People’s Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yayan Niu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wansheng Feng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiabing Gu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenting Xu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiting Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Can Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ningzheng Dong
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingyu Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
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6
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Shim DH, Nguyen TT, Park PG, Kim MJ, Park BW, Jeong HR, Kim DS, Joo HW, Choi SO, Park JH, Lee JM. Development of Botulinum Toxin A-Coated Microneedles for Treating Palmar Hyperhidrosis. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4913-4919. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Department of BioNano Technology and Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Hye-Rin Jeong
- Department of BioNano Technology and Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Kim
- Department of BioNano Technology and Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Joo
- Department of BioNano Technology and Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-O Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jung-Hwan Park
- Department of BioNano Technology and Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
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Chee MK, Jo SK, Sohn KC, Kim CD, Lee JH, Lee YH. Effects of Brn2 overexpression on eccrine sweat gland development in the mouse paw. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [PMID: 28648603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Eccrine sweat glands regulate body temperature by secreting water and electrolytes. In humans, eccrine sweat glands are ubiquitous in the skin, except in the lips and external genitalia. In mice, eccrine sweat glands are present only in the paw pad. Brn2 is a protein belonging to a large family of transcription factors. A few studies have examined Brn2 in melanoma cells and epidermal keratinocytes. This study investigated changes in the skin in the K5-Brn2 transgenic mouse, which overexpresses Brn2 and contains the keratin 5 promotor. Interestingly, the volume of eccrine sweat glands was reduced markedly in the K5-Brn2 transgenic mouse compared with the wild-type, while the expression of aquaporin 5, important molecule in sweat secretion, was increased in each sweat gland cell, probably to compensate for the reduction in gland development. However, sweating response to a pilocarpine injection in the hind paw was significantly decreased in the K5-Brn2 transgenic mouse compared with the wild-type. The paw epidermis was thicker in the K5-Brn2 transgenic mouse compared with the wild-type. Taken together, eccrine sweat gland development and sweat secretion were suppressed markedly in the K5-Brn2 transgenic mouse. These results may be associated with dominant development of the epidermis by Brn2 overexpression in the paw skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Keun Chee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seong Kyeong Jo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyung Cheol Sohn
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang Deok Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jeung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.
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Cui CY, Ishii R, Campbell DP, Michel M, Piao Y, Kume T, Schlessinger D. Foxc1 Ablated Mice Are Anhidrotic and Recapitulate Features of Human Miliaria Sweat Retention Disorder. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:38-45. [PMID: 27592801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sweat glands are critical for thermoregulation. The single tubular structure of sweat glands has a lower secretory portion and an upper reabsorptive duct leading to the secretory pore in the skin. Genes that determine sweat gland structure and function are largely unidentified. Here we report that a Fox family transcription factor, Foxc1, is obligate for appreciable sweat duct activity in mice. When Foxc1 was specifically ablated in skin, sweat glands appeared mature, but the mice were severely hypohidrotic. Morphologic analysis revealed that sweat ducts were blocked by hyperkeratotic or parakeratotic plugs. Consequently, lumens in ducts and secretory portions were dilated, and blisters and papules formed on the skin surface in the knockout mice. The phenotype was strikingly similar to the human sweat retention disorder miliaria. We further show that Foxc1 deficiency ectopically induces the expression of keratinocyte terminal differentiation markers in the duct luminal cells, which most likely contribute to keratotic plug formation. Among those differentiation markers, we show that Sprr2a transcription is directly repressed by overexpressed Foxc1 in keratinocytes. In summary, Foxc1 regulates sweat duct luminal cell differentiation, and mutant mice mimic miliaria and provide a possible animal model for its study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yi Cui
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Ryuga Ishii
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dean P Campbell
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc Michel
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yulan Piao
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Tam J, Wang Y, Vuong LN, Fisher JM, Farinelli WA, Anderson RR. Reconstitution of full-thickness skin by microcolumn grafting. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2796-2805. [PMID: 27296503 PMCID: PMC5697650 DOI: 10.1002/term.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In addition to providing a physical barrier, skin also serves a diverse range of physiological functions through different specialized resident cell types/structures, including melanocytes (pigmentation and protection against ultraviolet radiation), Langerhans cells (adaptive immunity), fibroblasts (maintaining extracellular matrix, paracrine regulation of keratinocytes), sweat glands (thermoregulation) and hair follicles (hair growth, sensation and a stem cell reservoir). Restoration of these functional elements has been a long-standing challenge in efforts to engineer skin tissue, while autologous skin grafting is limited by the scarcity of donor site skin and morbidity caused by skin harvesting. We demonstrate an alternative approach of harvesting and then implanting μm-scale, full-thickness columns of human skin tissue, which can be removed from a donor site with minimal morbidity and no scarring. Fresh human skin microcolumns were used to reconstitute skin in wounds on immunodeficient mice. The restored skin recapitulated many key features of normal human skin tissue, including epidermal architecture, diverse skin cell populations, adnexal structures and sweat production in response to cholinergic stimulation. These promising preclinical results suggest that harvesting and grafting of microcolumns may be useful for reconstituting fully functional skin in human wounds, without donor site morbidity. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Tam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of DermatologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Ying Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of DermatologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Linh N. Vuong
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Jeremy M. Fisher
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | | | - R. Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of DermatologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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10
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Cui CY, Schlessinger D. Eccrine sweat gland development and sweat secretion. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:644-50. [PMID: 26014472 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Eccrine sweat glands help to maintain homoeostasis, primarily by stabilizing body temperature. Derived from embryonic ectoderm, millions of eccrine glands are distributed across human skin and secrete litres of sweat per day. Their easy accessibility has facilitated the start of analyses of their development and function. Mouse genetic models find sweat gland development regulated sequentially by Wnt, Eda and Shh pathways, although precise subpathways and additional regulators require further elucidation. Mature glands have two secretory cell types, clear and dark cells, whose comparative development and functional interactions remain largely unknown. Clear cells have long been known as the major secretory cells, but recent studies suggest that dark cells are also indispensable for sweat secretion. Dark cell-specific Foxa1 expression was shown to regulate a Ca(2+) -dependent Best2 anion channel that is the candidate driver for the required ion currents. Overall, it was shown that cholinergic impulses trigger sweat secretion in mature glands through second messengers - for example InsP3 and Ca(2+) - and downstream ion channels/transporters in the framework of a Na(+) -K(+) -Cl(-) cotransporter model. Notably, the microenvironment surrounding secretory cells, including acid-base balance, was implicated to be important for proper sweat secretion, which requires further clarification. Furthermore, multiple ion channels have been shown to be expressed in clear and dark cells, but the degree to which various ion channels function redundantly or indispensably also remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yi Cui
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Klar J, Hisatsune C, Baig SM, Tariq M, Johansson ACV, Rasool M, Malik NA, Ameur A, Sugiura K, Feuk L, Mikoshiba K, Dahl N. Abolished InsP3R2 function inhibits sweat secretion in both humans and mice. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4773-80. [PMID: 25329695 DOI: 10.1172/jci70720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 3 major sweat-producing glands present in skin; eccrine, apocrine, and apoeccrine glands. Due to the high rate of secretion, eccrine sweating is a vital regulator of body temperature in response to thermal stress in humans; therefore, an inability to sweat (anhidrosis) results in heat intolerance that may cause impaired consciousness and death. Here, we have reported 5 members of a consanguineous family with generalized, isolated anhidrosis, but morphologically normal eccrine sweat glands. Whole-genome analysis identified the presence of a homozygous missense mutation in ITPR2, which encodes the type 2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R2), that was present in all affected family members. We determined that the mutation is localized within the pore forming region of InsP3R2 and abrogates Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, which suggests that intracellular Ca2+ release by InsP3R2 in clear cells of the sweat glands is important for eccrine sweat production. Itpr2-/- mice exhibited a marked reduction in sweat secretion, and evaluation of sweat glands from Itpr2-/- animals revealed a decrease in Ca2+ response compared with controls. Together, our data indicate that loss of InsP3R2-mediated Ca2+ release causes isolated anhidrosis in humans and suggest that specific InsP3R inhibitors have the potential to reduce sweat production in hyperhidrosis.
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12
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Schütz B, Schäfer MKH, Gördes M, Eiden LE, Weihe E. Satb2-independent acquisition of the cholinergic sudomotor phenotype in rodents. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:205-16. [PMID: 25239161 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Satb2 (Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-2) elicits expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in cultured rat sympathetic neurons exposed to soluble differentiation factors. Here, we determined whether or not Satb2 plays a similar role in cholinergic differentiation in vivo, by comparing the postnatal profile of Satb2 expression in the rodent stellate ganglion to that of VAChT and ChAT. Throughout postnatal development, VAChT and ChAT were found to be co-expressed in a numerically stable subpopulation of rat stellate ganglion neurons. Nerve fibers innervating rat forepaw sweat glands on P1 were VAChT immunoreactive, while ChAT was detectable at this target only after P5. The postnatal abundance of VAChT transcripts in the stellate ganglion was at maximum already on P1, whereas ChAT mRNA levels increased from low levels on P1 to reach maximum levels between P5 and P21. Satb2 mRNA was detected in cholinergic neurons in the stellate ganglion beginning with P8, thus coincident with the onset of unequivocal detection of ChAT immunoreactivity in forepaw sweat gland endings. Satb2 knockout mice exhibited no change in the P1 cholinergic VAChT/ChAT co-phenotype in stellate ganglion neurons. Thus, cholinergic phenotype maturation involves first, early target (sweat-gland)-independent expression and trafficking of VAChT, and later, potentially target- and Satb2-dependent elevation of ChAT mRNA and protein transport into sweat gland endings. In rat sudomotor neurons that, unlike mouse sudomotor neurons, co-express calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Satb2 may also be related to the establishment of species-specific neuropeptide co-phenotypes during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Schütz
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany,
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13
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Hu W, Yang M, Chang J, Shen Z, Gu T, Deng A, Gu X. Laser doppler perfusion imaging of skin territory to reflect autonomic functional recovery following sciatic nerve autografting repair in rats. Microsurgery 2012; 32:136-43. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.20974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjian Chang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyi Shen
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwen Gu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Aidong Deng
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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14
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Inskip JA, Ramer LM, Ramer MS, Krassioukov AV. Autonomic assessment of animals with spinal cord injury: tools, techniques and translation. Spinal Cord 2008; 47:2-35. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2008.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Jin SH, Kim HJT, Harris DC, Thomas SA. Postnatal development of the cerebellum and the CNS adrenergic system is independent of norepinephrine and epinephrine. J Comp Neurol 2004; 477:300-9. [PMID: 15305366 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in the formation of the nervous system is the extent to which a neurotransmitter contributes to the development of the neurons that synthesize and release it. A complementary question is whether neurotransmitter signaling contributes to the development of postsynaptic targets. Prior studies have suggested that adrenergic signaling may promote adrenergic neuronal proliferation or survival and may be critical for the postnatal development of the cerebellum. To test these possibilities genetically, we studied mice that are unable to synthesize norepinephrine and epinephrine (NE/E), the endogenous adrenergic receptor ligands, due to a disruption the gene for dopamine beta-hydroxylase. These mice develop postnatally in the absence of NE/E. Here we report that the adrenergic neurons of these mutant mice are present in normal numbers and locations and exhibit typical innervation patterns throughout the central nervous system (CNS), as assessed by immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase and the NE transporter. Furthermore, cerebellar cortical development (size, foliation, layering, cell number, and position), which proceeds to a large degree postnatally, is unaltered in the mutants. These results indicate that the fate and innervation pattern of the adrenergic neurons, as well as the development of the cerebellum, do not depend on postnatal signaling by NE/E. The results also suggest that when restoration of adrenergic signaling is performed in this mutant mouse model (by administering a synthetic precursor of NE), reversal of phenotypes is due to the synthesis and release of NE/E from adrenergic terminals that are distributed normally within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ha Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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16
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Song Y, Sonawane N, Verkman AS. Localization of aquaporin-5 in sweat glands and functional analysis using knockout mice. J Physiol 2002; 541:561-8. [PMID: 12042359 PMCID: PMC2290337 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweat secretion involves the transport of salt and water into the lumen of the secretory coil of the sweat gland. By analogy to salivary and submucosal glands, where fluid secretion is aquaporin-5 (AQP5) dependent, we postulated that aquaporin water channels might facilitate sweat secretion. Immunolocalization with specific antibodies revealed strong expression of AQP5 at the luminal membrane of secretory epithelial cells in sweat glands in mouse paw skin. Novel quantitative methods were developed to compare sweat secretion in wild-type mice and mice lacking AQP5. Total hindpaw sweat secretion was measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance of sweat-derived (1)H(2)O in (2)H(2)O solvent, and sweat secretion from individual glands was measured by real-time video imaging of sweat droplet formation under oil. Sweat secretion rates after pilocarpine stimulation did not differ in wild-type mice (0.21 +/- 0.03 nl min(-1) gland(-1)) vs. mice lacking AQP5 (0.19 +/- 0.04 nl min(-1) gland(-1)). The lack of effect of AQP5 on sweat secretion rate was confirmed by microcapillary collections of sweat from defined regions of mouse paws. Also, as by direct counting of droplets, the number of functional sweat glands was not affected by AQP5 deletion. Sweat gland morphology was similar in wild-type and AQP5 null mice. From sweat coil geometry and gland secretion rate, the rate of fluid secretion was estimated to be 130 nl min(-1) cm(-2) of secretory epithelium, substantially lower than that of > 500 nl min(-1) cm(-2) in kidney proximal tubules and salivary glands, where active fluid absorption or secretion is aquaporin dependent. These results indicate the expression of AQP5 in sweat gland secretory epithelium, but provide direct evidence against its physiological involvement in sweat fluid secretion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Song
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
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17
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Abstract
The neurotransmitter norepinephrine has been the focus of intense investigation for nearly a century. With advances in technology come novel approaches for testing hypotheses about the physiological roles of norepinephrine and the genes involved in norepinephrine (NE) biosynthesis, metabolism, and noradrenergic signaling. Homologous recombination techniques, which generate mice deficient in specific gene products, aid the integrated physiologist and pharmacologist in the evaluation of protein function. Mouse models lacking proteins involved in NE biosynthesis or metabolism provide tools to expand the knowledge previously gleaned from pharmacologic studies. Removal of the biosynthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase yield animals deficient in norepinephrine and have been used to further examine the role of NE in diverse physiologic roles. Complete removal of the vesicular monoamine transporter has demonstrated that mobilizing neurotransmitters to vesicles is required for animal survival. Lastly, the generation of animals in which the ability to remove NE from the synapse is impaired (norepinephrine transporter deficiency and extraneuronal monoamine transporter deficiency) and in which the enzymes responsible for the metabolism of NE have been removed (catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase) has facilitated the study of the long-term physiological consequences of altered NE homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Carson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2195, USA
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18
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Nejsum LN, Kwon TH, Jensen UB, Fumagalli O, Frøkiaer J, Krane CM, Menon AG, King LS, Agre PC, Nielsen S. Functional requirement of aquaporin-5 in plasma membranes of sweat glands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:511-6. [PMID: 11773623 PMCID: PMC117591 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.012588099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution and function of aquaporins (AQPs) have not previously been defined in sweat glands. In this study, AQP1, AQP3, and AQP5 mRNA were demonstrated in rat paw by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, but AQP2 and AQP4 were not. AQP1, AQP3, and AQP5 protein were confirmed in these tissues by immunoblotting. AQP1 was identified in capillary endothelial cells by immunohistochemical labeling, but not in sweat glands or epidermis. Abundant AQP3 expression was seen in basal levels of epidermis, but not in sweat glands. AQP2 and AQP4 were not observed in either skin or sweat glands. Immunohistochemical labeling revealed abundant AQP5 in secretory parts of rat and mouse sweat glands, where immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated abundant AQP5 labeling in the apical plasma membrane. AQP5 immunolabeling of human sweat glands yielded a similar pattern. To establish the role of AQP5 in sweat secretion, we tested the response of adult mice to s.c. injection of pilocarpine, as visualized by reaction of secreted amylase with iodine/starch. The number of active sweat glands was dramatically reduced in AQP5-null (-/-) mice compared with heterozygous (+/-) and wild-type (+/+) mice. We conclude that the presence of AQP5 in plasma membranes of sweat glands is essential for secretion, providing potential insight into mechanisms underlying mammalian thermoregulation, tactile sensitivity, and the pathophysiology of hyperhidrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene N Nejsum
- The Water and Salt Research Center and the Department of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Tian H, Habecker B, Guidry G, Gurtan A, Rios M, Roffler-Tarlov S, Landis SC. Catecholamines are required for the acquisition of secretory responsiveness by sweat glands. J Neurosci 2000; 20:7362-9. [PMID: 11007894 PMCID: PMC6772786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic innervation of sweat glands undergoes a developmental change in transmitter phenotype from catecholaminergic to cholinergic. Acetylcholine elicits sweating and is necessary for development and maintenance of secretory responsiveness, the ability of glands to produce sweat after nerve stimulation or agonist administration. To determine whether catecholamines play a role in the development or function of this system, we examined the onset of secretory responsiveness in two transgenic mouse lines, one albino and the other pigmented, that lack tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. Although both lines lack TH, their catecholamine levels differ because tyrosinase in pigmented mice serves as an alternative source for catecholamine synthesis (Rios et al., 1999). At postnatal day 21 (P21), 28 glands on average are active in interdigital hind footpads of albino TH wild-type mice. In contrast, fewer than one gland is active in albino TH null mice, which lack catecholamines in gland innervation. Treatment of albino TH null mice with DOPA, a catecholamine precursor, from P11 to P21 increases the number of active glands to 14. Pigmented TH null mice, which have faint catecholamine fluorescence in the developing gland innervation, possess 12 active glands at P21, indicating that catecholamines made via tyrosinase, albeit reduced from wild-type levels, support development of responsiveness. Gland formation and the appearance of cholinergic markers occur normally in albino TH null mice, suggesting that catecholamines act directly on gland cells to trigger their final differentiation and to induce responsiveness. Thus, catecholamines, like acetylcholine, are essential for the development of secretory responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tian
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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20
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Weinshenker D, Rust NC, Miller NS, Palmiter RD. Ethanol-associated behaviors of mice lacking norepinephrine. J Neurosci 2000; 20:3157-64. [PMID: 10777779 PMCID: PMC6773122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although norepinephrine (NE) has been implicated in animal models of ethanol consumption for many years, the exact nature of its influence is not clear. Lesioning and pharmacological studies examining the role of NE in ethanol consumption have yielded conflicting results. We took a genetic approach to determine the effect of NE depletion on ethanol-mediated behaviors by using dopamine beta-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh -/-) mice that specifically lack the ability to synthesize NE. Dbh -/- males have reduced ethanol preference in a two-bottle choice paradigm and show a delay in extinguishing an ethanol-conditioned taste aversion, suggesting that they drink less ethanol in part because they find its effects more aversive. Both male and female Dbh -/- mice are hypersensitive to the sedative and hypothermic effects of systemic ethanol administration, and the sedation phenotype can be rescued pharmacologically by acute replacement of central NE. Neither the decreased body temperature nor changes in ethanol metabolism can explain the differences in consumption and sedation. These results demonstrate a significant role for NE in modulating ethanol-related behaviors and physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weinshenker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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21
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Abstract
The development of the sympathetic nervous system can be divided into three overlapping stages. First, the precursors of sympathetic neurons arise from undifferentiated neural crest cells that migrate ventrally, aggregate adjacent to the dorsal aorta, and ultimately differentiate into catecholaminergic neurons. Second, cell number is refined during a period of cell death when neurotrophic factors determine the number of neuronal precursors and neurons that survive. The final stage of sympathetic development is the establishment and maturation of synaptic connections, which for sympathetic neurons can include alterations in neurotransmitter phenotype. Considerable progress has been made recently in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that direct each of these developmental decisions. We review the current understanding of each of these, focusing primarily on events in the peripheral nervous system of rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Francis
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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22
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Landis SC. Development of muscarinic receptors and regulation of secretory responsiveness in rodent sweat glands. Life Sci 1999; 64:381-5. [PMID: 10069500 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sweat glands are innervated by sympathetic neurons which undergo a change in transmitter phenotype from noradrenergic to cholinergic during development. As soon as the glands begin to differentiate, M3 muscarinic receptor mRNA and binding sites are detectable. Receptor expression appears in the absence of innervation and is maintained after denervation. While receptor expression is not regulated by innervation, secretory responsiveness is. Muscarinic blockade during development or in adult animals results in the loss of responsiveness and its reappearance requires several days. Cholinergic muscarinic activation is most likely to regulate one or more steps in the signalling cascade that are downstream of calcium mobilization. The anterograde regulation of sweat gland responsiveness is one facet of the reciprocal interactions are required to establish a functional synapse in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Landis
- National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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23
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Schütz B, Schäfer MK, Eiden LE, Weihe E. VIP and NPY expression during differentiation of cholinergic and noradrenergic sympathetic neurons. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 865:537-41. [PMID: 9928065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Schütz
- Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
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24
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Guidry G, Landis SC. Target-dependent development of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in rodent sweat gland innervation. Dev Biol 1998; 199:175-84. [PMID: 9698438 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1998.8929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Descriptive studies have delineated a developmental change in neurotransmitter phenotype from noradrenergic to cholinergic in the sympathetic innervation of sweat glands in rodent footpads. Transplantation and culture experiments provide evidence that interactions with the target tissue induce this change. Recent studies with an antiserum that recognizes the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) suggest, however, that the development of cholinergic function in sympathetic neurons, including those that innervate sweat glands, occurs prior to and does not require target contact. To clarify these apparently contradictory findings, we directly compared the appearance of VAChT immunoreactivity in the sympathetic neurons that innervate sweat glands with the time that axons contact this target. We find that VAChT immunoreactivity is not detectable in either the axons or cell bodies of sweat gland neurons until several days after target innervation. Before and during VAChT acquisition, the developing sweat gland innervation contains vesicular stores of catecholamines. An analysis of mutant mice that lack sweat glands was undertaken to determine whether VAChT expression requires target interactions and revealed that VAChT does not appear in the absence of glands. These findings, together with previous studies, confirm the target dependence of cholinergic function in the sympathetic neurons that innervate sweat glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guidry
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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25
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Abstract
The roles of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine in behavior were investigated by targeted disruption of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase (Dbh) gene, thereby eliminating these compounds in vivo. Most heterozygous pups born to Dbh-/- females died within several days of birth and were often found scattered within the bedding. Potential causes including deficits in olfaction and lactation were not apparent. A deficit in maternal behavior was confirmed by the lack of pup retrieval exhibited by Dbh-/- virgin females. Restoration of NE shortly before but not after birth induced females that previously abandoned their litters to act maternally. Our results suggest that NE is responsible for long-lasting changes that promote maternal behavior during both development and parturition in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Thomas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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