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Cheng D, Lei ZG, Chu K, Lam OJH, Chiang CY, Zhang ZJ. N, N-Dimethyltryptamine, a natural hallucinogen, ameliorates Alzheimer's disease by restoring neuronal Sigma-1 receptor-mediated endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria crosstalk. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:95. [PMID: 38693554 PMCID: PMC11061967 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant neuronal Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1r)-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- mitochondria signaling plays a key role in the neuronal cytopathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The natural psychedelic N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a Sig-1r agonist that may have the anti-AD potential through protecting neuronal ER-mitochondrial interplay. METHODS 3×TG-AD transgenic mice were administered with chronic DMT (2 mg/kg) for 3 weeks and then performed water maze test. The Aβ accumulation in the mice brain were determined. The Sig-1r level upon DMT treatment was tested. The effect of DMT on the ER-mitochondrial contacts site and multiple mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM)-associated proteins were examined. The effect of DMT on calcium transport between ER and mitochondria and the mitochondrial function were also evaluated. RESULTS chronic DMT (2 mg/kg) markedly alleviated cognitive impairment of 3×TG-AD mice. In parallel, it largely diminished Aβ accumulation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. DMT restored the decreased Sig-1r levels of 3×TG-AD transgenic mice. The hallucinogen reinstated the expression of multiple MAM-associated proteins in the brain of 3×TG-AD mice. DMT also prevented physical contact and calcium dynamic between the two organelles in in vitro and in vivo pathological circumstances. DMT modulated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and ATP synthase in the in vitro model of AD. CONCLUSION The anti-AD effects of DMT are associated with its protection of neuronal ER-mitochondria crosstalk via the activation of Sig-1r. DMT has the potential to serve as a novel preventive and therapeutic agent against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cheng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhuo-Gui Lei
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Chu
- Department of Psychology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Oi Jin Honey Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Yuan Chiang
- Digital Centre of State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau, China
| | - Zhang-Jin Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China.
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Lochhead JJ, Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. The role of oxidative stress in blood-brain barrier disruption during ischemic stroke: Antioxidants in clinical trials. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116186. [PMID: 38561092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability. Occlusion and reperfusion of cerebral blood vessels (i.e., ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to brain cell death and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via oxidative stress. BBB disruption influences the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke by contributing to cerebral edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and extravasation of circulating neurotoxic proteins. An improved understanding of mechanisms for ROS-associated alterations in BBB function during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can lead to improved treatment paradigms for ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, progress in developing ROS targeted therapeutics that are effective for stroke treatment has been slow. Here, we review how ROS are produced in response to I/R injury, their effects on BBB integrity (i.e., tight junction protein complexes, transporters), and the utilization of antioxidant treatments in ischemic stroke clinical trials. Overall, knowledge in this area provides a strong translational framework for discovery of novel drugs for stroke and/or improved strategies to mitigate I/R injury in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Lochhead
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Kubota H, Tsutsui M, Kuniyoshi K, Yamashita H, Shimokawa H, Sugahara K, Kakinohana M. Alleviated cerebral infarction in male mice lacking all nitric oxide synthase isoforms after middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Anesth 2024; 38:44-56. [PMID: 37910301 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-023-03271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of the nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) system in cerebral infarction has been examined in pharmacological studies with non-selective NOSs inhibitors. However, due to the non-specificity of the non-selective NOSs inhibitors, its role remains to be fully elucidated. We addressed this issue in mice in which neuronal, inducible, and endothelial NOS isoforms were completely disrupted. METHODS AND RESULTS We newly generated mice lacking all three NOSs by crossbreeding each single NOS-/- mouse. In the male, cerebral infarct size at 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was significantly smaller in the triple n/i/eNOSs-/- genotype as compared with wild-type genotype. Neurological deficit score and mortality rate were also significantly lower in the triple n/i/eNOSs-/- than in the WT genotype. In contrast, in the female, there was no significant difference in the cerebral infarct size in the two genotypes. In the male triple n/i/eNOSs-/- genotype, orchiectomy significantly increased the cerebral infarct size, and in the orchiectomized male triple n/i/eNOSs-/- genotype, treatment with testosterone significantly reduced it. Cyclopaedic and quantitative comparisons of mRNA expression levels in cerebral infarct lesions between the male wild-type and triple n/i/eNOSs-/- genotypes at 1 h after MCAO revealed significant involvements of decreased oxidative stress and mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction in the alleviated cerebral infarction in the male triple n/i/eNOSs-/- genotype. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first evidence that the NOSs system exerts a deleterious effect against acute ischemic brain injury in the male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruaki Kubota
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masato Tsutsui
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Kanako Kuniyoshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugahara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Kakinohana
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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Hara H, Manome A, Kamiya T. Panobinostat, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Reduces LPS-Induced Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rat Immortalized Microglia HAPI Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1196-1203. [PMID: 38897970 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), play a critical role in maintaining CNS homeostasis. However, microglia activated in response to brain injury produce various inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines, leading to considerable neuronal damage. NO generated by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) rapidly reacts with superoxide to form a highly toxic product, peroxynitrite. Therefore, iNOS is considered to be a putative therapeutic target for cerebral ischemia. Here, we examined the effects of panobinostat (Pano), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced iNOS expression using rat immortalized microglia HAPI cells. Pano inhibited LPS-induced expression of iNOS mRNA and NO production in a dose-dependent manner; however, it had little effect on the LPS-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 or nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The interferon-β (IFN-β)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is essential for LPS-induced iNOS expression in macrophages/microglia. We also examined the effects of Pano on LPS-induced IFN-β signaling. Pano markedly inhibited LPS-induced IFN-β expression and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1. However, the addition of IFN-β restored the decreased STAT1 phosphorylation but not the decreased iNOS expression. In addition, Pano inhibited the LPS-increased expression of octamer binding protein-2 and interferon regulatory factor 9 responsible for iNOS expression, but IFN-β addition also failed to restore the decreased expression of these factors. Thus, we conclude that the inhibitory effects of Pano are due not only to the inhibition of the IFN-β/STAT axis but also to the downregulation of other factors not involved in this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Hara
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Aki Manome
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tetsuro Kamiya
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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Floriddia E. In conversation with Costantino Iadecola. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:2042-2045. [PMID: 37973870 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
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Andrianov VV, Kulchitsky VA, Yafarova GG, Bazan LV, Bogodvid TK, Deryabina IB, Muranova LN, Silantyeva DI, Arslanov AI, Paveliev MN, Fedorova EV, Filipovich TA, Nagibov AV, Gainutdinov KL. Investigation of NO Role in Neural Tissue in Brain and Spinal Cord Injury. Molecules 2023; 28:7359. [PMID: 37959778 PMCID: PMC10650517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) production in injured and intact brain regions was compared by EPR spectroscopy in a model of brain and spinal cord injury in Wistar rats. The precentral gyrus of the brain was injured, followed by the spinal cord at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. Seven days after brain injury, a reduction in NO content of 84% in injured brain regions and 66% in intact brain regions was found. The difference in NO production in injured and uninjured brain regions persisted 7 days after injury. The copper content in the brain remained unchanged one week after modeling of brain and spinal cord injury. The data obtained in the experiments help to explain the problems in the therapy of patients with combined brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav V. Andrianov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (V.V.A.); (G.G.Y.); (L.V.B.)
- Department of Human and Animals, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (T.K.B.); (I.B.D.); (L.N.M.); (D.I.S.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Vladimir A. Kulchitsky
- Brain Center, Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, 220012 Minsk, Belarus; (V.A.K.); (E.V.F.); (T.A.F.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Guzel G. Yafarova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (V.V.A.); (G.G.Y.); (L.V.B.)
- Department of Human and Animals, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (T.K.B.); (I.B.D.); (L.N.M.); (D.I.S.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Leah V. Bazan
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (V.V.A.); (G.G.Y.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Tatiana K. Bogodvid
- Department of Human and Animals, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (T.K.B.); (I.B.D.); (L.N.M.); (D.I.S.); (A.I.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420000 Kazan, Russia
| | - Irina B. Deryabina
- Department of Human and Animals, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (T.K.B.); (I.B.D.); (L.N.M.); (D.I.S.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Lyudmila N. Muranova
- Department of Human and Animals, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (T.K.B.); (I.B.D.); (L.N.M.); (D.I.S.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Dinara I. Silantyeva
- Department of Human and Animals, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (T.K.B.); (I.B.D.); (L.N.M.); (D.I.S.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Almaz I. Arslanov
- Department of Human and Animals, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (T.K.B.); (I.B.D.); (L.N.M.); (D.I.S.); (A.I.A.)
| | | | - Ekaterina V. Fedorova
- Brain Center, Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, 220012 Minsk, Belarus; (V.A.K.); (E.V.F.); (T.A.F.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Tatiana A. Filipovich
- Brain Center, Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, 220012 Minsk, Belarus; (V.A.K.); (E.V.F.); (T.A.F.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Aleksei V. Nagibov
- Brain Center, Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, 220012 Minsk, Belarus; (V.A.K.); (E.V.F.); (T.A.F.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Khalil L. Gainutdinov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (V.V.A.); (G.G.Y.); (L.V.B.)
- Department of Human and Animals, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (T.K.B.); (I.B.D.); (L.N.M.); (D.I.S.); (A.I.A.)
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Liu M, Jayaraman K, Norris AJ, Hussein A, Nelson JW, Mehla J, Diwan D, Vellimana A, Abu-Amer Y, Zipfel GJ, Athiraman U. Isoflurane Conditioning-Induced Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Protection in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Role of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase. J Am Heart Assoc 2023:e029975. [PMID: 37449587 PMCID: PMC10382105 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent evidence implicates inflammation as a key driver in delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is one of the known major mediators of inflammation. We previously showed that an inhalational anesthetic, isoflurane, provides strong protection against delayed cerebral ischemia after SAH. Our current study aims to define the role of iNOS in isoflurane conditioning-induced protection against delayed cerebral ischemia in a mouse model of SAH. Methods and Results The experiments used 10- to 14-week-old male wild-type (C57BL/6) and iNOS global knockout mice. Anesthetic conditioning was initiated 1 hour after SAH with isoflurane 2% for 1 hour. Isoflurane-induced changes in iNOS expression were measured. N-(3-(aminomethyl) benzyl) acetamidine, a highly selective iNOS inhibitor, was injected intraperitoneally immediately after SAH and then daily. Vasospasm, microvessel thrombosis, and neurological assessment was performed. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and 2-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Student Newman Keuls comparison test. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Isoflurane conditioning downregulated iNOS expression in naïve and SAH mice. N-(3-(aminomethyl) benzyl) acetamidine attenuated large artery vasospasm and microvessel thrombosis and improved neurological deficits in wild-type animals. iNOS knockout mice were significantly resistant to vasospasm, microvessel thrombosis, and neurological deficits induced by SAH. Combining isoflurane with N-(3-(aminomethyl) benzyl) acetamidine did not offer extra protection, nor did treating iNOS knockout mice with isoflurane. Conclusions Isoflurane conditioning-induced delayed cerebral ischemia protection appears to be mediated by downregulating iNOS. iNOS is a potential therapeutic target to improve outcomes after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Keshav Jayaraman
- Department of Anesthesiology Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Aaron J Norris
- Department of Anesthesiology Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Department of Neurological Surgery Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - James W Nelson
- Department of Neurological Surgery Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Jogender Mehla
- Department of Neurological Surgery Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Deepti Diwan
- Department of Neurological Surgery Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Ananth Vellimana
- Department of Neurological Surgery Washington University St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Radiology Washington University St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Neurology Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Yousef Abu-Amer
- Department of Orthopedics Washington University St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- Department of Neurological Surgery Washington University St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Neurology Washington University St. Louis MO USA
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Predictive value of fibrinogen levels for 90-day functional outcomes after intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. J Clin Neurosci 2023; 111:6-10. [PMID: 36898294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the correlation between fibrinogen levels and functional outcomes at 90 days after intravenous thrombolysis therapy (IVT) in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). METHODS We identified patients with AIS who received IVT (alteplase 0.6 or 0.9 mg/kg) between 1 January 2019 and 31 March 2022 in Yancheng 1st People's Hospital. Fibrinogen levels were measured before IVT, and the 90-day post-stroke functional outcome was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). An mRS score of 0-2 indicated functional independence, whereas an mRS score of 3-6 indicated functional dependence. Potential outcome predictors were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the performance of fibrinogen levels in predicting the 90-day outcome. RESULTS A total of 276 patients with AIS who received IVT within 4.5 h of stroke onset were enrolled, of whom 165 and 111 were categorised into the functional independence and functional dependence groups, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the fibrinogen, homocysteine, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and D-dimer levels; age; National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission; NIHSS score 24 h after IVT; and incidence of cardioembolism were higher in the functional dependence group than in the functional independence group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the thrombin time and the incidence of small-vessel occlusion in the functional dependence group were smaller than those in the functional independence group (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that fibrinogen and homocysteine levels were both independent risk factors for 90-day functional dependence in patients with AIS (odds ratio [OR] 2.822, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.214-6.558, P = 0.016 for fibrinogen; OR 1.048, 95 %CI: 1.002-1.096, P = 0.041 for homocysteine). The area under the ROC curve of fibrinogen levels before IVT for predicting poor functional outcomes was 0.664, with a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 40.9%, 80.8%, 68.9%, and 64.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION In patients with AIS, fibrinogen levels have a certain predictive value for short-term functional outcomes after IVT.
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Lamorie‐Foote K, Liu Q, Shkirkova K, Ge B, He S, Morgan TE, Mack WJ, Sioutas C, Finch CE, Mack WJ. Particulate matter exposure and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion promote oxidative stress and induce neuronal and oligodendrocyte apoptosis in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:384-402. [PMID: 36464774 PMCID: PMC10107949 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) may amplify the neurotoxicity of nanoscale particulate matter (nPM), resulting in white matter injury. This study characterized the joint effects of nPM (diameter ≤ 200 nm) and CCH secondary to bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) exposure on neuronal and white matter injury in a murine model. nPM was collected near a highway and re-aerosolized for exposure. Ten-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were randomized into four groups: filtered air (FA), nPM, FA + BCAS, and nPM + BCAS. Mice were exposed to FA or nPM for 10 weeks. BCAS surgeries were performed. Markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were examined. nPM + BCAS exposure increased brain hemisphere TNFα protein compared to FA. iNOS and HNE immunofluorescence were increased in the corpus callosum and cerebral cortex of nPM + BCAS mice compared to FA. While nPM exposure alone did not decrease cortical neuronal cell count, nPM decreased corpus callosum oligodendrocyte cell count. nPM exposure decreased mature oligodendrocyte cell count and increased oligodendrocyte precursor cell count in the corpus callosum. nPM + BCAS mice exhibited a 200% increase in cortical neuronal TUNEL staining and a 700% increase in corpus callosum oligodendrocyte TUNEL staining compared to FA. There was a supra-additive interaction between nPM and BCAS on cortical neuronal TUNEL staining (2.6× the additive effects of nPM + BCAS). nPM + BCAS exposure increased apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum. nPM + BCAS exposure increased neuronal apoptosis above the separate responses to each exposure. However, oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum demonstrated a greater susceptibility to the combined neurotoxic effects of nPM + BCAS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Lamorie‐Foote
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Qinghai Liu
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kristina Shkirkova
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brandon Ge
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shannon He
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Todd E. Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wendy J. Mack
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesUniversity of Southern California, Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - William J. Mack
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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N-Acetylcysteine Administration Attenuates Sensorimotor Impairments Following Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416175. [PMID: 36555816 PMCID: PMC9783020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injury that occurs during neonatal period has been correlated with severe neuronal damage, behavioral deficits and infant mortality. Previous evidence indicates that N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a compound with antioxidant action, exerts a potential neuroprotective effect in various neurological disorders including injury induced by brain ischemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of NAC as a potential therapeutic agent in a rat model of neonatal HI brain injury and explore its long-term behavioral effects. To this end, NAC (50 mg/kg/dose, i.p.) was administered prior to and instantly after HI, in order to evaluate hippocampal and cerebral cortex damage as well as long-term functional outcome. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. The results revealed that NAC significantly alleviated sensorimotor deficits and this effect was maintained up to adulthood. These improvements in functional outcome were associated with a significant decrease in the severity of brain damage. Moreover, NAC decreased the short-term expression of iNOS, a finding implying that iNOS activity may be suppressed and that through this action NAC may exert its therapeutic action against neonatal HI brain injury.
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Ali M, Mahmood IH. Commercial Hormone Replacement Therapy Jeopardized Proinflammatory Factors in Experimental Rat Models. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hormonal contraceptive therapy is considered the easiest and most convenient contraceptive method. Commercially, available contraceptive combination differs in their composition and concentration of combined constituents. These variations make some of these products preferred over others by consumers based on their side effects profile.
AIM: The objective of the current research was to ascertain the proinflammatory influences of commercially available products.
METHODS: To do so, five groups of rats (ten rats in each group) were exposed to Microgynon, Depo-Provera, marvel on, and Yasmin compared to the control non-treated group. We measured proinflammatory markers including d-dimer, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL (interleukin)-6, IL (interleukin)-1B, and c-reactive protein.
RESULTS: The results confirmed that Yasmin has induced the most deleterious effects on proinflammatory markers indicated by significant elevation of IL1B.
CONCLUSION: Hormone replacement therapy should be critically indicated and precautions raised inpatient with subclinical diseases, especially cardiovascular ones.
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Rihal V, Khan H, Kaur A, Singh TG. Vitamin D as therapeutic modulator in cerebrovascular diseases: a mechanistic perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7772-7794. [PMID: 35285752 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to several major chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer, linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging. Vitamin D deficiency appears to be particularly harmful to the cardiovascular system, as it can cause endothelial dysfunctioning and vascular abnormalities through the modulation of various downstream mechanisms. As a result, new research indicates that therapeutic approaches targeting vitamin D inadequacies or its significant downstream effects, such as impaired autophagy, abnormal pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant reactions, may delay the onset and severity of major cerebrovascular disorders such as stroke and neurologic malformations. Vitamin D modulates the various molecular pathways, i.e., Nitric Oxide, PI3K-Akt Pathway, cAMP pathway, NF-kB Pathway, Sirtuin 1, Nrf2, FOXO, in cerebrovascular disorder. The current review shows evidence for vitamin D's mitigating or slowing the progression of these cerebrovascular disorders, which are significant causes of disability and death worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Rihal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
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13
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Qu W, Cheng Y, Peng W, Wu Y, Rui T, Luo C, Zhang J. Targeting iNOS Alleviates Early Brain Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via Promoting Ferroptosis of M1 Microglia and Reducing Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3124-3139. [PMID: 35262869 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of neuroinflammation in mediating acute pathophysiological events of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, it is not clear how to target this inflammatory cascade after SAH. M1 activation of microglia is an important pathological mechanism driving neuroinflammation in SAH, which is considered aggressive, leading to cytotoxicity and robust inflammation related to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines after SAH. Thus, reducing the number of M1 microglia represents a potential target for therapies to improve outcomes after SAH. Previous studies have found that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NO•) plays an essential role in promoting the survival of M1 microglia by blocking ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a new type of iron-dependent cellular procedural death associated with pathological cell death related to mammalian degenerative diseases, cerebral hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. Here, we investigated the effect of L-NIL, an inhibitor of iNOS, on M1 microglia, neuroinflammation, neuronal cell death, brain edema, and neurological function in an experimental SAH model in vivo and in vitro. We found that L-NIL reduced the number of M1 microglia and alleviated neuroinflammation following SAH. Notably, treatment with L-NIL relieves brain edema and neuronal injury and improves outcomes of neurological function after SAH in rats. Mechanistically, we found that L-NIL inhibited the expression of iNOS and promoted ferroptosis of M1 microglia by increasing the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins and lipid peroxidation in an in vitro model of SAH, which was reversed by a ferroptosis inhibitor, liproxstatin-1. In addition, inhibiting iNOS had no significant effect on ferroptosis of neurons after oxyhemoglobin stimulation in vitro. Thus, our research demonstrated that inhibition of iNOS might represent a potential therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes after SAH by promoting ferroptosis of M1 microglia and reducing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tongyu Rui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu Province, China.
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14
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Jurcau A, Ardelean AI. Oxidative Stress in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries following Acute Ischemic Stroke. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030574. [PMID: 35327376 PMCID: PMC8945353 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recanalization therapy is increasingly used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, in about one third of these patients, recanalization is followed by ischemia/reperfusion injuries, and clinically to worsening of the neurological status. Much research has focused on unraveling the involved mechanisms in order to prevent or efficiently treat these injuries. What we know so far is that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, despite promising results obtained in experimental research, clinical studies trying to interfere with the oxidative pathways have mostly failed. The current article discusses the main mechanisms leading to ischemia/reperfusion injuries, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress, and reviews the clinical trials with antioxidant molecules highlighting recent developments and future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Municipal Hospital Oradea, Louis Pasteur Street nr 26, 410054 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-744-600-833
| | - Adriana Ioana Ardelean
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Universitatii Street nr 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Oradea, Gh. Doja Street nr 65, 410169 Oradea, Romania
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15
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Lohmann S, Grigoletto J, Bernis ME, Pesch V, Ma L, Reithofer S, Tamgüney G. Ischemic stroke causes Parkinson's disease-like pathology and symptoms in transgenic mice overexpressing alpha-synuclein. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:26. [PMID: 35209932 PMCID: PMC8867857 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease is poorly understood and is most commonly associated with advancing age, genetic predisposition, or environmental toxins. Epidemiological findings suggest that patients have a higher risk of developing Parkinson's disease after ischemic stroke, but this potential causality lacks mechanistic evidence. We investigated the long-term effects of ischemic stroke on pathogenesis in hemizygous TgM83 mice, which express human α-synuclein with the familial A53T mutation without developing any neuropathology or signs of neurologic disease for more than 600 days. We induced transient focal ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion in 2-month-old TgM83+/- mice and monitored their behavior and health status for up to 360 days post surgery. Groups of mice were sacrificed at 14, 30, 90, 180, and 360 days after surgery for neuropathological analysis of their brains. Motor deficits first appeared 6 months after focal ischemia and worsened until 12 months afterward. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed ischemia-induced neuronal loss in the infarct region and astrogliosis and microgliosis indicative of an inflammatory response, which was most pronounced at 14 days post surgery. Infarct volume and inflammation gradually decreased in size and severity until 180 days post surgery. Surprisingly, neuronal loss and inflammation were increased again by 360 days post surgery. These changes were accompanied by a continuous increase in α-synuclein aggregation, its neuronal deposition, and a late loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which we detected at 360 days post surgery. Control animals that underwent sham surgery without middle cerebral artery occlusion showed no signs of disease or neuropathology. Our results establish a mechanistic link between ischemic stroke and Parkinson's disease and provide an animal model for studying possible interventions.
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16
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Therapeutic potential of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor from natural sources for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:984-991. [PMID: 35197767 PMCID: PMC8848027 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the major signalling molecules in the mammalian body playing critical role in regulation of blood pressure, cardiovascular disease including stroke, immune activation, neuronal and cell communication. Moreover, hyper production of NO by the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) involved in neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative disorders and stroke. Hence, the search on small molecules from the natural sources for the inhibition of NOS is desirable in therapeutic point of view. The elevated level of NO caused by NOS enzyme become a novel target in finding new inhibitors from natural sources as antistroke agents. The present study focuses on the molecular docking of quercetin and its analogues against NOS. The active site of the enzyme was docked with the ligand and pharmacological properties were analysed. From this result, we suggest the therapeutic property of quercetin and its analogues against NOS.
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17
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Tóth K, Lénárt N, Berki P, Fekete R, Szabadits E, Pósfai B, Cserép C, Alatshan A, Benkő S, Kiss D, Hübner CA, Gulyás A, Kaila K, Környei Z, Dénes Á. The NKCC1 ion transporter modulates microglial phenotype and inflammatory response to brain injury in a cell-autonomous manner. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001526. [PMID: 35085235 PMCID: PMC8856735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The NKCC1 ion transporter contributes to the pathophysiology of common neurological disorders, but its function in microglia, the main inflammatory cells of the brain, has remained unclear to date. Therefore, we generated a novel transgenic mouse line in which microglial NKCC1 was deleted. We show that microglial NKCC1 shapes both baseline and reactive microglia morphology, process recruitment to the site of injury, and adaptation to changes in cellular volume in a cell-autonomous manner via regulating membrane conductance. In addition, microglial NKCC1 deficiency results in NLRP3 inflammasome priming and increased production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), rendering microglia prone to exaggerated inflammatory responses. In line with this, central (intracortical) administration of the NKCC1 blocker, bumetanide, potentiated intracortical lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine levels. In contrast, systemic bumetanide application decreased inflammation in the brain. Microglial NKCC1 KO animals exposed to experimental stroke showed significantly increased brain injury, inflammation, cerebral edema and worse neurological outcome. Thus, NKCC1 emerges as an important player in controlling microglial ion homeostasis and inflammatory responses through which microglia modulate brain injury. The contribution of microglia to central NKCC1 actions is likely to be relevant for common neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Tóth
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Berki
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rebeka Fekete
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Szabadits
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ahmad Alatshan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Benkő
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Kiss
- Software Engineering Institute, John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Attila Gulyás
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kai Kaila
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences and Neuroscience Center (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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18
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Singer T, Ding S, Ding S. Astroglia Abnormalities in Post-stroke Mood Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:115-138. [PMID: 34888833 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of human death and disability. After a stroke, many patients may have some physical disability, including difficulties in moving, speaking, and seeing, but patients may also exhibit changes in mood manifested by depression, anxiety, and cognitive changes which we call post-stroke mood disorders (PSMDs). Astrocytes are the most diverse and numerous glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). They provide structural, nutritional, and metabolic support to neurons and regulate synaptic activity under normal conditions. Astrocytes are also critically involved in focal ischemic stroke (FIS). They undergo many changes after FIS. These changes may affect acute neuronal death and brain damage as well as brain recovery and PSMD in the chronic phase after FIS. Studies using postmortem brain specimens and animal models of FIS suggest that astrocytes/reactive astrocytes are involved in PSMD. This chapter provides an overview of recent advances in the molecular base of astrocyte in PSMD. As astrocytes exhibit high plasticity after FIS, we suggest that targeting local astrocytes may be a promising strategy for PSMD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Singer
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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19
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Li C, Shah KA, Powell K, Wu YC, Chaung W, Sonti AN, White TG, Doobay M, Yang WL, Wang P, Becker LB, Narayan RK. CBF oscillations induced by trigeminal nerve stimulation protect the pericontusional penumbra in traumatic brain injury complicated by hemorrhagic shock. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19652. [PMID: 34608241 PMCID: PMC8490389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic peri-contusional penumbra represents crucial targets for therapeutic interventions after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Current resuscitative approaches may not adequately alleviate impaired cerebral microcirculation and, hence, compromise oxygen delivery to peri-contusional areas. Low-frequency oscillations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) may improve cerebral oxygenation in the setting of oxygen deprivation. However, no method has been reported to induce controllable oscillations in CBF and it hasn't been applied as a therapeutic strategy. Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve (TNS) plays a pivotal role in modulating cerebrovascular tone and cerebral perfusion. We hypothesized that TNS can modulate CBF at the targeted frequency band via the trigemino-cerebrovascular network, and TNS-induced CBF oscillations would improve cerebral oxygenation in peri-contusional areas. In a rat model of TBI complicated by hemorrhagic shock, TNS-induced CBF oscillations conferred significant preservation of peri-contusional tissues leading to reduced lesion volume, attenuated hypoxic injury and neuroinflammation, increased eNOS expression, improved neurological recovery and better 10-day survival rate, despite not significantly increasing CBF as compared with those in immediate and delayed resuscitation animals. Our findings indicate that low-frequency CBF oscillations enhance cerebral oxygenation in peri-contusional areas, and play a more significant protective role than improvements in non-oscillatory cerebral perfusion or volume expansion alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Kevin A Shah
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Keren Powell
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Yi-Chen Wu
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Wayne Chaung
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Anup N Sonti
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Timothy G White
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Mohini Doobay
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Weng-Lang Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Lance B Becker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Raj K Narayan
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
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20
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Abstract
The susceptibility of the brain to ischaemic injury dramatically limits its viability following interruptions in blood flow. However, data from studies of dissociated cells, tissue specimens, isolated organs and whole bodies have brought into question the temporal limits within which the brain is capable of tolerating prolonged circulatory arrest. This Review assesses cell type-specific mechanisms of global cerebral ischaemia, and examines the circumstances in which the brain exhibits heightened resilience to injury. We suggest strategies for expanding such discoveries to fuel translational research into novel cytoprotective therapies, and describe emerging technologies and experimental concepts. By doing so, we propose a new multimodal framework to investigate brain resuscitation following extended periods of circulatory arrest.
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21
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Faillot M, Chaillet A, Palfi S, Senova S. Rodent models used in preclinical studies of deep brain stimulation to rescue memory deficits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:410-432. [PMID: 34437937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation paradigms might be used to treat memory disorders in patients with stroke or traumatic brain injury. However, proof of concept studies in animal models are needed before clinical translation. We propose here a comprehensive review of rodent models for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke. We systematically review the histological, behavioral and electrophysiological features of each model and identify those that are the most relevant for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Faillot
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Antoine Chaillet
- Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes (L2S-UMR8506) - CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Suhan Senova
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France.
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22
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Wierońska JM, Cieślik P, Kalinowski L. Nitric Oxide-Dependent Pathways as Critical Factors in the Consequences and Recovery after Brain Ischemic Hypoxia. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081097. [PMID: 34439764 PMCID: PMC8392725 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO•), a molecule that is involved in the regulation of proper blood flow, vasodilation, neuronal and glial activity constitutes the crucial factor that contributes to the development of pathological changes after stroke. One of the early consequences of a sudden interruption in the cerebral blood flow is the massive production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in neurons due to NO• synthase uncoupling, which leads to neurotoxicity. Progression of apoptotic or necrotic neuronal damage activates reactive astrocytes and attracts microglia or lymphocytes to migrate to place of inflammation. Those inflammatory cells start to produce large amounts of inflammatory proteins, including pathological, inducible form of NOS (iNOS), which generates nitrosative stress that further contributes to brain tissue damage, forming vicious circle of detrimental processes in the late stage of ischemia. S-nitrosylation, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-1α-dependent genes activated in reactive astrocytes play essential roles in this process. The review summarizes the roles of NO•-dependent pathways in the early and late aftermath of stroke and treatments based on the stimulation or inhibition of particular NO• synthases and the stabilization of HIF-1α activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.W.); (P.C.)
| | - Paulina Cieślik
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.W.); (P.C.)
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Biobank Fahrenheit BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.PL), Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Center/Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-223 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-1182
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23
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Lenz IJ, Plesnila N, Terpolilli NA. Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase for early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1669-1681. [PMID: 33256507 PMCID: PMC8221759 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20973787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The first few hours and days after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are characterized by cerebral ischemia, spasms of pial arterioles, and a significant reduction of cerebral microperfusion, however, the mechanisms of this early microcirculatory dysfunction are still unknown. Endothelial nitric oxide production is reduced after SAH and exogenous application of NO reduces post-hemorrhagic microvasospasm. Therefore, we hypothesize that the endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS) may be involved in the formation of microvasospasms, microcirculatory dysfunction, and unfavorable outcome after SAH. SAH was induced in male eNOS deficient (eNOS-/-) mice by endovascular MCA perforation. Three hours later, the cerebral microcirculation was visualized using in vivo 2-photon-microscopy. eNOS-/- mice had more severe SAHs, more severe ischemia, three time more rebleedings, and a massively increased mortality (50 vs. 0%) as compared to wild type (WT) littermate controls. Three hours after SAH eNOS-/- mice had fewer perfused microvessels and 40% more microvasospasms than WT mice. The current study indicates that a proper function of eNOS plays a key role for a favorable outcome after SAH and helps to explain why patients suffering from hypertension or other conditions associated with impaired eNOS function, have a higher risk of unfavorable outcome after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina J Lenz
- Institute for Stroke- and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital and Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke- and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital and Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole A Terpolilli
- Institute for Stroke- and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital and Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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24
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Zhu HY, Hong FF, Yang SL. The Roles of Nitric Oxide Synthase/Nitric Oxide Pathway in the Pathology of Vascular Dementia and Related Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094540. [PMID: 33926146 PMCID: PMC8123648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common form of dementia worldwide. It is caused by cerebrovascular disease, and patients often show severe impairments of advanced cognitive abilities. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and nitric oxide (NO) play vital roles in the pathogenesis of VaD. The functions of NO are determined by its concentration and bioavailability, which are regulated by NOS activity. The activities of different NOS subtypes in the brain are partitioned. Pathologically, endothelial NOS is inactivated, which causes insufficient NO production and aggravates oxidative stress before inducing cerebrovascular endothelial dysfunction, while neuronal NOS is overactive and can produce excessive NO to cause neurotoxicity. Meanwhile, inflammation stimulates the massive expression of inducible NOS, which also produces excessive NO and then induces neuroinflammation. The vicious circle of these kinds of damage having impacts on each other finally leads to VaD. This review summarizes the roles of the NOS/NO pathway in the pathology of VaD and also proposes some potential therapeutic methods that target this pathway in the hope of inspiring novel ideas for VaD therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China;
- Queen Marry College, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Fen-Fang Hong
- Teaching Center, Department of Experimental, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence: (F.-F.H.); (S.-L.Y.)
| | - Shu-Long Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang 330006, China;
- Correspondence: (F.-F.H.); (S.-L.Y.)
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25
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Ally A, Powell I, Ally MM, Chaitoff K, Nauli SM. Role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase on cardiovascular functions in physiological and pathophysiological states. Nitric Oxide 2020; 102:52-73. [PMID: 32590118 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review describes and summarizes the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) on the central nervous system, particularly on brain regions such as the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) and the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), and on blood vessels and the heart that are involved in the regulation and control of the cardiovascular system (CVS). Furthermore, we shall also review the functional aspects of nNOS during several physiological, pathophysiological, and clinical conditions such as exercise, pain, cerebral vascular accidents or stroke and hypertension. For example, during stroke, a cascade of molecular, neurochemical, and cellular changes occur that affect the nervous system as elicited by generation of free radicals and nitric oxide (NO) from vulnerable neurons, peroxide formation, superoxides, apoptosis, and the differential activation of three isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), and can exert profound effects on the CVS. Neuronal NOS is one of the three isoforms of NOSs, the others being endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) enzymes. Neuronal NOS is a critical homeostatic component of the CVS and plays an important role in regulation of different systems and disease process including nociception. The functional and physiological roles of NO and nNOS are described at the beginning of this review. We also elaborate the structure, gene, domain, and regulation of the nNOS protein. Both inhibitory and excitatory role of nNOS on the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS) and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS) as mediated via different neurotransmitters/signal transduction processes will be explored, particularly its effects on the CVS. Because the VLM plays a crucial function in cardiovascular homeostatic mechanisms, the neuroanatomy and cardiovascular regulation of the VLM will be discussed in conjunction with the actions of nNOS. Thereafter, we shall discuss the up-to-date developments that are related to the interaction between nNOS and cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and stroke. Finally, we shall focus on the role of nNOS, particularly within the PAG in cardiovascular regulation and neurotransmission during different types of pain stimulus. Overall, this review focuses on our current understanding of the nNOS protein, and provides further insights on how nNOS modulates, regulates, and controls cardiovascular function during both physiological activity such as exercise, and pathophysiological conditions such as stroke and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmmed Ally
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Smith, AR, USA.
| | - Isabella Powell
- All American Institute of Medical Sciences, Black River, Jamaica
| | | | - Kevin Chaitoff
- Interventional Rehabilitation of South Florida, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Surya M Nauli
- Chapman University and University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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26
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White S, Lin L, Hu K. NF-κB and tPA Signaling in Kidney and Other Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:E1348. [PMID: 32485860 PMCID: PMC7348801 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway plays a central role in the initiation and progression of inflammation, which contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of various human diseases including kidney, brain, and other diseases. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a serine protease regulating homeostasis of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and matrix degradation, has been shown to act as a cytokine to trigger profound receptor-mediated intracellular events, modulate the NF-κB pathway, and mediate organ dysfunction and injury. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of NF-κB and tPA signaling in the development and progression of kidney disease. Their roles in the nervous and cardiovascular system are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Lin
- Nephrology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Kebin Hu
- Nephrology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
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27
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Abás S, Rodríguez-Arévalo S, Bagán A, Griñán-Ferré C, Vasilopoulou F, Brocos-Mosquera I, Muguruza C, Pérez B, Molins E, Luque FJ, Pérez-Lozano P, de Jonghe S, Daelemans D, Naesens L, Brea J, Loza MI, Hernández-Hernández E, García-Sevilla JA, García-Fuster MJ, Radan M, Djikic T, Nikolic K, Pallàs M, Callado LF, Escolano C. Bicyclic α-Iminophosphonates as High Affinity Imidazoline I2 Receptor Ligands for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3610-3633. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Abás
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Rodríguez-Arévalo
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Bagán
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Pharmacology Section, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Foteini Vasilopoulou
- Pharmacology Section, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iria Brocos-Mosquera
- Department of Pharmacology, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Carolina Muguruza
- Department of Pharmacology, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elies Molins
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - F. Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez-Lozano
- Unit of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven de Jonghe
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - José Brea
- Innopharma screening platform, BioFarma research group, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Loza
- Innopharma screening platform, BioFarma research group, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elena Hernández-Hernández
- IUNICS University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jesús A. García-Sevilla
- IUNICS University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - M. Julia García-Fuster
- IUNICS University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Milica Radan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teodora Djikic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis F. Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Carmen Escolano
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Tian Y, Chen R, Jiang Y, Bai B, Yang T, Liu H. The Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Apelin/APJ System on Ischemic Stroke: A Promising Therapeutic Target. Front Neurol 2020; 11:75. [PMID: 32194492 PMCID: PMC7063119 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan receptor APJ and its endogenous ligand apelin, which are expressed in the brain, are the major components of the apelin/APJ system. Growing evidence shows that the apelin/APJ system plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemic injury. Targeting the apelin/APJ system may have protective effects on cerebral ischemic injury. In this review, we sum up the latest research progress relating to the actions and therapeutic potential of the apelin/APJ system in ischemic stroke. An in-depth knowledge of the pathophysiological effects of the apelin/APJ system and the underlying mechanisms will help to develop novel therapeutic interventions for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ruijiao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Institute of Neurobiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Institute of Neurobiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Tongju Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zoucheng City, Jining, China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
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29
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Dhanjal NI, Sharma S, Skalny AV, Skalnaya MG, Ajsuvakova OP, Tinkov AA, Zhang F, Guo X, Prabhu KS, Tejo Prakash N. Selenium-rich maize modulates the expression of prostaglandin genes in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Food Funct 2019; 10:2839-2846. [PMID: 31062009 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00186g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell signaling is necessary for the organs to co-ordinate with the whole body and it includes response to external stimuli, inflammation, hormonal secretions and other various metabolic functions. In the present study, we have focused on the inflammatory signals modulated by the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Under homeostatic conditions, these species turn on the COX-1-dependent arachidonic acid (AA) pathway towards the release of anti-inflammatory enzymes. However, the excess release of these ions induces negative effects in the form of inflammation by turning on the COX-2-dependent AA pathway to release pro-inflammatory enzymes. In the present study, we observed the shunting of the COX-2-dependent AA pathway towards the release of anti-inflammatory enzymes with the supplementation of organic dietary selenium in the form of seleniferous maize extracts. We observed that 500 nM selenium concentration in Se-maize extracts downregulated the COX-2 and mPGES-1 expressions by 3.8- and 3.2-fold and upregulated the GPx-1 and H-PGDS expressions by 5.0- and 5.4-fold, respectively. To facilitate more availability of Se from the dietary matrices, Se-maize extracts were incubated with rMETase. It was observed that the enzyme-treated cells increased the downregulation of COX-2 and mPGES-1 expressions by 24.8- and 21.0-fold and the upregulation of GPx-1 and H-PGDS expressions by 13.2- and 16.5-fold, respectively.
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30
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Maksoud MJE, Tellios V, An D, Xiang Y, Lu W. Nitric oxide upregulates microglia phagocytosis and increases transient receptor potential vanilloid type 2 channel expression on the plasma membrane. Glia 2019; 67:2294-2311. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. E. Maksoud
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience The University of Western Ontario London Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Vasiliki Tellios
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience The University of Western Ontario London Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Dong An
- Department of Molecular Medicine Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Yun‐Yan Xiang
- Department of Molecular Medicine Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Wei‐Yang Lu
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience The University of Western Ontario London Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario London Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology The University of Western Ontario London Canada
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31
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Collmann FM, Pijnenburg R, Hamzei-Taj S, Minassian A, Folz-Donahue K, Kukat C, Aswendt M, Hoehn M. Individual in vivo Profiles of Microglia Polarization After Stroke, Represented by the Genes iNOS and Ym1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1236. [PMID: 31214190 PMCID: PMC6558167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the brain-innate immune cells which actively surveil their environment and mediate multiple aspects of neuroinflammation, due to their ability to acquire diverse activation states and phenotypes. Simplified, M1-like microglia are defined as pro-inflammatory cells, while the alternative M2-like cells promote neuroprotection. The modulation of microglia polarization is an appealing neurotherapeutic strategy for stroke and other brain lesions, as well as neurodegenerative diseases. However, the activation profile and change of phenotype during experimental stroke is not well understood. With a combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging approach and genetic targeting of two key genes of the M1- and M2-like phenotypes, iNOS and Ym1, we were able to monitor in vivo the dynamic adaption of the microglia phenotype in response to experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska M Collmann
- In-vivo-NMR, Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rory Pijnenburg
- In-vivo-NMR, Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Somayyeh Hamzei-Taj
- In-vivo-NMR, Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anuka Minassian
- In-vivo-NMR, Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kat Folz-Donahue
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Kukat
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Aswendt
- In-vivo-NMR, Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- In-vivo-NMR, Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Radiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,PERCUROS, Enschede, Netherlands
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32
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Wong R, Lénárt N, Hill L, Toms L, Coutts G, Martinecz B, Császár E, Nyiri G, Papaemmanouil A, Waisman A, Müller W, Schwaninger M, Rothwell N, Francis S, Pinteaux E, Denés A, Allan SM. Interleukin-1 mediates ischaemic brain injury via distinct actions on endothelial cells and cholinergic neurons. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:126-138. [PMID: 30453020 PMCID: PMC6363965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key contributor to neuroinflammation and brain injury, yet mechanisms by which IL-1 triggers neuronal injury remain unknown. Here we induced conditional deletion of IL-1R1 in brain endothelial cells, neurons and blood cells to assess site-specific IL-1 actions in a model of cerebral ischaemia in mice. Tamoxifen treatment of IL-1R1 floxed (fl/fl) mice crossed with mice expressing tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombinase under the Slco1c1 promoter resulted in brain endothelium-specific deletion of IL-1R1 and a significant decrease in infarct size (29%), blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown (53%) and neurological deficit (40%) compared to vehicle-treated or control (IL-1R1fl/fl) mice. Absence of brain endothelial IL-1 signalling improved cerebral blood flow, followed by reduced neutrophil infiltration and vascular activation 24 h after brain injury. Conditional IL-1R1 deletion in neurons using tamoxifen inducible nestin-Cre mice resulted in reduced neuronal injury (25%) and altered microglia-neuron interactions, without affecting cerebral perfusion or vascular activation. Deletion of IL-1R1 specifically in cholinergic neurons reduced infarct size, brain oedema and improved functional outcome. Ubiquitous deletion of IL-1R1 had no effect on brain injury, suggesting beneficial compensatory mechanisms on other cells against the detrimental effects of IL-1 on endothelial cells and neurons. We also show that IL-1R1 signalling deletion in platelets or myeloid cells does not contribute to brain injury after experimental stroke. Thus, brain endothelial and neuronal (cholinergic) IL-1R1 mediate detrimental actions of IL-1 in the brain in ischaemic stroke. Cell-specific targeting of IL-1R1 in the brain could therefore have therapeutic benefits in stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Wong
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laura Hill
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Lauren Toms
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Graham Coutts
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Bernadett Martinecz
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyiri
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Athina Papaemmanouil
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nancy Rothwell
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Sheila Francis
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX Sheffield, UK
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Denés
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK.
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33
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Ren X, Zou L, Lu J, Holmgren A. Selenocysteine in mammalian thioredoxin reductase and application of ebselen as a therapeutic. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 127:238-247. [PMID: 29807162 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin system is a ubiquitous disulfide reductase system evolutionarily conserved through all living organisms. It contains thioredoxin (Trx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and NADPH. TrxR can use NADPH to reduce Trx which passes the reducing equivalent to its downstream substrates involved in various biomedical events, such as ribonucleotide reductase for deoxyribonucleotide and DNA synthesis, or peroxiredoxins for counteracting oxidative stress. Obviously, TrxR stays in the center of the system to maintain the electron flow. Mammalian TrxR contains a selenocysteine (Sec) in its active site, which is not present in the low molecular weight prokaryotic TrxRs. Due to the special property of Sec, mammalian TrxR employs a different catalytic mechanism from prokaryotic TrxRs and has a broader substrate-spectrum. On the other hand, Sec is easily targeted by electrophilic compounds which inhibits the TrxR activity and may turn TrxR into an NADPH oxidase. Ebselen, a synthetic seleno-compound containing selenazol, has been tested in several clinical studies. In mammalian cells, ebselen works as a GSH peroxidase mimic and mainly as a peroxiredoxin mimic via Trx and TrxR to scavenge hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite. In prokaryotic cells, ebselen is an inhibitor of TrxR and leads to elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent studies have made use of the difference and developed ebselen as a potential antibiotic, especially in combination with silver which enables ebselen to kill multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Collectively, Sec is important for the biological functions of mammalian TrxR and distinguishes it from prokaryotic TrxRs, therefore it is a promising drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lili Zou
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Translational Neuroscience & Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University, 443000 Yichang, China
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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34
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Yang C, Hawkins KE, Doré S, Candelario-Jalil E. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of blood-brain barrier damage in ischemic stroke. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C135-C153. [PMID: 30379577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00136.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As part of the neurovascular unit, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a unique, dynamic regulatory boundary that limits and regulates the exchange of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the central nervous system. Disruption of the BBB plays an important role in the development of neurological dysfunction in ischemic stroke. Blood-borne substances and cells have restricted access to the brain due to the presence of tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the BBB. Following stroke, there is loss of BBB tight junction integrity, leading to increased paracellular permeability, which results in vasogenic edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and increased mortality. Thus, understanding principal mediators and molecular mechanisms involved in BBB disruption is critical for the development of novel therapeutics to treat ischemic stroke. This review discusses the current knowledge of how neuroinflammation contributes to BBB damage in ischemic stroke. Specifically, we provide an updated overview of the role of cytokines, chemokines, oxidative and nitrosative stress, adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases, and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as the role of different cell types in the regulation of BBB permeability in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kimberly E Hawkins
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.,Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology, and Pharmaceutics, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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35
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Preventing childhood and lifelong disability: Maternal dietary supplementation for perinatal brain injury. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:228-242. [PMID: 30227261 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The majority of brain injuries that lead to cerebral palsy, developmental disability, and mental health disorders have their onset in utero. These lifelong conditions come with great economic and emotional burden as they impact function in nearly all domains of affected individuals' lives. Unfortunately, current therapeutic options are limited. There remains a focus on rescue, rehabilitation, and regeneration after the injury has occurred, rather than aiming to prevent the initial injury. Prevention would imply treating the mother during pregnancy to alter the fetal environment and in turn, treat the fetus. Fear of harming the developing fetus remains as a result of errors of the past such as the release of thalidomide. In this review, we outline evidence from animal studies and clinical trials that have explored maternal dietary supplementation with natural health products (including nutraceuticals and functional foods) for perinatal brain injury prevention. Namely, we discuss magnesium sulphate, creatine, choline, melatonin, resveratrol and broccoli sprouts/sulforaphane. Although clinical trials have only been completed in this realm for magnesium sulphate, results in animal models have been promising, suggesting that this is a productive avenue for further research. Natural health products may provide safe, effective, affordable, and easily accessible prevention of fetal brain injury and resulting lifelong disabilities.
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Rana AK, Singh D. Targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 for oxidative stress and neuroinflammation: Opportunities, challenges and future directions for cerebral stroke management. Neuropharmacology 2018; 139:124-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kaidonis G, Rao AN, Ouyang YB, Stary CM. Elucidating sex differences in response to cerebral ischemia: immunoregulatory mechanisms and the role of microRNAs. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 176:73-85. [PMID: 30121237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide, yet therapeutic options remain limited. Differences in sex and age play an important role in the final outcome in response to cerebral ischemia in both experimental and clinical studies: males have a higher risk and worse outcome than females at younger ages and this trend reverses in older ages. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying sex dimorphism are complex and are still not well understood, studies suggest steroid hormones, sex chromosomes, differential cell death and immune pathways, and sex-specific microRNAs may contribute to the outcome following cerebral ischemia. This review focuses on differential effects between males and females on cell death and immunological pathways in response to cerebral ischemia, the central role of innate sex differences in steroid hormone signaling, and upstreamregulation of sexually dimorphic gene expression by microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kaidonis
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States; Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, United States
| | - Anand N Rao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States
| | - Yi-Bing Ouyang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States
| | - Creed M Stary
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States.
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Chaturvedi P, Mehrotra V, Saxena Y, Manna S. Correlation of Serum Nitric Oxide (NO) with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patient: A Study in North India. Indian J Clin Biochem 2018; 33:322-327. [PMID: 30072832 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the key players in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Limited reports are available about the serum level of NO and their correlation with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score in acute (<24 h) ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. A hospital based, cross sectional study was done in North Indian population to find out correlation of serum NO and GCS in AIS patients. 50 patients of AIS and 25 healthy controls were chosen for the study. Serum NO level was measured by ELISA and GCS scores were assessed by a neurologist. Pearson correlation coefficients were analyzed to look for the relationship between NO and GCS. Statistically highly significant elevation in mean serum NO level was observed in cases as compared to controls (p < 0.01). A negative correlation of NO levels with neurological score of GCS r (48) = -0.144, p > 0.05 was seen. This indicates oxidative stress in acute ischemic stroke may be the result of imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Chaturvedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Swami Rama Himalyan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
| | - Vinit Mehrotra
- Department of Biochemistry, Swami Rama Himalyan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
| | - Yogesh Saxena
- 2Department of Physiology, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
| | - Soumen Manna
- 2Department of Physiology, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
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Kahl A, Anderson CJ, Qian L, Voss H, Manfredi G, Iadecola C, Zhou P. Neuronal expression of the mitochondrial protein prohibitin confers profound neuroprotection in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1010-1020. [PMID: 28714328 PMCID: PMC5999007 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17720371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial protein prohibitin (PHB) has emerged as an important modulator of neuronal survival in different injury modalities . We previously showed that viral gene transfer of PHB protects CA1 neurons from delayed neurodegeneration following transient forebrain ischemia through mitochondrial mechanisms. However, since PHB is present in all cell types, it is not known if its selective expression in neurons is protective, and if the protection occurs also in acute focal ischemic brain injury, the most common stroke type in humans. Therefore, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing human PHB1 specifically in neurons (PHB1 Tg). PHB1 Tg mice and littermate controls were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Infarct volume and sensory-motor impairment were assessed three days later. Under the control of a neuronal promoter (CaMKIIα), PHB1 expression was increased by 50% in the forebrain and hippocampus in PHB1 Tg mice. The brain injury produced by MCAo was reduced by 63 ± 11% in PHB1 Tg mice compared to littermate controls. This reduction was associated with improved sensory-motor performance, suggesting that the salvaged brain remains functional. Approaches to enhance PHB expression may be useful to ameliorate the devastating impact of cerebral ischemia on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kahl
- 1 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Corey J Anderson
- 1 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Liping Qian
- 1 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Henning Voss
- 2 Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- 1 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- 1 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Ping Zhou
- 1 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA
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Wang B, Han S. Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Attenuates Deficits in Synaptic Plasticity and Brain Functions Following Traumatic Brain Injury. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 17:477-484. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Krajnak K, Dahl R. Small molecule SUMOylation activators are novel neuroprotective agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:405-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Santos LE, Ferreira ST. Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and brain inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:350-360. [PMID: 29129774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While most often noted for its cognitive symptoms, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is, at its core, a disease of protein misfolding/aggregation, with an intriguing inflammatory component. Defective clearance and/or abnormal production of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), and its ensuing accumulation and aggregation, underlie two hallmark features of AD: brain accumulation of insoluble protein deposits known as amyloid or senile plaques, and buildup of soluble Aβ oligomers (AβOs), diffusible toxins linked to synapse dysfunction and memory impairment. In neurons, as in typical eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a main compartment for the folding, maturation, trafficking and quality control of newly synthesized proteins. The ER lumen, a calcium-rich, oxidizing environment, provides favorable conditions for these physiological functions to occur. These conditions, however, also favor protein aggregation. Several stressors, including metabolic/nutrient stress and certain pathologies, may upset the ER homeostasis, e.g., by affecting calcium levels or by causing the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins. Whatever the underlying cause, the result is what is commonly known as "ER stress". This, in turn, triggers a conserved cellular response mechanism known as the "unfolded protein response" (UPR). The UPR comprises three pathways involving transcriptional or translational regulators aimed at normalizing ER function, and each of them results in pro-inflammatory signaling. A positive feedback loop exists between ER stress and inflammation, with clear implications for neurodegeneration and AD. Here, we explore recent findings on the role of ER stress and the UPR in inflammatory processes leading to synapse failure and memory impairment in AD. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabolic Impairment as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Santos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil; Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil.
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43
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Fang X, Li Y, Qiao J, Guo Y, Miao M. Neuroprotective effect of total flavonoids from Ilex pubescens against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7439-7449. [PMID: 28944915 PMCID: PMC5865877 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ilex pubescens is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Ilex pubescens total flavonoids (IPTF) on neuroprotection and the potential mechanisms in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rats were pretreated with intragastric administration of IPTF at doses of 200 and 100 mg/kg for 5 days; middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery was then performed to induce cerebral I/R injury. Neurological deficits were determined using the 5‑point neurological function score evaluation system, brain infarct sizes were determined by 2,3,5‑triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and alterations in brain histology were determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The neurological deficit score, the infarcted area and the brain tissue pathological injury were significantly reduced when the rats were pretreated with IPTF. In addition, inflammatory mediators and neurotrophic factors in the brain were investigated. IPTF pretreatment decreased the activities of total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS), induced NOS (iNOS) and constitutive NOS (cNOS), and the levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin‑1β (IL‑1β) and tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), however, it increased the levels of IL‑10 in brain tissues. Furthermore, pretreatment with IPTF also increased the protein expressions of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell‑derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, when compared with the model group. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that IPTF has a neuroprotective effect against focal cerebral I/R injury in rats. The mechanism may be associated with the decreased production of certain proinflammatory cytokines including NO, IL‑1β, TNF‑α, TNOS, iNOS and cNOS, the increased production of the anti‑inflammatory cytokine IL‑10 and the increased secretion of neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Li
- Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Qiao
- Science and Technology Division, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Mingsan Miao
- Science and Technology Division, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
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Tikamdas R, Singhal S, Zhang P, Smith JA, Krause EG, Stevens SM, Song S, Liu B. Ischemia-responsive protein 94 is a key mediator of ischemic neuronal injury-induced microglial activation. J Neurochem 2017. [PMID: 28640931 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, especially activation of microglia, the key immune cells in the brain, has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. However, the dynamics and the potential mediators of microglial activation following ischemic neuronal injury are not well understood. In this study, using oxygen/glucose deprivation and reoxygenation with neuronal and microglial cell cultures as an in vitro model of ischemic neuronal injury, we set out to identify neuronal factors released from injured neurons that are capable of inducing microglial activation. Conditioned media (CM) from hippocampal and cortical neurons exposed to oxygen/glucose deprivation and reoxygenation induced significant activation of microglial cells as well as primary microglia, evidenced by up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, increased production of nitrite and reactive oxygen species, and increased expression of microglial markers. Mechanistically, neuronal ischemia-responsive protein 94 (Irp94) was a key contributor to microglial activation since significant increase in Irp94 was detected in the neuronal CM following ischemic insult and immunodepletion of Irp94 rendered ischemic neuronal CM ineffective in inducing microglial activation. Ischemic insult-augmented oxidative stress was a major facilitator of neuronal Irp94 release, and pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase significantly reduced the ischemic injury-induced neuronal reactive oxygen species production and Irp94 release. Taken together, these results indicate that neuronal Irp94 may play a pivotal role in the propagation of ischemic neuronal damage. Continued studies may help identify Irp94 and/or related proteins as potential therapeutic targets and/or diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for managing ischemia-associated brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Tikamdas
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sarthak Singhal
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Justin A Smith
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Eric G Krause
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stanley M Stevens
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sihong Song
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Ziemka-Nalecz M, Jaworska J, Zalewska T. Insights Into the Neuroinflammatory Responses After Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:644-654. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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46
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Wang L, Liu H, Zhang L, Wang G, Zhang M, Yu Y. Neuroprotection of Dexmedetomidine against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats: Involved in Inhibition of NF-κB and Inflammation Response. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:383-389. [PMID: 27871154 PMCID: PMC5499616 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist that exhibits a protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury of the heart, kidney, and other organs. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective action and potential mechanisms of dexmedetomidine against ischemia-reperfusion induced cerebral injury. Transient focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion. After the ischemic insult, animals then received intravenous dexmedetomidine of 1 µg/kg load dose, followed by 0.05 µg/kg/min infusion for 2 h. After 24 h of reperfusion, neurological function, brain edema, and the morphology of the hippocampal CA1 region were evaluated. The levels and mRNA expressions of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor nevrosis factor-α as well as the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor-κBp65, inhibitor of κBα and phosphorylated of κBα in hippocampus were assessed. We found that dexmedetomidine reduced focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by inhibiting the expression and release of inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB pathway may be a mechanism underlying the neuroprotective action of dexmedetomidine against focal cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Ligong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Gongming Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
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47
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Xu X, Huang E, Tai Y, Zhao X, Chen X, Chen C, Chen R, Liu C, Lin Z, Wang H, Xie WB. Nupr1 Modulates Methamphetamine-Induced Dopaminergic Neuronal Apoptosis and Autophagy through CHOP-Trib3-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling Pathway. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:203. [PMID: 28694771 PMCID: PMC5483452 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illegal and widely abused psychoactive stimulant. METH exposure causes detrimental effects on multiple organ systems, primarily the nervous system, especially dopaminergic pathways, in both laboratory animals and humans. In this study, we hypothesized that Nuclear protein 1 (Nupr1/com1/p8) is involved in METH-induced neuronal apoptosis and autophagy through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling pathway. To test this hypothesis, we measured the expression levels of Nupr1, ER stress protein markers CHOP and Trib3, apoptosis-related protein markers cleaved-caspase3 and PARP, as well as autophagy-related protein markers LC3 and Beclin-1 in brain tissues of adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, rat primary cultured neurons and the rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) after METH exposure. We also determined the effects of METH exposure on the expression of these proteins after silencing Nupr1, CHOP, or Trib3 expression with synthetic small hairpin RNA (shRNA) or siRNA in vitro, and after silencing Nupr1 in the striatum of rats by injecting lentivirus containing shRNA sequence targeting Nupr1 gene to rat striatum. The results showed that METH exposure increased Nupr1 expression that was accompanied with increased expression of ER stress protein markers CHOP and Trib3, and also led to apoptosis and autophagy in rat primary neurons and in PC12 cells after 24 h exposure (3.0 mM), and in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of rats after repeated intraperitoneal injections (15 mg/kg × 8 injections at 12 h intervals). Silencing of Nupr1 expression partly reduced METH-induced apoptosis and autophagy in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that Nupr1 plays an essential role in METH-caused neuronal apoptosis and autophagy at relatively higher doses and may be a potential therapeutic target in high-dose METH-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China.,School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical CollegeWuhu, China
| | - Enping Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yunchun Tai
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xuebing Chen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Chuanxiang Chen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Medical UniversityDongguan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Guangzhou Forensic Science InstituteGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, United States
| | - Huijun Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Bing Xie
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Bath PMW, Krishnan K, Appleton JP. Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 4:CD000398. [PMID: 28429459 PMCID: PMC6478181 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd000398.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) has multiple effects that may be beneficial in acute stroke, including lowering blood pressure, and promoting reperfusion and cytoprotection. Some forms of nitric oxide synthase inhibition (NOS-I) may also be beneficial. However, high concentrations of NO are likely to be toxic to brain tissue. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 1998, and last updated in 2002. OBJECTIVES To assess the safety and efficacy of NO donors, L-arginine, and NOS-I in people with acute stroke. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched 6 February 2017), MEDLINE (1966 to June 2016), Embase (1980 to June 2016), ISI Science Citation Indexes (1981 to June 2016), Stroke Trials Registry (searched June 2016), International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) (searched June 2016), Clinical Trials registry (searched June 2016), and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (searched June 2016). Previously, we had contacted drug companies and researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing nitric oxide donors, L-arginine, or NOS-I versus placebo or open control in people within one week of onset of confirmed stroke. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently applied the inclusion criteria, assessed trial quality and risk of bias, and extracted data. The review authors cross-checked data and resolved issues through discussion. We obtained published and unpublished data, as available. Data were reported as mean difference (MD) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We included five completed trials, involving 4197 participants; all tested transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), an NO donor. The assessed risk of bias was low across the included studies; one study was double-blind, one open-label and three were single-blind. All included studies had blinded outcome assessment. Overall, GTN did not improve the primary outcome of death or dependency at the end of trial (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) > 2, OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.10, 4195 participants, high-quality evidence). GTN did not improve secondary outcomes, including death (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.50) and quality of life (MD -0.01, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.15) at the end of trial overall (high-quality evidence). Systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP) was lower in people treated with GTN (MD -7.2 mmHg (95% CI -8.6 to -5.9) and MD -3.3 (95% CI -4.2 to -2.5) respectively) and heart rate was higher (MD 2.0 beats per minute (95% CI 1.1 to 2.9)). Headache was more common in those randomised to GTN (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.55 to 3.62). We did not find any trials assessing other nitrates, L-arginine, or NOS-I. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend the use of NO donors, L-arginine or NOS-I in acute stroke, and only one drug (GTN) has been assessed. In people with acute stroke, GTN reduces blood pressure, increases heart rate and headache, but does not alter clinical outcome (all based on high-quality evidence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip MW Bath
- University of NottinghamStroke, Division of Clinical NeuroscienceCity Hospital CampusNottinghamUKNG5 1PB
| | - Kailash Krishnan
- University of NottinghamStroke, Division of Clinical NeuroscienceCity Hospital CampusNottinghamUKNG5 1PB
| | - Jason P Appleton
- University of NottinghamStroke, Division of Clinical NeuroscienceCity Hospital CampusNottinghamUKNG5 1PB
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Brzica H, Abdullahi W, Ibbotson K, Ronaldson PT. Role of Transporters in Central Nervous System Drug Delivery and Blood-Brain Barrier Protection: Relevance to Treatment of Stroke. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2017; 9:1179573517693802. [PMID: 28469523 PMCID: PMC5392046 DOI: 10.1177/1179573517693802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The only approved pharmacologic treatment for ischemic stroke is thrombolysis via recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA). A short therapeutic window and serious adverse events (ie, hemorrhage, excitotoxicity) greatly limit r-tPA therapy, which indicates an essential need to develop novel stroke treatment paradigms. Transporters expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) provide a significant opportunity to advance stroke therapy via central nervous system delivery of drugs that have neuroprotective properties. Examples of such transporters include organic anion–transporting polypeptides (Oatps) and organic cation transporters (Octs). In addition, multidrug resistance proteins (Mrps) are transporter targets in brain microvascular endothelial cells that can be exploited to preserve BBB integrity in the setting of stroke. Here, we review current knowledge on stroke pharmacotherapy and demonstrate how endogenous BBB transporters can be targeted for improvement of ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Brzica
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wazir Abdullahi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kathryn Ibbotson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Greco R, Demartini C, Zanaboni AM, Blandini F, Amantea D, Tassorelli C. Modulation of cerebral RAGE expression following nitric oxide synthase inhibition in rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 800:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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