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Korczeniewska OA, Husain S, Hoque M, Soteropoulos P, Khan J, Eliav E, Benoliel R. Time-Course Progression of Whole Transcriptome Expression Changes of Trigeminal Ganglia Compared to Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rats Exposed to Nerve Injury. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:101-117. [PMID: 37524222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain (NP) are complex with multiple genes, their interactions, environmental and epigenetic factors being implicated. Transcriptional changes in the trigeminal (TG) and dorsal root (DRG) ganglia have been implicated in the development and maintenance of NP. Despite efforts to unravel molecular mechanisms of NP, many remain unknown. Also, most of the studies focused on the spinal system. Although the spinal and trigeminal systems share some of the molecular mechanisms, differences exist. We used RNA-sequencing technology to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the TG and DRG at baseline and 3 time points following the infraorbital or sciatic nerve injuries, respectively. Pathway analysis and comparison analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed pathways. Additionally, upstream regulator effects were investigated in the two systems. DEG (differentially expressed genes) analyses identified 3,225 genes to be differentially expressed between TG and DRG in naïve animals, 1,828 genes 4 days post injury, 5,644 at day 8 and 9,777 DEGs at 21 days postinjury. A comparison of top enriched canonical pathways revealed that a number of signaling pathway was significantly inhibited in the TG and activated in the DRG at 21 days postinjury. Finally, CORT upstream regulator was predicted to be inhibited in the TG while expression levels of the CSF1 upstream regulator were significantly elevated in the DRG at 21 days postinjury. This study provides a basis for further in-depth studies investigating transcriptional changes, pathways, and upstream regulation in TG and DRG in rats exposed to peripheral nerve injuries. PERSPECTIVE: Although trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia are homologs of each other, they respond differently to nerve injury and therefore treatment. Activation/inhibition of number of biological pathways appear to be ganglion/system specific suggesting that different approaches might be required to successfully treat neuropathies induced by injuries in spinal and trigeminal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Korczeniewska
- Center for Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Seema Husain
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Mainul Hoque
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Junad Khan
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Eli Eliav
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Rafael Benoliel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sourasky Medical Center, Ichilov, Tel Aviv, Israel
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2
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Sun C, Zheng S, Perry JSA, Norris GT, Cheng M, Kong F, Skyberg R, Cang J, Erisir A, Kipnis J, Hill DL. Maternal diet during early gestation influences postnatal taste activity-dependent pruning by microglia. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20212476. [PMID: 37733279 PMCID: PMC10512853 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A key process in central sensory circuit development involves activity-dependent pruning of exuberant terminals. Here, we studied gustatory terminal field maturation in the postnatal mouse nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) during normal development and in mice where their mothers were fed a low NaCl diet for a limited period soon after conception. Pruning of terminal fields of gustatory nerves in controls involved the complement system and is likely driven by NaCl-elicited taste activity. In contrast, offspring of mothers with an early dietary manipulation failed to prune gustatory terminal fields even though peripheral taste activity developed normally. The ability to prune in these mice was rescued by activating myeloid cells postnatally, and conversely, pruning was arrested in controls with the loss of myeloid cell function. The altered pruning and myeloid cell function appear to be programmed before the peripheral gustatory system is assembled and corresponds to the embryonic period when microglia progenitors derived from the yolk sac migrate to and colonize the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsan Sun
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shuqiu Zheng
- Division of Nephrology, University School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Justin S A Perry
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Norris
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mei Cheng
- Department of Health and Disease Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Fanzhen Kong
- Department of Anatomy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Rolf Skyberg
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon , Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Jianhua Cang
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alev Erisir
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David L Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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3
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Mohapatra L, Mishra D, Shiomurti Tripathi A, Kumar Parida S. Immunosenescence as a convergence pathway in neurodegeneration. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110521. [PMID: 37385122 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunity refers to the body's defense mechanism to protect itself against illness or to produce antibodies against pathogens. Senescence is a cellular phenomenon that integrates a sustainable growth restriction, other phenotypic abnormalities and including a pro-inflammatory secretome. It is highly involved in regulating developmental stages, tissue homeostasis, and tumor proliferation monitoring. Contemporary experimental reports imply that abolition of senescent cells employing evolved genetic and therapeutic approaches augment the chances of survival and boosts the health span of an individual. Immunosenescence is considered as a process in which dysfunction of the immune system occurs with aging and greatly includes remodeling of lymphoid organs. This in turn causes fluctuations in the immune function of the elderly that has strict relation with the expansion of autoimmune diseases, infections, malignant tumors and neurodegenerative disorders. The interaction of the nervous and immune systems during aging is marked by bi-directional influence and mutual correlation of variations. The enhanced systemic inflammatory condition in the elderly, and the neuronal immune cell activity can be modulated by inflamm-aging and peripheral immunosenescence resulting in chronic low-grade inflammatory processes in the central Nervous system known as neuro-inflammaging. For example, glia excitation by cytokines and glia pro-inflammatory productions contribute significantly to memory injury as well as in acute systemic inflammation, which is associated with high levels of Tumor necrosis factor -α and a rise in cognitive decline. In recent years its role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease has caught research interest to a large extent. This article reviews the connection concerning the immune and nervous systems and highlights how immunosenescence and inflamm-aging can affect neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Mohapatra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Deepak Mishra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India
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Gómez-Pinedo U, Matías-Guiu JA, Ojeda-Hernandez D, de la Fuente-Martin S, Kamal OMF, Benito-Martin MS, Selma-Calvo B, Montero-Escribano P, Matías-Guiu J. In Vitro Effects of Methylprednisolone over Oligodendroglial Cells: Foresight to Future Cell Therapies. Cells 2023; 12:1515. [PMID: 37296635 PMCID: PMC10252523 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The implantation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells may be a useful therapeutic strategy for targeting remyelination. However, it is yet to be established how these cells behave after implantation and whether they retain the capacity to proliferate or differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. One essential issue is the creation of administration protocols and determining which factors need to be well established. There is controversy around whether these cells may be implanted simultaneously with corticosteroid treatment, which is widely used in many clinical situations. This study assesses the influence of corticosteroids on the capacity for proliferation and differentiation and the survival of human oligodendroglioma cells. Our findings show that corticosteroids reduce the capacity of these cells to proliferate and to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and decrease cell survival. Thus, their effect does not favour remyelination; this is consistent with the results of studies with rodent cells. In conclusion, protocols for the administration of oligodendrocyte lineage cells with the aim of repopulating oligodendroglial niches or repairing demyelinated axons should not include corticosteroids, given the evidence that the effects of these drugs may undermine the objectives of cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Gómez-Pinedo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Jordi A. Matías-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-G.); (P.M.-E.)
| | - Denise Ojeda-Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Sarah de la Fuente-Martin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Ola Mohamed-Fathy Kamal
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Maria Soledad Benito-Martin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Belen Selma-Calvo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Paloma Montero-Escribano
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-G.); (P.M.-E.)
| | - Jorge Matías-Guiu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-G.); (P.M.-E.)
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5
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Zhu P, Li Y, Guo T, Liu S, Tancer RJ, Hu C, Zhao C, Xue C, Liao G. New antifungal strategies: drug combination and co-delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114874. [PMID: 37211279 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The growing occurrence of invasive fungal infections and the mounting rates of drug resistance constitute a significant menace to human health. Antifungal drug combinations have garnered substantial interest for their potential to improve therapeutic efficacy, reduce drug doses, reverse, or ameliorate drug resistance. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying antifungal drug resistance and drug combination is key to developing new drug combinations. Here we discuss the mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance and elucidate how to discover potent drug combinations to surmount resistance. We also examine the challenges encountered in developing such combinations and discuss prospects, including advanced drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400700, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400700, China
| | - Simei Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 402760, China; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Robert J Tancer
- Public Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Changhua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400700, China
| | - Chengzhi Zhao
- Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, 400700, PR China.
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Public Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Guojian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400700, China.
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6
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Ketabforoush AHME, Chegini R, Barati S, Tahmasebi F, Moghisseh B, Joghataei MT, Faghihi F, Azedi F. Masitinib: The promising actor in the next season of the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis treatment series. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114378. [PMID: 36774721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with high mortality and morbidity rate affecting both upper and lower motor neurons (MN). Muscle force reduction, behavioral change, pseudobulbar affect, and cognitive impairments are the most common clinical manifestations of ALS. The main physiopathology of ALS is still unclear, though several studies have identified that oxidative stress, proteinopathies, glutamate-related excitotoxicity, microglial activation, and neuroinflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of ALS. From 1995 until October 2022, only Riluzole, Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide (DH) with Quinidine sulfate (Q), Edaravone, and Sodium phenylbutyrate with Taurursodiol (PB/TUDCO) have achieved FDA approval for ALS treatment. Despite the use of these four approved agents, the survival rate and quality of life of ALS patients are still low. Thus, finding novel treatments for ALS patients is an urgent requirement. Masitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, emphasizes the neuro-inflammatory activity of ALS by targeting macrophages, mast cells, and microglia cells. Masitinib downregulates the proinflammatory cytokines, indirectly reduces inflammation, and induces neuroprotection. Also, it was effective in phase 2/3 and 3 clinical trials (CTs) by increasing overall survival and delaying motor, bulbar, and respiratory function deterioration. This review describes the pathophysiology of ALS, focusing on Masitinib's mechanism of action and explaining why Masitinib could be a promising actor in the treatment of ALS patients. In addition, Masitinib CTs and other competitor drugs in phase 3 CTs have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rojin Chegini
- Metabolic Liver Disease Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shirin Barati
- Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tahmasebi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bardia Moghisseh
- Student Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Faghihi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Azedi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Shen W, Liu S, Wei X, Wang Y, Yang L. Infiltrating circulating monocytes provide an important source of BMP4 at the early stage of spinal cord injury. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:286061. [PMID: 36518009 PMCID: PMC9884123 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)4 plays a critical role in regulating neuronal and glial activity in the course of spinal cord injury (SCI). The underlying cause and cellular source of BMP4 accumulation at the injured spinal cord remain unclear. Here, we observed that plasma BMP4 levels are statistically higher in SCI patients than in healthy donors. When comparing rats in the sham group (T9 laminectomy without SCI) with rats in the SCI group, we found a persistent decline in BBB scores, together with necrosis and mononuclear cell accumulation at the contusion site. Moreover, during 2 weeks after SCI both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of BMP4 displayed notable elevation, and a positive correlation. Importantly, percentages of circulating BMP4-positive (BMP4+) monocytes and infiltrating MDMs were higher in the SCI group than in the sham group. Finally, in the SCI+clodronate liposome group, depletion of monocytes effectively attenuated the accumulation of both BMP4+ MDMs and BMP4 in the injured spinal cord. Our results indicated that, following SCI, infiltrating MDMs provide an important source of BMP4 in the injured spinal cord and, therefore, might serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shuxin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Department of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, China,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Authors for correspondence (; )
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8
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Franklin RJM, Simons M. CNS remyelination and inflammation: From basic mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Neuron 2022; 110:3549-3565. [PMID: 36228613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination, the myelin regenerative response that follows demyelination, restores saltatory conduction and function and sustains axon health. Its declining efficiency with disease progression in the chronic autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) contributes to the currently untreatable progressive phase of the disease. Although some of the bona fide myelin regenerative medicine clinical trials have succeeded in demonstrating proof-of-principle, none of these compounds have yet proceeded toward approval. There therefore remains a need to increase our understanding of the fundamental biology of remyelination so that existing targets can be refined and new ones discovered. Here, we review the role of inflammation, in particular innate immunity, in remyelination, describing its many and complex facets and discussing how our evolving understanding can be harnessed to translational goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J M Franklin
- Altos Labs - Cambridge Institute of Science, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK.
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany.
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9
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Lu J, Huang C, Lu Q, Lu X. Therapeutic and Prophylactic Effects of Amphotericin B Liposomes on Chronic Social Defeat Stress-Induced Behavioral Abnormalities in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:918177. [PMID: 35910388 PMCID: PMC9335357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.918177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, innate immune system stimulants, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), were reported to prevent and reverse chronic stress-induced behavioral abnormalities, suggesting that innate immune stimulation could be a potential strategy for the treatment and prevention of mental disorders. Amphotericin B liposome is a clinically available antifungal medication that can stimulate macrophages and microglia. We hypothesize that amphotericin B liposome may be used to prevent and reverse behavioral abnormalities triggered by chronic stress. As expected, our results showed that a single injection of amphotericin B liposome (1 mg/kg) immediately after stress cessation reversed the decrease in time spent in the interaction zone in the social interaction test (SIT) and the increase in immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) in mice caused by chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). In addition, a single injection of amphotericin B liposomes (1 mg/kg) 1 day before stress exposure was found to prevent the CSDS-induced decrease in time spent in the interaction zone in the SIT and the increase in immobility time in the TST and FST in mice. Pretreatment with minocycline to inhibit the innate immune response was able to abolish the reversal effect of post-stress injection of amphotericin B liposomes on CSDS-induced behavioral abnormalities and the prophylactic effect of pre-stress injection of amphotericin B liposomes on CSDS-induced behavioral abnormalities. These results demonstrate that amphotericin B liposomes have both therapeutic and prophylactic effects on chronic stress-induced behavioral abnormalities in mice by mobilizing the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Taizhou, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiashu Lu,
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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10
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Msheik Z, El Massry M, Rovini A, Billet F, Desmoulière A. The macrophage: a key player in the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathies. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:97. [PMID: 35429971 PMCID: PMC9013246 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are present in all mammalian tissues and coexist with various cell types in order to respond to different environmental cues. However, the role of these cells has been underestimated in the context of peripheral nerve damage. More importantly, macrophages display divergent characteristics, associated with their origin, and in response to the modulatory effects of their microenvironment. Interestingly, the advent of new techniques such as fate mapping and single-cell transcriptomics and their synergistic use has helped characterize in detail the origin and fate of tissue-resident macrophages in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Furthermore, these techniques have allowed a better understanding of their functions from simple homeostatic supervisors to chief regulators in peripheral neuropathies. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge about macrophage ontogeny, function and tissue identity, with a particular focus on PNS-associated cells, as well as their interaction with reactive oxygen species under physiological and pathological conditions. We then revisit the process of Wallerian degeneration, describing the events accompanying axon degeneration, Schwann cell activation and most importantly, macrophage recruitment to the site of injury. Finally, we review these processes in light of internal and external insults to peripheral nerves leading to peripheral neuropathies, the involvement of macrophages and the potential benefit of the targeting of specific macrophages for the alleviation of functional defects in the PNS.
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11
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Mahmood A, Miron VE. Microglia as therapeutic targets for central nervous system remyelination. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102188. [PMID: 35219055 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Failed remyelination underpins neurodegeneration and central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction with aging and progression of neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Existing therapies have shown limited efficacy in halting disease progression in humans, highlighting the need to identify pro-remyelination treatments. Microglia are CNS-resident macrophages with critical roles in the regulation of remyelination, representing a promising therapeutic target. However, there are currently no therapeutics which specifically target microglia. Recent studies have revealed that microglia are a heterogenous population with distinct transcriptional states in health and disease conditions, including during remyelination, suggesting functional differences between states. Here, we discuss the potential contributions of different microglia states to degenerative and regenerative processes, examine the potential to target microglia in a state-specific manner to promote remyelination and consider the key issues to be addressed before such therapies can be clinically applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayisha Mahmood
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique E Miron
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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12
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Calahorra L, Camacho-Toledano C, Serrano-Regal MP, Ortega MC, Clemente D. Regulatory Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: From Blood to Brain. Biomedicines 2022; 10:335. [PMID: 35203544 PMCID: PMC8961785 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects myelin. The etiology of MS is unclear, although a variety of environmental and genetic factors are thought to increase the risk of developing the disease. Historically, T cells were considered to be the orchestrators of MS pathogenesis, but evidence has since accumulated implicating B lymphocytes and innate immune cells in the inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage associated with MS disease progression. However, more recently the importance of the protective role of immunoregulatory cells in MS has become increasingly evident, such as that of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T (Treg) and B (Breg) cells, or CD56bright natural killer cells. In this review, we will focus on how peripheral regulatory cells implicated in innate and adaptive immune responses are involved in the physiopathology of MS. Moreover, we will discuss how these cells are thought to act and contribute to MS histopathology, also addressing their promising role as promoters of successful remyelination within the CNS. Finally, we will analyze how understanding these protective mechanisms may be crucial in the search for potential therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (L.C.); (C.C.-T.); (M.P.S.-R.); (M.C.O.)
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13
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Sheng X, Zhao J, Li M, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Xu J, He R, Lu H, Wu T, Duan C, Cao Y, Hu J. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Accelerate Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury by Promoting the Phagocytosis of Macrophages to Clean Myelin Debris. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:772205. [PMID: 34820385 PMCID: PMC8606563 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.772205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage phagocytosis contributes predominantly to processing central nervous system (CNS) debris and further facilitates neurological function restoration after CNS injury. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC)-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos) on the phagocytic capability of macrophages to clear myelin debris and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism during the spinal cord injury (SCI) process. This work reveals that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infiltrating into the SCI site could efficiently engulf myelin debris and process phagocytic material. However, the phagocytic ability of macrophages to clear tissue debris is compromised after SCI. The administration of BMSC-Exos as an approach for SCI treatment could rescue macrophage normal function by improving the phagocytic capability of myelin debris internalization, which is beneficial for SCI repair, as evidenced by better axon regrowth and increased hindlimb locomotor functional recovery in a rodent model. Examination of macrophage treatment with BMSC-Exos revealed that BMSC-Exos could promote the capacity of macrophages to phagocytose myelin debris in vitro and could create a regenerative microenvironment for axon regrowth. In addition, we confirmed that BMSC-Exo treatment resulted in improved phagocytosis of engulfed myelin debris by promoting the expression of macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) in macrophages. The inhibition of MARCO with PolyG (a MARCO antagonist) impaired the effect of BMSC-Exos on the phagocytic capacity of macrophages and resulted in compromised myelin clearance at the lesion site, leading to further tissue damage and impaired functional healing after SCI. In conclusion, these data indicated that targeting the phagocytic ability of macrophages may have therapeutic potential for the improvement in functional healing after SCI. The administration of BMSC-Exos as a cell-free immune therapy strategy has wide application prospects for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Sheng
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinyun Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pain, Institute of Pain Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rundong He
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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14
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Sehgal A, Irvine KM, Hume DA. Functions of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) in development, homeostasis, and tissue repair. Semin Immunol 2021; 54:101509. [PMID: 34742624 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) is the primary growth factor required for the control of monocyte and macrophage differentiation, survival, proliferation and renewal. Although the cDNAs encoding multiple isoforms of human CSF1 were cloned in the 1980s, and recombinant proteins were available for testing in humans, CSF1 has not yet found substantial clinical application. Here we present an overview of CSF1 biology, including evolution, regulation and functions of cell surface and secreted isoforms. CSF1 is widely-expressed, primarily by cells of mesenchymal lineages, in all mouse tissues. Cell-specific deletion of a floxed Csf1 allele in mice indicates that local CSF1 production contributes to the maintenance of tissue-specific macrophage populations but is not saturating. CSF1 in the circulation is controlled primarily by receptor-mediated clearance by macrophages in liver and spleen. Administration of recombinant CSF1 to humans or animals leads to monocytosis and expansion of tissue macrophage populations and growth of the liver and spleen. In a wide variety of tissue injury models, CSF1 administration promotes monocyte infiltration, clearance of damaged cells and repair. We suggest that CSF1 has therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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15
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Sarkar S, Yang R, Mirzaei R, Rawji K, Poon C, Mishra MK, Zemp FJ, Bose P, Kelly J, Dunn JF, Yong VW. Control of brain tumor growth by reactivating myeloid cells with niacin. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/537/eaay9924. [PMID: 32238578 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay9924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are generally incurable partly because monocytes, macrophages, and microglia in afflicted patients do not function in an antitumor capacity. Medications that reactivate these macrophages/microglia, as well as circulating monocytes that become macrophages, could thus be useful to treat glioblastoma. We have discovered that niacin (vitamin B3) is a potential stimulator of these inefficient myeloid cells. Niacin-exposed monocytes attenuated the growth of brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) derived from glioblastoma patients by producing anti-proliferative interferon-α14. Niacin treatment of mice bearing intracranial BTICs increased macrophage/microglia representation within the tumor, reduced tumor size, and prolonged survival. These therapeutic outcomes were negated in mice depleted of circulating monocytes or harboring interferon-α receptor-deleted BTICs. Combination treatment with temozolomide enhanced niacin-promoted survival. Monocytes from glioblastoma patients had increased interferon-α14 upon niacin exposure and were reactivated to reduce BTIC growth in culture. We highlight niacin, a common vitamin that can be quickly translated into clinical application, as an immune stimulator against glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Runze Yang
- Department of Radiology and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Khalil Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Candice Poon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Franz J Zemp
- Department of Oncology and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Department of Oncology and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John Kelly
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Oncology and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Radiology and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Department of Oncology and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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16
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Ji J, Xiang H, Lu X, Tan P, Yang R, Ye T, Chen Z, Chen D, He H, Chen J, Ma Y, Huang C. A prophylactic effect of macrophage-colony stimulating factor on chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Neuropharmacology 2021; 193:108621. [PMID: 34062163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune activation has been shown to reduce the severity of nervous system disorders such as brain ischemia and traumatic brain damage. Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), a drug that is used to treat hematological system disease, is an enhancer of the innate immune response. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of M-CSF preconditioning on chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Results showed that a single M-CSF injection 1 day before stress exposure at the dose of 100 and 500 μg/kg, or a single M-CSF injection (100 μg/kg) 1 or 5 days but not 10 days before stress exposure prevented CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Further analysis showed that a second M-CSF injection 10 days after the first M-CSF injection and a 2 × or 4 × M-CSF injections 10 days before stress exposure also prevented CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors. Molecular studies revealed that a single M-CSF injection prior to stress exposure skewed the neuroinflammatory responses in the brain in CSDS-exposed mice towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. These behavioral and molecular actions of M-CSF were correlated with innate immune stimulation, as pre-inhibiting the innate immune activation by minocycline pretreatment (40 mg/kg) abrogated the preventive effect of M-CSF on CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors and neuroinflammatory responses. These results provide evidence to show that innate immune activation by M-CSF pretreatment may prevent chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors via preventing the development of neuroinflammatory response in the brain, which may help to develop novel strategies for the prevention of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haitao Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, #118 Wansheng Street, Suzhou, 215028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingping Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, #20Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongjian Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaoying Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Morris AD, Kucenas S. A Novel Lysolecithin Model for Visualizing Damage in vivo in the Larval Zebrafish Spinal Cord. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654583. [PMID: 34095120 PMCID: PMC8173112 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lysolecithin is commonly used to induce demyelinating lesions in the spinal cord and corpus callosum of mammalian models. Although these models and clinical patient samples are used to study neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), they do not allow for direct visualization of disease-related damage in vivo. To overcome this limitation, we created and characterized a focal lysolecithin injection model in zebrafish that allows us to investigate the temporal dynamics underlying lysolecithin-induced damage in vivo. Results: We injected lysolecithin into 4-6 days post-fertilization (dpf) zebrafish larval spinal cords and, coupled with in vivo, time-lapse imaging, observed hallmarks consistent with mammalian models of lysolecithin-induced demyelination, including myelinating glial cell loss, myelin perturbations, axonal sparing, and debris clearance. Conclusion: We have developed and characterized a lysolecithin injection model in zebrafish that allows us to investigate myelin damage in a living, vertebrate organism. This model may be a useful pre-clinical screening tool for investigating the safety and efficacy of novel therapeutic compounds that reduce damage and/or promote repair in neurodegenerative disorders, such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D. Morris
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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18
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Harnessing the Benefits of Neuroinflammation: Generation of Macrophages/Microglia with Prominent Remyelinating Properties. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3366-3385. [PMID: 33712513 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1948-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammation within the CNS is injurious, but an immune response is also required for regeneration. Macrophages and microglia adopt different properties depending on their microenvironment, and exposure to IL4 and IL13 has been used to elicit repair. Unexpectedly, while LPS-exposed macrophages and microglia killed neural cells in culture, the addition of LPS to IL4/IL13-treated macrophages and microglia profoundly elevated IL10, repair metabolites, heparin binding epidermal growth factor trophic factor, antioxidants, and matrix-remodeling proteases. In C57BL/6 female mice, the generation of M(LPS/IL4/IL13) macrophages required TLR4 and MyD88 signaling, downstream activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/mTOR and MAP kinases, and convergence on phospho-CREB, STAT6, and NFE2. Following mouse spinal cord demyelination, local LPS/IL4/IL13 deposition markedly increased lesional phagocytic macrophages/microglia, lactate and heparin binding epidermal growth factor, matrix remodeling, oligodendrogenesis, and remyelination. Our data show that a prominent reparative state of macrophages/microglia is generated by the unexpected integration of pro- and anti-inflammatory activation cues. The results have translational potential, as the LPS/IL4/IL13 mixture could be locally applied to a focal CNS injury to enhance neural regeneration and recovery.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The combination of LPS and regulatory IL4 and IL13 signaling in macrophages and microglia produces a previously unknown and particularly reparative phenotype devoid of pro-inflammatory neurotoxic features. The local administration of LPS/IL4/IL13 into spinal cord lesion elicits profound oligodendrogenesis and remyelination. The careful use of LPS and IL4/IL13 mixture could harness the known benefits of neuroinflammation to enable repair in neurologic insults.
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19
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Fani Maleki A, Cisbani G, Laflamme N, Prefontaine P, Plante MM, Baillargeon J, Rangachari M, Gosselin J, Rivest S. Selective Immunomodulatory and Neuroprotective Effects of a NOD2 Receptor Agonist on Mouse Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:889-904. [PMID: 33479802 PMCID: PMC8423880 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of monocytes has been demonstrated in multiple sclerosis (MS). One of the therapeutic challenges is developing medications that induce mild immunomodulation that is solely targeting specific monocyte subsets without affecting microglia. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) activates the NOD2 receptor, and systemic MDP administrations convert Ly6Chigh into Ly6Clow monocytes. Here, we report selective immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects of MDP on cuprizone and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models of MS. MDP treatment exerted various therapeutic effects in EAE, including delaying EAE onset and reducing infiltration of leukocytes into the CNS before EAE onset. Of great interest is the robust beneficial effect of the MDP treatment in mice already developing the disease several days after EAE onset. Finally, we found that the NOD2 receptor plays a critical role in MDP-mediated EAE resistance. Our results demonstrate that MDP is beneficial in both early and progressive phases of EAE. Based on these results, and upon comprehensive basic and clinical research, we anticipate developing NOD2 agonist-based medications for MS in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/pharmacology
- Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/therapeutic use
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Freund's Adjuvant/toxicity
- Immunomodulating Agents/pharmacology
- Immunomodulating Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/chemically induced
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/prevention & control
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/agonists
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham Fani Maleki
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nataly Laflamme
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Paul Prefontaine
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Michele Plante
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Joanie Baillargeon
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Manu Rangachari
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean Gosselin
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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20
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Cunniffe N, Coles A. Promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2021; 268:30-44. [PMID: 31190170 PMCID: PMC7815564 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The greatest unmet need in multiple sclerosis (MS) are treatments that delay, prevent or reverse progression. One of the most tractable strategies to achieve this is to therapeutically enhance endogenous remyelination; doing so restores nerve conduction and prevents neurodegeneration. The biology of remyelination-centred on the activation, migration, proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors-has been increasingly clearly defined and druggable targets have now been identified in preclinical work leading to early phase clinical trials. With some phase 2 studies reporting efficacy, the prospect of licensed remyelinating treatments in MS looks increasingly likely. However, there remain many unanswered questions and recent research has revealed a further dimension of complexity to this process that has refined our view of the barriers to remyelination in humans. In this review, we describe the process of remyelination, why this fails in MS, and the latest research that has given new insights into this process. We also discuss the translation of this research into clinical trials, highlighting the treatments that have been tested to date, and the different methods of detecting remyelination in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Cunniffe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Alasdair Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Jian B, Hu M, Cai W, Zhang B, Lu Z. Update of Immunosenescence in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585655. [PMID: 33362768 PMCID: PMC7756147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of the central nervous system (CNS) is closely associated with chronic sterile low-grade inflammation in older organisms and related immune response. As an amplifier for neuro-inflammaging, immunosenescence remodels and deteriorates immune systems gradually with the passage of time, and finally contributes to severe outcomes like stroke, dementia and neurodegeneration in elderly adults. Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), one of the major causes of vascular dementia, has an intensive connection with the inflammatory response and immunosenescence plays a crucial role in the pathology of this disorder. In this review, we discuss the impact of immunosenescence on the development of CSVD and its underlying mechanism. Furthermore, the clinical practice significance of immunosenescence management and the diagnosis and treatment of CSVD will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banghao Jian
- Department of Neurology, Center for Mental and Neurological Disorders and Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyan Hu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Mental and Neurological Disorders and Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Neurology, Center for Mental and Neurological Disorders and Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Immunology, Center for Mental and Neurological Disorders and Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingjun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Center for Mental and Neurological Disorders and Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Mental and Neurological Disorders and Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Zia S, Rawji KS, Michaels NJ, Burr M, Kerr BJ, Healy LM, Plemel JR. Microglia Diversity in Health and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:588021. [PMID: 33240276 PMCID: PMC7677361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by multiple focal lesions, ongoing demyelination and, for most people, a lack of remyelination. MS lesions are enriched with monocyte-derived macrophages and brain-resident microglia that, together, are likely responsible for much of the immune-mediated neurotoxicity. However, microglia and macrophage also have documented neuroprotective and regenerative roles, suggesting a potential diversity in their functions. Linked with microglial functional diversity, they take on diverse phenotypes developmentally, regionally and across disease conditions. Advances in technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry of immune cells has led to dramatic developments in understanding the phenotypic changes of microglia and macrophages. This review highlights the origins of microglia, their heterogeneity throughout normal ageing and their contribution to pathology and repair, with a specific focus on autoimmunity and MS. As phenotype dictates function, the emerging heterogeneity of microglia and macrophage populations in MS offers new insights into the potential immune mechanisms that result in inflammation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Zia
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Campus, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J Michaels
- Ministry of Health, British Columbia Government, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mena Burr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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23
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Hou Y, Liu Y, Liang S, Ding R, Mo S, Yan D, Li D. The novel target:exosoms derived from M2 macrophage. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 40:183-196. [PMID: 32783545 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1800687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
More and more exosome-based therapeutics are being developed with advances in nanotechnology and precision medicine. Exosome is a kind of tiny vesicles with a bilayer of phospholipids, which can transfer biological macromolecules to recipients to influence the biological process. M2 macrophages are closely related to the occurrence and development of serious diseases such as tumor. In addition to the traditional concept of macrophage functions such as opsonization, secretion of cytokines and other soluble factors, some studies have found that the exosome derived from M2 macrophages can influence the development of disease by carrying microRNA, long noncodingRNA and functional proteins to regulate target gene expression as well as related proteins synthesis recently. Here, we outlined the biogenesis of the exosome and its biological functions in disease. Then we focused on elucidating the effects of the exosome derived from M2 macrophages on several diseases and its mechanisms. Finally, we discussed the appropriateness and inappropriateness in existing potential applications based on exosomes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Hou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuntong Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shu Liang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ru Ding
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuqian Mo
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
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24
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Cai Z, Ye T, Xu X, Gao M, Zhang Y, Wang D, Gu Y, Zhu H, Tong L, Lu J, Chen Z, Huang C. Antidepressive properties of microglial stimulation in a mouse model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable stress. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 101:109931. [PMID: 32201112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The decrease of microglia in the hippocampus is a novel mechanism for depression onset. Reversal of this decrease can ameliorate stress-induced depression-like behaviors in rodents. However, the property of this therapeutic strategy remains unclear. We addressed this issue by designing a series of behavioral experiments. Results showed that a single lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection at the dose of 75 and 100 μg/kg, but not at 30 or 50 μg/kg, produced obvious antidepressant effects in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) mice at 5 h after the drug administration. In the time-dependent experiment, a single LPS injection (100 μg/kg) ameliorated the CUS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice at 5 and 8 h, but not at 3 h, after the drug administration. The antidepressant effect of a single LPS injection persisted at least 10 days and disappeared at 14 days after the drug administration. 14 days after the first injection, a second LPS injection (100 μg/kg) still produced antidepressant effects in chronically-stressed mice who re-displayed depression-like behaviors at 5 h after the drug administration. The antidepressant effect of LPS appears to be dependent on microglia, as at 5 h after LPS administration (100 μg/kg), the CUS-induced decrease in microglial numbers and Iba-1 mRNA levels in the hippocampus was reversed markedly, and inhibition of microglia by minocycline (40 mg/kg) or PLX33297 (290 mg/kg) prevented the antidepressant effect of LPS in CUS mice. These results indicate that a single LPS injection displays rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in chronically stressed mice likely through stimulating hippocampal microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minhui Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong Health College of Jiangsu Province, #288 Zhenxing East Road, Nantong 226010, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiming Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiashu Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Taizhou, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #210 Yingchun Road, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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25
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Cerina M, Muthuraman M, Gallus M, Koirala N, Dik A, Wachsmuth L, Hundehege P, Schiffler P, Tenberge JG, Fleischer V, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Narayanan V, Krämer J, Faber C, Budde T, Groppa S, Meuth SG. Myelination- and immune-mediated MR-based brain network correlates. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:186. [PMID: 32532336 PMCID: PMC7293122 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. Despite demyelination being a hallmark of the disease, how it relates to neurodegeneration has still not been completely unraveled, and research is still ongoing into how these processes can be tracked non-invasively. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derived brain network characteristics, which closely mirror disease processes and relate to functional impairment, recently became important variables for characterizing immune-mediated neurodegeneration; however, their histopathological basis remains unclear. Methods In order to determine the MRI-derived correlates of myelin dynamics and to test if brain network characteristics derived from diffusion tensor imaging reflect microstructural tissue reorganization, we took advantage of the cuprizone model of general demyelination in mice and performed longitudinal histological and imaging analyses with behavioral tests. By introducing cuprizone into the diet, we induced targeted and consistent demyelination of oligodendrocytes, over a period of 5 weeks. Subsequent myelin synthesis was enabled by reintroduction of normal food. Results Using specific immune-histological markers, we demonstrated that 2 weeks of cuprizone diet induced a 52% reduction of myelin content in the corpus callosum (CC) and a 35% reduction in the neocortex. An extended cuprizone diet increased myelin loss in the CC, while remyelination commenced in the neocortex. These histologically determined dynamics were reflected by MRI measurements from diffusion tensor imaging. Demyelination was associated with decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) values and increased modularity and clustering at the network level. MRI-derived modularization of the brain network and FA reduction in key anatomical regions, including the hippocampus, thalamus, and analyzed cortical areas, were closely related to impaired memory function and anxiety-like behavior. Conclusion Network-specific remyelination, shown by histology and MRI metrics, determined amelioration of functional performance and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Taken together, we illustrate the histological basis for the MRI-driven network responses to demyelination, where increased modularity leads to evolving damage and abnormal behavior in MS. Quantitative information about in vivo myelination processes is mirrored by diffusion-based imaging of microstructural integrity and network characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cerina
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Muthuraman Muthuraman
- Movement Disorders, Imaging and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Marco Gallus
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Nabin Koirala
- Movement Disorders, Imaging and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andre Dik
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Departement of Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Hundehege
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Patrick Schiffler
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan-Gerd Tenberge
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Fleischer
- Movement Disorders, Imaging and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- Movement Disorders, Imaging and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Venu Narayanan
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Krämer
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Departement of Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Movement Disorders, Imaging and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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26
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Ye T, Wang D, Cai Z, Tong L, Chen Z, Lu J, Lu X, Huang C, Yuan X. Antidepressive properties of macrophage-colony stimulating factor in a mouse model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable stress. Neuropharmacology 2020; 172:108132. [PMID: 32407925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), a drug that is used to treat hematological system disease, can ameliorate chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice. This indicates that M-CSF could be developed into a novel antidepressant. Here, we investigated the antidepressive properties of M-CSF, aiming to explore its potential values in depression treatment. Our results showed that a single M-CSF injection at the dose of 75 and 100 μg/kg, but not at 25 or 50 μg/kg, ameliorated chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice at 5 h after the drug treatment. In a time-dependent experiment, a single M-CSF injection (100 μg/kg) was found to ameliorate the CUS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice at 5 and 8 h, but not at 3 h, after the drug treatment. The antidepressant effect of the single M-CSF injection (100 μg/kg) in chronically-stressed mice persisted at least 10 days and disappeared at 14 days after the drug treatment. Moreover, 14 days after the first injection, a second M-CSF injection (100 μg/kg) still produced antidepressant effects at 5 h after the drug treatment in chronically-stressed mice who re-displayed depressive-like phenotypes. The antidepressant effect of M-CSF appeared to be mediated by the activation of the hippocampal microglia, as pre-inhibition of microglia by minocycline (40 mg/kg) or PLX3397 (290 mg/kg) pretreatment prevented the antidepressant effect of M-CSF in CUS mice. These results demonstrate that M-CSF produces rapid and sustained antidepressant effects via the activation of the microglia in the hippocampus in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zixuan Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiashu Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Taizhou, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #210 Yingchun Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaomei Yuan
- Heart Failure Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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27
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Rawji KS, Young AMH, Ghosh T, Michaels NJ, Mirzaei R, Kappen J, Kolehmainen KL, Alaeiilkhchi N, Lozinski B, Mishra MK, Pu A, Tang W, Zein S, Kaushik DK, Keough MB, Plemel JR, Calvert F, Knights AJ, Gaffney DJ, Tetzlaff W, Franklin RJM, Yong VW. Niacin-mediated rejuvenation of macrophage/microglia enhances remyelination of the aging central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:893-909. [PMID: 32030468 PMCID: PMC7181452 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination following CNS demyelination restores rapid signal propagation and protects axons; however, its efficiency declines with increasing age. Both intrinsic changes in the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell population and extrinsic factors in the lesion microenvironment of older subjects contribute to this decline. Microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages are critical for successful remyelination, releasing growth factors and clearing inhibitory myelin debris. Several studies have implicated delayed recruitment of macrophages/microglia into lesions as a key contributor to the decline in remyelination observed in older subjects. Here we show that the decreased expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 of aging mouse microglia and human microglia in culture underlies their reduced phagocytic activity. Overexpression of CD36 in cultured microglia rescues the deficit in phagocytosis of myelin debris. By screening for clinically approved agents that stimulate macrophages/microglia, we have found that niacin (vitamin B3) upregulates CD36 expression and enhances myelin phagocytosis by microglia in culture. This increase in myelin phagocytosis is mediated through the niacin receptor (hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2). Genetic fate mapping and multiphoton live imaging show that systemic treatment of 9-12-month-old demyelinated mice with therapeutically relevant doses of niacin promotes myelin debris clearance in lesions by both peripherally derived macrophages and microglia. This is accompanied by enhancement of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell numbers and by improved remyelination in the treated mice. Niacin represents a safe and translationally amenable regenerative therapy for chronic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Adam M H Young
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tanay Ghosh
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathan J Michaels
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Janson Kappen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | | | - Brian Lozinski
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Annie Pu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Weiwen Tang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Salma Zein
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Deepak K Kaushik
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | | | - Fiona Calvert
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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28
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Wang SS, Bi HZ, Chu SF, Dong YX, He WB, Tian YJ, Zang YD, Zhang DM, Zhang Z, Chen NH. CZ-7, a new derivative of Claulansine F, promotes remyelination induced by cuprizone by enhancing myelin debris clearance. Brain Res Bull 2020; 159:67-78. [PMID: 32289743 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of demyelinating diseases is controversial, while demyelination and remyeliantion disorder is the acknowledged etiology and therapeutic target. Untill now, there is no efficient therapy for these diseases. CZ-7, a new derivative of Claulansine F, which has been reported before, were investigated its pro-remyelination effect and its associated mechanism in cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination model. In this study, male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to CPZ (300 mg/kg) through intragastric gavage and were orally administered CZ-7 (20 mg/kg) meanwhile. The results of weight monitoring and behavioral testing showed that CZ-7 can significantly improve behavior dysfunction in the demyelinating mice. Luxol-fast blue (LFB) staining, myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and QPCR results indicated the therapeutic effect of CZ-7 on CPZ mice model. Furthermore, degraded myelin basic protein (dMBP) immunofluorescent staining and oil red O staining showed that CZ-7 contributed to the clearance of degraded myelin debris. More microglia displayed phagocytic shape assembled in corpus callosum (CC) and there was an active process of phagocytosis in microglia after CZ-7 treatment. Immunofluorescent staining and QPCR analysis revealed the M2-polarized phenotype switch of microglia in the process of myelin debris removel, which demostrated the microenvironment improvement of CZ-7. Moreover, immunofluorescent staining of NG2 and O4 demonstated that more oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) existed in CC after CZ-7 treatment. In conclusion, our results demonstrated CZ-7 has a potential therapeutic effect for MS and other demyelinating diseases through enhancing myelin debris clearance to improve the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hao-Zhi Bi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yi-Xiao Dong
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Wen-Bin He
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Ya-Juan Tian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Ying-Da Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dong-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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29
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Traiffort E, Kassoussi A, Zahaf A, Laouarem Y. Astrocytes and Microglia as Major Players of Myelin Production in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:79. [PMID: 32317939 PMCID: PMC7155218 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination is an essential process that consists of the ensheathment of axons by myelin. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is synthesized by oligodendrocytes. The proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells constitute a prerequisite before mature oligodendrocytes extend their processes around the axons and progressively generate a multilamellar lipidic sheath. Although myelination is predominately driven by oligodendrocytes, the other glial cells including astrocytes and microglia, also contribute to this process. The present review is an update of the most recent emerging mechanisms involving astrocyte and microglia in myelin production. The contribution of these cells will be first described during developmental myelination that occurs in the early postnatal period and is critical for the proper development of cognition and behavior. Then, we will report the novel findings regarding the beneficial or deleterious effects of astroglia and microglia, which respectively promote or impair the endogenous capacity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to induce spontaneous remyelination after myelin loss. Acute delineation of astrocyte and microglia activities and cross-talk should uncover the way towards novel therapeutic perspectives aimed at recovering proper myelination during development or at breaking down the barriers impeding the regeneration of the damaged myelin that occurs in CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amina Zahaf
- U1195 Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yousra Laouarem
- U1195 Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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30
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Sarkar S, Li Y, Mirzaei R, Rawji KS, Poon CC, Wang J, Kumar M, Bose P, Yong VW. Demeclocycline Reduces the Growth of Human Brain Tumor-Initiating Cells: Direct Activity and Through Monocytes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:272. [PMID: 32153581 PMCID: PMC7047330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells that infiltrate into brain tumors are deactivated or exploited by the tumor cells. We previously demonstrated that compromised microglia, monocytes, and macrophages in malignant gliomas could be reactivated by amphotericin-B to contain the growth of brain tumorinitiating cells (BTICs). We identified meclocycline as another activator of microglia, so we sought to test whether its better-tolerated derivative, demeclocycline, also stimulates monocytes to restrict BTIC growth. Monocytes were selected for study as they would be exposed to demeclocycline in the circulation prior to entry into brain tumors to become macrophages. We found that demeclocycline increased the activity of monocytes in culture, as determined by tumor necrosis factor-α production and chemotactic capacity. The conditioned medium of demeclocycline-stimulated monocytes attenuated the growth of BTICs generated from human glioblastoma resections, as evaluated using neurosphere and alamarBlue assays, and cell counts. Demeclocycline also had direct effects in reducing BTIC growth. A global gene expression screen identified several genes, such as DNA damage inducible transcript 4, frizzled class receptor 5 and reactive oxygen species modulator 1, as potential regulators of demeclocycline-mediated BTIC growth reduction. Amongst several tetracycline derivatives, only demeclocycline directly reduced BTIC growth. In summary, we have identified demeclocycline as a novel inhibitor of the growth of BTICs, through direct effect and through indirect stimulation of monocytes. Demeclocycline is a candidate to reactivate compromised immune cells to improve the prognosis of patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yibo Li
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Candice C Poon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jianxiong Wang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mehul Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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31
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Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the CNS that are involved in its development, homeostasis and response to infection and damage. Microglial activation is a common feature of neurological disorders, and although in some instances this activation can be damaging, protective and regenerative functions of microglia have been revealed. The most prominent example of the regenerative functions is a role for microglia in supporting regeneration of myelin after injury, a process that is critical for axonal health and relevant to numerous disorders in which loss of myelin integrity is a prevalent feature, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and motor neuron disease. Although drugs that are intended to promote remyelination are entering clinical trials, the mechanisms by which remyelination is controlled and how microglia are involved are not completely understood. In this Review, we discuss work that has identified novel regulators of microglial activation - including molecular drivers, population heterogeneity and turnover - that might influence their pro-remyelination capacity. We also discuss therapeutic targeting of microglia as a potential approach to promoting remyelination.
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32
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Baaklini CS, Rawji KS, Duncan GJ, Ho MFS, Plemel JR. Central Nervous System Remyelination: Roles of Glia and Innate Immune Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:225. [PMID: 31616249 PMCID: PMC6764409 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammation can injure the myelin sheath that surrounds axons, a process known as demyelination. The spontaneous regeneration of myelin, called remyelination, is associated with restoration of function and prevention of axonal degeneration. Boosting remyelination with therapeutic intervention is a promising new approach that is currently being tested in several clinical trials. The endogenous regulation of remyelination is highly dependent on the immune response. In this review article, we highlight the cell biology of remyelination and its regulation by innate immune cells. For the purpose of this review, we discuss the roles of microglia, and also astrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) as they are being increasingly recognized to have immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel S. Baaklini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khalil S. Rawji
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J. Duncan
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Madelene F. S. Ho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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33
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Gao M, Hu P, Cai Z, Wu Y, Wang D, Hu W, Xu X, Zhang Y, Lu X, Chen D, Chen Z, Ma K, Wen J, Wang H, Huang C. Identification of a microglial activation-dependent antidepressant effect of amphotericin B liposome. Neuropharmacology 2019; 151:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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Kaushik DK, Bhattacharya A, Mirzaei R, Rawji KS, Ahn Y, Rho JM, Yong VW. Enhanced glycolytic metabolism supports transmigration of brain-infiltrating macrophages in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3277-3292. [PMID: 31112527 DOI: 10.1172/jci124012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of leukocytes into the CNS drives the neuropathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). This penetration likely utilizes energy resources that remain to be defined. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS, we determined that macrophages within the perivascular cuff of post-capillary venules are highly glycolytic as manifested by strong expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) that converts pyruvate to lactate. These macrophages expressed prominent levels of monocarboxylate transporter-4 (MCT-4) specialized in secreting lactate from glycolytic cells. The functional relevance of glycolysis was confirmed by siRNA-mediated knockdown of LDHA and MCT-4, which decreased lactate secretion and macrophage transmigration. MCT-4 was in turn regulated by EMMPRIN (CD147) as determined through co-expression/co-immunoprecipitation studies, and siRNA-mediated EMMPRIN silencing. The functional relevance of MCT-4/EMMPRIN interaction was affirmed by lower macrophage transmigration in culture using the MCT-4 inhibitor, α-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (CHCA), a cinnamon derivative. CHCA also reduced leukocyte infiltration and the clinical severity of EAE. Relevance to MS was corroborated by the strong expression of MCT-4, EMMPRIN and LDHA in perivascular macrophages in MS brains. These results detail the metabolism of macrophages for transmigration from perivascular cuffs into the CNS parenchyma and identifies CHCA and diet as potential modulators of neuro-inflammation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reza Mirzaei
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences
| | - Younghee Ahn
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute.,Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Jong M Rho
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute.,Department of Pediatrics, and.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences
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35
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Yong HYF, Rawji KS, Ghorbani S, Xue M, Yong VW. The benefits of neuroinflammation for the repair of the injured central nervous system. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:540-546. [PMID: 30874626 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the nervous system (neuroinflammation) is now recognized as a hallmark of virtually all neurological disorders. In neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, there is prominent infiltration and a long-lasting representation of various leukocyte subsets in the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. Even in classic neurodegenerative disorders, where such immense inflammatory infiltrates are absent, there is still evidence of activated CNS-intrinsic microglia. The consequences of excessive and uncontrolled neuroinflammation are injury and death to neural elements, which manifest as a heterogeneous set of neurological symptoms. However, it is now readily acknowledged, due to instructive studies from the peripheral nervous system and a large body of CNS literature, that aspects of the neuroinflammatory response can be beneficial for CNS outcomes. The recognized benefits of inflammation to the CNS include the preservation of CNS constituents (neuroprotection), the proliferation and maturation of various neural precursor populations, axonal regeneration, and the reformation of myelin on denuded axons. Herein, we highlight the benefits of neuroinflammation in fostering CNS recovery after neural injury using examples from multiple sclerosis, traumatic spinal cord injury, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. We focus on CNS regenerative responses, such as neurogenesis, axonal regeneration, and remyelination, and discuss the mechanisms by which neuroinflammation is pro-regenerative for the CNS. Finally, we highlight treatment strategies that harness the benefits of neuroinflammation for CNS regenerative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mengzhou Xue
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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36
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Abstract
Clinical myelin diseases, and our best experimental approximations, are complex entities in which demyelination and remyelination proceed unpredictably and concurrently. These features can make it difficult to identify mechanistic details. Toxin-based models offer lesions with predictable spatiotemporal patterns and relatively discrete phases of damage and repair: a simpler system to study the relevant biology and how this can be manipulated. Here, we discuss the most widely used toxin-based models, with a focus on lysolecithin, ethidium bromide, and cuprizone. This includes an overview of their respective mechanisms, strengths, and limitations and step-by-step protocols for their use.
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37
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de la Vega Gallardo N, Dittmer M, Dombrowski Y, Fitzgerald DC. Regenerating CNS myelin: Emerging roles of regulatory T cells and CCN proteins. Neurochem Int 2018; 130:104349. [PMID: 30513363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient myelin regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) requires the migration, proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) into myelinating oligodendrocytes. In demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), this regenerative process can fail, and therapies targeting myelin repair are currently completely lacking in the clinic. The immune system is emerging as a key regenerative player in many tissues, such as muscle and heart. We recently reported that regulatory T cells (Treg) are required for efficient CNS remyelination. Furthermore, Treg secrete CCN3, a matricellular protein from the CCN family, implicated in regeneration of other tissues. Treg-derived CCN3 promoted oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. In contrast, previous studies showed that CCN2 inhibited myelination. These studies highlight the need for further scrutiny of the roles that CCN proteins play in myelin development and regeneration. Collectively, these findings open up exciting avenues of research to uncover the regenerative potential of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nira de la Vega Gallardo
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Marie Dittmer
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Yvonne Dombrowski
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Denise C Fitzgerald
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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38
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Laflamme N, Cisbani G, Préfontaine P, Srour Y, Bernier J, St-Pierre MK, Tremblay MÈ, Rivest S. mCSF-Induced Microglial Activation Prevents Myelin Loss and Promotes Its Repair in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:178. [PMID: 30018535 PMCID: PMC6037698 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) is myelin loss in brain white matter accompanied by compromised remyelination. Demyelinated lesions are deeply associated with oligodendrocyte apoptosis and a robust inflammatory response. Although various studies point towards a noxious role of inflammation in MS, others emphasize a positive role for the innate immune cells in disease progression. A cytokine well-known to stimulate cell survival, proliferation and differentiation of myeloid cells, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mCSF), was administered to mice during a 5 week-long cuprizone diet. Treated mice exhibited reduced myelin loss during the demyelination phase, together with an increased number of microglia and oligodendrocyte precursor cells in lesion sites. Tamoxifen-induced conditional deletion of the mCSF receptor in microglia from cuprizone-fed mice caused aberrant myelin debris accumulation in the corpus callosum and reduced microglial phagocytic response. mCSF therefore plays a key role in stimulating myelin clearance by the brain innate immune cells, which is a prerequisite for proper remyelination and myelin repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Laflamme
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Préfontaine
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Younes Srour
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Jordan Bernier
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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39
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Dynamic changes in hippocampal microglia contribute to depressive-like behavior induced by early social isolation. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:223-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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40
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Deficient Surveillance and Phagocytic Activity of Myeloid Cells Within Demyelinated Lesions in Aging Mice Visualized by Ex Vivo Live Multiphoton Imaging. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1973-1988. [PMID: 29363580 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2341-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging impairs regenerative processes including remyelination, the synthesis of a new myelin sheath. Microglia and other infiltrating myeloid cells such as macrophages are essential for remyelination through mechanisms that include the clearance of inhibitory molecules within the lesion. Prior studies have shown that the quantity of myeloid cells and the clearance of inhibitory myelin debris are deficient in aging, contributing to the decline in remyelination efficiency with senescence. It is unknown, however, whether the impaired clearance of debris is simply the result of the reduced number of phagocytes or if the dynamic activity of myeloid cells within the demyelinating plaque also declines with aging and this question is relevant to the proper design of therapeutics to mobilize myeloid cells for repair. Herein, we describe a high-resolution multiphoton ex vivo live imaging protocol that visualizes individual myelinated/demyelinated axons and lipid-containing myeloid cells to investigate the demyelinated lesion of aging female mice. We found that aging lesions have fewer myeloid cells and that these have reduced phagocytosis of myelin. Although the myeloid cells are actively migratory within the lesion of young mice and have protrusions that seem to survey the environment, this motility and surveillance is significantly reduced in aging mice. Our results emphasize the necessity of not only increasing the number of phagocytes, but also enhancing their activity once they are within demyelinated lesions. The high-resolution live imaging of demyelinated lesions can serve as a platform with which to discover pharmacological agents that rejuvenate intralesional remodeling that promotes the repair of plaques.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The repair of myelin after injury depends on myeloid cells that clear debris and release growth factors. As organisms age, remyelination becomes less efficient correspondent with fewer myeloid cells that populate the lesions. It is unknown whether the dynamic activity of cells within lesions is also altered with age. Herein, using high-resolution multiphoton ex vivo live imaging with several novel features, we report that myeloid cells within demyelinated lesions of aging mice have reduced motility, surveillance, and phagocytic activity, suggesting an intralesional impairment that may contribute to the age-related decline in remyelination efficiency. Medications to stimulate deficient aging myeloid cells should not only increase their representation, but also enter into lesions to stimulate their activity.
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41
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McMurran CE, Kodali S, Young A, Franklin RJ. Clinical implications of myelin regeneration in the central nervous system. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 18:111-123. [PMID: 29285954 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2018.1421458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amongst strategies to repair the brain, myelin repair offers genuine cause for optimism. Myelin, which sheaths most axons in the central nervous system (CNS), is vital for normal neurological function, as demonstrated by the functional deficits that accrue when it is absent in a range of debilitating myelin diseases. Following demyelination, post-mortem and imaging studies have shown that extensive regeneration of myelin is possible in the human brain. Over recent decades preclinical research has given us a strong understanding of the biology of myelin regeneration, opening up several exciting therapeutic opportunities that are on the cusp of clinical translation. Areas covered: This review discusses diseases that compromise the function of myelin, the endogenous capacity of the CNS to regenerate myelin, and why this sometimes fails. We then outline the extensive progress that has been made towards therapies that promote the regeneration of myelin. Expert commentary: Finally, a commentary on the first examples of these therapies to reach human patients and the evidence base that supports them, giving our opinion on where attention should be focused going forward is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E McMurran
- a Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Srikirti Kodali
- a Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Adam Young
- a Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Robin Jm Franklin
- a Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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42
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Macrophage-based therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 122:74-83. [PMID: 28526591 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that therapeutic cell and drug delivery strategies designed to actively harness the regenerative potential of the inflammatory response have great potential in regenerative medicine. In particular, macrophages have emerged as a primary target because of their critical roles in regulating multiple phases of tissue repair through their unique ability to rapidly shift phenotypes. Herein, we review macrophage-based therapies, focusing on the translational potential for cell delivery of ex vivo-activated macrophages and delivery of molecules and biomaterials to modulate accumulation and phenotype of endogenous macrophages. We also review current obstacles to progress in translating basic findings to therapeutic applications, including the need for improved understanding of context-dependent macrophage functions and the myriad factors that regulate macrophage phenotype; potential species-specific differences (e.g. humans versus mice); quality control issues; and the lack of standardized procedures and nomenclature for characterizing macrophages. Looking forward, the inherent plasticity of macrophages represents a daunting challenge for harnessing these cells in regenerative medicine therapies but also great opportunity for improving patient outcomes in a variety of pathological conditions.
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43
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Abstract
Although the core concept of remyelination - based on the activation, migration, proliferation and differentiation of CNS progenitors - has not changed over the past 20 years, our understanding of the detailed mechanisms that underlie this process has developed considerably. We can now decorate the central events of remyelination with a host of pathways, molecules, mediators and cells, revealing a complex and precisely orchestrated process. These advances have led to recent drug-based and cell-based clinical trials for myelin diseases and have opened up hitherto unrecognized opportunities for drug-based approaches to therapeutically enhance remyelination.
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44
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Lloyd AF, Davies CL, Miron VE. Microglia: origins, homeostasis, and roles in myelin repair. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:113-120. [PMID: 29073528 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), implicated in developmental processes, homeostasis, and responses to injury. Derived from the yolk sac during development, microglia self-renew, self-regulate their numbers during homeostatic conditions, and show a robust proliferative capacity even in adulthood. Together with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), microglia coordinate the regeneration of CNS myelin around axons, termed remyelination. Gene expression analyses and experimental modelling have identified pro-remyelination roles for microglia/MDM in clearance of myelin debris, secretion of growth factors, and remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Further investigations into the molecular mechanisms controlling these regenerative functions will reveal novel therapeutic strategies to enhance remyelination, by harnessing the beneficial effects of the innate immune response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F Lloyd
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Davies
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique E Miron
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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45
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Sun D, Yu Z, Fang X, Liu M, Pu Y, Shao Q, Wang D, Zhao X, Huang A, Xiang Z, Zhao C, Franklin RJ, Cao L, He C. LncRNA GAS5 inhibits microglial M2 polarization and exacerbates demyelination. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1801-1816. [PMID: 28808113 PMCID: PMC5623836 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of inflammation is pivotal for preventing the development or reoccurrence of multiple sclerosis (MS). A biased ratio of high‐M1 versus low‐M2 polarized microglia is a major pathological feature of MS. Here, using microarray screening, we identify the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) GAS5 as an epigenetic regulator of microglial polarization. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function studies reveal that GAS5 suppresses microglial M2 polarization. Interference with GAS5 in transplanted microglia attenuates the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and promotes remyelination in a lysolecithin‐induced demyelination model. In agreement, higher levels of GAS5 are found in amoeboid‐shaped microglia in MS patients. Further, functional studies demonstrate that GAS5 suppresses transcription of TRF4, a key factor controlling M2 macrophage polarization, by recruiting the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), thereby inhibiting M2 polarization. Thus, GAS5 may be a promising target for the treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingya Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingdong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyan Pu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Shao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijun Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghua Xiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin Jm Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li Cao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng He
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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46
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Gaudet AD, Fonken LK, Watkins LR, Nelson RJ, Popovich PG. MicroRNAs: Roles in Regulating Neuroinflammation. Neuroscientist 2017; 24:221-245. [PMID: 28737113 DOI: 10.1177/1073858417721150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that broadly affect cellular and physiological function in all multicellular organisms. Here, the role of miRNAs in neuroinflammation is considered. miRNAs are 21- to 23-oligonucleotide RNAs that regulate translation of specific RNAs by binding to complementary regulatory RNA sequences, thereby causing mRNA degradation or sequestration. More than 5000 miRNAs likely exist in humans, and each miRNA binds an average of 200 RNAs. Specific immunomodulatory miRNAs can regulate a set of RNAs in a coordinated manner, suggesting that effective miRNA-based therapeutic manipulations for neuroinflammatory conditions may be revealed. For instance, miRNAs that preferentially inhibit translation of many cellular anti-inflammatory proteins could drive a pro-inflammatory response. Key pro-inflammatory ( miR-155, miR-27b, miR-326), anti-inflammatory ( miR-124, miR-146a, miR-21, miR-223), and mixed immunomodulatory ( let-7 family) miRNAs regulate neuroinflammation in various pathologies, including spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. miRNAs represent a newly revealed layer of physiological complexity, the therapeutic benefits of which remain to be fully explored and exploited. In this review, we discuss the role of miRNAs in neuroinflammatory regulation and discuss how controlling miRNAs could alter cellular machinery to improve neuroinflammatory dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gaudet
- 1 Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA.,2 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Laura K Fonken
- 1 Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA.,2 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- 1 Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA.,2 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,4 Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,4 Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,5 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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47
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El Behi M, Sanson C, Bachelin C, Guillot-Noël L, Fransson J, Stankoff B, Maillart E, Sarrazin N, Guillemot V, Abdi H, Cournu-Rebeix I, Fontaine B, Zujovic V. Adaptive human immunity drives remyelination in a mouse model of demyelination. Brain 2017; 140:967-980. [PMID: 28334918 PMCID: PMC5382952 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One major challenge in multiple sclerosis is to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to disease severity progression. The recently demonstrated correlation between disease severity and remyelination emphasizes the importance of identifying factors leading to a favourable outcome. Why remyelination fails or succeeds in multiple sclerosis patients remains largely unknown, mainly because remyelination has never been studied within a humanized pathological context that would recapitulate major events in plaque formation such as infiltration of inflammatory cells. Therefore, we developed a new paradigm by grafting healthy donor or multiple sclerosis patient lymphocytes in the demyelinated lesion of nude mice spinal cord. We show that lymphocytes play a major role in remyelination whose efficacy is significantly decreased in mice grafted with multiple sclerosis lymphocytes compared to those grafted with healthy donors lymphocytes. Mechanistically, we demonstrated in vitro that lymphocyte-derived mediators influenced differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells through a crosstalk with microglial cells. Among mice grafted with lymphocytes from different patients, we observed diverse remyelination patterns reproducing for the first time the heterogeneity observed in multiple sclerosis patients. Comparing lymphocyte secretory profile from patients exhibiting high and low remyelination ability, we identified novel molecules involved in oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and validated CCL19 as a target to improve remyelination. Specifically, exogenous CCL19 abolished oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation observed in patients with high remyelination pattern. Multiple sclerosis lymphocytes exhibit intrinsic capacities to coordinate myelin repair and further investigation on patients with high remyelination capacities will provide new pro-regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Behi
- Sorbonne-Universités-UPMC 06, INSERM, CNRS, UMR ICM-75-1127-7225, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Charles Sanson
- Sorbonne-Universités-UPMC 06, INSERM, CNRS, UMR ICM-75-1127-7225, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- Sorbonne-Universités-UPMC 06, INSERM, CNRS, UMR ICM-75-1127-7225, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Léna Guillot-Noël
- Sorbonne-Universités-UPMC 06, INSERM, CNRS, UMR ICM-75-1127-7225, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Fransson
- Sorbonne-Universités-UPMC 06, INSERM, CNRS, UMR ICM-75-1127-7225, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Sorbonne-Universités-UPMC 06, INSERM, CNRS, UMR ICM-75-1127-7225, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Neurology Service, Hôpital Saint Antoine-HUEP, Paris 12, France
| | - Elisabeth Maillart
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Neurology Department Pitié Salpétrière University Hospital Paris, France
| | - Nadège Sarrazin
- Sorbonne-Universités-UPMC 06, INSERM, CNRS, UMR ICM-75-1127-7225, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Guillemot
- Sorbonne-Universités-UPMC 06, INSERM, CNRS, UMR ICM-75-1127-7225, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Abdi
- School of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas, Dallas, USA
| | - Isabelle Cournu-Rebeix
- Sorbonne-Universités-UPMC 06, INSERM, CNRS, UMR ICM-75-1127-7225, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Fontaine
- Sorbonne-Universités-UPMC 06, INSERM, CNRS, UMR ICM-75-1127-7225, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Neurology Service, Hôpital Saint Antoine-HUEP, Paris 12, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Neurology Department Pitié Salpétrière University Hospital Paris, France
| | - Violetta Zujovic
- Sorbonne-Universités-UPMC 06, INSERM, CNRS, UMR ICM-75-1127-7225, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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48
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Lv D, Zhou L, Zheng X, Hu Y. Sustained release of collagen VI potentiates sciatic nerve regeneration by modulating macrophage phenotype. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1258-1267. [PMID: 28263445 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lv
- The graduate School; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
- Department of Orthopaedics; Pingjin Hospital; Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces; Tianjin China
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province (Anhui); Stomatologic Hospital & College; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - Xianyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province (Anhui); Stomatologic Hospital & College; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - Yongcheng Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology; Tianjin Hospital; Tianjin 300210 China
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49
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Zhu K, Sun J, Kang Z, Zou Z, Wu G, Wang J. Electroacupuncture Promotes Remyelination after Cuprizone Treatment by Enhancing Myelin Debris Clearance. Front Neurosci 2017; 10:613. [PMID: 28119561 PMCID: PMC5222794 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting remyelination is crucial for patients with demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis. However, it is still a circuitous conundrum finding a practical remyelinating therapy. Electroacupuncture (EA), originating from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely used to treat CNS diseases all over the world, but the role of EA in demyelinating diseases is barely known. In this study, we examined the remyelinating properties and mechanisms of EA in cuprizone-induced demyelinating model, a CNS demyelinating murine model of multiple sclerosis. By feeding C57BL/6 mice with chow containing 0.2% cuprizone for 5 weeks, we successfully induce demyelination as proved by weight change, beam test, pole test, histomorphology, and Western Blot. EA treatment significantly improves the neurobehavioral performance at week 7 (2 weeks after withdrawing cuprizone chow). RNA-seq and RT-PCR results reveal up-regulated expression of myelin-related genes, and the expression of myelin associated protein (MBP, CNPase, and O4) are also increased after EA treatment, indicating therapeutic effect of EA on cuprizone model. It is widely acknowledged that microglia exert phagocytic effect on degraded myelin debris and clear these detrimental debris, which is a necessary process for subsequent remyelination. We found the remyelinating effect of EA is associated with enhanced clearance of degraded myelin debris as detected by dMBP staining and red oil O staining. Our further studies suggest that more microglia assemble in demyelinating area (corpus callosum) during the process of EA treatment, and cells inside corpus callosum are mostly in a plump, ameboid, and phagocytic shape, quite different from the ramified cells outside corpus callosum. RNA-seq result also unravels that most genes relating to positive regulation of phagocytosis (GO:0050766) are up-regulated, indicating enhanced phagocytic process after EA treatment. During the process of myelin debris clearance, microglia tend to change their phenotype toward M2 phenotype. Thus, we also probed into the phenotype of microglia in our study. Immuno-staining results show increased expression of CD206 and Arg1, and the ratio of CD206/CD16/32 are also higher in EA group. In conclusion, these results demonstrate for the first time that EA enhances myelin debris removal from activated microglia after demyelination, and promotes remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keying Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jingxian Sun
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zheng Kang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zaofeng Zou
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Gencheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
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50
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Cerina M, Narayanan V, Göbel K, Bittner S, Ruck T, Meuth P, Herrmann AM, Stangel M, Gudi V, Skripuletz T, Daldrup T, Wiendl H, Seidenbecher T, Ehling P, Kleinschnitz C, Pape HC, Budde T, Meuth SG. The quality of cortical network function recovery depends on localization and degree of axonal demyelination. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:103-117. [PMID: 27569659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin loss is a severe pathological hallmark common to a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Demyelination in the central nervous system appears in the form of lesions affecting both white and gray matter structures. The functional consequences of demyelination on neuronal network and brain function are not well understood. Current therapeutic strategies for ameliorating the course of such diseases usually focus on promoting remyelination, but the effectiveness of these approaches strongly depends on the timing in relation to the disease state. In this study, we sought to characterize the time course of sensory and behavioral alterations induced by de- and remyelination to establish a rational for the use of remyelination strategies. By taking advantage of animal models of general and focal demyelination, we tested the consequences of myelin loss on the functionality of the auditory thalamocortical system: a well-studied neuronal network consisting of both white and gray matter regions. We found that general demyelination was associated with a permanent loss of the tonotopic cortical organization in vivo, and the inability to induce tone-frequency-dependent conditioned behaviors, a status persisting after remyelination. Targeted, focal lysolecithin-induced lesions in the white matter fiber tract, but not in the gray matter regions of cortex, were fully reversible at the morphological, functional and behavioral level. These findings indicate that remyelination of white and gray matter lesions have a different functional regeneration potential, with the white matter being able to regain full functionality while cortical gray matter lesions suffer from permanently altered network function. Therefore therapeutic interventions aiming for remyelination have to consider both region- and time-dependent strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cerina
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Venu Narayanan
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Patrick Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School and Centre for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thiemo Daldrup
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Petra Ehling
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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