1
|
Ye Z, Wei J, Zhan C, Hou J. Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:917587. [PMID: 35769702 PMCID: PMC9234557 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.917587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the most common concerns in trauma patients. Despite significant advances in repair surgeries, the outcome can still be unsatisfactory, resulting in morbidities such as loss of sensory or motor function and reduced quality of life. This highlights the need for more supportive strategies for nerve regrowth and adequate recovery. Multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is essential for the development of the nervous system and is known for its neuroprotective functions. Accumulating evidence indicates its involvement in multiple cellular and molecular responses that are critical to peripheral nerve repair. Following PNI, TGF-β is released at the site of injury where it can initiate a series of phenotypic changes in Schwann cells (SCs), modulate immune cells, activate neuronal intrinsic growth capacity, and regulate blood nerve barrier (BNB) permeability, thus enhancing the regeneration of the nerves. Notably, TGF-β has already been applied experimentally in the treatment of PNI. These treatments with encouraging outcomes further demonstrate its regeneration-promoting capacity. Herein, we review the possible roles of TGF-β in peripheral nerve regeneration and discuss the underlying mechanisms, thus providing new cues for better treatment of PNI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Ye
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junbin Wei
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoning Zhan
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Hou
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Hou,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Plasma membrane localization of the GFL receptor components: a nexus for receptor crosstalk. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:57-64. [PMID: 32767110 PMCID: PMC7529631 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs) comprise a group of four homologous and potent growth factors that includes GDNF, neurturin (NRTN), artemin (ARTN), and persephin (PSPN). The survival, growth, and mitotic activities of the GFLs are conveyed by a single receptor tyrosine kinase, Ret. The GFLs do not bind directly to Ret in order to activate it, and instead bind with high affinity to glycerophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored coreceptors called the GDNF family receptor-αs (GFRαs). Several mechanisms have recently been identified that influence the trafficking of Ret and GFRαs in and out of the plasma membrane, thereby affecting their availability for ligand binding, as well as their levels by targeting to degradative pathways. This review describes these mechanisms and their powerful effects on GFL signaling and function. We also describe the recent discovery that p75 and Ret form a signaling complex, also regulated by plasma membrane shuttling, that either enhances GFL survival signals or p75 pro-apoptotic signals, dependent on the cellular context.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Yin J, Chen X, Mao X, Xu J, Cheng R, Wu J. Down-regulation of miR-140-3p can alleviate neonatal repetitive pain in rats via inhibiting TGF-β3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:627-635. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
4
|
Sulaiman W, Dreesen T, Nguyen D. Single Local Application of TGF-β Promotes a Proregenerative State Throughout a Chronically Injured Nerve. Neurosurgery 2018; 82:894-902. [PMID: 28973496 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of nerve regeneration and functional recovery occurs frequently when injuries involve large nerve trunks because insufficient mature axons reach their targets in the distal stump and because of the loss of neurotrophic support, primarily from Schwann cells (SCs). OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a single application of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plus forskolin or forskolin alone can promote and support axonal regeneration through the distal nerve stump. METHODS Using a delayed repair rat model of nerve injury, we transected the tibial nerve. After 8 wk, end-to-end repair was done and the repair site was treated with saline, forskolin, or TGF- β plus forskolin. After 6 wk, nerve sections consisting of the proximal stump, distal to the site of repair, and the most distal part of the nerve stump were removed for nerve histology, axon counts, and immunohistochemistry for activated SCs (S100), macrophages (CD68), cell proliferation (Ki67), p75NGFR, and apoptosis (activated caspase-3). RESULTS TGF-β plus forskolin significantly increased the numbers of axons regenerated distal to the repair site and the most distal nerve sections. Both treatments significantly increased the numbers of axons regenerated in the most distal nerve sections compared to saline treated. Both treatments exhibited extended expression of regeneration-associated marker proteins. CONCLUSION TGF-β plus forskolin treatment of chronically injured nerve improved axonal regeneration and increased expression of regeneration-associated proteins beyond the repair site. This suggests that a single application at the site of repair has mitogenic effects that extended distally and may potentially overcome the decrease in regenerated axon over long distance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wale Sulaiman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Back and Spine Center, Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, and Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Laboratory of Neural Injury and Regeneration, Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Thomas Dreesen
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Regeneration, Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Doan Nguyen
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Regeneration, Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fielder GC, Yang TWS, Razdan M, Li Y, Lu J, Perry JK, Lobie PE, Liu DX. The GDNF Family: A Role in Cancer? Neoplasia 2018; 20:99-117. [PMID: 29245123 PMCID: PMC5730419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands (GFLs) comprising of GDNF, neurturin, artemin, and persephin plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the central and peripheral nervous system, renal morphogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Here we review our current understanding of GFL biology, and supported by recent progress in the area, we examine their emerging role in endocrine-related and other non-hormone-dependent solid neoplasms. The ability of GFLs to elicit actions that resemble those perturbed in an oncogenic phenotype, alongside mounting evidence of GFL involvement in tumor progression, presents novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahalakshmi Razdan
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yan Li
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Lu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Xu Liu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li S, Gu X, Yi S. The Regulatory Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-β on Nerve Regeneration. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:381-394. [PMID: 27983926 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x693824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) belongs to a group of pleiotropic cytokines that are involved in a variety of biological processes, such as inflammation and immune reactions, cellular phenotype transition, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. TGF-β is widely distributed throughout the body, including the nervous system. Following injury to the nervous system, TGF-β regulates the behavior of neurons and glial cells and thus mediates the regenerative process. In the current article, we reviewed the production, activation, as well as the signaling pathway of TGF-β. We also described altered expression patterns of TGF-β in the nervous system after nerve injury and the regulatory effects of TGF-β on nerve repair and regeneration in many aspects, including inflammation and immune response, phenotypic modulation of neural cells, neurite outgrowth, scar formation, and modulation of neurotrophic factors. The diverse biological actions of TGF-β suggest that it may become a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of nerve injury and regeneration.
Collapse
|
7
|
Machado V, Zöller T, Attaai A, Spittau B. Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurotrophic Factor-Induced Protection in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease-Lessons from Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020151. [PMID: 26821015 PMCID: PMC4783885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by histopathological and biochemical manifestations such as loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons and decrease in dopamine levels accompanied by a concomitant neuroinflammatory response in the affected brain regions. Over the past decades, the use of toxin-based animal models has been crucial to elucidate disease pathophysiology, and to develop therapeutic approaches aimed to alleviate its motor symptoms. Analyses of transgenic mice deficient for cytokines, chemokine as well as neurotrophic factors and their respective receptors in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD have broadened the current knowledge of neuroinflammation and neurotrophic support. Here, we provide a comprehensive review that summarises the contribution of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. Moreover, we highlight the contribution of neurotrophic factors as endogenous and/or exogenous molecules to slow the progression of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and further discuss the potential of combined therapeutic approaches employing neuroinflammation modifying agents and neurotrophic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venissa Machado
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 19A, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Tanja Zöller
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Abdelraheim Attaai
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Björn Spittau
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
α7 Nicotinic Receptor Promotes the Neuroprotective Functions of Astrocytes against Oxaliplatin Neurotoxicity. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:396908. [PMID: 26146570 PMCID: PMC4469839 DOI: 10.1155/2015/396908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathies are characterized by a complex response of the central nervous system to injuries. Glial cells are recruited to maintain neuronal homeostasis but dysregulated activation leads to pain signaling amplification and reduces the glial neuroprotective power. Recently, we highlighted the property of α7 nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor (nAChR) agonists to relieve pain and induce neuroprotection simultaneously with a strong increase in astrocyte density. Aimed to study the role of α7 nAChR in the neuron-glia cross-talk, we treated primary rat neurons and astrocytes with the neurotoxic anticancer drug oxaliplatin evaluating the effect of the α7 nAChR agonist PNU-282987 (PNU). Oxaliplatin (1 μM, 48 h) reduced cell viability and increased caspase-3 activity of neuron monocultures without damaging astrocytes. In cocultures, astrocytes were not able to protect neurons by oxaliplatin even if glial cell metabolism was stimulated (pyruvate increase). On the contrary, the coculture incubation with 10 μM PNU improved neuron viability and inhibited apoptosis. In the absence of astrocytes, the protection disappeared. Furthermore, PNU promoted the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 and the expression of the glutamate-detoxifying enzyme glutamine synthetase. The α7 nAChR stimulation protects neurons from oxaliplatin toxicity through an astrocyte-mediated mechanism. α7 nAChR is suggested for recovering the homeostatic role of astrocytes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Forrest SL, Payne SC, Keast JR, Osborne PB. Peripheral injury of pelvic visceral sensory nerves alters GFRα (GDNF family receptor alpha) localization in sensory and autonomic pathways of the sacral spinal cord. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:43. [PMID: 25914629 PMCID: PMC4392586 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor), neurturin and artemin use their co-receptors (GFRα1, GFRα2 and GFRα3, respectively) and the tyrosine kinase Ret for downstream signaling. In rodent dorsal root ganglia (DRG) most of the unmyelinated and some myelinated sensory afferents express at least one GFRα. The adult function of these receptors is not completely elucidated but their activity after peripheral nerve injury can facilitate peripheral and central axonal regeneration, recovery of sensation, and sensory hypersensitivity that contributes to pain. Our previous immunohistochemical studies of spinal cord and sciatic nerve injuries in adult rodents have identified characteristic changes in GFRα1, GFRα2 or GFRα3 in central spinal cord axons of sensory neurons located in DRG. Here we extend and contrast this analysis by studying injuries of the pelvic and hypogastric nerves that contain the majority of sensory axons projecting to the pelvic viscera (e.g., bladder and lower bowel). At 7 d, we detected some effects of pelvic but not hypogastric nerve transection on the ipsilateral spinal cord. In sacral (L6-S1) cord ipsilateral to nerve injury, GFRα1-immunoreactivity (IR) was increased in medial dorsal horn and CGRP-IR was decreased in lateral dorsal horn. Pelvic nerve injury also upregulated GFRα1- and GFRα3-IR terminals and GFRα1-IR neuronal cell bodies in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus that provides the spinal parasympathetic preganglionic output to the pelvic nerve. This evidence suggests peripheral axotomy has different effects on somatic and visceral sensory input to the spinal cord, and identifies sensory-autonomic interactions as a possible site of post-injury regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley L Forrest
- Pain Management Research Institute (Kolling Institute), University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophie C Payne
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Janet R Keast
- Pain Management Research Institute (Kolling Institute), University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peregrine B Osborne
- Pain Management Research Institute (Kolling Institute), University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Celik M, Kose A, Kose D, Karakus E, Akpinar E, Calik M, Dostbil A, Calikoglu C, Aksoy M, Ozel L. The double-edged sword: effects of pregabalin on experimentally induced sciatic nerve transection and crush injury in rats. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:845-54. [PMID: 25340254 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.978976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to research the effects of pregabalin on experimentally induced peripheral nerve crush injuries in rats. MATERIAL AND METHOD Forty-two adult female Wistar albino rats were divided into seven groups: 1st group: healthy; 2nd group: axonotmesis control; 3rd group: anastomosis control; 4th group: axonotmesis+30 mg/kg of pregabalin; 5th group: axonotmesis+60 mg/kg of pregabalin; 6th group: anastomosis+30 mg/kg of pregabalin; 7th group: anastomosis+60 mg/kg of pregabalin. Evaluation of the sciatic functional index (SFI) was performed one day before and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 following surgery. The right sciatic nerves of all animals were examined histopathologically and molecularly. RESULTS After 28 days post-injury, the histopathological regeneration in peripheral nerve injuries for pregabalin 30 mg/kg treated groups was significantly better than that of the control groups. Also the SFI increases and TGF-β gene expression up-regulation were significantly better in pregabalin 30 mg/kg treated groups. CONCLUSION The histopathological, functional and molecular data suggest that pregabalin 30 mg/kg treatment in axonotmesis and anostomosis groups improves nerve regeneration and increases SFI in peripheral nerve injuries by activating antiinflammatory cytokine TGF-β1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mine Celik
- a Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kose
- b Department of Orthophedics and Traumatology, Horasan Public Hospital , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Duygu Kose
- c Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Emre Karakus
- d Ataturk University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Erol Akpinar
- c Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Muhammed Calik
- e Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Aysenur Dostbil
- a Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Cagatay Calikoglu
- f Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Brain Surgery , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Aksoy
- a Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Lutfu Ozel
- g Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Erzurum , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen NF, Huang SY, Chen WF, Chen CH, Lu CH, Chen CL, Yang SN, Wang HM, Wen ZH. TGF-β1 attenuates spinal neuroinflammation and the excitatory amino acid system in rats with neuropathic pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2014; 14:1671-85. [PMID: 24290447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have reported that the intrathecal (i.t.) administration of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) prevents and reverses neuropathic pain. However, only limited information is available regarding the possible role and effects of spinal TGF-β1 in neuropathic pain. We aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of exogenous TGF-β1 on chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain in rats. We demonstrated that sciatic nerve injury caused a downregulation of endogenous TGF-β1 levels on the ipsilateral side of the lumbar spinal dorsal gray matter, and that the i.t. administration of TGF-β1 (.01-10 ng) significantly attenuated CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia in neuropathic rats. TGF-β1 significantly inhibited CCI-induced spinal neuroinflammation, microglial and astrocytic activation, and upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, i.t. TGF-β1 significantly attenuated the CCI-induced downregulation of glutamate transporter 1, the glutamate aspartate transporter, and the excitatory amino acid carrier 1 on the ipsilateral side. Furthermore, i.t. TGF-β1 significantly decreased the concentrations of 2 excitatory amino acids, aspartate and glutamate, in the spinal dialysates in CCI rats. In summary, we conclude that the mechanisms of the antinociceptive effects of i.t. TGF-β1 in neuropathy may include attenuation of spinal neuroinflammation, attenuation, or upregulation of glutamate transporter downregulation, and a decrease of spinal extracellular excitatory amino acids. PERSPECTIVE Clinically, medical treatment is usually initiated after the onset of intractable pain. Therefore, in the present study, i.t. TGF-β1 was designed to be administered 2 weeks after the establishment of CCI pain. Compared to the continuous TGF-β1 infusion mode, single-dose administration seems more convenient and practical to use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sulaiman W, Dreesen TD. Effect of local application of transforming growth factor-β at the nerve repair site following chronic axotomy and denervation on the expression of regeneration-associated genes. Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg 2014; 121:859-74. [PMID: 25036208 DOI: 10.3171/2014.4.jns131251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although peripheral nerves can regenerate after traumatic injury, functional recovery is often suboptimal, especially after injuries to large nerve trunks such as the sciatic nerve or brachial plexus. Current research with animal models suggests that the lack of functional recovery resides in the lack of sufficient mature axons reaching their targets due to the loss of neurotrophic support by Schwann cells in the distal stump of injured nerves. This study was designed to investigate the effect of one-time application of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) at the repair site of chronically injured nerve. METHODS The authors used the rat tibial nerve injury and repair model to investigate the effects of application of physiological concentrations of TGF-β plus forskolin or forskolin alone in vivo at the repair site on gene and protein expression and axon regeneration at 6 weeks after nerve repair. They used gene expression profiling and immunohistochemical analysis of indicative activated proteins in Schwann cells to evaluate the effects of treatments on the delayed repair. They also quantified the regenerated axons distal to the repair site by microscopy of paraffin sections. RESULTS Both treatment with forskolin only and treatment with TGF-β plus forskolin resulted in increased numbers of axons regenerated compared with saline-only control. There was robust activation and proliferation of both Schwann cells and macrophages reminiscent of the processes during Wallerian degeneration. The treatment also induced upregulation of genes implicated in cellular activation and growth as detected by gene array. CONCLUSIONS Addition of TGF-β plus forskolin to the repair after chronic nerve injury improved axonal regeneration, probably via upregulation of required genes, expression of growth-associated protein, and reactivation of Schwann cells and macrophages. Further studies are required to better understand the mechanism of the positive effect of TGF-β treatment on old nerve injuries.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lucas D, Scheiermann C, Chow A, Kunisaki Y, Bruns I, Barrick C, Tessarollo L, Frenette PS. Chemotherapy-induced bone marrow nerve injury impairs hematopoietic regeneration. Nat Med 2013; 19:695-703. [PMID: 23644514 PMCID: PMC3964478 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cancer chemotherapy drugs challenge hematopoietic tissues to regenerate, but commonly produce long-term sequelae. Deficits in hematopoietic stem or stromal cell function have been described, but the mechanisms mediating chemotherapy-induced hematopoietic dysfunction remain unclear. Administration of multiple cycles of cisplatin chemotherapy causes significant sensory neuropathy. Here, we demonstrate that chemotherapy-induced nerve injury in the bone marrow is a critical lesion impairing hematopoietic regeneration. We show using various pharmacological and genetic models that the selective loss of adrenergic innervation in the BM alters its regeneration following genotoxic insult. Sympathetic nerves in the marrow promote the survival of stem cell niche constituents that initiate recovery. Neuroprotection by deletion of Trp53 in sympathetic neurons or neuro-regeneration using 4-methylcatechol or glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) administration can restore hematopoietic recovery. Thus, these results shed light on the potential benefit of adrenergic nerve protection to shield hematopoietic niches from injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lucas
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hagl CI, Rauch U, Klotz M, Heumüller S, Grundmann D, Ehnert S, Subotic U, Holland-Cunz S, Schäfer KH. The microenvironment in the Hirschsprung's disease gut supports myenteric plexus growth. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:817-29. [PMID: 22315170 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-012-1411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The transplantation of neural crest derived stem cells (NCSC) is a potent alternative for the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). Cells to be transplanted should find an appropriate microenvironment to survive and differentiate. Influences of HSCR-smooth-muscle-protein extracts upon isolated myenteric plexus cells, dissociated dorsal root ganglia and NCSC were studied in vitro to investigate the quality of this microenvironment effects. METHODS Postnatal human gut from children undergoing colonic resection due to HSCR was divided in segments. Smooth muscle was dissected and homogenized. Glial-cell-line-derived-neurotrophic-factor (GDNF) and transforming-growth-factor-β-1 (TGFβ-1) concentration were measured in the homogenates from the individual segment using ELISA. Myenteric plexus and dissociated dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cultures, as well as NCSCs were exposed to protein extracts derived from ganglionic and aganglionic HSCR segments, and their effect upon neurite outgrowth, survival, and branching was evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The amount of the factors varied considerably between the individual segments and also from patient to patient. Four major expression patterns could be detected. While all extracts tested lead to a significant increase in neurite outgrowth compared to the control, extracts from proximal segments tended to have more prominent effects. In one experiment, extracts from all individual segments of a single patient were tested. Neurite outgrowth, neuronal survival, and branching pattern varied from segment to segment, but all HSCR-muscle-protein extracts increased neuronal survival and network formation. Smooth muscle protein from aganglionic bowel supports the survival and outgrowth of myenteric neurons and NCSCs and is so an appropriate target for neural stem cell treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Irene Hagl
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hagl CI, Heumüller S, Klotz M, Subotic U, Wessel L, Schäfer KH. Smooth muscle proteins from Hirschsprung's disease facilitates stem cell differentiation. Pediatr Surg Int 2012; 28:135-42. [PMID: 22048648 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-011-3010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The transplantation of neural crest derived stem cells (NCSC's) is a potent alternative for the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). Cells to be transplanted should find an appropriate microenvironment to survive and differentiate. To investigate the quality of this microenvironment, effects of HSCR-smooth-muscle-protein extracts upon NCSC's were studied in vitro. METHODS Postnatal human gut from children undergoing colonic resection due to HSCR was divided in segments. Smooth muscle was dissected and homogenized. Glial-cell-line-derived-neurotrophic-factor (GDNF) concentration was measured in the homogenates from the individual segment using ELISA. NCSC's were exposed to protein extracts derived from ganglionic and aganglionic HSCR segments, and their effect upon neurite outgrowth, survival and branching was evaluated. RESULTS The amount of the factors varied considerably between the proximal and distal segments, and also from patient to patient. While extracts from proximal segments tended to have more prominent effects, all HSCR-muscle-protein extracts increased neuronal survival and network formation. CONCLUSION Muscle protein from aganglionic bowel supports the survival and outgrowth of NCSC's and is so an appropriate target for neural stem cell treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Irene Hagl
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Glaus SW, Johnson PJ, Mackinnon SE. Clinical strategies to enhance nerve regeneration in composite tissue allotransplantation. Hand Clin 2011; 27:495-509, ix. [PMID: 22051390 PMCID: PMC3212838 DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reinnervation of a hand transplant ultimately dictates functional recovery but provides a significant regenerative challenge. This article highlights interventions to enhance nerve regeneration through acceleration of axonal regeneration or augmentation of Schwann cell support and discuss their relevance to composite tissue allotransplantation. Surgical techniques that may be performed at the time of transplantation to optimize intrinsic muscle recovery--including appropriate alignment of ulnar nerve motor and sensory components, transfer of the distal anterior interosseous nerve to the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve, and prophylactic release of potential nerve entrapment points--are also presented.
Collapse
|
17
|
Peterziel H, Sackmann T, Strelau J, Kuhn PH, Lichtenthaler SF, Marom K, Klar A, Unsicker K. F-spondin regulates neuronal survival through activation of disabled-1 in the chicken ciliary ganglion. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 46:483-97. [PMID: 21145970 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular membrane-associated protein F-spondin has been implicated in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion and plays an important role in axonal pathfinding. We report here that F-spondin is expressed in non-neuronal cells in the embryonic chicken ciliary ganglion (CG) and robustly promotes survival of cultured CG neurons. Using deletion constructs of F-spondin we found that the amino-terminal Reelin/Spondin domain cooperates with thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR) 6, a functional TGFβ-activation domain. In ovo treatment with blocking antibodies raised against the Reelin/Spondin domain or the TSR-domains caused increased apoptosis of CG neurons during the phase of programmed cell death and loss of about 30% of the neurons compared to controls. The Reelin/Spondin domain receptor - APP and its downstream signalling molecule disabled-1 are expressed in CG neurons. F-spondin induced rapid phosphorylation of disabled-1. Moreover, both blocking the central APP domain and interference with disabled-1 signalling disrupted the survival promoting effect of F-spondin. Taken together, our data suggest that F-spondin can promote neuron survival by a mechanism involving the Reelin/Spondin and the TSR domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Peterziel
- Neuroanatomy & Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosiences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schindowski K, von Bohlen und Halbach O, Strelau J, Ridder DA, Herrmann O, Schober A, Schwaninger M, Unsicker K. Regulation of GDF-15, a distant TGF-β superfamily member, in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:399-409. [PMID: 21128084 PMCID: PMC3032194 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
GDF-15 is a novel distant member of the TGF-β superfamily and is widely distributed in the brain and peripheral nervous system. We have previously reported that GDF-15 is a potent neurotrophic factor for lesioned dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and that GDF-15-deficient mice show progressive postnatal losses of motor and sensory neurons. We have now investigated the regulation of GDF-15 mRNA and immunoreactivity in the murine hippocampal formation and selected cortical areas following an ischemic lesion by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). MCAO prominently upregulates GDF-15 mRNA in the hippocampus and parietal cortex at 3 h and 24 h after lesion. GDF-15 immunoreactivity, which is hardly detectable in the unlesioned brain, is drastically upregulated in neurons identified by double-staining with NeuN. NeuN staining reveals that most, if not all, neurons in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus and pyramidal layers of the cornu ammonis become GDF-15-immunoreactive. Moderate induction of GDF-15 immunoreactivity has been observed in a small number of microglial cells identified by labeling with tomato lectin, whereas astroglial cells remain GDF-15-negative after MCAO. Comparative analysis of the size of the infarcted area after MCAO in GDF-15 wild-type and knockout mice has failed to reveal significant differences. Together, our data substantiate the notion that GDF-15 is prominently upregulated in the lesioned brain and might be involved in orchestrating post-lesional responses other than the trophic support of neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schindowski
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gonzalez-Aparicio R, Flores JA, Fernandez-Espejo E. Antiparkinsonian trophic action of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and transforming growth factor β1 is enhanced after co-infusion in rats. Exp Neurol 2010; 226:136-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
20
|
Tran PV, Georgieff MK, Engeland WC. Sodium depletion increases sympathetic neurite outgrowth and expression of a novel TMEM35 gene-derived protein (TUF1) in the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4852-60. [PMID: 20685870 PMCID: PMC2946141 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) secretes aldosterone to regulate sodium balance. Chronic sodium restriction increases aldosterone accompanied by ZG expansion. The ZG is innervated by sympathetic, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), and sensory, calcitonin gene-related peptide, nerves. It is unclear whether innervation is affected by ZG growth. Therefore, we measured neurite outgrowth in the ZG of adult male rats after dietary sodium manipulation. In response to 1 wk sodium restriction, VIP and NPY fibers elongated in parallel with expansion of the ZG, shown by aldosterone synthase (AS) expression, but calcitonin gene-related peptide fibers were not affected. Sodium repletion resulted in parallel regression in VIP and NPY fiber length and AS expression. These results show that sympathetic, but not sensory, innervation is coordinated with ZG growth. Mediators underlying changes in innervation are unknown; therefore, we characterized a novel gene TMEM35 [termed the unknown factor-1 (TUF1) due to its unknown function] that shows extensive overlap with AS in ZG. After sodium restriction, TUF1 expanded in parallel with the ZG. TUF1 bound the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75NTR, which was expressed in NPY fibers and showed a response similar to TUF1 after sodium manipulation. TUF1- p75NTR binding was competitively displaced by nerve growth factor but not by TUF1 lacking the p75NTR binding motif. Moreover, TUF1 mRNA in rat ZG cells increased after angiotensin II exposure in vitro. Collectively, these findings suggest that TMEM35/TUF1 is a candidate for modulating neurite outgrowth in the ZG after sodium depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phu V Tran
- Center for Neurobehavioral Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, MMC 39 Mayo, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kalincik T, Jozefcikova K, Sutharsan R, Mackay-Sim A, Carrive P, Waite PME. Selected changes in spinal cord morphology after T4 transection and olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation. Auton Neurosci 2010; 158:31-8. [PMID: 20594923 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord transection at T4 results in severe damage of the nervous tissue, with impairment of motor, sensory and autonomic functions. Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) has the potential to improve these functions through a number of mechanisms, which include facilitation of regeneration and neuroprotection. For cardiovascular functions, we have previously shown that OECs reduce the duration of autonomic dysreflexia, without evidence of regeneration. To further understand the mechanisms underpinning this improvement, we have studied changes in selected morphological features (cavitation, non-cavity tissue loss, morphology of sympathetic preganglionic neurons and primary afferent fibre density) in the T4-transected rat spinal cord over 9 weeks, both in control and OEC-transplanted animals. T4 transection led to a number of structural changes: gradual formation of cavities, non-cavity tissue loss, a long-term increase in soma size of sympathetic preganglionic neurons and a temporary increase in the extent of their dendritic arbours, and an increase in the density of primary afferent fibres caudal to the lesion. OECs decreased the cavitation and normalised soma size of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons below the lesion, while increasing the extent of dendritic arbours in the preganglionic neurons above the lesion. Thus the OECs may contribute to the normalisation of the dysreflexic hypertension through tissue preservation and normalisation of the morphology of the preganglionic neurons caudal to the lesion, while enhancing the input on the rostral preganglionic neurons, whose vasomotor control remains intact. We hypothesise that these changes are mediated through secretion of soluble trophic factors by the transplanted OECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kalincik
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sulaiman OAR, Gordon T. Role of chronic Schwann cell denervation in poor functional recovery after nerve injuries and experimental strategies to combat it. Neurosurgery 2010; 65:A105-14. [PMID: 19927054 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000358537.30354.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present our data about the role of chronic denervation (CD) of the distal nerve stumps as compared with muscle denervation atrophy and experimental strategies to promote better functional recovery. METHODS A rat model of nerve injury and repair was used. The common peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve was subjected to 0 to 24 weeks of CD before cross-suture with the tibial motoneurons. Our outcome measures included the numbers of motoneurons that regenerated their axons and the numbers that reinnervated muscle targets (motor units). To overcome the effects of CD, we used subcutaneous injection of FK506 and in vitro reactivation of Schwann cells that had been subjected to 24 weeks of CD with transforming growth factor beta. RESULTS Numbers of regenerated motoneurons and reinnervated motor units decreased as a function of duration of CD. However, axons that regenerated through the distal nerve stumps reinnervated the muscle targets and even formed enlarged motor unit size regardless of the duration of CD. FK506 doubled the numbers of tibial motoneurons that regenerated their axons into the common peroneal nerve even after delayed repair. Reactivation of chronically denervated Schwann cells with transforming growth factor beta significantly increased their capacity to support axonal regeneration. CONCLUSION CD of the distal nerve stumps is the primary factor that results in poor axonal regeneration and subsequently poor functional recovery. Acceleration of the rate of axonal regeneration and/or reactivation of Schwann cells of the distal nerve stumps are effective experimental strategies to promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olawale A R Sulaiman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine Center, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Olfactory ensheathing cells reduce duration of autonomic dysreflexia in rats with high spinal cord injury. Auton Neurosci 2009; 154:20-9. [PMID: 19896908 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic dysreflexia is a common complication in high spinal cord injury and can result in serious consequences and death. Here we have examined the effect of acute transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells on cardiovascular functions in rats. After T4 transection, radio-telemetric recording in conscious animals was used to study blood pressure and heart rate at rest and during autonomic dysreflexia for up to 8 weeks post-injury. Olfactory ensheathing cells from syngeneic rats were transplanted at the injury site; control animals received culture medium only. At the study end point, we examined morphometric features of sympathetic preganglionic neurons above and below the injury. T4 transection resulted in a fall in resting mean arterial pressure and an increase in resting heart rate. Colorectal distension, used to trigger autonomic dysreflexia, caused episodic hypertension and bradycardia. Although the cell transplantation had no effect on resting cardiovascular parameters, it led to a significantly faster recovery from hypertension, with the recovery time shortened by approximately 25%. The transection resulted in an increase in soma size of sympathetic preganglionic neurons above and below the injury. OEC transplantation normalised this change below the injury and increased dendritic length of preganglionic neurons above the injury, compared to controls. It has been proposed that changes in sympathetic preganglionic neurons following spinal cord transection may be related to the development of autonomic dysreflexia. Our results suggest that olfactory ensheathing cells may alter the morphology of these neurons, and hence modify their activity in the neuronal networks responsible for the dysreflexic reaction.
Collapse
|
24
|
Battaglia G, Molinaro G, Riozzi B, Storto M, Busceti CL, Spinsanti P, Bucci D, Di Liberto V, Mudò G, Corti C, Corsi M, Nicoletti F, Belluardo N, Bruno V. Activation of mGlu3 receptors stimulates the production of GDNF in striatal neurons. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6591. [PMID: 19672295 PMCID: PMC2719807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have been considered potential targets
for the therapy of experimental parkinsonism. One hypothetical advantage
associated with the use of mGlu receptor ligands is the lack of the adverse
effects typically induced by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists, such as
sedation, ataxia, and severe learning impairment. Low doses of the mGlu2/3
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, LY379268 (0.25–3 mg/kg, i.p.)
increased glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA and protein
levels in the mouse brain, as assessed by in situ
hybridization, real-time PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. This
increase was prominent in the striatum, but was also observed in the cerebral
cortex. GDNF mRNA levels peaked at 3 h and declined afterwards, whereas GDNF
protein levels progressively increased from 24 to 72 h following LY379268
injection. The action of LY379268 was abrogated by the mGlu2/3 receptor
antagonist, LY341495 (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and was lost in mGlu3 receptor knockout
mice, but not in mGlu2 receptor knockout mice. In pure cultures of striatal
neurons, the increase in GDNF induced by LY379268 required the activation of the
mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathways, as
shown by the use of specific inhibitors of the two pathways. Both in
vivo and in vitro studies led to the conclusion
that neurons were the only source of GDNF in response to mGlu3 receptor
activation. Remarkably, acute or repeated injections of LY379268 at doses that
enhanced striatal GDNF levels (0.25 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) were highly protective
against nigro-striatal damage induced by
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice, as assessed by
stereological counting of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the pars
compacta of the substantia nigra. We speculate that selective mGlu3 receptor
agonists or enhancers are potential candidates as neuroprotective agents in
Parkinson's disease, and their use might circumvent the limitations
associated with the administration of exogenous GDNF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma Molinaro
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Barbara Riozzi
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Spinsanti
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University “La
Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Bucci
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Mudò
- DIMES, Human Physiology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo,
Italy
| | - Corrado Corti
- Neuroscience Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Corsi
- Neuroscience Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University “La
Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- DIMES, Human Physiology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo,
Italy
| | - Valeria Bruno
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University “La
Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Morphophysiology of the Zuckerkandl's paraganglion: effects of dexamethasone and aging. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 31:2115-27. [PMID: 19167134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The extra-adrenal Zuckerkandl's paraganglion is used as a source of chromaffin cells for transplantation in parkinsonian animals. Aging can affect its viability, and this tissue needs further characterization for improving grafting procedures. The objectives were: (i) to compare the main morpho-functional characteristics of prepubertal and old Zuckerkandl's paraganglion (ZP), and (ii) to discern phenotypic changes after sub-chronic dexamethasone treatment in extra-adrenal tissue of prepubertal rats. For these purposes, immunostaining methods, stereology, voltammetry, cell culture, Western blotting, and ELISA were employed. The findings revealed that all paraganglia were composed of mesenchymal tissue and chromaffin cells. In prepubertal rats, chromaffin cells are arranged as large or small clusters. Large clusters (also known as "cell nests") contain densely packed chromaffin cells, and they are seen as fascicles in longitudinal sections. In old paraganglia, cell nests disappear, and chromaffin cells are found to be arranged as small cell clusters or dispersed throughout the mesenchyma. Paraganglionic chromaffin cells possess a rounded morphology with diameter ranging from 12 to 15 μm, with intracytoplasmic granules (100-500 nm in diameter) containing catecholamines. Prepubertal and old ZP chromaffin cells are mostly noradrenergics, and a few of them are dopaminergics. Aging reduces the amount of chromaffin tissue (28% in adult rats vs. 11% in old animals, both in relation to total volume of the paraganglion), and induces the presence of adrenergic cells and adrenaline. Both prepubertal and old cells express the neurotrophic factors GDNF and TGF-β₁, aging leading to reduced levels of both growth factors. Dexamethasone (50 μg/kg daily, 5 days) leads to the expression of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase in prepubertal paraganglia, and to a higher content and release of adrenaline.
Collapse
|
26
|
Callahan T, Young HM, Anderson RB, Enomoto H, Anderson CR. Development of satellite glia in mouse sympathetic ganglia: GDNF and GFR alpha 1 are not essential. Glia 2009; 56:1428-37. [PMID: 18551627 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic development of satellite cells in mouse sympathetic ganglia was examined by localizing the transcription factors, Sox10 and Phox2b, the neuronal marker, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and brain-derived fatty acid binding protein (B-FABP), which identifies glial precursors and mature glia. In E10.5 mice, most cells in the sympathetic chain expressed both Sox10 and Phox2b, with a minority of cells expressing Sox10 only or Phox2b only. In E11.5 mice, the majority of cells expressed Sox10 only or Phox2b only. B-FABP was colocalized with Sox10 in satellite glial precursors, which were located on the periphery of the ganglion. There was no overlap between B-FABP and Phox2b or B-FABP and TH. During subsequent development, the number of B-FABP+ cells increased and they became more common deep within the ganglion. In E12.5 and E18.5 mice, there was no overlap between Sox10 and Phox2b, and 98% of Sox10 cells were also B-FABP+. Satellite glial precursors in E11.5-E15.5 mice also expressed the GDNF-binding molecule, GFRalpha1. B-FABP immunoreactive cells did not express Ret or NCAM, two potential signaling molecules for GDNF/GFRalpha1. In E12.5 and E18.5 mice lacking GFRalpha1 or GDNF, the development of B-FABP immunoreactive satellite cells was normal, and hence neither GDNF or GFRalpha1 are essential for the development of satellite glia in sympathetic ganglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Callahan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xiong G, Ozaki N, Sugiura Y. Transplanted embryonic spinal tissue promotes severed sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 72:127-38. [DOI: 10.1679/aohc.72.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Xiong
- Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital
| | - Noriyuki Ozaki
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yasuo Sugiura
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Misumi S, Kim TS, Jung CG, Masuda T, Urakawa S, Isobe Y, Furuyama F, Nishino H, Hida H. Enhanced neurogenesis from neural progenitor cells with G1/S-phase cell cycle arrest is mediated by transforming growth factor beta1. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28:1049-59. [PMID: 18783370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that a G1/S-phase cell cycle blocker, deferoxamine (DFO), increased the number of new neurons from rat neurosphere cultures, which correlated with prolonged expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p27(kip1) [H. J. Kim et al. (2006)Brain Research, 1092, 1-15]. The present study focuses on neuronal differentiation mechanisms following treatment of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) with a G1/S-phase cell cycle blocker. The addition of DFO (0.5 mm) or aphidicolin (Aph) (1.5 microm) to neurospheres for 8 h, followed by 3 days of differentiation, resulted in an increased number of neurons and neurite outgrowth. DFO induced enhanced expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and cdk5 at 24 h after differentiation, whereas Aph only increased TGF-beta1 expression. DFO-induced neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth were attenuated by administration of a cdk5 inhibitor, roscovitine, suggesting that the neurogenic mechanisms differ between DFO and Aph. TGF-beta1 (10 ng/mL) did not increase neurite outgrowth but rather the number of beta-tubulin III-positive cells, which was accompanied by enhanced p27(kip1) mRNA expression. In addition, TGF-beta receptor type II expression was observed in nestin-positive NPCs. Results indicated that DFO-induced TGF-beta1 signaling activated smad3 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In contrast, TGF-beta1 signaling inhibition, via a TGF-beta receptor type I inhibitor (SB-505124), resulted in decreased DFO-induced neurogenesis, in conjunction with decreased p27(kip1) protein expression and smad3 translocation to the nucleus. These results suggest that cell cycle arrest during G1/S-phase induces TGF-beta1 expression. This, in turn, prompts enhanced neuronal differentiation via smad3 translocation to the nucleus and subsequent p27(kip1) activation in NPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Misumi
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rahhal B, Heermann S, Ferdinand A, Rosenbusch J, Rickmann M, Krieglstein K. In vivo requirement of TGF-beta/GDNF cooperativity in mouse development: focus on the neurotrophic hypothesis. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 27:97-102. [PMID: 18824086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are well-recognized extracellular signaling molecules that regulate neuron development including neurite growth, survival and maturation of neuronal phenotypes in the central and peripheral nervous system. Previous studies have suggested that TGF-beta plays a key role in the regulation of neuron survival and death and potentiates the neurotrophic activity of several neurotrophic factors, most strikingly of GDNF. To test the physiological relevance of this finding, TGF-beta2/GDNF double mutant (d-ko) mice were generated. Double mutant mice die at birth like single mutants due to kidney agenesis (GDNF-/-) and congential cyanosis (TGF-beta2-/-), respectively. To test for the in vivo relevance of TGF-beta2/GDNF cooperativity to regulate neuron survival, mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, lumbar motoneurons, as well as neurons of the lumbar dorsal root ganglion and the superior cervical ganglion were investigated. No loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons was observed in double mutant mice at E18.5. A partial reduction in neuron numbers was observed in lumbar motoneurons, sensory and sympathetic neurons in GDNF single mutants, which was further reduced in TGF-beta2/GDNF double mutant mice at E18.5. However, TGF-beta2 single mutant mice showed no loss of neurons. These data point towards a cooperative role of TGF-beta2 and GDNF with regard to promotion of survival within the peripheral motor and sensory systems investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belal Rahhal
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical School, University of Goettingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li XL, Liu J, Wang XY, Li LY, Ni W, Zheng RY, Yang HJ, Lu YC, Qi JG, Wang TH. Temporal changes in the expression of TGF-beta 1 and EGF in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and associated precentral gyrus in adult Rhesus monkeys subjected to cord hemisection. J Neurol Sci 2008; 268:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
31
|
Roussa E, Oehlke O, Rahhal B, Heermann S, Heidrich S, Wiehle M, Krieglstein K. Transforming growth factor beta cooperates with persephin for dopaminergic phenotype induction. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1683-94. [PMID: 18420832 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the putative cooperative effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands in the differentiation of midbrain progenitors toward a dopaminergic phenotype. Therefore, a mouse midbrain embryonic day (E) 12 neurospheres culture was used as an experimental model. We show that neurturin and persephin (PSPN), but not GDNF, are capable of transient induction of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. This process, however, requires the presence of endogenous TGF-beta. In contrast, after 8 days in vitro GDNF rescued the TGF-beta neutralization-dependent loss of the TH-positive cells. In vivo, at E14.5, no apparent phenotype concerning dopaminergic neurons was observed in Tgf-beta2(-/-)/gdnf(-/-) double mutant mice. In vitro, combined TGF-beta/PSPN treatment achieved a yield of approximately 20% TH-positive cells that were less vulnerable against 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium ion toxicity. The underlying TGF-beta/PSPN differentiation signaling is receptor-mediated, involving p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. These results indicate that phenotype induction and survival of fully differentiated neurons are accomplished through distinct pathways and individual factor requirement. TGF-beta is required for the induction of dopaminergic neurons, whereas GDNF is required for regulating and/or maintaining a differentiated neuronal phenotype. Moreover, this study suggests that the combination of TGF-beta with PSPN is a potent inductive cocktail for the generation of dopaminergic neurons that should be considered in tissue engineering and cell replacement therapies for Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Roussa
- aDepartment for Neuroanatomy, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Forrest SL, Keast JR. Expression of receptors for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family ligands in sacral spinal cord reveals separate targets of pelvic afferent fibers. J Comp Neurol 2008; 506:989-1002. [PMID: 18085594 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor has been proposed to mediate many structural and chemical changes in bladder sensory neurons after injury or inflammation. We have examined the expression of receptors for the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family within sensory terminals located in the sacral spinal cord and in bladder-projecting sacral dorsal root ganglion neurons of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Nerve fibers immunolabelled for GFRalpha1 (GDNF receptor), GFRalpha2 (neurturin receptor), or GFRalpha3 (artemin receptor) showed distinct distribution patterns in the spinal cord, suggesting separate populations of sensory fibers with different functions: GFRalpha1-labeled fibers were in outer lamina II and the lateral-collateral pathway and associated with autonomic interneurons and preganglionic neurons; GFRalpha2-labeled fibers were only in inner lamina II; GFRalpha3-labeled fibers were in lamina I, the lateral-collateral pathway, and areas surrounding dorsal groups of preganglionic neurons and associated interneurons. Immunofluorescence studies of retrogradely labelled bladder-projecting neurons in sacral dorsal root ganglia showed that approximately 25% expressed GFRalpha1 or GFRalpha3 immunoreactivity, the preferred receptors for GDNF and artemin, respectively. After cyclophosphamide-induced bladder inflammation, fluorescence intensity of GFRalpha1-positive fibers increased within the dorsal horn, but there was no change in the GFRalpha2- or GFRalpha3-positive fibers. These studies have shown that GDNF and artemin may target bladder sensory neurons and potentially mediate plasticity of sacral visceral afferent neurons following inflammation. Our results have also revealed three distinct subpopulations of sensory fibers within the sacral spinal cord, which have not been identified previously using other markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley L Forrest
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Galan-Rodriguez B, del-Marco A, Flores J, Ramiro-Fuentes S, Gonzalez-Aparicio R, Tunez I, Tasset I, Fernandez-Espejo E. Grafts of extra-adrenal chromaffin cells as aggregates show better survival rate and regenerative effects on parkinsonian rats than dispersed cell grafts. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 29:529-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
34
|
Subramaniam S, Strelau J, Unsicker K. GDNF prevents TGF-β-induced damage of the plasma membrane in cerebellar granule neurons by suppressing activation of p38-MAPK via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 331:373-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Peterziel H, Paech T, Strelau J, Unsicker K, Krieglstein K. Specificity in the crosstalk of TGFbeta/GDNF family members is determined by distinct GFR alpha receptors. J Neurochem 2007; 103:2491-504. [PMID: 17953664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NRTN) are neurotrophic factors for parasympathetic neurons including ciliary ganglion (CG) neurons. Recently, we have shown that survival and signaling mediated by GDNF in CG neurons essentially requires transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). We have provided evidence that TGFbeta regulates the availability of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored GDNF receptor alpha 1 (GFRalpha1) by promoting the recruitment of the receptor to the plasma membrane. We report now that in addition to GDNF, NRTN, but not persephin (PSPN) or artemin (ARTN), is able to promote survival of CG neurons. Interestingly, in contrast to GDNF, NRTN is not dependent on cooperation with TGFbeta, but efficiently promotes neuronal survival and intracellular signaling in the absence of TGFbeta. Additional treatment with TGFbeta does not further increase the NRTN response. Both NRTN and GDNF exclusively bind to and activate their cognate receptors, GFRalpha2 and GFRalpha1, respectively, as shown by the use of receptor-specific neutralizing antibodies. Immunocytochemical staining for the two receptors on the surface of CG neurons reveals that, in contrast to the effect on GFRalpha1, TGFbeta is not required for recruitment of GFRalpha2 to the plasma membrane. Moreover, binding of radioactively labeled GDNF but not NRTN is increased upon treatment of CG neurons with TGFbeta. Disruption of TGFbeta signaling does interfere with GDNF-, but not NRTN-mediated signaling and survival. We propose a model taking into account data from GFRalpha1 crystallization and ontogenetic development of the CG that may explain the differences in TGFbeta-dependence of GDNF and NRTN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Peterziel
- Department of Neuroanatomy, IZN, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gotohda T, Tokunaga I, Kitamura O, Kubo SI. Toluene inhalation induced neuronal damage in the spinal cord and changes of neurotrophic factors in rat. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2007; 9:123-7. [PMID: 17197224 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of toluene inhalation on neurons and neurotrophic factors in the spinal cord and the relationship between them. Male Wistar rats were exposed to toluene (1500ppm for 4h per day) for 7 days. To observe damage of the neurons in spinal cord with the toluene, expression of microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) and 70kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) in spinal cord were performed by immunohistochemistry. MAP2 was degraded and HSP70-immunoreactivity was enhanced in nerve cell bodies of the gray matter in toluene inhalation group. Immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of astrocytes, was enhanced in the toluene-treated group. Furthermore, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)- and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-immunoreactivity in spinal cord were slightly decreased in the treated group. In addition, the concentrations of GDNF and BDNF in the spinal cord were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Concentration of GDNF was reduced significantly by toluene exposure. BDNF also reduced, but not significantly. The toluene inhalation caused the damage of the neuron in the spinal cord, which was accompanied by the decrease in the neurotrophic factors, such as BDNF and GDNF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Gotohda
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ceyhan GO, Bergmann F, Kadihasanoglu M, Erkan M, Park W, Hinz U, Giese T, Müller MW, Büchler MW, Giese NA, Friess H. The neurotrophic factor artemin influences the extent of neural damage and growth in chronic pancreatitis. Gut 2007; 56:534-44. [PMID: 17047099 PMCID: PMC1856869 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic pancreatitis is characterised by severe abdominal neuropathic pain, perineural inflammatory cell infiltrations and intrapancreatic neural growth. Artemin was recently shown to eliminate neuropathic pain and reverse neurochemical damage after nerve injury. The role of artemin and its receptor GFRalpha3 was investigated in patients with chronic pancreatitis. METHODS Expression of artemin and its receptor GFRalpha3 was studied in chronic pancreatitis (n = 66) and normal (n = 22) pancreatic tissues by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) and western blot analysis. Artemin expression was correlated with pain and pathomorphological changes (inflammation, perineural inflammatory cell infiltration, neural alterations and fibrosis). Immunohistochemistry was used to localise artemin and GFRalpha3 in the tissues. To detect sources of artemin, primary human pancreatic stellate cells (hPSCs) were isolated and analysed by QRT-PCR and immunocytology analysis. RESULTS In chronic pancreatitis, artemin and GFRalpha3 were significantly overexpressed and located in smooth muscle cells of arteries, Schwann cells and neural ganglia. Increased levels of artemin mRNA correlated with pain severity, inflammation, perineural inflammatory cell infiltration, neural density and hypertrophy. Furthermore, the severity of fibrosis was positively related with artemin expression and neural alterations. Activated hPSCs expressed low basal levels of artemin mRNA which were upregulated by exposure to transforming growth factor (TGF)beta1. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of artemin in chronic pancreatitis might function as a compensatory upregulation in order to repair neural damage incurred by ongoing pancreatic inflammation. Upregulation of TGFbeta1 seems not only to increase pancreatic fibrosis but also to contribute to neural alteration by stimulating artemin expression in hPSCs. However, overexpression of endogenous artemin does not seem to be sufficient to prevent pain in chronic pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schober A, Peterziel H, von Bartheld CS, Simon H, Krieglstein K, Unsicker K. GDNF applied to the MPTP-lesioned nigrostriatal system requires TGF-beta for its neuroprotective action. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 25:378-91. [PMID: 17141511 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
GDNF is a potent neurotrophic factor for nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD), but has largely failed when tested in therapeutic applications in human PD. We report here that GDNF requires transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) to elicit its neurotrophic activity. Lesioning the mouse nigrostriatal system with MPTP significantly upregulates striatal TGF-beta2 mRNA levels. As expected, GDNF protects against the destructive effects of MPTP, including losses of TH-ir nigral neurons, striatal dopamine and TH-ir fibers. Application of antibodies neutralizing all three TGF-beta isoforms to the MPTP-lesioned striatum abolishes the neurotrophic effect of GDNF. We show that TGF-beta antibodies are not toxic and do not interfere with retrograde transport of iodinated GDNF, suggesting that TGF-beta antibodies do not impair internalization and retrograde trafficking of GDNF. We conclude that striatal TGF-beta may be essential for permitting exogenous GDNF to act as a neuroprotective factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schober
- IZN, Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hase A, Saito F, Yamada H, Arai K, Shimizu T, Matsumura K. Characterization of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α-1 in peripheral nerve Schwann cells. J Neurochem 2005; 95:537-43. [PMID: 16086681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor alpha-1 (GFRalpha-1) is a receptor component of GDNF that associates with and activates the tyrosine kinase receptor Ret. To further understand GDNF and its receptor system in the PNS, we first characterized the expression of GFRalpha-1 in bovine peripheral nerve in vivo. GFRalpha-1 immunoreactivity was localized adjacent to the outermost layer of myelin sheath, as well as in the endoneurium and axoplasm. In a fractionation study, GFRalpha-1 was recovered mostly in the soluble fraction, although a small amount was recovered in the membrane fraction. A substantial amount of GFRalpha-1 in the membrane fraction was extractable by detergent and alkaline conditions. To further clarify the expression of GFRalpha-1 in Schwann cells, we examined cultured rat Schwann cells and the Schwannoma cell line RT4. Schwann cells expressed GFRalpha-1 in both the soluble/cytosolic and membrane fractions, and the membrane form of GFRalpha-1 was expressed at the outer surface of the Schwann cell plasma membrane. We also confirmed the secretion of the soluble form of GFRalpha-1 from Schwannoma cells in a metabolic labeling experiment. These data contribute to our knowledge of the production, expression and functions of GFRalpha-1 in the PNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asako Hase
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga, Tokyo Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huang L, Guo H, Hellard DT, Katz DM. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is required for differentiation of pontine noradrenergic neurons and patterning of central respiratory output. Neuroscience 2005; 130:95-105. [PMID: 15561428 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mutations affecting signaling by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) perturb development of breathing in mice and are associated with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome in humans. However, the role of GDNF in development of brainstem neurons that control breathing is largely unknown. The present study demonstrates that genetic loss of GDNF decreases the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons in the pontine A5 noradrenergic cell group, a major source of inhibitory input to the medullary respiratory pattern generator. This phenotype is associated with a significant increase in the frequency of central respiratory output recorded from the fetal medulla-spinal cord in vitro. In dissociate cultures of the A5 region from rat embryos, GDNF increases TH cell number and neurite growth without affecting total neuronal survival or proliferation of TH neurons. These effects of GDNF are inhibited by function blocking antibodies against endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), indicating that GDNF requires BDNF as a cofactor to stimulate differentiation of A5 neurons. Our findings demonstrate that GDNF is required for development of pontine noradrenergic neurons in vivo and indicate that defects in the A5 cell group may contribute to the effects of genetic disruption of GDNF signaling on respiratory control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Roussa E, Farkas LM, Krieglstein K. TGF-beta promotes survival on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in cooperation with Shh and FGF-8. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 16:300-10. [PMID: 15193287 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired neuronal survival is a key event in the development of degenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we show that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) acts directly on rat E14 midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vitro, its survival-promoting effect being not mediated by BDNF, NT-3, or GDNF. Treatment with TGF-beta, sonic hedgehog (Shh), or fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF8) significantly increased number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons after 7 days, whereas application of these factors added together further increased number of TH-positive neurons, compared to single-factor treatments. Neutralization of endogenous TGF-beta, Shh, or FGF8 significantly reduced number of dopaminergic neurons. TGF-beta treatment decreased number of apoptotic cells, having no effect on cell proliferation. Neutralization of TGF-beta in vivo during chick E6-10 resulted in reduced number of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The results suggest that TGF-beta is required for survival of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons acting in cooperation with Shh and FGF8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Roussa
- Department for Neuroanatomy, Center of Anatomy, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Diensthuber M, Brandis A, Lenarz T, Stöver T. Co-expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Glial Cell Line–Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Vestibular Schwannoma. Otol Neurotol 2004; 25:359-65. [PMID: 15129118 DOI: 10.1097/00129492-200405000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Transforming growth factor-beta1, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and their receptors are expressed in vestibular schwannoma, and the expression data correlate with the proliferation activity (Ki-67 labeling index) and the clinical growth rate of vestibular schwannoma tissue. BACKGROUND Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is a potent growth factor for the central and peripheral nervous system. Recent results demonstrate that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor requires transforming growth factor-beta to exert its trophic effect on neural tissue. A functional role, including that in Schwann cell proliferation, is discussed for both transforming growth factor-beta1 and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis for transforming growth factor-beta1 and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and their receptors TbetaR II, GFRalpha-1, and Ret was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival surgical specimens. The Ki-67 labeling index (mean Ki-67 labeling index and highest Ki-67 labeling index for Antoni Type A and Type B regions) and the clinical growth rate of vestibular schwannoma were determined and correlated with the expression patterns of the examined neurotrophic factors and their receptors. RESULTS Results demonstrate co-expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor with higher levels in Antoni Type A than in Antoni Type B regions. Ninety-five percent of vestibular schwannomas exhibited transforming growth factor-beta1 immunoreactivity, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression was found in 100% of vestibular schwannoma specimens. Fifty percent of vestibular schwannoma displayed TbetaR II immunostaining, 100% showed positive reactions for GFRalpha-1, and 86% showed positive reactions for Ret. Statistical analysis revealed no significant correlation in neurotrophin expression related to sex, age, tumor size, clinical growth rate, or Ki-67-labeling indices. CONCLUSIONS Expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor may suggest a biological role for both growth factors in vestibular schwannomas. Trophic transforming growth factor-beta/glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor synergism seems possible and is underscored by co-expression of both neurotrophic factors and their receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Diensthuber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Brionne TC, Tesseur I, Masliah E, Wyss-Coray T. Loss of TGF-beta 1 leads to increased neuronal cell death and microgliosis in mouse brain. Neuron 2004; 40:1133-45. [PMID: 14687548 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
TGF-beta1 is a key regulator of diverse biological processes in many tissues and cell types, but its exact function in the developing and adult mammalian CNS is still unknown. We report that lack of TGF-beta1 expression in neonatal Tgfb1(-/-) mice results in a widespread increase in degenerating neurons accompanied by reduced expression of synaptophysin and laminin and a prominent microgliosis. Lack of TGF-beta1 also strongly reduces survival of primary neurons cultured from Tgfb1(-/-) mice. TGF-beta1 deficiency in adult Tgfb1(-/+) mice results in increased neuronal susceptibility to excitotoxic injury, whereas astroglial overexpression of TGF-beta1 protects adult mice against neurodegeneration in acute, excitotoxic and chronic injury paradigms. This study reveals a nonredundant function for TGF-beta1 in maintaining neuronal integrity and survival of CNS neurons and in regulating microglial activation. Because individual TGF-beta1 expression levels in the brain vary considerably between humans, this finding could have important implications for susceptibility to neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Brionne
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Unsicker K, Krieglstein K. TGF-betas and their roles in the regulation of neuron survival. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 513:353-74. [PMID: 12575828 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0123-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas) are a still growing superfamily of cytokines with widespread distribution and diverse biological functions. They fall into several subfamilies including the TGF-betas 1, 2, and 3, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), the growth/differentiation factors (GDFs), activins and inhibins, and the members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. Following a brief description of their general roles and signaling in development, maintenance of homeostasis, and disease, we shall focus on their distribution in the CNS and their involvement in regulating neuron survival and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Unsicker
- Neuroanatomy and Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 2. OG, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Farkas LM, Dünker N, Roussa E, Unsicker K, Krieglstein K. Transforming growth factor-beta(s) are essential for the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo. J Neurosci 2003; 23:5178-86. [PMID: 12832542 PMCID: PMC6741170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons is known to depend on inductive signals derived from the ventral midline, including Sonic hedgehog (Shh) as one of the identified molecules. Here we show that in addition to Shh, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is required for both induction and survival of ventrally located midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Like Shh, TGF-beta is expressed in early embryonic structures such as notochord and floor plate, as well as in the area where midbrain dopaminergic neurons are developing. Treatment of cells dissociated from the rat embryonic day (E) 12 midbrain floor with TGF-beta significantly increases the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopaminergic neurons within 24 hr. Neutralization of TGF-beta in vitro completely abolishes the induction of dopaminergic neurons. In the absence of TGF-beta, Shh cannot induce TH-positive neurons, and vice versa, neutralizing endogenous Shh abolishes the capacity of TGF-beta to induce dopaminergic neurons in vitro. Furthermore, neutralization of TGF-beta in vivo during chick E2-7 but not E4-7 resulted in a significant reduction in TH-positive neurons in the ventral midbrain floor but not in the locus coeruleus or diencephalon, which suggests that the TGF-beta is required for the induction of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons with a critical time period at E2/E3. Furthermore, neutralization of TGF-beta between E6 and 10, a time period during maturation of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons when no further inductive cues are required, also resulted in a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons, suggesting that TGF-beta is required for the promotion of survival of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons as well. Together, our results identify TGF-beta as an essential mediator for the induction and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilla M Farkas
- Neuroanatomy, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Salimi K, Moser KV, Marksteiner J, Reindl M, Humpel C. GDNF and TGF-beta1 promote cell survival in serum-free cultures of primary rat microglia. Cell Tissue Res 2003; 312:135-9. [PMID: 12712323 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-003-0711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2002] [Accepted: 02/05/2003] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) may influence microglial survival, proliferation, and activation, but this has not yet been tested on isolated primary microglia. We compared the effects of individual and combined application of 10 ng/ml GDNF and 1 ng/ml transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) on total cell number, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, DNA nick-end labelling (TUNEL staining), and nitrite and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) secretion in serum-free cultures of primary rat microglia. GDNF as well as TGF-beta1 enhanced the total number of lectin-positive cells and decreased the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei, while no effect on proliferation was observed. Both factors suppressed the secretion of nitrite during the first 4 days of culturing, and GDNF but not TGF-beta1 reduced the secretion of LDH in 2-week-old cultures. These findings suggest that GDNF and TGF-beta1 support survival of primary microglia in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayvon Salimi
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatry, University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kawamoto K, Yagi M, Stöver T, Kanzaki S, Raphael Y. Hearing and hair cells are protected by adenoviral gene therapy with TGF-beta1 and GDNF. Mol Ther 2003; 7:484-92. [PMID: 12727111 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) overexpression in the inner ear can protect hair cells against degeneration induced by aminoglycoside ototoxicity. The protective efficiency of GDNF increases when it is combined with co-factors such as transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), a ubiquitous cytokine. The aim of this study was to determine whether TGF-beta1 receptors are expressed in the inner ear and whether a cocktail of GDNF and TGF-beta1 transgenes provides enhanced protection of the inner ear against ototoxic trauma. Using RT-PCR analysis, we determined that both TGF-beta1 receptors, type 1 and 2 are present in rat cochlea. We co-inoculated two adenoviral vectors, one encoding human TGF-beta1 gene (Ad.TGF-beta1) and the other encoding human GDNF gene (Ad.GDNF) into guinea pig cochleae 4 days prior to injecting an ototoxic dose of aminoglycosides. Inoculated ears had better hearing and fewer missing inner hair cells after exposure to the aminoglycoside ototoxicity, as compared with controls and ears treated only with Ad.GDNF. Cochleae with TGF-beta1 overexpression exhibited fibrosis in the scala tympani regardless of the presence of GDNF. Our results suggest that the adenovirus-mediated overexpression of GDNF and TGF-beta1 can be used in combination to protect cochlear hair cells and hearing from ototoxic trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kawamoto
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0648, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Allmendinger A, Stoeckel E, Saarma M, Unsicker K, Huber K. Development of adrenal chromaffin cells is largely normal in mice lacking the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Ret. Mech Dev 2003; 120:299-304. [PMID: 12591599 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
c-Ret encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is essential for normal development of the kidney as well as enteric and sympathetic neurons. Since sympathetic neurons and neuroendocrine chromaffin cells originate from a common progenitor cell, we have examined the relevance of c-Ret for the development of adrenal chromaffin cells by analyzing mouse mutants lacking c-Ret. Adrenal chromaffin cells express c-Ret mRNA at embryonic day (E) 12.5 and 13.5, yet levels of expression decline at later embryonic and postnatal ages. Adrenal medullae of c-Ret deficient mice show normal numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive cells at E13.5 and at birth. Ultrastructurally, adrenal chromaffin cells of c-Ret(-/-) mice appear unaltered: chromaffin cells develop typical secretory chromaffin granules, the morphological hallmark of chromaffin cells, and synaptic terminals appear normal. However, adrenaline levels and numbers of chromaffin cells immunoreactive for the adrenaline synthesizing enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) are reduced by about 30% in c-Ret-deficient mice arguing for a direct or indirect role of c-Ret in the regulation of PNMT. Thus, despite expression of c-Ret, adrenal chromaffin cells develop largely normal in mice lacking c-Ret. We therefore conclude that sympathetic neurons and neuroendocrine chromaffin cells profoundly differ in their requirement for c-Ret signaling during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Allmendinger
- Neuroanatomy and Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Specht H, Peterziel H, Bajohrs M, Gerdes HH, Krieglstein K, Unsicker K. Transforming growth factor beta2 is released from PC12 cells via the regulated pathway of secretion. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 22:75-86. [PMID: 12595240 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(02)00023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2), a prototypic member of a large superfamily of multifunctional cytokines, is expressed by neurons and glial cells. Its subcellular compartmentalization and release from neurons, however, are largely unknown. Here we show that TGF-beta2 colocalizes with the trans-Golgi network marker TGN38 and a marker molecule for secretory granules, chromogranin B (CgB), in PC12 cells. Similarly, primary hippocampal neurons show colocalization of TGN38 and TGF-beta2. A substantial amount of endogenous as well as transfected TGF-beta2 in PC12 cells comigrates with CgB on an equilibrium gradient, suggesting costorage in secretory granules. TGF-beta biological activity peaks in identical fractions. Depolarization of PC12 cells with high potassium triggers colocalization of CgB and TGF-beta2 at the cell surface, suggesting their regulated corelease from secretory granules. High potassium also liberates biologically active TGF-beta from PC12 cells and primary neurons. Our results indicate that a substantial portion of TGF-beta2 is secreted by the regulated secretory pathway in PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Specht
- Neuroanatomy and Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 2.OG, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Peterziel H, Unsicker K, Krieglstein K. TGFbeta induces GDNF responsiveness in neurons by recruitment of GFRalpha1 to the plasma membrane. J Cell Biol 2002; 159:157-67. [PMID: 12370242 PMCID: PMC2173495 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200203115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the neurotrophic effect of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in vitro and in vivo requires the presence of transforming growth factor (TGF)beta. Using primary neurons (chick E8 ciliary) we show that the combination of GDNF plus TGFbeta promotes survival, whereas the single factors do not. This cooperative effect is inhibited by blocking the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK pathway, but not by interfering with the PI3 kinase signaling cascade. Although there is no functional GDNF signaling in the absence of TGFbeta, pretreatment with TGFbeta confers GDNF responsiveness to the cells. This is not due to upregulation of GDNF receptors mRNA and protein, but to TGFbeta-induced recruitment of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored GDNF receptor (GFR)alpha1 to the plasma membrane. This is supported by the fact that GDNF in the presence of a soluble GFRalpha1 can promote survival in the absence of TGFbeta. Our data suggest that TGFbeta is involved in GFRalpha1 membrane translocation, thereby permitting GDNF signaling and neurotrophic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Peterziel
- Department of Neuroanatomy, IZN, University of Heidelberg, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|