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Reinhard J, Mueller-Buehl C, Wiemann S, Roll L, Luft V, Shabani H, Rathbun DL, Gan L, Kuo CC, Franzen J, Joachim SC, Faissner A. Neural extracellular matrix regulates visual sensory motor integration. iScience 2024; 27:108846. [PMID: 38318351 PMCID: PMC10839651 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Visual processing depends on sensitive and balanced synaptic neurotransmission. Extracellular matrix proteins in the environment of cells are key modulators in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. In the present study, we provide evidence that the combined loss of the four extracellular matrix components, brevican, neurocan, tenascin-C, and tenascin-R, in quadruple knockout mice leads to severe retinal dysfunction and diminished visual motion processing in vivo. Remarkably, impaired visual motion processing was accompanied by a developmental loss of cholinergic direction-selective starburst amacrine cells. Additionally, we noted imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic signaling in the quadruple knockout retina. Collectively, the study offers insights into the functional importance of four key extracellular matrix proteins for retinal function, visual motion processing, and synaptic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Cornelius Mueller-Buehl
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Wiemann
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Roll
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Veronika Luft
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hamed Shabani
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel L. Rathbun
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lin Gan
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Chao-Chung Kuo
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Franzen
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C. Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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2
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Tewari BP, Chaunsali L, Prim CE, Sontheimer H. A glial perspective on the extracellular matrix and perineuronal net remodeling in the central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1022754. [PMID: 36339816 PMCID: PMC9630365 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1022754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A structural scaffold embedding brain cells and vasculature is known as extracellular matrix (ECM). The physical appearance of ECM in the central nervous system (CNS) ranges from a diffused, homogeneous, amorphous, and nearly omnipresent matrix to highly organized distinct morphologies such as basement membranes and perineuronal nets (PNNs). ECM changes its composition and organization during development, adulthood, aging, and in several CNS pathologies. This spatiotemporal dynamic nature of the ECM and PNNs brings a unique versatility to their functions spanning from neurogenesis, cell migration and differentiation, axonal growth, and pathfinding cues, etc., in the developing brain, to stabilizing synapses, neuromodulation, and being an active partner of tetrapartite synapses in the adult brain. The malleability of ECM and PNNs is governed by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Glial cells are among the major extrinsic factors that facilitate the remodeling of ECM and PNN, thereby acting as key regulators of diverse functions of ECM and PNN in health and diseases. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of PNNs and how glial cells are central to ECM and PNN remodeling in normal and pathological states of the CNS.
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3
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Tucker RP, Degen M. Revisiting the Tenascins: Exploitable as Cancer Targets? Front Oncol 2022; 12:908247. [PMID: 35785162 PMCID: PMC9248440 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.908247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For their full manifestation, tumors require support from the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), which includes a specific extracellular matrix (ECM), vasculature, and a variety of non-malignant host cells. Together, these components form a tumor-permissive niche that significantly differs from physiological conditions. While the TME helps to promote tumor progression, its special composition also provides potential targets for anti-cancer therapy. Targeting tumor-specific ECM molecules and stromal cells or disrupting aberrant mesenchyme-cancer communications might normalize the TME and improve cancer treatment outcome. The tenascins are a family of large, multifunctional extracellular glycoproteins consisting of four members. Although each have been described to be expressed in the ECM surrounding cancer cells, tenascin-C and tenascin-W are currently the most promising candidates for exploitability and clinical use as they are highly expressed in various tumor stroma with relatively low abundance in healthy tissues. Here, we review what is known about expression of all four tenascin family members in tumors, followed by a more thorough discussion on tenascin-C and tenascin-W focusing on their oncogenic functions and their potential as diagnostic and/or targetable molecules for anti-cancer treatment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Martin Degen
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Martin Degen,
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Mueller-Buehl C, Reinhard J, Roll L, Bader V, Winklhofer KF, Faissner A. Brevican, Neurocan, Tenascin-C, and Tenascin-R Act as Important Regulators of the Interplay Between Perineuronal Nets, Synaptic Integrity, Inhibitory Interneurons, and Otx2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886527. [PMID: 35721494 PMCID: PMC9201762 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons are critical for the function of mature cortical inhibitory circuits. Most of these neurons are enwrapped by a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) structure called perineuronal net (PNN), which can regulate their synaptic input. In this study, we investigated the relationship between PNNs, parvalbumin interneurons, and synaptic distribution on these cells in the adult primary visual cortex (V1) of quadruple knockout mice deficient for the ECM molecules brevican, neurocan, tenascin-C, and tenascin-R. We used super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to analyze PNN structure and associated synapses. In addition, we examined parvalbumin and calretinin interneuron populations. We observed a reduction in the number of PNN-enwrapped cells and clear disorganization of the PNN structure in the quadruple knockout V1. This was accompanied by an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory synapses with a reduction of inhibitory and an increase of excitatory synaptic elements along the PNNs. Furthermore, the number of parvalbumin interneurons was reduced in the quadruple knockout, while calretinin interneurons, which do not wear PNNs, did not display differences in number. Interestingly, we found the transcription factor Otx2 homeoprotein positive cell population also reduced. Otx2 is crucial for parvalbumin interneuron and PNN maturation, and a positive feedback loop between these parameters has been described. Collectively, these data indicate an important role of brevican, neurocan, tenascin-C, and tenascin-R in regulating the interplay between PNNs, inhibitory interneurons, synaptic distribution, and Otx2 in the V1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Mueller-Buehl
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Roll
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Verian Bader
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F. Winklhofer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Faissner,
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5
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Sánchez-Ventura J, Lane MA, Udina E. The Role and Modulation of Spinal Perineuronal Nets in the Healthy and Injured Spinal Cord. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:893857. [PMID: 35669108 PMCID: PMC9163449 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.893857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rather than being a stable scaffold, perineuronal nets (PNNs) are a dynamic and specialized extracellular matrix involved in plasticity modulation. They have been extensively studied in the brain and associated with neuroprotection, ionic buffering, and neural maturation. However, their biological function in the spinal cord and the effects of disrupting spinal PNNs remain elusive. The goal of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of spinal PNNs and their potential in pathological conditions such as traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). We also highlighted interventions that have been used to modulate the extracellular matrix after SCI, targeting the glial scar and spinal PNNs, in an effort to promote regeneration and stabilization of the spinal circuits, respectively. These concepts are discussed in the framework of developmental and neuroplastic changes in PNNs, drawing similarities between immature and denervated neurons after an SCI, which may provide a useful context for future SCI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Sánchez-Ventura
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Michael A. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- The Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Esther Udina
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Esther Udina
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6
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Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are condensed extracellular matrix (ECM) assemblies of
polyanionic chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and tenascins that
primarily wrap around GABAergic parvalbumin (PV) interneurons. During
development, PNN formation terminates the critical period of neuroplasticity, a
process that can be reversed by experimental disruption of PNNs. Perineuronal
nets also regulate the intrinsic properties of the enclosed PV neurons thereby
maintaining their inhibitory activity. Recent studies have implicated PNNs in
central nervous system diseases as well as PV neuron dysfunction; consequently,
they have further been associated with altered inhibition, particularly in the
genesis of epilepsy. A wide range of seizure presentations in human and rodent
models exhibit ECM remodeling with PNN disruption due to elevated protease
activity. Inhibition of PNN proteolysis reduces seizure activity suggesting that
PNN degrading enzymes may be potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Chaunsali
- School of Neuroscience Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Bhanu P Tewari
- Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
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7
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Dos Santos Guilherme M, Tsoutsouli T, Todorov H, Teifel S, Nguyen VTT, Gerber S, Endres K. N 6 -Methyladenosine Modification in Chronic Stress Response Due to Social Hierarchy Positioning of Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:705986. [PMID: 34490254 PMCID: PMC8417747 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.705986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriately responding to stressful events is essential for maintaining health and well-being of any organism. Concerning social stress, the response is not always as straightforward as reacting to physical stressors, e.g., extreme heat, and thus has to be balanced subtly. Particularly, regulatory mechanisms contributing to gaining resilience in the face of mild social stress are not fully deciphered yet. We employed an intrinsic social hierarchy stress paradigm in mice of both sexes to identify critical factors for potential coping strategies. While global transcriptomic changes could not be observed in male mice, several genes previously reported to be involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, and anxiety-like behavior were differentially regulated in female mice. Moreover, changes in N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-modification of mRNA occurred associated with corticosterone level in both sexes with, e.g., increased global amount in submissive female mice. In accordance with this, METTL14 and WTAP, subunits of the methyltransferase complex, showed elevated levels in submissive female mice. N6-adenosyl-methylation is the most prominent type of mRNA methylation and plays a crucial role in processes such as metabolism, but also response to physical stress. Our findings underpin its essential role by also providing a link to social stress evoked by hierarchy building within same-sex groups. As recently, search for small molecule modifiers for the respective class of RNA modifying enzymes has started, this might even lead to new therapeutic approaches against stress disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena Dos Santos Guilherme
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Theodora Tsoutsouli
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hristo Todorov
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sina Teifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vu Thu Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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8
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Miyata S. Structural and Functional Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix during Brain Development and Aging. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2021. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2003.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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9
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Miyata S. Structural and Functional Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix during Brain Development and Aging. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2021. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2003.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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10
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Mazuir E, Fricker D, Sol-Foulon N. Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Communication in Myelination of Cortical GABAergic Cells. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:216. [PMID: 33803153 PMCID: PMC7999565 DOI: 10.3390/life11030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal myelination by oligodendrocytes increases the speed and reliability of action potential propagation, and so plays a pivotal role in cortical information processing. The extent and profile of myelination vary between different cortical layers and groups of neurons. Two subtypes of cortical GABAergic neurons are myelinated: fast-spiking parvalbumin-expressing cells and somatostatin-containing cells. The expression of pre-nodes on the axon of these inhibitory cells before myelination illuminates communication between oligodendrocytes and neurons. We explore the consequences of myelination for action potential propagation, for patterns of neuronal connectivity and for the expression of behavioral plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mazuir
- Inserm, CNRS, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Desdemona Fricker
- CNRS UMR 8002, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Sol-Foulon
- Inserm, CNRS, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France
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11
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Kaur S, Roberts DD. Differential intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in genes that encode human matricellular proteins. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:93-105. [PMID: 33415696 PMCID: PMC7904989 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted gene disruption in mice has provided valuable insights into the functions of matricellular proteins. Apart from missense and loss of function mutations that have been associated with inherited diseases, however, their functions in humans remain unclear. The availability of deep exome sequencing data from over 140,000 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database provided an opportunity to examine intolerance to loss of function and missense mutations in human matricellular genes. The probability of loss-of-function intolerance (pLI) differed widely within members of the thrombospondin, CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN), tenascin, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING), and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene families. Notably, pLI values in humans had limited correlation with viability of the corresponding homozygous null mice. Among the thrombospondins, only THBS1 was highly loss-intolerant (pLI = 1). In contrast, Thbs1 is not essential for viability in mice. Several known thrombospondin-1 receptors were similarly loss-intolerant, although thrombospondin-1 is not the exclusive ligand for some of these receptors. The frequencies of missense mutations in THBS1 and the gene encoding its signaling receptor CD47 indicated conservation of some residues implicated in specific receptor binding. Deficits in missense mutations were also observed for other thrombospondin genes and for SPARC, SPOCK1, SPOCK2, TNR, and DSPP. The intolerance of THBS1 to loss of function in humans and elevated pLI values for THBS2, SPARC, SPOCK1, TNR, and CCN1 support important functions for these matricellular protein genes in humans, some of which may relate to functions in reproduction or responding to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10 Room 2S235, 10 Center Drive MSC1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1500, USA.
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10 Room 2S235, 10 Center Drive MSC1500, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1500, USA.
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An Extracellular Perspective on CNS Maturation: Perineuronal Nets and the Control of Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052434. [PMID: 33670945 PMCID: PMC7957817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During restricted time windows of postnatal life, called critical periods, neural circuits are highly plastic and are shaped by environmental stimuli. In several mammalian brain areas, from the cerebral cortex to the hippocampus and amygdala, the closure of the critical period is dependent on the formation of perineuronal nets. Perineuronal nets are a condensed form of an extracellular matrix, which surrounds the soma and proximal dendrites of subsets of neurons, enwrapping synaptic terminals. Experimentally disrupting perineuronal nets in adult animals induces the reactivation of critical period plasticity, pointing to a role of the perineuronal net as a molecular brake on plasticity as the critical period closes. Interestingly, in the adult brain, the expression of perineuronal nets is remarkably dynamic, changing its plasticity-associated conditions, including memory processes. In this review, we aimed to address how perineuronal nets contribute to the maturation of brain circuits and the regulation of adult brain plasticity and memory processes in physiological and pathological conditions.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Reproductive Sciences, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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14
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Rathjen FG, Hodge R. Early Days of Tenascin-R Research: Two Approaches Discovered and Shed Light on Tenascin-R. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612482. [PMID: 33488619 PMCID: PMC7820773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz G Rathjen
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Russell Hodge
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Sugitani K, Egorova D, Mizumoto S, Nishio S, Yamada S, Kitagawa H, Oshima K, Nadano D, Matsuda T, Miyata S. Hyaluronan degradation and release of a hyaluronan-aggrecan complex from perineuronal nets in the aged mouse brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129804. [PMID: 33253804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are insoluble aggregates of extracellular matrix molecules in the brain that consist of hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). PNNs promote the acquisition and storage of memories by stabilizing the formation of synapses in the adult brain. Although the deterioration of PNNs has been suggested to contribute to the age-dependent decline in brain function, the molecular mechanisms underlying age-related changes in PNNs remain unclear. METHODS The amount and solubility of PNN components were investigated by sequential extraction followed by a disaccharide analysis and immunoblotting. We examined the interaction between HA and aggrecan, a major HA-binding CSPG, by combining mass spectrometry and pull-down assays. RESULTS The solubility and amount of HA increased in the brain with age. Among several CSPGs, the solubility of aggrecan was selectively elevated during aging. In contrast to alternations in biochemical properties, the expression of PNN components at the transcript level was not markedly changed by aging. The increased solubility of aggrecan was not due to the loss of HA-binding properties. Our results indicated that the degradation of high-molecular-mass HA induced the release of the HA-aggrecan complex from PNNs in the aged brain. CONCLUSION The present study revealed a novel mechanism underlying the age-related deterioration of PNNs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Sugitani
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Diana Egorova
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-Ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nishio
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-Ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kenzi Oshima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daita Nadano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Abstract
The nodes of Ranvier have clustered Na+ and K+ channels necessary for rapid and efficient axonal action potential conduction. However, detailed mechanisms of channel clustering have only recently been identified: they include two independent axon-glia interactions that converge on distinct axonal cytoskeletons. Here, we discuss how glial cell adhesion molecules and the extracellular matrix molecules that bind them assemble combinations of ankyrins, spectrins and other cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins, which cluster ion channels. We present a detailed molecular model, incorporating these overlapping mechanisms, to explain how the nodes of Ranvier are assembled in both the peripheral and central nervous systems.
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17
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Extracellular Matrix in Neural Plasticity and Regeneration. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:647-664. [PMID: 33128689 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental component of biological tissues. The ECM in the central nervous system (CNS) is unique in both composition and function. Functions such as learning, memory, synaptogenesis, and plasticity are regulated by numerous ECM molecules. The neural ECM acts as a non-specific physical barrier that modulates neuronal plasticity and axon regeneration. There are two specialized types of ECM in the CNS, diffuse perisynaptic ECM and condensed ECM, which selectively surround the perikaryon and initial part of dendritic trees in subtypes of neurons, forming perineuronal nets. This review presents the current knowledge about the role of important neuronal ECM molecules in maintaining the basic functions of a neuron, including electrogenesis and the ability to form neural circuits. The review mainly focuses on the role of ECM components that participate in the control of key events such as cell survival, axonal growth, and synaptic remodeling. Particular attention is drawn to the numerous molecular partners of the main ECM components. These regulatory molecules are integrated into the cell membrane or disposed into the matrix itself in solid or soluble form. The interaction of the main matrix components with molecular partners seems essential in molecular mechanisms controlling neuronal functions. Special attention is paid to the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4, type 1 transmembrane protein, neural-glial antigen 2 (NG2/CSPG4), whose cleaved extracellular domain is such a molecular partner that it not only acts directly on neural and vascular cells, but also exerts its influence indirectly by binding to resident ECM molecules.
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Lubetzki C, Sol-Foulon N, Desmazières A. Nodes of Ranvier during development and repair in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:426-439. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wagner M, Lévy J, Jung-Klawitter S, Bakhtiari S, Monteiro F, Maroofian R, Bierhals T, Hempel M, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Kitajima JP, Kim CA, Salomao JG, Amor DJ, Cooper MS, Perrin L, Pipiras E, Neu A, Doosti M, Karimiani EG, Toosi MB, Houlden H, Jin SC, Si YC, Rodan LH, Venselaar H, Kruer MC, Kok F, Hoffmann GF, Strom TM, Wortmann SB, Tabet AC, Opladen T. Loss of TNR causes a nonprogressive neurodevelopmental disorder with spasticity and transient opisthotonus. Genet Med 2020; 22:1061-1068. [PMID: 32099069 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE TNR, encoding Tenascin-R, is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in neurite outgrowth and neural cell adhesion, proliferation and migration, axonal guidance, myelination, and synaptic plasticity. Tenascin-R is exclusively expressed in the central nervous system with highest expression after birth. The protein is crucial in the formation of perineuronal nets that ensheath interneurons. However, the role of Tenascin-R in human pathology is largely unknown. We aimed to establish TNR as a human disease gene and unravel the associated clinical spectrum. METHODS Exome sequencing and an online matchmaking tool were used to identify patients with biallelic variants in TNR. RESULTS We identified 13 individuals from 8 unrelated families with biallelic variants in TNR sharing a phenotype consisting of spastic para- or tetraparesis, axial muscular hypotonia, developmental delay, and transient opisthotonus. Four homozygous loss-of-function and four different missense variants were identified. CONCLUSION We establish TNR as a disease gene for an autosomal recessive nonprogressive neurodevelopmental disorder with spasticity and transient opisthotonus and highlight the role of central nervous system extracellular matrix proteins in the pathogenicity of spastic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University München, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Lévy
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Jung-Klawitter
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Somayeh Bakhtiari
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tatjana Bierhals
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Chong A Kim
- Genetic Unit, Instituto da Criança-HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia G Salomao
- Genetic Unit, Instituto da Criança-HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - David J Amor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Monica S Cooper
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eva Pipiras
- Department of Cytogenetics, Jean-Verdier Hospital, Paris 13 University, Embryology and Histology, AP-HP, Bondy, France
| | - Axel Neu
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Doosti
- Department of Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan G Karimiani
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University, London, UK
| | - Mehran B Toosi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lance H Rodan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael C Kruer
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Fernando Kok
- Mendelics Genomic Analysis, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Saskia B Wortmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.,University Childrens Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anne-Claude Tabet
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Department, Human Genetics and Cognitive Function Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Eill GJ, Sinha A, Morawski M, Viapiano MS, Matthews RT. The protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPζ/phosphacan is critical for perineuronal net structure. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Eill GJ, Sinha A, Morawski M, Viapiano MS, Matthews RT. The protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPζ/phosphacan is critical for perineuronal net structure. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:955-968. [PMID: 31822561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are conspicuous neuron-specific substructures within the extracellular matrix of the central nervous system that have generated an explosion of interest over the last decade. These reticulated structures appear to surround synapses on the cell bodies of a subset of the neurons in the central nervous system and play key roles in both developmental and adult-brain plasticity. Despite the interest in these structures and compelling demonstrations of their importance in regulating plasticity, their precise functional mechanisms remain elusive. The limited mechanistic understanding of PNNs is primarily because of an incomplete knowledge of their molecular composition and structure and a failure to identify PNN-specific targets. Thus, it has been challenging to precisely manipulate PNNs to rigorously investigate their function. Here, using mouse models and neuronal cultures, we demonstrate a role of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta (RPTPζ) in PNN structure. We found that in the absence of RPTPζ, the reticular structure of PNNs is lost and phenocopies the PNN structural abnormalities observed in tenascin-R knockout brains. Furthermore, we biochemically analyzed the contribution of RPTPζ to PNN formation and structure, which enabled us to generate a more detailed model for PNNs. We provide evidence for two distinct kinds of interactions of PNN components with the neuronal surface, one dependent on RPTPζ and the other requiring the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan. We propose that these findings offer important insight into PNN structure and lay important groundwork for future strategies to specifically disrupt PNNs to precisely dissect their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Eill
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Ashis Sinha
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mariano S Viapiano
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210.,Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Russell T Matthews
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
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22
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The roles of perineuronal nets and the perinodal extracellular matrix in neuronal function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:451-465. [PMID: 31263252 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-containing structures that surround the soma and dendrites of various mammalian neuronal cell types. PNNs appear during development around the time that the critical periods for developmental plasticity end and are important for both their onset and closure. A similar structure - the perinodal ECM - surrounds the axonal nodes of Ranvier and appears as myelination is completed, acting as an ion-diffusion barrier that affects axonal conduction speed. Recent work has revealed the importance of PNNs in controlling plasticity in the CNS. Digestion, blocking or removal of PNNs influences functional recovery after a variety of CNS lesions. PNNs have further been shown to be involved in the regulation of memory and have been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders.
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23
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Aktar R, Peiris M, Fikree A, Eaton S, Kritas S, Kentish SJ, Araujo EJA, Bacarin C, Page AJ, Voermans NC, Aziz Q, Blackshaw LA. A novel role for the extracellular matrix glycoprotein-Tenascin-X in gastric function. J Physiol 2019; 597:1503-1515. [PMID: 30605228 PMCID: PMC6418764 DOI: 10.1113/jp277195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Tenascin X (TNX) functions in the extracellular matrix of skin and joints where it maintains correct intercellular connections and tissue architecture TNX is associated exclusively with vagal-afferent endings and some myenteric neurones in mouse and human stomach, respectively. TNX-deficient mice have accelerated gastric emptying and hypersensitivity of gastric vagal mechanoreceptors that can be normalized by an inhibitor of vagal-afferent sensitivity. Cultured nodose ganglion neurones showed no changes in response to capsaicin, cholecystokinin and potassium chloride in TNX-deficient mice. TNX-deficient patients have upper gastric dysfunction consistent with those in a mouse model. Our translational studies suggest that abnormal gastric sensory function may explain the upper gut symptoms present in TNX deficient patients, thus making it important to study gastric physiology. TNX deficiency should be evaluated routinely in patients with connective tissue abnormalities, which will enable a better understanding of its role and allow targeted treatment. For example, inhibitors of vagal afferents-baclofen could be beneficial in patients. These hypotheses need confirmation via targeted clinical trials. ABSTRACT Tenascin-X (TNX) is a glycoprotein that regulates tissue structure via anti-adhesive interactions with collagen in the extracellular matrix. TNX deficiency causes a phenotype similar to hypermobility Ehlers-Danlos syndrome involving joint hypermobility, skin hyperelasticity, pain and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Previously, we have shown that TNX is required for neural control of the bowel by a specific subtype of mainly cholinergic enteric neurones and regulates sprouting and sensitivity of nociceptive sensory endings in mouse colon. These findings correlate with symptoms shown by TNX-deficient patients and mice. We aimed to identify whether TNX is similarly present in neural structures found in mouse and human gastric tissue. We then determined whether TNX has a functional role, specifically in gastric motor and sensory function and nodose ganglia neurones. We report that TNX was present in calretinin-immunoreactive extrinsic nerve endings in mouse and human stomach. TNX deficient mice had accelerated gastric emptying and markedly increased vagal afferent responses to gastric distension that could be rescued with GABAB receptor agonist. There were no changes in nodose ganglia excitability in TNX deficient mice, suggesting that vagal afferent responses are probably the result of altered peripheral mechanosensitivity. In TNXB-deficient patients, significantly greater symptoms of reflux, indigestion and abdominal pain were reported. In the present study, we report the first role for TNX in gastric function. Further studies are required in TNX deficient patients to determine whether symptoms can be relieved using GABAB agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Aktar
- Blizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Blizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Asma Fikree
- Blizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Simon Eaton
- Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Stamatiki Kritas
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteUniversity of AdelaideAustralia
| | - Stephen J. Kentish
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteUniversity of AdelaideAustralia
| | - Eduardo J. A. Araujo
- Blizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of HistologyCentre for Biological SciencesState University of LondrinaBrazil
| | - Cristiano Bacarin
- Department of HistologyCentre for Biological SciencesState University of LondrinaBrazil
| | - Amanda J. Page
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteUniversity of AdelaideAustralia
| | - Nicol C. Voermans
- Department of NeurologyRadboud University Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Qasim Aziz
- Blizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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Bekku Y, Oohashi T. Under the ECM Dome: The Physiological Role of the Perinodal Extracellular Matrix as an Ion Diffusion Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:107-122. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Wu J, Yu P, Jin X, Xu X, Li J, Li Z, Wang M, Wang T, Wu X, Jiang Y, Cai W, Mei J, Min Q, Xu Q, Zhou B, Guo H, Wang P, Zhou W, Hu Z, Li Y, Cai T, Wang Y, Xia K, Jiang YH, Sun ZS. Genomic landscapes of Chinese sporadic autism spectrum disorders revealed by whole-genome sequencing. J Genet Genomics 2018; 45:527-538. [PMID: 30392784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity. In this study, we identified all classes of genomic variants from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) dataset of 32 Chinese trios with ASD, including de novo mutations, inherited variants, copy number variants (CNVs) and genomic structural variants. A higher mutation rate (Poisson test, P < 2.2 × 10-16) in exonic (1.37 × 10-8) and 3'-UTR regions (1.42 × 10-8) was revealed in comparison with that of whole genome (1.05 × 10-8). Using an integrated model, we identified 87 potentially risk genes (P < 0.01) from 4832 genes harboring various rare deleterious variants, including CHD8 and NRXN2, implying that the disorders may be in favor to multiple-hit. In particular, frequent rare inherited mutations of several microcephaly-associated genes (ASPM, WDR62, and ZNF335) were found in ASD. In chromosomal structure analyses, we found four de novo CNVs and one de novo chromosomal rearrangement event, including a de novo duplication of UBE3A-containing region at 15q11.2-q13.1, which causes Angelman syndrome and microcephaly, and a disrupted TNR due to de novo chromosomal translocation t(1; 5)(q25.1; q33.2). Taken together, our results suggest that abnormalities of centrosomal function and chromatin remodeling of the microcephaly-associated genes may be implicated in pathogenesis of ASD. Adoption of WGS as a new yet efficient technique to illustrate the full genetic spectrum in complex disorders, such as ASD, could provide novel insights into pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Wu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xin Jin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiu Xu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhongshan Li
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | | | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xueli Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Wanshi Cai
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junpu Mei
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Qingjie Min
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bingrui Zhou
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | | | - Tao Cai
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Yong-Hui Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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The Impact of Perineuronal Net Digestion Using Chondroitinase ABC on the Intrinsic Physiology of Cortical Neurons. Neuroscience 2018; 388:23-35. [PMID: 30004010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are a form of aggregate Extracellular Matrix (ECM) in the brain. Recent evidence suggests that the postnatal deposition of PNNs may play an active role in regulating neuroplasticity and, potentially, neurological disorders. Observations of high levels of PNN expression around somas, proximal dendrites, and axon initial segments of a subtype of neurons have also led to proposals that PNNs may modulate the intrinsic properties of the neurons they ensheathe. While high levels of PNNs are postnatally expressed throughout the neocortex, it is still unclear how they impact the neuronal physiology of the many classes and subtypes of neurons that exist. In this study, we demonstrate that Chondroitinase ABC digestion of PNNs from acute cortical slices from juvenile mice (P28-35) resulted in neuron-specific impacts on intrinsic physiology. Fast spiking (FS) interneurons showed decreased input resistance, resting membrane potential (RMP), reduced action potential (AP) peaks and altered spontaneous synaptic inputs. Low-Threshold Spiking interneurons showed altered rebound depolarizations and decreased frequency of spontaneous synaptic inputs. Putative excitatory neurons; regular spiking, bursting, and doublet phenotypes did not demonstrate any alterations. Our data indicate that chABC-sensitive PNNs may specifically regulate the intrinsic and synaptic physiology of inhibitory interneurons.
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McDonald AJ, Hamilton PG, Barnstable CJ. Perineuronal nets labeled by monoclonal antibody VC1.1 ensheath interneurons expressing parvalbumin and calbindin in the rat amygdala. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:1133-1148. [PMID: 29094304 PMCID: PMC5871560 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized condensations of extracellular matrix that ensheath particular neuronal subpopulations in the brain and spinal cord. PNNs regulate synaptic plasticity, including the encoding of fear memories by the amygdala. The present immunohistochemical investigation studied PNN structure and distribution, as well as the neurochemistry of their ensheathed neurons, in the rat amygdala using monoclonal antibody VC1.1, which recognizes a glucuronic acid 3-sulfate glycan associated with PNNs in the cerebral cortex. VC1.1+ PNNs surrounded the cell bodies and dendrites of a subset of nonpyramidal neurons in cortex-like portions of the amygdala (basolateral amygdalar complex, cortical nuclei, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, and amygdalohippocampal region). There was also significant neuropilar VC1.1 immunoreactivity, whose density varied in different amygdalar nuclei. Cell counts in the basolateral nucleus revealed that virtually all neurons ensheathed by VC1.1+ PNNs were parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons, and these VC1.1+/PV+ cells constituted 60% of all PV+ interneurons, including all of the larger PV+ neurons. Approximately 70% of VC1.1+ neurons were calbindin-positive (CB+), and these VC1.1+/CB+ cells constituted about 40% of all CB+ neurons. Colocalization of VC1.1 with Vicia villosa agglutinin (VVA) binding, which stains terminal N-acetylgalactosamines, revealed that VC1.1+ PNNs were largely a subset of VVA+ PNNs. This investigation provides baseline data regarding PNNs in the rat which should be useful for future studies of their function in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Patricia G Hamilton
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Colin J Barnstable
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Proteolytic Remodeling of Perineuronal Nets: Effects on Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Population Dynamics. Neural Plast 2018. [PMID: 29531525 PMCID: PMC5817213 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5735789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The perineuronal net (PNN) represents a lattice-like structure that is prominently expressed along the soma and proximal dendrites of parvalbumin- (PV-) positive interneurons in varied brain regions including the cortex and hippocampus. It is thus apposed to sites at which PV neurons receive synaptic input. Emerging evidence suggests that changes in PNN integrity may affect glutamatergic input to PV interneurons, a population that is critical for the expression of synchronous neuronal population discharges that occur with gamma oscillations and sharp-wave ripples. The present review is focused on the composition of PNNs, posttranslation modulation of PNN components by sulfation and proteolysis, PNN alterations in disease, and potential effects of PNN remodeling on neuronal plasticity at the single-cell and population level.
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29
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Stryker C, Camperchioli DW, Mayer CA, Alilain WJ, Martin RJ, MacFarlane PM. Respiratory dysfunction following neonatal sustained hypoxia exposure during a critical window of brain stem extracellular matrix formation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R216-R227. [PMID: 29046314 PMCID: PMC5867672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00199.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) modulates brain maturation and plays a major role in regulating neuronal plasticity during critical periods of development. We examined 1) whether there is a critical postnatal period of ECM expression in brain stem cardiorespiratory control regions and 2) whether the attenuated hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) following neonatal sustained (5 days) hypoxia [SH (11% O2, 24 h/day)] exposure is associated with altered ECM formation. The nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, hypoglossal motor nucleus, cuneate nucleus, and area postrema were immunofluorescently processed for aggrecan and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), a key proteoglycan of the ECM and the perineuronal net. From postnatal day ( P) 5 ( P5), aggrecan and WFA expression increased postnatally in all regions. We observed an abrupt increase in aggrecan expression in the nTS, a region that integrates and receives afferent inputs from the carotid body, between P10 and P15 followed by a distinct and transient plateau between P15 and P20. WFA expression in the nTS exhibited an analogous transient plateau, but it occurred earlier (between P10 and P15). SH between P11 and P15 attenuated the HVR (assessed at P16) and increased aggrecan (but not WFA) expression in the nTS, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and area postrema. An intracisternal microinjection of chondroitinase ABC, an enzyme that digests chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, rescued the HVR and the increased aggrecan expression. These data indicate that important stages of ECM formation take place in key brain stem respiratory neural control regions and appear to be associated with a heightened vulnerability to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Stryker
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - C. A. Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - W. J. Alilain
- Department of Neurosciences, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - R. J. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - P. M. MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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30
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Lasek AW, Chen H, Chen WY. Releasing Addiction Memories Trapped in Perineuronal Nets. Trends Genet 2017; 34:197-208. [PMID: 29289347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction can be conceptualized at a basic level as maladaptive learning and memory. Addictive substances elicit changes in brain circuitry involved in reward, cognition, and emotional state, leading to the formation and persistence of strong drug-associated memories that lead to craving and relapse. Recently, perineuronal nets (PNNs), extracellular matrix (ECM) structures surrounding neurons, have emerged as regulators of learning, memory, and addiction behaviors. PNNs do not merely provide structural support to neurons but are dynamically remodeled in an experience-dependent manner by metalloproteinases. They function in various brain regions through constituent proteins such as brevican that are implicated in neural plasticity. Understanding the function of PNN components in memory processes may lead to new therapeutic approaches to treating addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W Lasek
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics and Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Hu Chen
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics and Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wei-Yang Chen
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics and Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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31
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Okuda H. A review of functional heterogeneity among astrocytes and the CS56-specific antibody-mediated detection of a subpopulation of astrocytes in adult brains. Anat Sci Int 2017; 93:161-168. [PMID: 29086253 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-017-0420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes comprise the largest class of glial cells in the mammalian central nerve system (CNS). Although astrocytes were long considered to be a homogeneous population of neuron-supporting cells, recent decades have seen a shift toward the recognition that astrocytes exhibit morphological and functional heterogeneities and serve as essential modulators of brain functions. However, the mechanism underlying astrocyte diversity remains unclear, and the different subpopulations are difficult to identify due to a lack of specific cell markers. In this review, I discuss current knowledge regarding astrocyte heterogeneity and introduce a subpopulation that can be detected via labeling with a chondroitin sulfate-specific antibody (CS56). These CS56-positive astrocytes were found to selectively express tenascin-R (TNR) in the adult mouse cerebral cortex. Further research demonstrated significantly lower levels of glutamate uptake activity and glutamate aspartate transporter expression in TNR-knockdown astrocytes relative to controls, suggesting that the expression and secretion of Tnr by a subpopulation of astrocytes may contribute to region-specific neuron-astrocyte interactions. In summary, these results suggest that CS56-specific antibody and Tnr could be used as novel markers to detect an astrocyte subpopulation in the adult CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Okuda
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
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32
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Reinhard J, Roll L, Faissner A. Tenascins in Retinal and Optic Nerve Neurodegeneration. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:30. [PMID: 29109681 PMCID: PMC5660115 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascins represent key constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM) with major impact on central nervous system (CNS) development. In this regard, several studies indicate that they play a crucial role in axonal growth and guidance, synaptogenesis and boundary formation. These functions are not only important during development, but also for regeneration under several pathological conditions. Additionally, tenascin-C (Tnc) represents a key modulator of the immune system and inflammatory processes. In the present review article, we focus on the function of Tnc and tenascin-R (Tnr) in the diseased CNS, specifically after retinal and optic nerve damage and degeneration. We summarize the current view on both tenascins in diseases such as glaucoma, retinal ischemia, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic retinopathy. In this context, we discuss their expression profile, possible functional relevance, remodeling of the interacting matrisome and tenascin receptors, especially under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Roll
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
The PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway is essential for retrotransposon silencing. In piRNA-deficient mice, L1-overexpressing male germ cells exhibit excessive DNA damage and meiotic defects. It remains unknown whether L1 expression simply highlights piRNA deficiency or actually drives the germ-cell demise. Specifically, the sheer abundance of genomic L1 copies prevents reliable quantification of new insertions. Here, we developed a codon-optimized L1 transgene that is controlled by an endogenous mouse L1 promoter. Importantly, DNA methylation dynamics of a single-copy transgene were indistinguishable from those of endogenous L1s. Analysis of Mov10l1-/- testes established that de novo methylation of the L1 transgene required the intact piRNA pathway. Consistent with loss of DNA methylation and programmed reduction of H3K9me2 at meiotic onset, the transgene showed 1,400-fold increase in RNA expression and consequently 70-fold increase in retrotransposition in postnatal day 14 Mov10l1-/- germ cells compared with the wild-type. Analysis of adult Mov10l1-/- germ-cell fractions indicated a stage-specific increase of retrotransposition in the early meiotic prophase. However, extrapolation of the transgene data to endogenous L1s suggests that it is unlikely insertional mutagenesis alone accounts for the Mov10l1-/- phenotype. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of reverse transcription did not rescue the meiotic defect. Cumulatively, these results establish the occurrence of productive L1 mobilization in the absence of an intact piRNA pathway but leave open the possibility of processes preceding L1 integration in triggering meiotic checkpoints and germ-cell death. Additionally, our data suggest that many heritable L1 insertions originate from individuals with partially compromised piRNA defense.
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Formation and remodeling of the brain extracellular matrix in neural plasticity: Roles of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017. [PMID: 28625420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is rich in glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronan. These glycosaminoglycans are organized into either diffuse or condensed ECM. Diffuse ECM is distributed throughout the brain and fills perisynaptic spaces, whereas condensed ECM selectively surrounds parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons (PV cells) in mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). The brain ECM acts as a non-specific physical barrier that modulates neural plasticity and axon regeneration. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the molecular basis of organization and remodeling of the brain ECM, and the involvement of several types of experience-dependent neural plasticity, with a particular focus on the mechanism that regulates PV cell function through specific interactions between CS chains and their binding partners. We also discuss how the barrier function of the brain ECM restricts dendritic spine dynamics and limits axon regeneration after injury. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The brain ECM not only forms physical barriers that modulate neural plasticity and axon regeneration, but also forms molecular brakes that actively controls maturation of PV cells and synapse plasticity in which sulfation patterns of CS chains play a key role. Structural remodeling of the brain ECM modulates neural function during development and pathogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Genetic or enzymatic manipulation of the brain ECM may restore neural plasticity and enhance recovery from nerve injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuro-glycoscience, edited by Kenji Kadomatsu and Hiroshi Kitagawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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35
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Nelson AD, Jenkins PM. Axonal Membranes and Their Domains: Assembly and Function of the Axon Initial Segment and Node of Ranvier. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:136. [PMID: 28536506 PMCID: PMC5422562 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly specialized cells of the nervous system that receive, process and transmit electrical signals critical for normal brain function. Here, we review the intricate organization of axonal membrane domains that facilitate rapid action potential conduction underlying communication between complex neuronal circuits. Two critical excitable domains of vertebrate axons are the axon initial segment (AIS) and the nodes of Ranvier, which are characterized by the high concentrations of voltage-gated ion channels, cell adhesion molecules and specialized cytoskeletal networks. The AIS is located at the proximal region of the axon and serves as the site of action potential initiation, while nodes of Ranvier, gaps between adjacent myelin sheaths, allow rapid propagation of the action potential through saltatory conduction. The AIS and nodes of Ranvier are assembled by ankyrins, spectrins and their associated binding partners through the clustering of membrane proteins and connection to the underlying cytoskeleton network. Although the AIS and nodes of Ranvier share similar protein composition, their mechanisms of assembly are strikingly different. Here we will cover the mechanisms of formation and maintenance of these axonal excitable membrane domains, specifically highlighting the similarities and differences between them. We will also discuss recent advances in super resolution fluorescence imaging which have elucidated the arrangement of the submembranous axonal cytoskeleton revealing a surprising structural organization necessary to maintain axonal organization and function. Finally, human mutations in axonal domain components have been associated with a growing number of neurological disorders including severe cognitive dysfunction, epilepsy, autism, neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Overall, this review highlights the assembly, maintenance and function of axonal excitable domains, particularly the AIS and nodes of Ranvier, and how abnormalities in these processes may contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA
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36
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Song I, Dityatev A. Crosstalk between glia, extracellular matrix and neurons. Brain Res Bull 2017; 136:101-108. [PMID: 28284900 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the central nervous system form highly organized ECM structures around cell somata, axon initial segments, and synapses and play prominent roles in early development by guiding cell migration, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, and by regulating closure of the critical period of development, synaptic plasticity and stability, cognitive flexibility, and axonal regeneration in adults. Major components of neural ECM, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), tenascin-R and hyaluronic acid, are synthesized by both neurons and glial cells. The expression of these molecules is dynamically regulated during brain development in physiological conditions, shaping both neuronal and glial functions through multitude of molecular mechanisms. Upregulation of particular CSPGs and other ECM molecules, in particular by reactive astrocytes, after CNS injuries, during aging, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration on the one hand results in formation of growth-impermissive environment and impaired synaptic plasticity. On the other hand, ECM appeared to have a neuroprotective effect, at least in the form of perineuronal nets. CSPGs-degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and several members of the disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family of proteases are secreted by neurons and glia and may drive neural ECM remodeling in physiological conditions as well as after brain injury and other brain disorders. Thus, targeting expression of specific ECM molecules, associated glycans and degrading enzymes may lead to development of new therapeutic strategies promoting regeneration and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseon Song
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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37
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Su J, Cole J, Fox MA. Loss of Interneuron-Derived Collagen XIX Leads to a Reduction in Perineuronal Nets in the Mammalian Telencephalon. ASN Neuro 2017; 9:1759091416689020. [PMID: 28090790 PMCID: PMC5298462 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416689020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are lattice-like supramolecular assemblies of extracellular glycoproteins that surround subsets of neuronal cell bodies in the mammalian telencephalon. PNNs emerge at the end of the critical period of brain development, limit neuronal plasticity in the adult brain, and are lost in a variety of complex brain disorders diseases, including schizophrenia. The link between PNNs and schizophrenia led us to question whether neuronally expressed extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules associated with schizophrenia contribute to the assembly of these specialized supramolecular ECM assemblies. We focused on collagen XIX-a minor, nonfibrillar collagen expressed by subsets of telencephalic interneurons. Genetic alterations in the region encoding collagen XIX have been associated with familial schizophrenia, and loss of this collagen in mice results in altered inhibitory synapses, seizures, and the acquisition of schizophrenia-related behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that loss of collagen XIX also results in a reduction of telencephalic PNNs. Loss of PNNs was accompanied with reduced levels of aggrecan (Acan), a major component of PNNs. Despite reduced levels of PNN constituents in collagen XIX-deficient mice ( col19a1-/-), we failed to detect reduced expression of genes encoding these ECM molecules. Instead, we discovered a widespread upregulation of extracellular proteases capable of cleaving Acan and other PNN constituents in col19a1-/- brains. Taken together, these results suggest a mechanism by which the loss of collagen XIX speeds PNN degradation and they identify a novel mechanism by which the loss of collagen XIX may contribute to complex brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Su
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - James Cole
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Michael A. Fox
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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38
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Lee PKM, Goh WWB, Sng JCG. Network-based characterization of the synaptic proteome reveals that removal of epigenetic regulator Prmt8 restricts proteins associated with synaptic maturation. J Neurochem 2017; 140:613-628. [PMID: 27935040 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain adapts to dynamic environmental conditions by altering its epigenetic state, thereby influencing neuronal transcriptional programs. An example of an epigenetic modification is protein methylation, catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMT). One member, Prmt8, is selectively expressed in the central nervous system during a crucial phase of early development, but little else is known regarding its function. We hypothesize Prmt8 plays a role in synaptic maturation during development. To evaluate this, we used a proteome-wide approach to characterize the synaptic proteome of Prmt8 knockout versus wild-type mice. Through comparative network-based analyses, proteins and functional clusters related to neurite development were identified to be differentially regulated between the two genotypes. One interesting protein that was differentially regulated was tenascin-R (TNR). Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated binding of PRMT8 to the tenascin-r (Tnr) promoter. TNR, a component of perineuronal nets, preserves structural integrity of synaptic connections within neuronal networks during the development of visual-somatosensory cortices. On closer inspection, Prmt8 removal increased net formation and decreased inhibitory parvalbumin-positive (PV+) puncta on pyramidal neurons, thereby hindering the maturation of circuits. Consequently, visual acuity of the knockout mice was reduced. Our results demonstrated Prmt8's involvement in synaptic maturation and its prospect as an epigenetic modulator of developmental neuroplasticity by regulating structural elements such as the perineuronal nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kia Ming Lee
- Integrative Neuroscience Program, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wilson Wen Bin Goh
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Judy Chia Ghee Sng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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39
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Amor V, Zhang C, Vainshtein A, Zhang A, Zollinger DR, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Brophy PJ, Rasband MN, Peles E. The paranodal cytoskeleton clusters Na + channels at nodes of Ranvier. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28134616 PMCID: PMC5279941 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A high density of Na+ channels at nodes of Ranvier is necessary for rapid and efficient action potential propagation in myelinated axons. Na+ channel clustering is thought to depend on two axonal cell adhesion molecules that mediate interactions between the axon and myelinating glia at the nodal gap (i.e., NF186) and the paranodal junction (i.e., Caspr). Here we show that while Na+ channels cluster at nodes in the absence of NF186, they fail to do so in double conditional knockout mice lacking both NF186 and the paranodal cell adhesion molecule Caspr, demonstrating that a paranodal junction-dependent mechanism can cluster Na+ channels at nodes. Furthermore, we show that paranode-dependent clustering of nodal Na+ channels requires axonal βII spectrin which is concentrated at paranodes. Our results reveal that the paranodal junction-dependent mechanism of Na+channel clustering is mediated by the spectrin-based paranodal axonal cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Amor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chuansheng Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Anna Vainshtein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ao Zhang
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Zollinger
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Peter J Brophy
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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40
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Amyloid precursor protein modulates Nav1.6 sodium channel currents through a Go-coupled JNK pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39320. [PMID: 28008944 PMCID: PMC5180232 DOI: 10.1038/srep39320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP), commonly associated with Alzheimer’s disease, also marks axonal degeneration. In the recent studies, we demonstrated that APP aggregated at nodes of Ranvier (NORs) in myelinated central nervous system (CNS) axons and interacted with Nav1.6. However, the physiological function of APP remains unknown. In this study, we described reduced sodium current densities in APP knockout hippocampal neurons. Coexpression of APP or its intracellular domains containing a VTPEER motif with Nav1.6 sodium channels in Xenopus oocytes resulted in an increase in peak sodium currents, which was enhanced by constitutively active Go mutant and blocked by a dominant negative mutant. JNK and CDK5 inhibitor attenuated increases in Nav1.6 sodium currents induced by overexpression of APP. Nav1.6 sodium currents were increased by APPT668E (mutant Thr to Glu) and decreased by T668A (mutant Thr to ALa) mutant, respectively. The cell surface expression of Nav1.6 sodium channels in the white matter of spinal cord and the spinal conduction velocity is decreased in APP, p35 and JNK3 knockout mice. Therefore, APP modulates Nav1.6 sodium channels through a Go-coupled JNK pathway, which is dependent on phosphorylation of APP at Thr668.
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41
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Gennarini G, Bizzoca A, Picocci S, Puzzo D, Corsi P, Furley AJW. The role of Gpi-anchored axonal glycoproteins in neural development and neurological disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 81:49-63. [PMID: 27871938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the Contactin (CNTN) subset of the Immunoglobulin supergene family (IgC2/FNIII molecules), whose components share structural properties (the association of Immunoglobulin type C2 with Fibronectin type III domains), as well as a general role in cell contact formation and axonal growth control. IgC2/FNIII molecules include 6 highly related components (CNTN 1-6), associated with the cell membrane via a Glycosyl Phosphatidyl Inositol (GPI)-containing lipid tail. Contactin 1 and Contactin 2 share ~50 (49.38)% identity at the aminoacid level. They are components of the cell surface, from which they may be released in soluble forms. They bind heterophilically to multiple partners in cis and in trans, including members of the related L1CAM family and of the Neurexin family Contactin-associated proteins (CNTNAPs or Casprs). Such interactions are important for organising the neuronal membrane, as well as for modulating the growth and pathfinding of axon tracts. In addition, they also mediate the functional maturation of axons by promoting their interactions with myelinating cells at the nodal, paranodal and juxtaparanodal regions. Such interactions also mediate differential ionic channels (both Na+ and K+) distribution, which is of critical relevance in the generation of the peak-shaped action potential. Indeed, thanks to their interactions with Ankyrin G, Na+ channels map within the nodal regions, where they drive axonal depolarization. However, no ionic channels are found in the flanking Contactin1-containing paranodal regions, where CNTN1 interactions with Caspr1 and with the Ig superfamily component Neurofascin 155 in cis and in trans, respectively, build a molecular barrier between the node and the juxtaparanode. In this region K+ channels are clustered, depending upon molecular interactions with Contactin 2 and with Caspr2. In addition to these functions, the Contactins appear to have also a role in degenerative and inflammatory disorders: indeed Contactin 2 is involved in neurodegenerative disorders with a special reference to the Alzheimer disease, given its ability to work as a ligand of the Alzheimer Precursor Protein (APP), which results in increased Alzheimer Intracellular Domain (AICD) release in a γ-secretase-dependent manner. On the other hand Contactin 1 drives Notch signalling activation via the Hes pathway, which could be consistent with its ability to modulate neuroinflammation events, and with the possibility that Contactin 1-dependent interactions may participate to the pathogenesis of the Multiple Sclerosis and of other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Gennarini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Picocci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Puzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Patrizia Corsi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrew J W Furley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2NT, UK
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42
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Arnst N, Kuznetsova S, Lipachev N, Shaikhutdinov N, Melnikova A, Mavlikeev M, Uvarov P, Baltina TV, Rauvala H, Osin YN, Kiyasov AP, Paveliev M. Spatial patterns and cell surface clusters in perineuronal nets. Brain Res 2016; 1648:214-223. [PMID: 27425428 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNN) ensheath GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses on neuronal cell surface in the central nervous system (CNS), have neuroprotective effect in animal models of Alzheimer disease and regulate synaptic plasticity during development and regeneration. Crucial insights were obtained recently concerning molecular composition and physiological importance of PNN but the microstructure of the network remains largely unstudied. Here we used histochemistry, fluorescent microscopy and quantitative image analysis to study the PNN structure in adult mouse and rat neurons from layers IV and VI of the somatosensory cortex. Vast majority of meshes have quadrangle, pentagon or hexagon shape with mean mesh area of 1.29µm(2) in mouse and 1.44µm(2) in rat neurons. We demonstrate two distinct patterns of chondroitin sulfate distribution within a single mesh - with uniform (nonpolar) and node-enriched (polar) distribution of the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive signal. Vertices of the node-enriched pattern match better with local maxima of chondroitin sulfate density as compared to the uniform pattern. PNN is organized into clusters of meshes with distinct morphologies on the neuronal cell surface. Our findings suggest the role for the PNN microstructure in the synaptic transduction and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Arnst
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Svetlana Kuznetsova
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytic Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, Parizhskoy Kommuny Str 9, 420021 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Nikita Lipachev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nurislam Shaikhutdinov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Melnikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Mavlikeev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatyana V Baltina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Heikki Rauvala
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuriy N Osin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytic Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, Parizhskoy Kommuny Str 9, 420021 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Andrey P Kiyasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Paveliev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia.
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Freeman SA, Desmazières A, Fricker D, Lubetzki C, Sol-Foulon N. Mechanisms of sodium channel clustering and its influence on axonal impulse conduction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:723-35. [PMID: 26514731 PMCID: PMC4735253 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The efficient propagation of action potentials along nervous fibers is necessary for animals to interact with the environment with timeliness and precision. Myelination of axons is an essential step to ensure fast action potential propagation by saltatory conduction, a process that requires highly concentrated voltage-gated sodium channels at the nodes of Ranvier. Recent studies suggest that the clustering of sodium channels can influence axonal impulse conduction in both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers, which could have major implications in disease, particularly demyelinating pathology. This comprehensive review summarizes the mechanisms governing the clustering of sodium channels at the peripheral and central nervous system nodes and the specific roles of their clustering in influencing action potential conduction. We further highlight the classical biophysical parameters implicated in conduction timing, followed by a detailed discussion on how sodium channel clustering along unmyelinated axons can impact axonal impulse conduction in both physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Freeman
- ICM-GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1127, 75013, Paris, France.
- Inserm U1127, 75013, Paris, France.
- CNRS UMR7225, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Anne Desmazières
- ICM-GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1127, 75013, Paris, France.
- Inserm U1127, 75013, Paris, France.
- CNRS UMR7225, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Desdemona Fricker
- ICM-GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1127, 75013, Paris, France.
- Inserm U1127, 75013, Paris, France.
- CNRS UMR7225, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- ICM-GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1127, 75013, Paris, France.
- Inserm U1127, 75013, Paris, France.
- CNRS UMR7225, 75013, Paris, France.
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| | - Nathalie Sol-Foulon
- ICM-GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1127, 75013, Paris, France.
- Inserm U1127, 75013, Paris, France.
- CNRS UMR7225, 75013, Paris, France.
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Dauth S, Grevesse T, Pantazopoulos H, Campbell PH, Maoz BM, Berretta S, Parker KK. Extracellular matrix protein expression is brain region dependent. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:1309-36. [PMID: 26780384 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, extracellular matrix (ECM) components form networks that contribute to structural and functional diversity. Maladaptive remodeling of ECM networks has been reported in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, suggesting that the brain microenvironment is a dynamic structure. A lack of quantitative information about ECM distribution in the brain hinders an understanding of region-specific ECM functions and the role of ECM in health and disease. We hypothesized that each ECM protein as well as specific ECM structures, such as perineuronal nets (PNNs) and interstitial matrix, are differentially distributed throughout the brain, contributing to the unique structure and function in the various regions of the brain. To test our hypothesis, we quantitatively analyzed the distribution, colocalization, and protein expression of aggrecan, brevican, and tenascin-R throughout the rat brain utilizing immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry analysis and assessed the effect of aggrecan, brevican, and/or tenascin-R on neurite outgrowth in vitro. We focused on aggrecan, brevican, and tenascin-R as they are especially expressed in the mature brain, and have established roles in brain development, plasticity, and neurite outgrowth. The results revealed a differentiated distribution of all three proteins throughout the brain and indicated that their presence significantly reduces neurite outgrowth in a 3D in vitro environment. These results underline the importance of a unique and complex ECM distribution for brain physiology and suggest that encoding the distribution of distinct ECM proteins throughout the brain will aid in understanding their function in physiology and in turn assist in identifying their role in disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1309-1336, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dauth
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Thomas Grevesse
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Patrick H Campbell
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Ben M Maoz
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
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Gaal B, Jóhannesson EÖ, Dattani A, Magyar A, Wéber I, Matesz C. Modification of tenascin-R expression following unilateral labyrinthectomy in rats indicates its possible role in neural plasticity of the vestibular neural circuit. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1463-70. [PMID: 26604908 PMCID: PMC4625513 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.165517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously found that unilateral labyrinthectomy is accompanied by modification of hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan staining in the lateral vestibular nucleus of rats and the time course of subsequent reorganization of extracellular matrix assembly correlates to the restoration of impaired vestibular function. The tenascin-R has repelling effect on pathfinding during axonal growth/regrowth, and thus inhibits neural circuit repair. By using immunohistochemical method, we studied the modification of tenascin-R expression in the superior, medial, lateral, and descending vestibular nuclei of the rat following unilateral labyrinthectomy. On postoperative day 1, tenascin-R reaction in the perineuronal nets disappeared on the side of labyrinthectomy in the superior, lateral, medial, and rostral part of the descending vestibular nuclei. On survival day 3, the staining intensity of tenascin-R reaction in perineuronal nets recovered on the operated side of the medial vestibular nucleus, whereas it was restored by the time of postoperative day 7 in the superior, lateral and rostral part of the descending vestibular nuclei. The staining intensity of tenascin-R reaction remained unchanged in the caudal part of the descending vestibular nucleus bilaterally. Regional differences in the modification of tenascin-R expression presented here may be associated with different roles of individual vestibular nuclei in the compensatory processes. The decreased expression of the tenascin-R may suggest the extracellular facilitation of plastic modifications in the vestibular neural circuit after lesion of the labyrinthine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Gaal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Einar Örn Jóhannesson
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Amit Dattani
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Agnes Magyar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Wéber
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Clara Matesz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary ; MTA-DE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
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46
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Suttkus A, Holzer M, Morawski M, Arendt T. The neuronal extracellular matrix restricts distribution and internalization of aggregated Tau-protein. Neuroscience 2015; 313:225-35. [PMID: 26621125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic degenerative disorder characterized by fibrillary aggregates of Aß and Tau-protein. Formation and progression of these pathological hallmarks throughout the brain follow a specific spatio-temporal pattern which provides the basis for neuropathological staging. Previously, we could demonstrate that cortical and subcortical neurons are less frequently affected by neurofibrillary degeneration if they are enwrapped by a specialized form of the hyaluronan-based extracellular matrix (ECM), the so called 'perineuronal net' (PN). PNs are composed of large aggregating chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans connected to a hyaluronan backbone, stabilized by link proteins and cross-linked via tenascin-R. Recently, PN-associated neurons were shown to be better protected against iron-induced neurodegeneration compared to neurons without PN, indicating a neuroprotective function. Here, we investigated the role of PNs in distribution and internalization of exogenous Tau-protein by using organotypic slice cultures of wildtype mice as well as mice lacking the ECM-components aggrecan, HAPLN1 or tenascin-R. We could demonstrate that PNs restrict both distribution and internalization of Tau. Accordingly, PN-ensheathed neurons were less frequently affected by Tau-internalization, than neurons without PN. Finally, the PNs as well as their three investigated components were shown to modulate the processes of distribution as well as internalization of Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suttkus
- University of Leipzig, Department for Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - M Holzer
- University of Leipzig, Department for Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Morawski
- University of Leipzig, Department for Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - T Arendt
- University of Leipzig, Department for Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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47
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Perineuronal nets in the auditory system. Hear Res 2015; 329:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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48
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Oohashi T, Edamatsu M, Bekku Y, Carulli D. The hyaluronan and proteoglycan link proteins: Organizers of the brain extracellular matrix and key molecules for neuronal function and plasticity. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:134-44. [PMID: 26387938 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hyaluronan and proteoglycanbinding link protein (Hapln) is a key molecule in the formation and control of hyaluronan-based condensed perineuronal matrix in the adult brain. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the role of Haplns in the formation and control of two distinct types of perineuronal matrices, one for "classical" PNN and the other for the specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) at the node of Ranvier in the central nervous system (CNS). We introduce the structural components of each ECM organization including the basic concept of supramolecular structure named "HLT model". We furthermore summarize the developmental and physiological role of perineuronal ECMs from the studies of Haplns and related molecules. Finally, we also discuss the potential mechanism modulating PNNs in the adult CNS. This layer of organized matrices may exert a direct effect via core protein or sugar moiety from the structure or by acting as a binding site for biologically active molecules, which are important for neuronal plasticity and saltatory conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Oohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Midori Edamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoko Bekku
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniela Carulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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49
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Xu DE, Zhang WM, Yang ZZ, Zhu HM, Yan K, Li S, Bagnard D, Dawe GS, Ma QH, Xiao ZC. Amyloid precursor protein at node of Ranvier modulates nodal formation. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:396-403. [PMID: 25482638 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP), commonly associated with Alzheimer disease, is upregulated and distributes evenly along the injured axons, and therefore, also known as a marker of demyelinating axonal injury and axonal degeneration. However, the physiological distribution and function of APP along myelinated axons was unknown. We report that APP aggregates at nodes of Ranvier (NOR) in the myelinated central nervous system (CNS) axons but not in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). At CNS NORs, APP expression co-localizes with tenascin-R and is flanked by juxtaparanodal potassium channel expression demonstrating that APP localized to NOR. In APP-knockout (KO) mice, nodal length is significantly increased, while sodium channels are still clustered at NORs. Moreover, APP KO and APP-overexpressing transgenic (APP TG) mice exhibited a decreased and an increased thickness of myelin in spinal cords, respectively, although the changes are limited in comparison to their littermate WT mice. The thickness of myelin in APP KO sciatic nerve also increased in comparison to that in WT mice. Our observations indicate that APP acts as a novel component at CNS NORs, modulating nodal formation and has minor effects in promoting myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-En Xu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases ; Institute of Neuroscience; the Second Affiliated Hospital; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
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50
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Colombelli C, Palmisano M, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Zambroni D, Pavoni E, Ferri C, Saccucci S, Nicole S, Soininen R, McKee KK, Yurchenco PD, Peles E, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML. Perlecan is recruited by dystroglycan to nodes of Ranvier and binds the clustering molecule gliomedin. J Cell Biol 2015; 208:313-29. [PMID: 25646087 PMCID: PMC4315246 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201403111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast neural conduction requires accumulation of Na(+) channels at nodes of Ranvier. Dedicated adhesion molecules on myelinating cells and axons govern node organization. Among those, specific laminins and dystroglycan complexes contribute to Na(+) channel clustering at peripheral nodes by unknown mechanisms. We show that in addition to facing the basal lamina, dystroglycan is found near the nodal matrix around axons, binds matrix components, and participates in initial events of nodogenesis. We identify the dystroglycan-ligand perlecan as a novel nodal component and show that dystroglycan is required for the selective accumulation of perlecan at nodes. Perlecan binds the clustering molecule gliomedin and enhances clustering of node of Ranvier components. These data show that proteoglycans have specific roles in peripheral nodes and indicate that peripheral and central axons use similar strategies but different molecules to form nodes of Ranvier. Further, our data indicate that dystroglycan binds free matrix that is not organized in a basal lamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Colombelli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marilena Palmisano
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy Department of Biochemistry and Department of Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203 Department of Biochemistry and Department of Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Desirée Zambroni
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ernesto Pavoni
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Saccucci
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sophie Nicole
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1127, 75019 Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Currie, UMRS1127, 75252 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Raija Soininen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Extracellular Matrix Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy Department of Biochemistry and Department of Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203 Department of Biochemistry and Department of Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy Department of Biochemistry and Department of Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203 Department of Biochemistry and Department of Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
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