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Santana-Coelho D, Pranske ZJ, Nolan SO, Hodges SL, Binder MS, Womble PD, Narvaiz DA, Muhammad I, Lugo JN. Neonatal immune stimulation results in sex-specific changes in ultrasonic vocalizations but does not affect seizure susceptibility in neonatal mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38712612 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation during the neonatal period has been linked to disorders such as autism and epilepsy. In this study, we investigated the early life behavioral consequences of a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at postnatal day 10 (PD10) in mice. To assess deficits in communication, we performed the isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) test at PD12. To determine if early life immune stimulus could alter seizure susceptibility, latency to flurothyl-induced generalized seizures was measured at 4 hours (hrs), 2 days, or 5 days after LPS injections. LPS had a sex-dependent effect on USV number. LPS-treated male mice presented significantly fewer USVs than LPS-treated female mice. However, the number of calls did not significantly differ between control and LPS for either sex. In male mice, we found that downward, short, and composite calls were significantly more prevalent in the LPS treatment group, while upward, chevron, and complex calls were less prevalent than in controls (p < 0.05). Female mice that received LPS presented a significantly higher proportion of short, frequency steps, two-syllable, and composite calls in their repertoire when compared with female control mice (p < 0.05). Seizure latency was not altered by early-life inflammation at any of the time points measured. Our findings suggest that early-life immune stimulation at PD10 disrupts vocal development but does not alter the susceptibility to flurothyl-induced seizures during the neonatal period. Additionally, the effect of inflammation in the disruption of vocalization is sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary J Pranske
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Suzanne O Nolan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | | | - Matthew S Binder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Paige D Womble
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - David A Narvaiz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Ilyasah Muhammad
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Joaquin N Lugo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studets, Waco, Texas, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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2
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Yang JJ, Liu YX, Wang YF, Ge BY, Wang Y, Wang QS, Li S, Zhang JJ, Jin LL, Hong JS, Yin SM, Zhao J. Anti-epileptic and Neuroprotective Effects of Ultra-low Dose NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor Dextromethorphan on Kainic Acid-induced Chronic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in Rats. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:577-593. [PMID: 37973720 PMCID: PMC11127903 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in the development of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We postulated that kainic acid (KA)-Induced status epilepticus triggers microglia-dependent inflammation, leading to neuronal damage, a lowered seizure threshold, and the emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Extensive evidence from our laboratory suggests that dextromethorphan (DM), even in ultra-low doses, has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in many animal models of neurodegenerative disease. Our results showed that administration of DM (10 ng/kg per day; subcutaneously via osmotic minipump for 4 weeks) significantly mitigated the residual effects of KA, including the frequency of SRS and seizure susceptibility. In addition, DM-treated rats showed improved cognitive function and reduced hippocampal neuronal loss. We found suppressed microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation and decreased expression of hippocampal gp91phox and p47phox proteins in KA-induced chronic TLE rats. Notably, even after discontinuation of DM treatment, ultra-low doses of DM continued to confer long-term anti-seizure and neuroprotective effects, which were attributed to the inhibition of microglial NADPH oxidase 2 as revealed by mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ying-Xin Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yan-Fang Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Bi-Ying Ge
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Qing-Shan Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian, 116044, China
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Sheng Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jian-Jie Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Ling-Ling Jin
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Sheng-Ming Yin
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian, 116044, China.
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3
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Kuki I, Inoue T, Fukuoka M, Nukui M, Okuno H, Amo K, Otsuka Y, Ishikawa J, Rinka H, Ujiro A, Togawa M, Shiomi M, Okazaki S. Efficacy and safety of ketamine for pediatric and adolescent super-refractory status epilepticus and the effect of cerebral inflammatory conditions. J Neurol Sci 2024; 459:122950. [PMID: 38461760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.122950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the short-term benefits and adverse effects of ketamine in the treatment of pediatric and adolescent super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE), with a focus on the inflammatory etiology. METHODS This retrospective observational cohort study included a consecutive series of 18 pediatric to adolescent patients with SRSE admitted between 2008 and 2023 and treated with ketamine. Seizure frequency per hour before and after ketamine administration and response rate were calculated. Neurological decline, catecholamine administration, and adverse effects were also assessed. The patients were divided into inflammatory and non-inflammatory etiology groups. RESULTS The median age at SRSE onset was 1 year 5 months (range: 11 days-24 years), and 78% of the patients were male individuals. The median duration of treatment was 7.5 days (interquartile range: 2.8-15.5 days). Fifteen (83%) patients achieved >50% seizure reduction. The median seizure frequency before and after ketamine treatment was 5.9 and 0.9, respectively, showing a significant reduction in seizure frequency (p < 0.0001). Ten patients had inflammatory etiologies including bacterial meningitis (n = 2), viral encephalitis (n = 3), and febrile infection related epilepsy syndrome (n = 5). The inflammatory etiology group required a longer treatment duration (p = 0.0453) and showed lower seizure reduction (p = 0.0264), lower response rate (p = 0.0044), and higher neurological decline (p = 0.0003) than the non-inflammatory etiology group. Three (17%) patients experienced transient adverse events requiring intervention within 24 h of initiating ketamine administration. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine administration was associated with fewer serious adverse events and a reduced seizure frequency. Additionally, inflammatory conditions may weaken the efficacy of ketamine in patients with SRSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kuki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masataka Fukuoka
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Megumi Nukui
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Okuno
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Amo
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Otsuka
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Rinka
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atushi Ujiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Corporation ISEIKAI, ISEIKAI International General Hospital
| | - Masao Togawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Corporation ISEIKAI, ISEIKAI International General Hospital
| | - Masashi Shiomi
- Department of Pediatrics, Aizenbashi Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Okazaki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Faidi R, Reid AY. Early-life immune activation is a vulnerability factor for adult epileptogenesis in neurofibromatosis type 1 in male mice. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1284574. [PMID: 38685949 PMCID: PMC11056566 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1284574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), the most common neurocutaneous disorder, can develop several neurological manifestations that include cognitive impairments and epilepsy over their lifetime. It is unclear why certain patients with NF1 develop these conditions while others do not. Early-life immune activation promotes later-life seizure susceptibility, neurocognitive impairments, and leads to spontaneous seizures in some animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders, but the central nervous system immune profile and the enduring consequences of early-life immune activation on the developmental trajectory of the brain in NF1 have not yet been explored. We tested the hypothesis that early-life immune activation promotes the development of spatial memory impairments and epileptogenesis in a mouse model of NF1. Methods Male wild-type (WT) and Nf1+/- mice received systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline at post-natal day 10 and were assessed in adulthood for learning and memory deficits in the Barnes maze and underwent EEG recordings to look for spontaneous epileptiform abnormalities and susceptibility to challenge with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Results Whereas early-life immune activation by a single injection of LPS acutely elicited a comparable brain cytokine signature in WT and Nf1+/- mice, it promoted spontaneous seizure activity in adulthood only in the Nf1+/- mice. Early-life immune activation affected susceptibility to PTZ-induced seizures similarly in both WT and Nf1+/-mice. There was no effect on spatial learning and memory regardless of mouse genotype. Discussion Our findings suggest second-hit environmental events such as early-life immune activation may promote epileptogenesis in the Nf1+/- mouse and may be a risk-factor for NF1-associated epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Faidi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aylin Y. Reid
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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5
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Van Raamsdonk JM, Al-Shekaili HH, Wagner L, Bredy TW, Chan L, Pearson J, Schwab C, Murphy Z, Devon RS, Lu G, Kobor MS, Hayden MR, Leavitt BR. Huntingtin Decreases Susceptibility to a Spontaneous Seizure Disorder in FVN/B Mice. Aging Dis 2023; 14:2249-2266. [PMID: 37199581 PMCID: PMC10676795 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by a trinucleotide CAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene that codes for the protein huntingtin (HTT in humans or Htt in mice). HTT is a multi-functional, ubiquitously expressed protein that is essential for embryonic survival, normal neurodevelopment, and adult brain function. The ability of wild-type HTT to protect neurons against various forms of death raises the possibility that loss of normal HTT function may worsen disease progression in HD. Huntingtin-lowering therapeutics are being evaluated in clinical trials for HD, but concerns have been raised that decreasing wild-type HTT levels may have adverse effects. Here we show that Htt levels modulate the occurrence of an idiopathic seizure disorder that spontaneously occurs in approximately 28% of FVB/N mice, which we have called FVB/N Seizure Disorder with SUDEP (FSDS). These abnormal FVB/N mice demonstrate the cardinal features of mouse models of epilepsy including spontaneous seizures, astrocytosis, neuronal hypertrophy, upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and sudden seizure-related death. Interestingly, mice heterozygous for the targeted inactivation of Htt (Htt+/- mice) exhibit an increased frequency of this disorder (71% FSDS phenotype), while over-expression of either full length wild-type HTT in YAC18 mice or full length mutant HTT in YAC128 mice completely prevents it (0% FSDS phenotype). Examination of the mechanism underlying huntingtin's ability to modulate the frequency of this seizure disorder indicated that over-expression of full length HTT can promote neuronal survival following seizures. Overall, our results demonstrate a protective role for huntingtin in this form of epilepsy and provide a plausible explanation for the observation of seizures in the juvenile form of HD, Lopes-Maciel-Rodan syndrome, and Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Adverse effects caused by decreasing huntingtin levels have ramifications for huntingtin-lowering therapies that are being developed to treat HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Van Raamsdonk
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications (MeDiC) and Brain Repair and Integrated Neuroscience (BRaIN) Programs, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Hilal H. Al-Shekaili
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Laura Wagner
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Tim W Bredy
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia..
| | - Laura Chan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Jacqueline Pearson
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Claudia Schwab
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Zoe Murphy
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Rebecca S. Devon
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Ge Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Michael S. Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Michael R. Hayden
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Blair R. Leavitt
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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Kurki SN, Ala-Kurikka T, Lipponen A, Pospelov AS, Rolova T, Koistinaho J, Voipio J, Kaila K. A brain cytokine-independent switch in cortical activity marks the onset of sickness behavior triggered by acute peripheral inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:176. [PMID: 37507711 PMCID: PMC10375675 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation triggers protective as well as pro-inflammatory responses in the brain based on neuronal and/or cytokine signaling, and it associates with acutely and protractedly disrupted cognition. However, the multiple mechanisms underlying the peripheral-central inflammatory signaling are still not fully characterized. We used intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in freely moving mice with chronically implanted electrodes for recording of local field potentials (LFP) and electrocorticography (ECoG) in the hippocampus and neocortex, respectively. We show here that a sudden switch in the mode of network activity occurred in both areas starting at 10-15 min after the LPS injection, simultaneously with a robust change from exploration to sickness behavior. This switch in cortical mode commenced before any elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα, CCL2 or IL-6 were detected in brain tissue. Thereafter, this mode dominated cortical activity for the recording period of 3 h, except for a partial and transient recovery around 40 min post-LPS. These effects were closely paralleled by changes in ECoG spectral entropy. Continuous recordings for up to 72 h showed a protracted attenuation in hippocampal activity, while neocortical activity recovered after 48 h. The acute sickness behavior recovered by 72 h post-LPS. Notably, urethane (1.3 mg/kg) administered prior to LPS blocked the early effect of LPS on cortical activity. However, experiments under urethane anesthesia which were started 24 h post-LPS (with neuroinflammation fully developed before application of urethane) showed that both theta-supratheta and fast gamma CA1 activity were reduced, DG delta activity was increased, and sharp-wave ripples were abolished. Finally, we observed that experimental compensation of inflammation-induced hypothermia 24-48 h post-LPS promoted seizures and status epilepticus; and that LPS decreased the threshold of kainate-provoked seizures beyond the duration of acute sickness behavior indicating post-acute inflammatory hyperexcitability. Taken together, the strikingly fast development and initial independence of brain cytokines of the LPS-induced cortical mode, its spectral characteristics and simultaneity in hippocampus and neocortex, as well as inhibition by pre-applied urethane, strongly suggest that the underlying mechanisms are based on activation of the afferent vagus nerve and its mainly cholinergic ascending projections to higher brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samu N Kurki
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tommi Ala-Kurikka
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Lipponen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alexey S Pospelov
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taisia Rolova
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Voipio
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Kaila
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Gibbs-Shelton S, Benderoth J, Gaykema RP, Straub J, Okojie KA, Uweru JO, Lentferink DH, Rajbanshi B, Cowan MN, Patel B, Campos-Salazar AB, Perez-Reyes E, Eyo UB. Microglia play beneficial roles in multiple experimental seizure models. Glia 2023; 71:1699-1714. [PMID: 36951238 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Seizure disorders are common, affecting both the young and the old. Currently available antiseizure drugs are ineffective in a third of patients and have been developed with a focus on known neurocentric mechanisms, raising the need for investigations into alternative and complementary mechanisms that contribute to seizure generation or its containment. Neuroinflammation, broadly defined as the activation of immune cells and molecules in the central nervous system (CNS), has been proposed to facilitate seizure generation, although the specific cells involved in these processes remain inadequately understood. The role of microglia, the primary inflammation-competent cells of the brain, is debated since previous studies were conducted using approaches that were less specific to microglia or had inherent confounds. Using a selective approach to target microglia without such side effects, we show a broadly beneficial role for microglia in limiting chemoconvulsive, electrical, and hyperthermic seizures and argue for a further understanding of microglial contributions to contain seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synphane Gibbs-Shelton
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jordan Benderoth
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ronald P Gaykema
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Justyna Straub
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth A Okojie
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Joseph O Uweru
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Dennis H Lentferink
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Binita Rajbanshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Maureen N Cowan
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brij Patel
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anthony Brayan Campos-Salazar
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Edward Perez-Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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8
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Chen X, Wang Q, Yang J, Zhang L, Liu TT, Liu J, Deng BL, Liu J. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of P2Y12R in epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1179028. [PMID: 37234715 PMCID: PMC10206044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1179028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There lacks biomarkers in current epilepsy diagnosis, and epilepsy is thus exposed to inadequate treatment, making it necessarily important to conduct search on new biomarkers and drug targets. The P2Y12 receptor is primarily expressed on microglia in the central nervous system, and acts as intrinsic immune cells in the central nervous system mediating neuroinflammation. In previous studies, P2Y12R in epilepsy has been found capable of controlling neuroinflammation and regulating neurogenesis as well as immature neuronal projections, and its expression is altered. P2Y12R is involved in microglia inhibition of neuronal activity and timely termination of seizures in acute seizures. In status epilepticus, the failure of P2Y12R in the process of "brake buffering" may not terminate the neuronal hyperexcitability timely. In chronic epilepsy, neuroinflammation causes seizures, which can in turn induce neuroinflammation, while on the other hand, neuroinflammation leads to neurogenesis, thereby causing abnormal neuronal discharges that give rise to seizures. In this case, targeting P2Y12R may be a novel strategy for the treatment of epilepsy. The detection of P2Y12R and its expression changes can contribute to the diagnosis of epilepsy. Meanwhile, the P2Y12R single-nucleotide polymorphism is associated with epilepsy susceptibility and endowed with the potential to individualize epilepsy diagnosis. To this end, functions of P2Y12R in the central nervous system were hereby reviewed, the effects of P2Y12R in epilepsy were explored, and the potential of P2Y12R in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy was further demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Neurology, Chengdu Fourth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Qinglongchang Ward, Chengdu Sixth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin-Lu Deng
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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9
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Shelton-Gibbs S, Benderoth J, Gaykema RP, Straub J, Okojie KA, Uweru JO, Lentferink DH, Rajbanshi B, Cowan MN, Patel B, Campos-Salazar AB, Perez-Reyes E, Eyo UB. Microglia play beneficial roles in multiple experimental seizure models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.04.531090. [PMID: 36945556 PMCID: PMC10028974 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.04.531090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Seizure disorders are common, affecting both the young and the old. Currently available antiseizure drugs are ineffective in a third of patients and have been developed with a focus on known neurocentric mechanisms, raising the need for investigations into alternative and complementary mechanisms that contribute to seizure generation or its containment. Neuroinflammation, broadly defined as the activation of immune cells and molecules in the central nervous system (CNS), has been proposed to facilitate seizure generation, although the specific cells involved in these processes remain inadequately understood. The role of microglia, the primary inflammation-competent cells of the brain, is debated since previous studies were conducted using approaches that were less specific to microglia or had inherent confounds. Using a selective approach to target microglia without such side effects, we show a broadly beneficial role for microglia in limiting chemoconvulsive, electrical, and hyperthermic seizures and argue for a further understanding of microglial contributions to contain seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synphane Shelton-Gibbs
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jordan Benderoth
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ronald P. Gaykema
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Justyna Straub
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Okojie
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joseph O. Uweru
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Dennis H. Lentferink
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Binita Rajbanshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Maureen N. Cowan
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brij Patel
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anthony Brayan Campos-Salazar
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Edward Perez-Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ukpong B. Eyo
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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10
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Sun H, Ma D, Cheng Y, Li J, Zhang W, Jiang T, Li Z, Li X, Meng H. The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway in Epilepsy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2049-2069. [PMID: 36518035 PMCID: PMC10556373 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221214170234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is defined as spontaneous recurrent seizures in the brain. There is increasing evidence that inflammatory mediators and immune cells are involved in epileptic seizures. As more research is done on inflammatory factors and immune cells in epilepsy, new targets for the treatment of epilepsy will be revealed. The Janus kinase-signal transducer and transcriptional activator (JAKSTAT) signaling pathway is strongly associated with many immune and inflammatory diseases, At present, more and more studies have found that the JAK-STAT pathway is involved in the development and development of epilepsy, indicating the JAK-STAT pathway's potential promise as a target in epilepsy treatment. In this review, we discuss the composition, activation, and regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway and the relationship between the JAK-STAT pathway and epilepsy. In addition, we summarize the common clinical inhibitors of JAK and STAT that we would expect to be used in epilepsy treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaai Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wuqiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoran Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongmei Meng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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McCamy KM, Rees KA, Winzer-Serhan UH. Peripheral immune challenges elicit differential up-regulation of hippocampal cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression in a mouse model of the 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome. Cytokine 2022; 159:156005. [PMID: 36084604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The human heterozygous 15q13.3 microdeletion is associated with neuropathological disorders, most prominently with epilepsy and intellectual disability. The 1.5 Mb deletion encompasses six genes (FAN1 [MTMR15], MTMR10, TRPM1, KLF13, OTUD7A, and CHRNA7); all but one (TRPM1) are expressed in the brain. The 15q13.3 microdeletion causes highly variable neurological symptoms, and confounding factors may contribute to a more severe phenotype. CHRNA7 and KLF13 are involved in immune system regulation and altered immune responses may contribute to neurological deficits. We used the Df[h15q13]/+ transgenic mouse model with a heterozygous deletion of the orthologous region (Het) to test the hypothesis that the microdeletion increases innate immune responses compared to wild type (WT). Male and female mice were acutely challenged with the bacteriomimetic lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) or the viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C), 5 mg/kg). Hippocampal mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were determined three hours after injection using quantitative PCR analysis. In controls, expression was not affected by sex or genotype. LPS and Poly(I:C) resulted in significantly increased hippocampal expression of cytokines, chemokines, and interferon-γ (IFNγ), with more robust increases for TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL1, and CCL2 by LPS, higher induction of IFNγ by Poly(I:C), and similar increases of CCL4 and CCL5 by both agents. Generally, Hets exhibited stronger responses than WT mice, and significant effects of genotype or genotype × treatment interactions were detected for CXCL1 and CCL5, and IL-6, IL-1β, and CCL4, respectively, after LPS. Sex differences were detected for some targets. LPS but not Poly(I:C), reduced overnight burrowing independent of sex or genotype, suggesting that LPS induced sickness behavior. Thus, mice carrying the microdeletion have an increased innate immune response following a LPS challenge, but further studies will have to determine the extent and mechanisms of altered immune activation and subsequent contributions to 15q13.3 microdeletion associated deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M McCamy
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, United States
| | - Katherine A Rees
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, United States
| | - Ursula H Winzer-Serhan
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, United States.
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12
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Hu A, Yuan H, Qin Y, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Chen Q, Wu L. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases susceptibility to epilepsy via interleukin-1 type 1 receptor signaling. Brain Res 2022; 1793:148052. [PMID: 35970265 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common disease of the nervous system, characterized by aberrant normal brain activity. Neuroinflammation is a prominent feature in the brain in epileptic humans and animal models of epilepsy. However, it remains elusive as to how peripheral inflammation affects epilepsy. Herein we demonstrated significantly greater seizure susceptibility and severity of epilepsy under kainic acid (KA) via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse model of epilepsy. Nissl staining was employed for assessment of the neuronal damage, immunofluorescence for staining of the microglial cells and astrocytes in the mouse brain slices, and ELISA for detection of the changes of inflammatory factors. We observed a smaller population of viable neurons in CA1 and CA3 regions, a greater population of IBA-1-positive and GFAP-positive cells, with a significant upregulation of IL-1β and IL-6 in hippocampus of epileptic mice when treated with LPS, indicating that LPS aggravates hippocampal neuron injury in epilepsy, and induces neuroinflammation in the hippocampus. In addition, we provide an evident increase in BrdU+/DCX+ and Nestin+ cell populations in dentate gyrus (DG) in LPS-treated group, versus saline group on epileptic mouse model, which demonstrated LPS treatment enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis. In order to investigate whether interleukin-1 type 1 (IL-1R1) signaling is involved in this process, we adopted IL-1R1 globally restored mice (IL-1R1GR/GR) as an IL-1R1 reporter to visualize labeling of IL-1R1 mRNA and protein by means of RFP staining. Strikingly, the RFP immunofluorescence revealed increased IL-1R1 expression in LPS-treated group, versus saline group. Further, blockage of central IL-1R1 alleviated seizure susceptibility and severity of epilepsy. In summary, our findings suggested that LPS could enhance central inflammatory response and aggravate the susceptibility to epileptic seizure, which we postulated to be mediated by IL-1R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankang Hu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honghua Yuan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quangang Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lianlian Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Jones-Muhammad M, Shao Q, Warrington JP. Increased seizure sensitivity in pregnant mice with genetic knockdown of acid sensing ion channel 2a is associated with impaired hippocampal inflammatory response. Front Physiol 2022; 13:983506. [PMID: 36187797 PMCID: PMC9515891 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.983506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) are mechano- and chemo-receptor channels that are activated by drops in extracellular pH as occurs after neurotransmission. In our previous study, we demonstrated that mice subjected to reduced utero-placental perfusion pressure during pregnancy, to mimic the pregnancy complication of preeclampsia, have reduced hippocampal expression of ASIC2a protein. We also showed that pregnant mice with heterozygous expression of ASIC2a (+/-) had increased sensitivity and severity to pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures; however, the mechanisms by which this occurs remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate key molecular targets involving neurotransmission and inflammation that are differentially changed following seizure exposure in pregnant ASIC2a +/- mice. On gestational day 18.5, ASIC2a wild-type (+/+, n = 7) and +/- (n = 14) mice were injected with 40 mg/kg pentylenetetrazol and monitored for 30 min. Western blot and ELISA analysis revealed no difference in hippocampal synaptosome glutamate-related proteins but an increase in GABA concentration in pregnant +/- mice. Using ELISA and multiplex assays, we found a significant decrease in serum TNFα, and a decreased concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in hippocampal cytosolic fraction. Significant reductions in IL-1β, IL-3, IL-12 (p70), eotaxin, interferon gamma, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1β), in the hippocampal cytosolic fractions of +/- mice were observed compared to +/+ mice. Additionally, there was no difference in hippocampal microglia density or activation in pregnant ASIC2a+/+ vs. +/- mice. These results support the hypothesis that pregnant mice with reduced ASIC2a may not be able to mount an inflammatory response following acute seizure exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jones-Muhammad
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Qingmei Shao
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Junie P. Warrington
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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14
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Wang X, Xiao A, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Wang CC, Wang Y, Han J, Wang Z, Wen M. DHA and EPA Prevent Seizure and Depression-Like Behavior by Inhibiting Ferroptosis and Neuroinflammation via Different Mode-of-actions in a Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Model in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200275. [PMID: 36099650 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE It has been reported that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anticonvulsant effects, yet the respective mechanism of EPA and DHA on epilepsy are still unclarified. This study aimed to investigate the effect of EPA and DHA on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced seizures and depression. METHODS AND RESULTS The administration of EPA and DHA at a dose of 1% (w/w) significantly inhibited PTZ-induced seizures and depressive-like behavior, whereas EPA outcompetes DHA. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the higher effect of EPA can be partly attributed to the promotion of M2 polarization, inhibition of M1 polarization of microglia, and lower iron content in the brain, resulting from the stronger activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). We found that DHA and EPA comparably inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation but with different mode-of-actions: EPA preferred to inhibit the binding of NLRP3 and ASC, while DHA decreased the protein levels of ASC and Caspase-1. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that DHA and EPA could efficaciously alleviate PTZ-induced seizure and depressive-like behavior but with different efficiency and molecular mechanisms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Aiai Xiao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Yueqi Yang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Yingcai Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Cheng Cheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Min Wen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
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15
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Levison SW, Rocha-Ferreira E, Kim BH, Hagberg H, Fleiss B, Gressens P, Dobrowolski R. Mechanisms of Tertiary Neurodegeneration after Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage. PEDIATRIC MEDICINE (HONG KONG, CHINA) 2022; 5:28. [PMID: 37601279 PMCID: PMC10438849 DOI: 10.21037/pm-20-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy linked to hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) which is regarded as the most important neurological problem of the newborn, can lead to a spectrum of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, hyperactivity, cognitive impairment and learning difficulties. There have been numerous reviews that have focused on the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of neonatal H-I; however, a topic that is less often considered is the extent to which the injury might worsen over time, which is the focus of this review. Similarly, there have been numerous reviews that have focused on mechanisms that contribute to the acute or subacute injury; however, there is a tertiary phase of recovery that can be defined by cellular and molecular changes that occur many weeks and months after brain injury and this topic has not been the focus of any review for over a decade. Therefore, in this article we review both the clinical and pre-clinical data that show that tertiary neurodegeneration is a significant contributor to the final outcome, especially after mild to moderate injuries. We discuss the contributing roles of apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, protein homeostasis, inflammation, microgliosis and astrogliosis. We also review the limited number of studies that have shown that significant neuroprotection and preservation of neurological function can be achieved administering drugs during the period of tertiary neurodegeneration. As the tertiary phase of neurodegeneration is a stage when interventions are eminently feasible, it is our hope that this review will stimulate a new focus on this stage of recovery towards the goal of producing new treatment options for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Levison
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brian H. Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, VIC, Australia
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France
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16
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López-Meraz ML, Álvarez-Croda DM. Microglia and Status Epilepticus in the Immature Brain. Epilepsia Open 2022; 8 Suppl 1:S73-S81. [PMID: 35531942 PMCID: PMC10173848 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the Central Nervous System (CNS), which are activated due to brain damage, as part of the neuroinflammatory response. Microglia undergo morphological and biochemical modifications during activation, adopting a pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory state. In the developing brain, status epilepticus (SE) promotes microglia activation that is associated with neuronal injury in some areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus, thalamus and amygdala. However, the timing of this activation, the anatomical pattern, and the morphological and biochemical characteristics of microglia in the immature brain are age-dependent and have not been fully characterized. Therefore, this review focuses on the response of microglia to SE and its relationship to neurodegeneration.
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17
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Batulin D, Lagzi F, Vezzani A, Jedlicka P, Triesch J. A mathematical model of neuroimmune interactions in epileptogenesis for discovering treatment strategies. iScience 2022; 25:104343. [PMID: 35601918 PMCID: PMC9121278 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of epilepsy (epileptogenesis) involves a complex interplay of neuronal and immune processes. Here, we present a first-of-its-kind mathematical model to better understand the relationships among these processes. Our model describes the interaction between neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, neuronal loss, circuit remodeling, and seizures. Formulated as a system of nonlinear differential equations, the model reproduces the available data from three animal models. The model successfully describes characteristic features of epileptogenesis such as its paradoxically long timescales (up to decades) despite short and transient injuries or the existence of qualitatively different outcomes for varying injury intensity. In line with the concept of degeneracy, our simulations reveal multiple routes toward epilepsy with neuronal loss as a sufficient but non-necessary component. Finally, we show that our model allows for in silico predictions of therapeutic strategies, revealing injury-specific therapeutic targets and optimal time windows for intervention. A dynamical systems model describes the development of epilepsy after different injuries Simulation results are in agreement with data from three animal models Model shows degeneracy: multiple distinct but linked mechanisms cause epileptogenesis Framework permits studying the effects of therapeutic interventions in silico
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Affiliation(s)
- Danylo Batulin
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
- Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60486, Germany
- CePTER – Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Frankfurt, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Fereshteh Lagzi
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
- CePTER – Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Frankfurt, Germany
- Center for Computational Neuroscience and Swartz Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
- CePTER – Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Frankfurt, Germany
- ICAR3R - Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen 35390, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60528, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Jochen Triesch
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
- Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60486, Germany
- CePTER – Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Frankfurt, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
- Corresponding author
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18
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Zhong K, Qian C, Lyu R, Wang X, Hu Z, Yu J, Ma J, Ye Y. Anti-Epileptic Effect of Crocin on Experimental Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:757729. [PMID: 35431921 PMCID: PMC9009530 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.757729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common kind of refractory epilepsy. More than 30% TLE patients were multi-drug resistant. Some patients may even develop into status epilepticus (SE) because of failing to control seizures. Thus, one of the avid goals for anti-epileptic drug development is to discover novel potential compounds to treat TLE or even SE. Crocin, an effective component of Crocus sativus L., has been applied in several epileptogenic models to test its anti-epileptic effect. However, it is still controversial and its effect on TLE remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of crocin on epileptogenesis, generalized seizures (GS) in hippocampal rapid electrical kindling model as well as SE and spotaneous recurrent seizure (SRS) in pilocarpine-induced TLE model in ICR mice in this study. The results showed that seizure stages and cumulative afterdischarge duration were significantly depressed by crocin (20 and 50 mg/kg) during hippocampal rapid kindling acquisition. And crocin (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the incidence of GS and average seizure stages in fully kindled animals. In pilocarpine-induced TLE model, the latency of SE was significantly prolonged and the mortality of SE was significantly decreased by crocin (100 mg/kg), which can also significantly suppress the number of SRS. The underlying mechanism of crocin may be involved in the protection of neurons, the decrease of tumor necrosis factor-α in the hippocampus and the increase of brain derived neurotrophic factor in the cortex. In conclusion, crocin may be a potential and promising anti-epileptic compound for treatment of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengyu Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Lyu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Golub VM, Reddy DS. Post-Traumatic Epilepsy and Comorbidities: Advanced Models, Molecular Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Novel Therapeutic Interventions. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:387-438. [PMID: 35302046 PMCID: PMC8973512 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the most devastating long-term, network consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). There is currently no approved treatment that can prevent onset of spontaneous seizures associated with brain injury, and many cases of PTE are refractory to antiseizure medications. Post-traumatic epileptogenesis is an enduring process by which a normal brain exhibits hypersynchronous excitability after a head injury incident. Understanding the neural networks and molecular pathologies involved in epileptogenesis are key to preventing its development or modifying disease progression. In this article, we describe a critical appraisal of the current state of PTE research with an emphasis on experimental models, molecular mechanisms of post-traumatic epileptogenesis, potential biomarkers, and the burden of PTE-associated comorbidities. The goal of epilepsy research is to identify new therapeutic strategies that can prevent PTE development or interrupt the epileptogenic process and relieve associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Therefore, we also describe current preclinical and clinical data on the treatment of PTE sequelae. Differences in injury patterns, latency period, and biomarkers are outlined in the context of animal model validation, pathophysiology, seizure frequency, and behavior. Improving TBI recovery and preventing seizure onset are complex and challenging tasks; however, much progress has been made within this decade demonstrating disease modifying, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective strategies, suggesting this goal is pragmatic. Our understanding of PTE is continuously evolving, and improved preclinical models allow for accelerated testing of critically needed novel therapeutic interventions in military and civilian persons at high risk for PTE and its devastating comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Golub
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
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20
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Huang WY, Lai YL, Liu KH, Lin S, Chen HY, Liang CH, Wu HM, Hsu KS. TNFα-mediated necroptosis in brain endothelial cells as a potential mechanism of increased seizure susceptibility in mice following systemic inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:29. [PMID: 35109859 PMCID: PMC8809013 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation is a potent contributor to increased seizure susceptibility. However, information regarding the effects of systemic inflammation on cerebral vascular integrity that influence neuron excitability is scarce. Necroptosis is closely associated with inflammation in various neurological diseases. In this study, necroptosis was hypothesized to be involved in the mechanism underlying sepsis-associated neuronal excitability in the cerebrovascular components (e.g., endothelia cells). METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce systemic inflammation. Kainic acid intraperitoneal injection was used to measure the susceptibility of the mice to seizure. The pharmacological inhibitors C87 and GSK872 were used to block the signaling of TNFα receptors and necroptosis. In order to determine the features of the sepsis-associated response in the cerebral vasculature and CNS, brain tissues of mice were obtained for assays of the necroptosis-related protein expression, and for immunofluorescence staining to identify morphological changes in the endothelia and glia. In addition, microdialysis assay was used to assess the changes in extracellular potassium and glutamate levels in the brain. RESULTS Some noteworthy findings, such as increased seizure susceptibility and brain endothelial necroptosis, Kir4.1 dysfunction, and microglia activation were observed in mice following LPS injection. C87 treatment, a TNFα receptor inhibitor, showed considerable attenuation of increased kainic acid-induced seizure susceptibility, endothelial cell necroptosis, microglia activation and restoration of Kir4.1 protein expression in LPS-treated mice. Treatment with GSK872, a RIP3 inhibitor, such as C87, showed similar effects on these changes following LPS injection. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study showed that TNFα-mediated necroptosis induced cerebrovascular endothelial damage, neuroinflammation and astrocyte Kir4.1 dysregulation, which may coalesce to contribute to the increased seizure susceptibility in LPS-treated mice. Pharmacologic inhibition targeting this necroptosis pathway may provide a promising therapeutic approach to the reduction of sepsis-associated brain endothelia cell injury, astrocyte ion channel dysfunction, and subsequent neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Huang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Pediatrics of Kung-Ten General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Lai
- Inflammation Research and Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Hung Liu
- Inflammation Research and Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shankung Lin
- Inflammation Research and Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ying Chen
- Inflammation Research and Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Liang
- Department of Food Science, Tunghai University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ming Wu
- Inflammation Research and Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan. .,Institute of Acupuncture, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Kuei-Sen Hsu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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21
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Sharma R, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Dill LK, Rewell SSJ, Hudson MR, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR, Semple BD. Pediatric traumatic brain injury and a subsequent transient immune challenge independently influenced chronic outcomes in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:29-47. [PMID: 34808288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major contributor to death and disability worldwide. Children are at particularly high risk of both sustaining a TBI and experiencing serious long-term consequences, such as cognitive deficits, mental health problems and post-traumatic epilepsy. Severe TBI patients are highly susceptible to nosocomial infections, which are mostly acquired within the first week of hospitalization post-TBI. Yet the potential chronic impact of such acute infections following pediatric TBI remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that a peripheral immune challenge, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mimicking a hospital-acquired infection-would worsen inflammatory, neurobehavioral, and seizure outcomes after experimental pediatric TBI. To test this, three-week old male C57Bl/6J mice received a moderate controlled cortical impact or sham surgery, followed by 1 mg/kg i.p. LPS (or 0.9% saline vehicle) at 4 days TBI. Mice were randomized to four groups; sham-saline, sham-LPS, TBI-saline or TBI-LPS (n = 15/group). Reduced general activity and increased anxiety-like behavior were observed within 24 h in LPS-treated mice, indicating a transient sickness response. LPS-treated mice also exhibited a reduction in body weights, which persisted chronically. From 2 months post-injury, mice underwent a battery of tests for sensorimotor, cognitive, and psychosocial behaviors. TBI resulted in hyperactivity and spatial memory deficits, independent of LPS; whereas LPS resulted in subtle deficits in spatial memory retention. At 5 months post-injury, video-electroencephalographic recordings were obtained to evaluate both spontaneous seizure activity as well as the evoked seizure response to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). TBI increased susceptibility to PTZ-evoked seizures; whereas LPS appeared to increase the incidence of spontaneous seizures. Post-mortem analyses found that TBI, but not LPS, resulted in robust glial reactivity and loss of cortical volume. A TBI × LPS interaction in hippocampal volume suggested that TBI-LPS mice had a subtle increase in ipsilateral hippocampus tissue loss; however, this was not reflected in neuronal cell counts. Both TBI and LPS independently had modest effects on chronic hippocampal gene expression. Together, contrary to our hypothesis, we observed minimal synergy between TBI and LPS. Instead, pediatric TBI and a subsequent transient immune challenge independently influenced chronic outcomes. These findings have implications for future preclinical modeling as well as acute post-injury patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Larissa K Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah S J Rewell
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew R Hudson
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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22
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Kim J, Kim DW, Lee A, Mason M, Jouroukhin Y, Woo H, Yolken RH, Pletnikov MV. Homeostatic regulation of neuronal excitability by probiotics in male germ-free mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:444-460. [PMID: 34935171 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that probiotics can influence the gut-brain axis to ameliorate somatic and behavioral symptoms associated with brain disorders. However, whether probiotics have effects on the electrophysiological activities of individual neurons in the brain has not been evaluated at a single-neuron resolution, and whether the neuronal effects of probiotics depend on the gut microbiome status have yet to be tested. Thus, we conducted whole-cell patch-clamp recording-assisted electrophysiological characterizations of the neuronal effects of probiotics in male germ-free (GF) mice with and without gut microbiome colonization. Two weeks of treatment with probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis) significantly and selectively increased the intrinsic excitability of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, whereas reconstituting gut microbiota in GF mice reversed the effects of the probiotics leading to a decreased intrinsic excitability in hippocampal neurons. This bidirectional modulation of neuronal excitability by probiotics was observed in hippocampal neurons with corresponding basal membrane property and action potential waveform changes. However, unlike the hippocampus, the amygdala excitatory neurons did not show any electrophysiological changes to the probiotic treatment in either GF or conventionalized GF mice. Our findings demonstrate for the first time how probiotic treatment can have a significant influence on the electrophysiological properties of neurons, bidirectionally modulating their intrinsic excitability in a gut microbiota and brain area-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrian Lee
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madisen Mason
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yan Jouroukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hyewon Woo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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23
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Peripheral Infection after Traumatic Brain Injury Augments Excitability in the Perilesional Cortex and Dentate Gyrus. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121946. [PMID: 34944762 PMCID: PMC8698476 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral infections occur in up to 28% of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), which is a major etiology for structural epilepsies. We hypothesized that infection occurring after TBI acts as a “second hit” and facilitates post-traumatic epileptogenesis. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to lateral fluid-percussion injury or sham-operation. At 8 weeks post-injury, rats were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg) to mimic Gram-negative peripheral infection. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to detect the cortical lesion type (small focal inflammatory [TBIFI] vs. large cavity-forming [TBICF]). Spontaneous seizures were detected with video-electroencephalography, and seizure susceptibility was determined by the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test. Post-PTZ neuronal activation was assessed using c-Fos immunohistochemistry. LPS treatment increased the percentage of rats with PTZ-induced seizures among animals with TBIFI lesions (p < 0.05). It also increased the cumulative duration of PTZ-induced seizures (p < 0.01), particularly in the TBIFI group (p < 0.05). The number of c-Fos immunopositive cells was higher in the perilesional cortex of injured animals compared with sham-operated animals (p < 0.05), particularly in the TBI-LPS group (p < 0.05). LPS treatment increased the percentage of injured rats with bilateral c-Fos staining in the dentate gyrus (p < 0.05), particularly in the TBIFI group (p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that peripheral infection after TBI increases PTZ-induced seizure susceptibility and neuronal activation in the perilesional cortex and bilaterally in the dentate gyrus, particularly in animals with prolonged perilesional T2 enhancement. Our data suggest that treatment of infections and reduction of post-injury neuro-inflammation are important components of the treatment regimen aiming at preventing epileptogenesis after TBI.
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24
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Pittman QJ. Vasopressin and central control of the cardiovascular system: A 40-year retrospective. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13011. [PMID: 34235812 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the 40 years since vasopressin (AVP) was reported to have a central action with respect to raising blood pressure, the finding has been repeatedly replicated using a variety of complimentary approaches. The role of AVP as a central neurotransmitter involved in control of the cardiovascular system is now textbook material. However, it is evident that brain AVP plays, at best, a minor role in regulation of normal blood pressure. However, it appears to be an important player in a several cardiovascular-associated pathologies, ranging from hypertension to neural changes associated with heart failure. There are many interventions that have been shown to affect neural function, many of which are associated with alterations in behaviour. Possible alterations in neuronal AVP actions relevant to cardiovascular control in the setting of chronic inflammatory disease, early-life stress and inflammation are suggested areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin J Pittman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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25
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Shaker T, Chattopadhyaya B, Amilhon B, Cristo GD, Weil AG. Transduction of inflammation from peripheral immune cells to the hippocampus induces neuronal hyperexcitability mediated by Caspase-1 activation. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 160:105535. [PMID: 34673150 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies report infiltration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into the central nervous system (CNS) in epileptic disorders, suggestive of a potential contribution of PBMC extravasation to the generation of seizures. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms involved in PBMC infiltrates promoting neuronal predisposition to ictogenesis remain unclear. Therefore, we developed an in vitro model mimicking infiltration of activated PBMCs into the brain in order to investigate potential transduction of inflammatory signals from PBMCs to the CNS. METHODS To establish our model, we first extracted PBMCs from rat spleen, then, immunologically primed PBMCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by further activation with nigericin. Thereafter, we co-cultured these activated PBMCs with organotypic cortico-hippocampal brain slice cultures (OCHSCs) derived from the same rat, and compared PBMC-OCHSC co-cultures to OCHSCs exposed to PBMCs in the culture media. We further targeted a potential molecular pathway underlying transduction of peripheral inflammation to OCHSCs by incubating OCHSCs with the Caspase-1 inhibitor VX-765 prior to co-culturing PBMCs with OCHSCs. After 24 h, we analyzed inflammation markers in the cortex and the hippocampus using semiquantitative immunofluorescence. In addition, we analyzed neuronal activity by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in cortical layer II/III and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. RESULTS In the cortex, co-culturing immunoreactive PBMCs treated with LPS + nigericin on top of OCHSCs upregulated inflammatory markers and enhanced neuronal excitation. In contrast, no excitability changes were detected after adding primed PBMCs (i.e. treated with LPS only), to OCHSCs. Strikingly, in the hippocampus, both immunoreactive and primed PBMCs elicited similar pro-inflammatory and pro-excitatory effects. However, when immunoreactive and primed PBMCs were cultured in the media separately from OCHSCs, only immunoreactive PBMCs gave rise to neuroinflammation and hyperexcitability in the hippocampus, whereas primed PBMCs failed to produce any significant changes. Finally, VX-765 application to OCHSCs, co-cultured with either immunoreactive or primed PBMCs, prevented neuroinflammation and hippocampal hyperexcitability in OCHSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows a higher susceptibility of the hippocampus to peripheral inflammation as compared to the cortex, mediated via Caspase-1-dependent signaling pathways. Thus, our findings suggest that Caspase-1 inhibition may potentially provide therapeutic benefits during hippocampal neuroinflammation and hyperexcitability secondary to peripheral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Shaker
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | | | - Bénédicte Amilhon
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Graziella Di Cristo
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Alexander G Weil
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada.
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26
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Barnes SE, Zera KA, Ivison GT, Buckwalter MS, Engleman EG. Brain profiling in murine colitis and human epilepsy reveals neutrophils and TNFα as mediators of neuronal hyperexcitability. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:199. [PMID: 34511110 PMCID: PMC8436533 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease frequently experience neurological complications including epilepsy, depression, attention deficit disorders, migraines, and dementia. However, the mechanistic basis for these associations is unknown. Given that many patients are unresponsive to existing medications or experience debilitating side effects, novel therapeutics that target the underlying pathophysiology of these conditions are urgently needed. METHODS Because intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease are robustly associated with neurological symptoms, we used three different mouse models of colitis to investigate the impact of peripheral inflammatory disease on the brain. We assessed neuronal hyperexcitability, which is associated with many neurological symptoms, by measuring seizure threshold in healthy and colitic mice. We profiled the neuroinflammatory phenotype of colitic mice and used depletion and neutralization assays to identify the specific mediators responsible for colitis-induced neuronal hyperexcitability. To determine whether our findings in murine models overlapped with a human phenotype, we performed gene expression profiling, pathway analysis, and deconvolution on microarray data from hyperexcitable human brain tissue from patients with epilepsy. RESULTS We observed that murine colitis induces neuroinflammation characterized by increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, decreased tight junction protein expression, and infiltration of monocytes and neutrophils into the brain. We also observed sustained neuronal hyperexcitability in colitic mice. Colitis-induced neuronal hyperexcitability was ameliorated by neutrophil depletion or TNFα blockade. Gene expression profiling of hyperexcitable brain tissue resected from patients with epilepsy also revealed a remarkably similar pathology to that seen in the brains of colitic mice, including neutrophil infiltration and high TNFα expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal neutrophils and TNFα as central regulators of neuronal hyperexcitability of diverse etiology. Thus, there is a strong rationale for evaluating anti-inflammatory agents, including clinically approved TNFα inhibitors, for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric symptoms present in, and potentially independent of, a diagnosed inflammatory disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Barnes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristy A Zera
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Ivison
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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27
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Lévesque M, Biagini G, de Curtis M, Gnatkovsky V, Pitsch J, Wang S, Avoli M. The pilocarpine model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Over one decade later, with more rodent species and new investigative approaches. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:274-291. [PMID: 34437936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental work on the mechanisms leading to focal epileptic discharges in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) often rests on the use of rodent models in which an initial status epilepticus (SE) is induced by kainic acid or pilocarpine. In 2008 we reviewed how, following systemic injection of pilocarpine, the main subsequent events are the initial SE, the latent period, and the chronic epileptic state. Up to a decade ago, rats were most often employed and they were frequently analysed only behaviorally. However, the use of transgenic mice has revealed novel information regarding this animal model. Here, we review recent findings showing the existence of specific neuronal events during both latent and chronic states, and how optogenetic activation of specific cell populations modulate spontaneous seizures. We also address neuronal damage induced by pilocarpine treatment, the role of neuroinflammation, and the influence of circadian and estrous cycles. Updating these findings leads us to propose that the rodent pilocarpine model continues to represent a valuable tool for identifying the basic pathophysiology of MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lévesque
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vadym Gnatkovsky
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julika Pitsch
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Siyan Wang
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Massimo Avoli
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Departments of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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28
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Santos VR, Melo IS, Pacheco ALD, Castro OWD. Life and death in the hippocampus: What's bad? Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106595. [PMID: 31759972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is crucial for the generation and regulation of several brain functions, including memory and learning processes; however, it is vulnerable to neurological disorders, such as epilepsy. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the most common type of epilepsy, changes the hippocampal circuitry and excitability, under the contribution of both neuronal degeneration and abnormal neurogenesis. Classically, neurodegeneration affects sensitive areas of the hippocampus, such as dentate gyrus (DG) hilus, as well as specific fields of the Ammon's horn, CA3, and CA1. In addition, the proliferation, migration, and abnormal integration of newly generated hippocampal granular cells (GCs) into the brain characterize TLE neurogenesis. Robust studies over the years have intensely discussed the effects of death and life in the hippocampus, though there are still questions to be answered about their possible benefits and risks. Here, we review the impacts of death and life in the hippocampus, discussing its influence on TLE, providing new perspectives or insights for the implementation of new possible therapeutic targets. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Rodrigues Santos
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Igor Santana Melo
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Brazil
| | | | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Brazil.
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29
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Cho KH, Fraser M, Xu B, Dean JM, Gunn AJ, Bennet L. Induction of Tertiary Phase Epileptiform Discharges after Postasphyxial Infusion of a Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist in Preterm Fetal Sheep. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126593. [PMID: 34205464 PMCID: PMC8234830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are key immunomodulatory factors that can markedly ameliorate or exacerbate hypoxic–ischemic brain injury. We recently demonstrated that central infusion of the TLR7 agonist Gardiquimod (GDQ) following asphyxia was highly neuroprotective after 3 days but not 7 days of recovery. We hypothesize that this apparent transient neuroprotection is associated with modulation of seizure-genic processes and hemodynamic control. Methods: Fetuses received sham asphyxia or asphyxia induced by umbilical cord occlusion (20.9 ± 0.5 min) and were monitored continuously for 7 days. GDQ 3.34 mg or vehicle were infused intracerebroventricularly from 1 to 4 h after asphyxia. Results: GDQ infusion was associated with sustained moderate hypertension that resolved after 72 h recovery. Electrophysiologically, GDQ infusion was associated with reduced number and burden of postasphyxial seizures in the first 18 h of recovery (p < 0.05). Subsequently, GDQ was associated with induction of slow rhythmic epileptiform discharges (EDs) from 72 to 96 h of recovery (p < 0.05 vs asphyxia + vehicle). The total burden of EDs was associated with reduced numbers of neurons in the caudate nucleus (r2 = 0.61, p < 0.05) and CA1/2 hippocampal region (r2 = 0.66, p < 0.05). Conclusion: These data demonstrate that TLR7 activation by GDQ modulated blood pressure and suppressed seizures in the early phase of postasphyxial recovery, with subsequent prolonged induction of epileptiform activity. Speculatively, this may reflect delayed loss of early protection or contribute to differential neuronal survival in subcortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta H.T. Cho
- The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (M.F.); (J.M.D.); (L.B.)
| | - Mhoyra Fraser
- The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (M.F.); (J.M.D.); (L.B.)
| | - Bing Xu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China;
| | - Justin M. Dean
- The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (M.F.); (J.M.D.); (L.B.)
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (M.F.); (J.M.D.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-9-373-7499
| | - Laura Bennet
- The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (M.F.); (J.M.D.); (L.B.)
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Mazarati A, Medel-Matus JS, Shin D, Jacobs JP, Sankar R. Disruption of intestinal barrier and endotoxemia after traumatic brain injury: Implications for post-traumatic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2021; 62:1472-1481. [PMID: 33893636 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may lead to the disruption of the intestinal barrier (IB), and to the escape of products of commensal gut bacteria, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), into the bloodstream. We examined whether lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) and post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) are associated with the increased intestinal permeability and endotoxemia, and whether these events in turn are associated with PTE. METHODS LFPI was delivered to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Before, 1 week, and 7 months after LFPI, the IB permeability was examined by measuring plasma concentration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD4) upon its enteral administration. Plasma LPS concentration was measured in the same animals, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PTE was examined 7 months after LFPI, with use of video-EEG (electroencephalography) monitoring. RESULTS One week after LFPI, the IB disruption was detected in 14 of 17 and endotoxemia - in 10 of 17 rats, with a strong positive correlation between FD4 and LPS levels, and between plasma levels of each of the analytes and the severity of neuromotor deficit. Seven months after LFPI, IB disruption was detected in 13 of 15 and endotoxemia in 8 of 15 rats, with a strong positive correlation between plasma levels of the two analytes. Five of 15 LFPI rats developed PTE. Plasma levels of both FD4 and LPS were significantly higher in animals with PTE than among the animals without PTE. The analysis of seven rats, which were examined repeatedly at 1 week and at 7 months, confirmed that late IB disruption and endotoxemia were not due to lingering of impairments occurring shortly after LFPI. SIGNIFICANCE LFPI leads to early and remote disruption of IB and a secondary endotoxemia. Early and late perturbations may occur in different subjects. Early changes reflect the severity of acute post-traumatic motor dysfunction, whereas late changes are associated with PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Mazarati
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesus-Servando Medel-Matus
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Don Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raman Sankar
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Increased Excitatory Synaptic Transmission Associated with Adult Seizure Vulnerability Induced by Early-Life Inflammation in Mice. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4367-4377. [PMID: 33827934 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2667-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life inflammatory stress increases seizure susceptibility later in life. However, possible sex- and age-specific differences and the associated mechanisms are largely unknown. C57BL/6 mice were bred in house, and female and male pups were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 μg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle control (saline solution) at postnatal day 14 (P14). Seizure threshold was assessed in response to pentylenetetrazol (1% solution, i.v.) in adolescence (∼P40) and adulthood (∼P60). We found that adult, but not adolescent, mice treated with LPS displayed ∼34% lower seizure threshold compared with controls. Females and males showed similar increased seizure susceptibility, suggesting that altered brain excitability was age dependent, but not sex dependent. Whole-cell recordings revealed no differences in excitatory synaptic activity onto CA1 pyramidal neurons from control or neonatally inflamed adolescent mice of either sex. However, adult mice of both sexes previously exposed to LPS displayed spontaneous EPSC frequency approximately twice that of controls, but amplitude was unchanged. Although these changes were not associated with alterations in dendritic spines or in the NMDA/AMPA receptor ratio, they were linked to an increased glutamate release probability from Schaffer collateral, but not temporoammonic pathway. This glutamate increase was associated with reduced activity of presynaptic GABAB receptors and was independent of the endocannabinoid-mediated suppression of excitation. Our new findings demonstrate that early-life inflammation leads to long-term increased hippocampal excitability in adult female and male mice associated with changes in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. These alterations may contribute to enhanced vulnerability of the brain to subsequent pathologic challenges such as epileptic seizures.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Adult physiology has been shown to be affected by early-life inflammation. Our data reveal that early-life inflammation increases excitatory synaptic transmission onto hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in an age-dependent manner through disrupted presynaptic GABAB receptor activity on Schaffer collaterals. This hyperexcitability was seen only in adult, and not in adolescent, animals of either sex. The data suggest a maturation process, independent of sex, in the priming action of early-life inflammation and highlight the importance of studying mature brains to reveal cellular changes associated with early-life interventions.
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Citraro R, Lembo F, De Caro C, Tallarico M, Coretti L, Iannone LF, Leo A, Palumbo D, Cuomo M, Buommino E, Nesci V, Marascio N, Iannone M, Quirino A, Russo R, Calignano A, Constanti A, Russo E, De Sarro G. First evidence of altered microbiota and intestinal damage and their link to absence epilepsy in a genetic animal model, the WAG/Rij rat. Epilepsia 2021; 62:529-541. [PMID: 33428780 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A large number of studies have highlighted the important role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, suggesting that its manipulation might serve as a treatment strategy. We hypothesized that the gut microbiota participates in absence seizure development and maintenance in the WAG/Rij rat model and tested this hypothesis by evaluating potential gut microbiota and intestinal alterations in the model, as well as measuring the impact of microbiota manipulation using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). METHODS Initially, gut microbiota composition and intestinal histology of WAG/Rij rats (a well-recognized genetic model of absence epilepsy) were studied at 1, 4, and 8 months of age in comparison to nonepileptic Wistar rats. Subsequently, in a second set of experiments, at 6 months of age, untreated Wistar or WAG/Rij rats treated with ethosuximide (ETH) were used as gut microbiota donors for FMT in WAG/Rij rats, and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were obtained over 4 weeks. At the end of FMT, stool and gut samples were collected, absence seizures were measured on EEG recordings, and microbiota analysis and histopathological examinations were performed. RESULTS Gut microbiota analysis showed differences in beta diversity and specific phylotypes at all ages considered and significant variances in the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio between Wistar and WAG/Rij rats. FMT, from both Wistar and ETH-treated WAG/Rij donors to WAG/Rij rats, significantly decreased the number and duration of seizures. Histological results indicated that WAG/Rij rats were characterized by intestinal villi disruption and inflammatory infiltrates already at 1 month of age, before seizure occurrence; FMT partially restored intestinal morphology while also significantly modifying gut microbiota and concomitantly reducing absence seizures. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate for the first time that the gut microbiota is modified and contributes to seizure occurrence in a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy and that its manipulation may be a suitable therapeutic target for absence seizure management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Citraro
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiota Studies, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen De Caro
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Martina Tallarico
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lorena Coretti
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiota Studies, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Francesco Iannone
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Palumbo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariella Cuomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Nesci
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nadia Marascio
- Division of Microbiology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Iannone
- National Council of Research, Institute of Neurological Science, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Quirino
- Division of Microbiology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrew Constanti
- Department of Pharmacology, University College London School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Emilio Russo
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Pittman QJ. A gut feeling about the ketogenic diet in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2020; 166:106409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Asgharzadeh F, Hosseini M, Bargi R, Beheshti F, Rakhshandeh H, Mansouri S, Aghaei A, Sadeghnia HR, Anaeigoudari A. Effects of Hydro-ethanolic Extract of Tanacetum parthenium and its N-Butanol and Aqueous Fractions on Brain Oxidative Damage in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Mice. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rahimeh Bargi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Hassan Rakhshandeh
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somaye Mansouri
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azita Aghaei
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sadeghnia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
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Adhikari Y, Jin X. Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide prevents seizure-induced respiratory arrest in a DBA/1 mouse model of SUDEP. Epilepsia Open 2020; 5:386-396. [PMID: 32913947 PMCID: PMC7469803 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the cause of premature death of 50% patients with chronic refractory epilepsy. Respiratory failure during seizures is regarded as an important mechanism of SUDEP. Previous studies have shown that abnormal serotonergic neurotransmission is involved in the pathogenesis of seizure-induced respiratory failure, while enhancing serotonergic neurotransmission in the brainstem suppresses it. Because peripheral inflammation is known to enhance serotonergic neuron activation and 5-HT synthesis and release, we investigated the effect of intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation on the S-IRA susceptibility during audiogenic seizures in DBA/1 mice. METHODS After DBA/1 mice were primed by exposing to sound stimulation for three consecutive days, they were tested for seizure severity and seizure-induced respiratory arrest (S-IRA) induced by sound stimulation under different conditions. We determined the dose and time course of the effects of intraperitoneal administration of LPS on audiogenic seizures and S-IRA. The effects of blocking TLR4 or RAGE receptors and blocking 5-HT receptors on the LPS-induced effect on S-IRA were investigated. Statistical significance was evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection of LPS significantly had dose-dependent effects in reducing the incidence of S-IRA as well as seizure severity in DBA/1 mice. The protective effect of LPS on S-IRA peaked at 8-12 hours after LPS injection and was related to both reducing seizure severity and enhancing autoresuscitation. Blocking TLR4 or RAGE receptor with TAK-242 or FPS-ZM1, respectively, prior to LPS injection attenuated its effects on S-IRA and seizure severity. Injection of a nonselective 5-HT receptor antagonist, cyproheptadine, or a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron, was effective in blocking LPS-induced effect on S-IRA. Immunostaining results showed a significant increase in c-Fos-positive serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study that demonstrates the effect of intraperitoneal LPS injection-induced inflammation on reducing S-IRA susceptibility and provides additional evidence supporting the serotonin hypothesis on SUDEP. Our study suggests that inflammation may enhance brainstem 5-HT neurotransmission to promote autoresuscitation during seizure and prevent SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadav Adhikari
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research GroupStark Neurosciences Research Institute. Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and PhysiologyStark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Neurological SurgeryStark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research GroupStark Neurosciences Research Institute. Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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Presynaptic L-Type Ca 2+ Channels Increase Glutamate Release Probability and Excitatory Strength in the Hippocampus during Chronic Neuroinflammation. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6825-6841. [PMID: 32747440 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2981-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of several neurologic disorders, including epilepsy. Both changes in the input/output functions of synaptic circuits and cell Ca2+ dysregulation participate in neuroinflammation, but their impact on neuron function in epilepsy is still poorly understood. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxic byproduct of bacterial lysis, has been extensively used to stimulate inflammatory responses both in vivo and in vitro LPS stimulates Toll-like receptor 4, an important mediator of the brain innate immune response that contributes to neuroinflammation processes. Although we report that Toll-like receptor 4 is expressed in both excitatory and inhibitory mouse hippocampal neurons (both sexes), its chronic stimulation by LPS induces a selective increase in the excitatory synaptic strength, characterized by enhanced synchronous and asynchronous glutamate release mechanisms. This effect is accompanied by a change in short-term plasticity with decreased facilitation, decreased post-tetanic potentiation, and increased depression. Quantal analysis demonstrated that the effects of LPS on excitatory transmission are attributable to an increase in the probability of release associated with an overall increased expression of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that, at presynaptic terminals, abnormally contributes to evoked glutamate release. Overall, these changes contribute to the excitatory/inhibitory imbalance that scales up neuronal network activity under inflammatory conditions. These results provide new molecular clues for treating hyperexcitability of hippocampal circuits associated with neuroinflammation in epilepsy and other neurologic disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuroinflammation is thought to have a pathogenetic role in epilepsy, a disorder characterized by an imbalance between excitation/inhibition. Fine adjustment of network excitability and regulation of synaptic strength are both implicated in the homeostatic maintenance of physiological levels of neuronal activity. Here, we focused on the effects of chronic neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides on hippocampal glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission. Our results show that, on chronic stimulation with lipopolysaccharides, glutamatergic, but not GABAergic, neurons exhibit an enhanced synaptic strength and changes in short-term plasticity because of an increased glutamate release that results from an anomalous contribution of L-type Ca2+ channels to neurotransmitter release.
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Eslami F, Rahimi N, Ostovaneh A, Ghasemi M, Dejban P, Abbasi A, Dehpour AR. Sumatriptan reduces severity of status epilepticus induced by lithium-pilocarpine through nitrergic transmission and 5-HT 1B/D receptors in rats: A pharmacological-based evidence. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:131-140. [PMID: 32662118 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening neurologic disorder that can be as both cause and consequence of neuroinflammation. In addition to previous reports on anti-inflammatory property of the anti-migraine medication sumatriptan, we have recently shown its anticonvulsive effects on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in mice. In the present study, we investigated further (i) the effects of sumatriptan in the lithium-pilocarpine SE model in rats, and (ii) the possible involvement of nitric oxide (NO), 5-hydroxytryptamin 1B/1D (5-HT1B/1D ) receptor, and inflammatory pathways in such effects of sumatriptan. Status epilepticus was induced by lithium chloride (127 mg/kg, i.p) and pilocarpine (60 mg/kg, i.p.) in Wistar rats. While SE induction increased SE scores and mortality rate, sumatriptan (0.001-1 mg/kg, i.p.) improved it (P < 0.001). Administration of the selective 5-HT1B/1D antagonist GR-127935 (0.01 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the anticonvulsive effects of sumatriptan (0.01 mg/kg, i.p.). Although both tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and NO levels were markedly elevated in the rats' brain tissues post-SE induction, pre-treatment with sumatriptan significantly reduced both TNF-α (P < 0.05) and NO (P < 0.001) levels. Combined GR-127935 and sumatriptan treatment inhibited these anti-inflammatory effects of sumatriptan, whereas combined non-specific NOS (L-NAME) or selective neuronal NOS (7-nitroindazole) inhibitors and sumatriptan further reduced NO levels. In conclusion, sumatriptan exerted a protective effect against the clinical manifestations and mortality rate of SE in rats which is possibly through targeting 5-HT1B/1D receptors, neuroinflammation, and nitrergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Eslami
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6559, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, Tehran, 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Nastaran Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6559, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, Tehran, 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Aysa Ostovaneh
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6559, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, Tehran, 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01655, USA
| | - Pegah Dejban
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6559, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, Tehran, 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Ata Abbasi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 5715799313, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6559, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, Tehran, 14155-6559, Iran
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Asisipo M, Gwladys NT, Musa MV. Effect of a novel prolonged febrile seizure model on GABA associated ion channels. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:441-449. [PMID: 31691144 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged febrile seizures are usually modelled in animals using hyperthermia as an inducer. In this study, a modified simple febrile seizure model using a combination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and kainic acid (KA) was used to develop a prolonged febrile seizure animal model, which we used to assess effects on the expression of the sodium- potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) and their possible role in seizure exacerbation. At post-natal day (PND) 14, rat pups were divided into a saline (S), simple febrile seizure (FSA-), prolonged febrile seizure (FSB-), saline A (SA+) and saline B (SB+) groups. SA+ and SB+ groups received different concentrations of KA (1.75 mg/kg, 1.83 μg/kg respectively) but no LPS. Changes in temperature, seizure activity and duration were recorded. Gene and protein expression of NKCC1, KCC2 and KCC2 phosphorylated serine (KCC2 ser) 940 were measured 1 h post seizure termination and on PND 15 using RT- PCR and western blot. There was an initial increase in temperature that was immediately followed by a temperature decrease and an increase in seizure severity and duration in the FSB- group. There was a decrease in KCC2 ser 940 protein expression. NKCC1 protein expression was increased in both FS groups suggesting decreased GABA receptor functionality. Therefore, the novel FSB- model resulted in more severe and sustained seizure activity by altering cotransporter gene and protein expression. This suggests that this model can be used to mimic prolonged febrile seizures and hence can be used to investigate the physiological changes accompanying this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asisipo
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ngoupaye Temkou Gwladys
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Mabandla Vuyisile Musa
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Hodges SL, Lugo JN. Therapeutic role of targeting mTOR signaling and neuroinflammation in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2020; 161:106282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Semple BD, Dill LK, O'Brien TJ. Immune Challenges and Seizures: How Do Early Life Insults Influence Epileptogenesis? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:2. [PMID: 32116690 PMCID: PMC7010861 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of epilepsy, a process known as epileptogenesis, often occurs later in life following a prenatal or early postnatal insult such as cerebral ischemia, stroke, brain trauma, or infection. These insults share common pathophysiological pathways involving innate immune activation including neuroinflammation, which is proposed to play a critical role in epileptogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest preclinical evidence demonstrating that early life immune challenges influence neuronal hyperexcitability and predispose an individual to later life epilepsy. Here, we consider the range of brain insults that may promote the onset of chronic recurrent spontaneous seizures at adulthood, spanning intrauterine insults (e.g. maternal immune activation), perinatal injuries (e.g. hypoxic–ischemic injury, perinatal stroke), and insults sustained during early postnatal life—such as fever-induced febrile seizures, traumatic brain injuries, infections, and environmental stressors. Importantly, all of these insults represent, to some extent, an immune challenge, triggering innate immune activation and implicating both central and systemic inflammation as drivers of epileptogenesis. Increasing evidence suggests that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and subsequent signaling pathways are important mediators of seizure onset and recurrence, as well as neuronal network plasticity changes in this context. Our current understanding of how early life immune challenges prime microglia and astrocytes will be explored, as well as how developmental age is a critical determinant of seizure susceptibility. Finally, we will consider the paradoxical phenomenon of preconditioning, whereby these same insults may conversely provide neuroprotection. Together, an improved appreciation of the neuroinflammatory mechanisms underlying the long-term epilepsy risk following early life insults may provide insight into opportunities to develop novel immunological anti-epileptogenic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Larissa K Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Alese OO, Rakgantsho C, Mkhize NV, Zulu S, Mabandla MV. Prolonged febrile seizure history exacerbates seizure severity in a pentylenetetrazole rat model of epilepsy. Brain Res Bull 2019; 155:137-144. [PMID: 31837458 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a debilitating neurological illness that affects all aspect of an individual life. Despite advancement in research there is little reduction in the incidence of this disease. Prolonged febrile seizure (PFS) has been linked to epilepsy however, the pathophysiology of this is still not clear. We therefore looked at the effect of PFS on the development of epilepsy in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) rat model of epilepsy. A total of 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiment. On post-natal day (PND) 14, PFS was induced in 14 rats. This was followed by the induction of epilepsy in the 14 PFS animal and 14 animals from the remaining 28 rats by an initial injection of PTZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg on day one followed by 35 mg/kg on alternate day until kindle. We looked at the effect of PFS on the onset and the stage of convulsion at kindle. We also observed it effect on the hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), synaptophysin and metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3) expression measured with immunofluorescence, LI Cor Tissue florescence and immunohistochemistry respectively. Our study showed that PFS reduced seizure threshold by decreasing the time it took animals to kindle and also increased the stage of convulsion. The hippocampal GFAP, synaptophysin and mGluR3 expressions where upregulated in PTZ rats with PFS history when compared to PTZ rats alone.These findings indicated that PFS may increase the severity of epilepsy and alter brain expression of GFAP, synaptophysin and mGluR3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Ojo Alese
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - Cleopatra Rakgantsho
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nombuso V Mkhize
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Simo Zulu
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Musa V Mabandla
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
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Liang M, Zhong H, Rong J, Li Y, Zhu C, Zhou L, Zhou R. Postnatal Lipopolysaccharide Exposure Impairs Adult Neurogenesis and Causes Depression-like Behaviors Through Astrocytes Activation Triggering GABAA Receptor Downregulation. Neuroscience 2019; 422:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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43
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Wang YX, Kang XN, Cao Y, Zheng DX, Lu YM, Pang CF, Wang Z, Cheng B, Peng Y. Porphyromonas gingivalis induces depression via downregulating p75NTR-mediated BDNF maturation in astrocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:523-534. [PMID: 31299366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cross-sectional epidemiological studies have shown the incidence of periodontitis is positive correlated with that of depression. However, their causal relationship and underlying mechanism are largely unknown. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is the main pathogen for periodontitis. Employing female mice treated with Pg every other day for 4 weeks, we found that Pg-mice showed obvious depression-like behavior, an increased number of activated astrocytes and decreased levels of mature brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and astrocytic p75NTR in the hippocampus. Both hippocampal injection of BDNF and overexpression of p75NTR in astrocytes alleviated Pg-induced depression-like behavior in mice. Moreover, Pg-lipopolysaccharides (LPS) generated similar phenotypes, which were reversed by the TLR-4 inhibitor TAK242. Our results suggest that Pg-LPS decreases the level of astrocytic p75NTR and then downregulates BDNF maturation, leading to depression-like behavior in mice. Our study provides the first evidence that Pg is a modifiable risk factor for depression and uncovers a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - De-Xiu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Ye-Ming Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China; The Department of Stomatology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Chun-Feng Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China.
| | - Yun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Lingyuan Road West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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A single early-life seizure results in long-term behavioral changes in the adult Fmr1 knockout mouse. Epilepsy Res 2019; 157:106193. [PMID: 31520894 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading cause of inherited intellectual disability and a significant genetic contributor to Autism spectrum disorder. In addition to autistic-like phenotypes, individuals with FXS are subject to developing numerous comorbidities, one of the most prevalent being seizures. In the present study, we investigated how a single early-life seizure superimposed on a genetic condition impacts the autistic-like behavioral phenotype of the mouse. We induced status epilepticus (SE) on postnatal day (PD) 10 in Fmr1 wild type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice. We then tested the mice in a battery of behavioral tests during adulthood (PD90) to examine the long-term impact of an early-life seizure. Our findings replicated prior work that reported a single instance of SE results in behavioral deficits, including increases in repetitive behavior, enhanced hippocampal-dependent learning, and reduced sociability and prepulse inhibition (p < 0.05). We also observed genotypic differences characteristic of the FXS phenotype in Fmr1 KO mice, such as enhanced prepulse inhibition and repetitive behavior, hyperactivity, and reduced startle responses (p < 0.05). Superimposing a seizure on deletion of Fmr1 significantly impacted repetitive behavior in a nosepoke task. Specifically, a single early-life seizure increased consecutive nose poking behavior in the task in WT mice (p < 0.05), yet seizures did not exacerbate the elevated stereotypy observed in Fmr1 KO mice (p > 0.05). Overall, these findings help to elucidate how seizures in a critical period of development can impact long-term behavioral manifestations caused by underlying gene mutations in Fmr1. Utilizing double-hit models, such as superimposing seizures on the Fmr1 mutation, can help to enhance our understanding of comorbidities in disease models.
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Early Life Inflammation Increases CA1 Pyramidal Neuron Excitability in a Sex and Age Dependent Manner through a Chloride Homeostasis Disruption. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7244-7259. [PMID: 31308096 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2973-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life, systemic inflammation causes long-lasting changes in behavior. To unmask possible mechanisms associated with this phenomenon, we asked whether the intrinsic membrane properties in hippocampal neurons were altered as a consequence of early life inflammation. C57BL/6 mice were bred in-house and both male and female pups from multiple litters were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 μg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle at postnatal day (P)14, and kept until adolescence (P35-P45) or adulthood (P60-P70), when brain slices were prepared for whole-cell and perforated-patch recordings from CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons. In neurons of adult male mice pretreated with LPS, the number of action potentials elicited by depolarizing current pulses was significantly increased compared with control neurons, concomitant with increased input resistance, and a lower action potential threshold. Although these changes were not associated with changes in relevant sodium channel expression or differences in capacitance or dendritic architecture, they were linked to a mechanism involving intracellular chloride overload, revealed through a depolarized GABA reversal potential and increased expression of the chloride transporter, NKCC1. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in neurons of adult female mice pretreated with LPS, nor in adolescent mice of either sex. These data uncover a potential mechanism involving neonatal inflammation-induced plasticity in chloride homeostasis, which may contribute to early life inflammation-induced behavioral alterations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Early life inflammation results in long-lasting changes in many aspects of adult physiology. In this paper we reveal that a brief exposure to early life peripheral inflammation with LPS increases excitability in hippocampal neurons in a sex- and age-dependent manner through a chloride homeostasis disruption. As this hyperexcitability was only seen in adult males, and not in adult females or adolescent animals of either sex, it raises the possibility of a hormonal interaction with early life inflammation. Furthermore, as neonatal inflammation is a normal feature of early life in most animals, as well as humans, these findings may be very important for the development of animal models of disease that more appropriately resemble the human condition.
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Saboory E, Mohammadi S, Dindarian S, Mohammadi H. Prenatal stress and elevated seizure susceptibility: Molecular inheritable changes. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 96:122-131. [PMID: 31132613 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stressful episodes are common during early-life and may have a wide range of negative effects on both physical and mental status of the offspring. In addition to various neurobehavioral complications induced by prenatal stress (PS), seizure is a common complication with no fully explained cause. In this study, the association between PS and seizure susceptibility was reviewed focusing on sex differences and various underlying mechanisms. The role of drugs in the initiation of seizure and the effects of PS on the nervous system that prone the brain for seizure, especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, are also discussed in detail by reviewing the papers studying the effect of PS on glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, and adrenergic systems in the context of seizure and epilepsy. Finally, epigenetic changes in epilepsy are described, and the underlying mechanisms of this change are expanded. As the effects of PS may be life-lasting, it is possible to prevent future psychiatric and behavioral disorders including epilepsy by preventing avoidable PS risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Saboory
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Sedra Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Sina Dindarian
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hozan Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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48
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Preconditioning with toll-like receptor agonists attenuates seizure activity and neuronal hyperexcitability in the pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy. Neuroscience 2019; 408:388-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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49
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Sun Y, Ma J, Li D, Li P, Zhou X, Li Y, He Z, Qin L, Liang L, Luo X. Interleukin-10 inhibits interleukin-1β production and inflammasome activation of microglia in epileptic seizures. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:66. [PMID: 30922332 PMCID: PMC6437919 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are important for secreting chemical mediators of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1β secreted by glial cells support neuronal functions, but the related mechanisms remain vague. Our goal was to demonstrate the efficacy of IL-10 in suppressing IL-1β and in inflammasome activation in mice with epileptic seizure based on an epileptic-seizure mouse model. METHODS In this study, mice in which epileptic seizures were induced by administering picrotoxin (PTX) were used as a case group, and mice injected with saline were employed as the control group. The expression of nucleic acids, cytokines, or signaling pathways was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, and Western blotting. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that IL-10 inhibits IL-1β production through two distinct mechanisms: (1) Treatment with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) results in IL-10 overexpression in microglia and reduced NLRP3 inflammasome activity, thus inhibiting caspase-1-related IL-1β maturation; (2) next, autocrine IL-10 was found to subsequently promote signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3), reducing amounts of pro-IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that IL-10 is potentially effective in the treatment of inflammation encephalopathy, and suggest the potential usefulness of IL-10 for treating autoimmune or inflammatory ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiangjun Ma
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Pinggan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhanwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lijun Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Liyang Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiangyang Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and oxidant stress as molecular bases of epileptogenesis and epilepsy-derived neurodegeneration: The role of vitamin E. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1098-1112. [PMID: 30703511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress are common underlying events in neurodegeneration. This pathogenic "triad" characterizes the neurobiology of epilepsy, leading to seizure-induced cell death, increased susceptibility to neuronal synchronization and network alterations. Along with other maladaptive changes, these events pave the way to spontaneous recurrent seizures and progressive degeneration of the interested brain areas. In vivo models of epilepsy are available to explore such epileptogenic mechanisms, also assessing the efficacy of chemoprevention and therapy strategies at the pre-clinical level. The kainic acid model of pharmacological excitotoxicity and epileptogenesis is one of the most investigated mimicking the chronicization profile of temporal lobe epilepsy in humans. Its pathogenic cues include inflammatory and neuronal death pathway activation, mitochondrial disturbances and lipid peroxidation of several regions of the brain, the most vulnerable being the hippocampus. The importance of neuroinflammation and lipid peroxidation as underlying molecular events of brain damage was demonstrated in this model by the possibility to counteract the related maladaptive morphological and functional changes of this organ with vitamin E, the main fat-soluble cellular antioxidant and "conditional" co-factor of enzymatic pathways involved in polyunsaturated lipid metabolism and inflammatory signaling. The present review paper provides an overview of the literature supporting the potential for a timely intervention with vitamin E therapy in clinical management of seizures and epileptogenic processes associated with excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and lipid peroxidation, i.e. the pathogenic "triad".
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