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Koyya P, Manthari RK, Pandrangi SL. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor - The Protective Agent Against Neurological Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:353-366. [PMID: 37287291 PMCID: PMC11348470 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230607110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The burden of neurological illnesses on global health is significant. Our perception of the molecular and biological mechanisms underlying intellectual processing and behavior has significantly advanced over the last few decades, laying the groundwork for potential therapies for various neurodegenerative diseases. A growing body of literature reveals that most neurodegenerative diseases could be due to the gradual failure of neurons in the brain's neocortex, hippocampus, and various subcortical areas. Research on various experimental models has uncovered several gene components to understand the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. One among them is the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which performs several vital functions, enhancing synaptic plasticity and assisting in the emergence of long-term thoughts. The pathophysiology of some neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Schizophrenia, and Huntington's, has been linked to BDNF. According to numerous research, high levels of BDNF are connected to a lower risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease. As a result, we want to concentrate on BDNF in this article and outline its protective role against neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathyusha Koyya
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM School of Science, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Kumar Manthari
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM School of Science, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Santhi Latha Pandrangi
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GITAM School of Science, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
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2
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Zaidi SAH, Xu Z, Lemtalsi T, Sandow P, Athota S, Liu F, Haigh S, Huo Y, Narayanan SP, Fulton DJR, Rojas MA, Fouda AY, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Calbindin 2-specific deletion of arginase 2 preserves visual function after optic nerve crush. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:661. [PMID: 37816735 PMCID: PMC10564748 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that global deletion of the mitochondrial enzyme arginase 2 (A2) limits optic nerve crush (ONC)-induced neuronal death. Herein, we examined the cell-specific role of A2 in this pathology by studies using wild type (WT), neuronal-specific calbindin 2 A2 KO (Calb2cre/+ A2 f/f), myeloid-specific A2 KO (LysMcre/+ A2f/f), endothelial-specific A2 KO (Cdh5cre/+ A2f/f), and floxed controls. We also examined the impact of A2 overexpression on mitochondrial function in retinal neuronal R28 cells. Immunolabeling showed increased A2 expression in ganglion cell layer (GCL) neurons of WT mice within 6 h-post injury and inner retinal neurons after 7 days. Calb2 A2 KO mice showed improved neuronal survival, decreased TUNEL-positive neurons, and improved retinal function compared to floxed littermates. Neuronal loss was unchanged by A2 deletion in myeloid or endothelial cells. We also found increased expression of neurotrophins (BDNF, FGF2) and improved survival signaling (pAKT, pERK1/2) in Calb2 A2 KO retinas within 24-hour post-ONC along with suppression of inflammatory mediators (IL1β, TNFα, IL6, and iNOS) and apoptotic markers (cleavage of caspase3 and PARP). ONC increased GFAP and Iba1 immunostaining in floxed controls, and Calb2 A2 KO dampened this effect. Overexpression of A2 in R28 cells increased Drp1 expression, and decreased mitochondrial respiration, whereas ABH-induced inhibition of A2 decreased Drp1 expression and improved mitochondrial respiration. Finally, A2 overexpression or excitotoxic treatment with glutamate significantly impaired mitochondrial function in R28 cells as shown by significant reductions in basal respiration, maximal respiration, and ATP production. Further, glutamate treatment of A2 overexpressing cells did not induce further deterioration in their mitochondrial function, indicating that A2 overexpression or glutamate insult induce comparable alterations in mitochondrial function. Our data indicate that neuronal A2 expression is neurotoxic after injury, and A2 deletion in Calb2 expressing neurons limits ONC-induced retinal neurodegeneration and improves visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A H Zaidi
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Tahira Lemtalsi
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Porsche Sandow
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sruthi Athota
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Research Division, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Research Division, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Modesto A Rojas
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Robert W Caldwell
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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3
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Zeitz C, Roger JE, Audo I, Michiels C, Sánchez-Farías N, Varin J, Frederiksen H, Wilmet B, Callebert J, Gimenez ML, Bouzidi N, Blond F, Guilllonneau X, Fouquet S, Léveillard T, Smirnov V, Vincent A, Héon E, Sahel JA, Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Sennlaub F, Morgans CW, Duvoisin RM, Tkatchenko AV, Picaud S. Shedding light on myopia by studying complete congenital stationary night blindness. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101155. [PMID: 36669906 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is the most common eye disorder, caused by heterogeneous genetic and environmental factors. Rare progressive and stationary inherited retinal disorders are often associated with high myopia. Genes implicated in myopia encode proteins involved in a variety of biological processes including eye morphogenesis, extracellular matrix organization, visual perception, circadian rhythms, and retinal signaling. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in animal models mimicking myopia are helpful in suggesting candidate genes implicated in human myopia. Complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB) in humans and animal models represents an ON-bipolar cell signal transmission defect and is also associated with high myopia. Thus, it represents also an interesting model to identify myopia-related genes, as well as disease mechanisms. While the origin of night blindness is molecularly well established, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of myopia development in subjects with cCSNB. Using whole transcriptome analysis on three different mouse models of cCSNB (in Gpr179-/-, Lrit3-/- and Grm6-/-), we identified novel actors of the retinal signaling cascade, which are also novel candidate genes for myopia. Meta-analysis of our transcriptomic data with published transcriptomic databases and genome-wide association studies from myopia cases led us to propose new biological/cellular processes/mechanisms potentially at the origin of myopia in cCSNB subjects. The results provide a foundation to guide the development of pharmacological myopia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.
| | - Jérome E Roger
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Juliette Varin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Helen Frederiksen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Wilmet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, INSERM U942, Hospital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Nassima Bouzidi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Blond
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Vasily Smirnov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Ajoy Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elise Héon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Florian Sennlaub
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Catherine W Morgans
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert M Duvoisin
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrei V Tkatchenko
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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Erythropoietin in Glaucoma: From Mechanism to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032985. [PMID: 36769310 PMCID: PMC9917746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma can cause irreversible vision loss and is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. The disease mechanism is complex and various factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis, including ischemia, excessive oxidative stress, neurotropic factor deprivation, and neuron excitotoxicity. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that induces erythropoiesis in response to hypoxia. However, studies have shown that EPO also has neuroprotective effects and may be useful for rescuing apoptotic retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. This article explores the relationship between EPO and glaucoma and summarizes preclinical experiments that have used EPO to treat glaucoma, with an aim to provide a different perspective from the current view that glaucoma is incurable.
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5
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Sharma V, Singh TG, Kaur A, Mannan A, Dhiman S. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Novel Dynamically Regulated Therapeutic Modulator in Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:317-339. [PMID: 36308619 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The growth factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase receptor type B (TrkB) play an active role in numerous areas of the adult brain, where they regulate the neuronal activity, function, and survival. Upregulation and downregulation of BDNF expression are critical for the physiology of neuronal circuits and functioning in the brain. Loss of BDNF function has been reported in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the BDNF gene structure, transport, secretion, expression and functions in the brain. This article also implicates BDNF in several brain-related disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, epilepsy and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerta Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sonia Dhiman
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Rajpura, Punjab, India
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Eriani K, Desriani D, Suhartono S, Br Sibarani MJ, Ichsan I, Syafrizal D, Asmara H. The differentiation of mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells into nerve cells induced by Chromolaena odorata extracts. F1000Res 2022; 11:252. [PMID: 35811803 PMCID: PMC9214272 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.108741.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into nerve cells with an induction from chemical compounds in medium culture.
Chromolaena odorata contains active compounds, such as alkaloids and flavonoids, that can initiate the transformation of MSCs into nerve cells. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of methanol extracted
C. odorata leaf to induce the differentiation of bone marrow MSCs into nerve cells. Methods: A serial concentration of
C. odorata leaf extract (0.7–1.0 mg/mL) with two replications was used. The parameters measured were the number of differentiated MSCs into nerve cells (statistically analyzed using ANOVA) and cell confirmation using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The results showed that the
C. odorata extract had a significant effect on the number MSCs differentiating into nerve cells (
p < 0.05) on the doses of 0.8 mg/ml with 22.6%. Molecular assay with RT-PCR confirmed the presence of the nerve cell gene in all of the samples. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study showed the potential application of
C. odorata leaf extract in stem cell therapy for patients experiencing neurodegeneration by inducing the differentiation of MSCs into nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartini Eriani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Desriani Desriani
- Research Center for Biotechnology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Suhartono Suhartono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Miftahul Jannah Br Sibarani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Ichsan Ichsan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Dedy Syafrizal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Hadhymulya Asmara
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Igarashi T, Nakamoto K, Kobayashi M, Suzuki H, Arima T, Tobita Y, Takao K, Igarashi T, Okuda T, Okada T, Takahashi H. Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Aqueous Humor of Glaucoma Patients. J NIPPON MED SCH 2021; 88:128-132. [PMID: 33980757 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2021_88-305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. BDNF concentrations reported in previous studies have varied widely, and the concentration of BDNF in aqueous humor is unknown. In this study, BDNF concentrations in the aqueous humor of glaucoma patients and control patients were measured with ELISA kits. METHODS This prospective, observational study examined BDNF levels in aqueous humor in 62 eyes of 43 patients who underwent cataract surgery or trabeculectomy (11 glaucoma patients and 32 non-glaucoma cataract patients as controls). BDNF concentrations were examined by 4 different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. RESULTS The mean ± SD patient age was 72.0 ± 10.1 (range 35 to 87) years. Two of the techniques detected no BDNF in aqueous humor in any samples (n=3 and n=9, respectively); the average value was less than zero. An ultrasensitive ELISA kit did not yield reliable measurements. Finally, in an even more sensitive ELISA (Simoa-HD1), performed by an outside contractor, 25 (54.3%) eyes were below the detection limit, including 20 (55.6%) control and 5 (50%) glaucoma cases. For eyes with detectable BDNF, the overall BDNF concentration was 0.158 pg/mL (n=21): 0.196 pg/mL (n=16) in controls and 0.034 pg/mL (n=5) in glaucoma cases. CONCLUSIONS BDNF level in aqueous humor varies widely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takahisa Okuda
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Okada
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
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Komáromy AM, Koehl KL, Park SA. Looking into the future: Gene and cell therapies for glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24 Suppl 1:16-33. [PMID: 33411993 PMCID: PMC7979454 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex group of optic neuropathies that affects both humans and animals. Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is a major risk factor that results in the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Currently, lowering IOP by medical and surgical methods is the only approved treatment for primary glaucoma, but there is no cure, and vision loss often progresses despite therapy. Recent technologic advances provide us with a better understanding of disease mechanisms and risk factors; this will permit earlier diagnosis of glaucoma and initiation of therapy sooner and more effectively. Gene and cell therapies are well suited to target these mechanisms specifically with the potential to achieve a lasting therapeutic effect. Much progress has been made in laboratory settings to develop these novel therapies for the eye. Gene and cell therapies have already been translated into clinical application for some inherited retinal dystrophies and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Except for the intravitreal application of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) by encapsulated cell technology for RGC neuroprotection, there has been no other clinical translation of gene and cell therapies for glaucoma so far. Possible application of gene and cell therapies consists of long-term IOP control via increased aqueous humor drainage, including inhibition of fibrosis following filtration surgery, RGC neuroprotection and neuroregeneration, modification of ocular biomechanics for improved IOP tolerance, and inhibition of inflammation and neovascularization to prevent the development of some forms of secondary glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- András M. Komáromy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kristin L. Koehl
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shin Ae Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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9
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Ying X, Xie Q, Yu X, Li S, Wu Q, Chen X, Yue J, Zhou K, Tu W, Jiang S. Water treadmill training protects the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier following SCI via the BDNF/TrkB-CREB signalling pathway. Neurochem Int 2021; 143:104945. [PMID: 33359781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), destruction of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) leads to increased microvascular permeability and tissue oedema. The BSCB, formed by a dense network of tight junctions (TJs) and adhesion junctions (AJs) is considered a therapeutic target. Most studies have focused on the effect of drug therapy on the neurovascular system after SCI, ignoring the protection and functional recovery of the vascular system by exercise training. Previously, we indicated that water treadmill training (TT) has a protective effect on the BSCB after SCI, but the specific molecular mechanism of the effect of TT on BSCB is still not clear. In this study, we used a specific inhibitor of TrkB (ANA-12) to explore whether the BDNF/TrkB-CREB signalling pathway is involved in TT-mediated BSCB protection after SCI. A New York University (NYU) impactor was used to establish the SCI model. Rats in the SI (Sham + ANA-12), IM (SCI + ANA-12) and ITM (SCI + TT + ANA-12) groups were injected with ANA-12 (0.5 mg/kg) daily, and rats in TM (SCI + TT) and ITM (SCI + TT + ANA-12) groups were treated with water TT for 7 or 14 d. The degree of neurological deficit, water content, BSCB permeability, protein expression and ultrastructure of vascular endothelial cells were assessed by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) motor rating scale, Evans blue (EB), Western blot (WB) experiments, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our results suggest that TT upregulates the BDNF/TrkB-CREB signalling pathway following SCI. The BDNF/TrkB-CREB signalling pathway is involved in the protection of the BSCB. Application of the inhibitor blocked the protective effect of TT on the BSCB. We concluded that TT ameliorated SCI-induced BSCB impairment by upregulating the BDNF/TrkB-CREB signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwang Ying
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qingfeng Xie
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shengcun Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingjing Yue
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kecheng Zhou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenzhan Tu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Songhe Jiang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Intelligent Rehabilitation International (cross-strait) Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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10
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Igarashi T, Nakamoto K, Kobayashi M, Suzuki H, Tobita Y, Igarashi T, Okuda T, Okada T, Takahashi H. Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Glaucoma Patients in Japan: An Observational Study. J NIPPON MED SCH 2021; 87:339-345. [PMID: 32238736 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2020_87-605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to measure serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in Japanese patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal tension glaucoma (NTG). METHODS This was a prospective observational study of serum BDNF levels in 78 patients who underwent cataract surgery or trabeculectomy (27 glaucoma patients and 51 non-glaucoma cataract patients as controls). Patient age was 68.8 ± 11.1 years (mean ± standard deviation; range 35-86 years). The numbers of patients with POAG and NTG were 16 and 11, respectively. POAG was diagnosed by intraocular pressure measurement, gonioscopy, optic nerve head change, and presence of a visual field defect. RESULTS Serum BDNF concentration was significantly lower in the glaucoma group (including both POAG and NTG) than in the control group (7.2 ± 3.6 ng/mL vs. 12.2 ± 9.3 ng/mL, p=0.004). Serum BDNF concentration was lower in early glaucoma than in moderate glaucoma. There was no correlation between serum BDNF concentration and age. When patients with NTG and POAG were compared, serum BDNF concentration was lower in the former. Serum BDNF concentration was not significantly correlated with glaucoma parameters, including optical coherence tomography and visual field defects. CONCLUSION This is the first study to investigate serum BDNF concentration in glaucoma patients in Japan. Future studies should evaluate the role of BDNF as a potential biomarker of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Takahisa Okuda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School
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11
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Furukawa Y, Okuyama S, Amakura Y, Sawamoto A, Nakajima M, Yoshimura M, Igase M, Fukuda N, Tamai T, Yoshida T. Isolation and Characterization of Neuroprotective Components from Citrus Peel and Their Application as Functional Food. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:2-10. [PMID: 33390517 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The elderly experience numerous physiological alterations. In the brain, aging causes degeneration or loss of distinct populations of neurons, resulting in declining cognitive function, locomotor capability, etc. The pathogenic factors of such neurodegeneration are oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, reduced energy homeostatis, decreased levels of neurotrophic factor, etc. On the other hand, numerous studies have investigated various biologically active substances in fruit and vegetables. We focused on the peel of citrus fruit to search for neuroprotective components and found that: 1) 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF) and auraptene (AUR) in the peel of Kawachi Bankan (Citrus kawachiensis) exert neuroprotective effects; 2) both HMF and AUR can pass through the blood-brain barrier, suggesting that they act directly in the brain; 3) the content of AUR in the peel of K. Bankan was exceptionally high, and consequently the oral administration of the dried peel powder of K. Bankan exerts neuroprotective effects; and 4) intake of K. Bankan juice, which was enriched in AUR by adding peel paste to the raw juice, contributed to the prevention of cognitive dysfunction in aged healthy volunteers. This review summarizes our studies in terms of the isolation/characterization of HMF and AUR in K. Bankan peel, analysis of their actions in the brain, mechanisms of their actions, and trials to develop food that retains their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Furukawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Satoshi Okuyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Atsushi Sawamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Mitsunari Nakajima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Morio Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | - Michiya Igase
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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12
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Lu R, Soden PA, Lee E. Tissue-Engineered Models for Glaucoma Research. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11060612. [PMID: 32599818 PMCID: PMC7345325 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies characterized by the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Patients with glaucoma generally experience elevations in intraocular pressure (IOP), followed by RGC death, peripheral vision loss and eventually blindness. However, despite the substantial economic and health-related impact of glaucoma-related morbidity worldwide, the surgical and pharmacological management of glaucoma is still limited to maintaining IOP within a normal range. This is in large part because the underlying molecular and biophysical mechanisms by which glaucomatous changes occur are still unclear. In the present review article, we describe current tissue-engineered models of the intraocular space that aim to advance the state of glaucoma research. Specifically, we critically evaluate and compare both 2D and 3D-culture models of the trabecular meshwork and nerve fiber layer, both of which are key players in glaucoma pathophysiology. Finally, we point out the need for novel organ-on-a-chip models of glaucoma that functionally integrate currently available 3D models of the retina and the trabecular outflow pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhao Lu
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Paul A. Soden
- College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-607-255-8491
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Praveen Rajneesh C, Hsieh TH, Chen SC, Lai CH, Yang LY, Chin HY, Peng CW. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Renders Neuroprotection through the Suppression of Hippocampal Apoptosis: An Experimental Animal Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10010025. [PMID: 31906559 PMCID: PMC7016688 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The core objective of this study was to determine the neuroprotective properties of deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus on the apoptosis of the hippocampus. The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus is a prime target for Parkinson′s disease and is a crucial component in a feedback loop connected with the hippocampus. Deep brain stimulation was employed as a potential tool to evaluate the neuroprotective properties of hippocampal apoptosis. Deep brain stimulation was applied to the experimental animals for an hour. Henceforth, the activity of Caspase-3, myelin basic protein, Bcl-2, BAX level, lipid peroxidation, interleukin-6 levels, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were evaluated at hours 1, 3 and 6 and compared with the sham group of animals. Herein, decreased levels of caspases activity and elevated levels of Bcl-2 expressions and inhibited BAX expressions were observed in experimental animals at the aforementioned time intervals. Furthermore, the ratio of Bcl-2/BAX was increased, and interleukin -6, lipid peroxidation levels were not affected by deep brain stimulation in the experimental animals. These affirmative results have explained the neuroprotection rendered by hippocampus apoptosis as a result of deep brain stimulation. Deep brain stimulation is widely used to manage neuro-motor disorders. Nevertheless, this novel study will be a revelation for a better understanding of neuromodulatory management and encourage further research with new dimensions in the field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chellappan Praveen Rajneesh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.P.R.); (L.-Y.Y.)
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ching Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lai
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.P.R.); (L.-Y.Y.)
| | - Hung-Yen Chin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei-11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.P.R.); (L.-Y.Y.)
- Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3070)
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Lucas-Ruiz F, Galindo-Romero C, Salinas-Navarro M, González-Riquelme MJ, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo Barriuso M. Systemic and Intravitreal Antagonism of the TNFR1 Signaling Pathway Delays Axotomy-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1096. [PMID: 31680831 PMCID: PMC6803525 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we have blocked the signaling pathway of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in a mouse model of traumatic neuropathy using a small cell permeable molecule (R7050) that inhibits TNFα/TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) complex internalization. Adult pigmented mice were subjected to intraorbital optic nerve crush (ONC). Animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of R7050, and/or a single intravitreal administration the day of the surgery. Some animals received a combinatorial treatment with R7050 (systemic or local) and a single intravitreal injection of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). As controls, untreated animals were used. Retinas were analyzed for RGC survival 5 and 14 days after the lesion i.e., during the quick and slow phase of axotomy-induced RGC death. qPCR analyses were done to verify that Tnfr1 and TNFα were up-regulated after ONC. At 5 days post-lesion, R7050 intravitreal or systemic treatment neuroprotected RGCs as much as BDNF alone. At 14 days, RGC rescue by systemic or intravitreal administration of R7050 was similar. At this time point, intravitreal treatment with BDNF was significantly better than intravitreal R7050. Combinatory treatment was not better than BDNF alone, although at both time points, the mean number of surviving RGCs was higher. In conclusion, antagonism of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis rescues axotomized RGCs as it does the activation of survival pathways by BDNF. However, manipulation of both pathways at the same time, does not improve RGC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Josefa González-Riquelme
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo Barriuso
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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15
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Claes M, De Groef L, Moons L. Target-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Deprivation Puts Retinal Ganglion Cells on Death Row: Cold Hard Evidence and Caveats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4314. [PMID: 31484425 PMCID: PMC6747494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma and other optic neuropathies are characterized by axonal transport deficits. Axonal cargo travels back and forth between the soma and the axon terminus, a mechanism ensuring homeostasis and the viability of a neuron. An example of vital molecules in the axonal cargo are neurotrophic factors (NTFs). Hindered retrograde transport can cause a scarcity of those factors in the retina, which in turn can tilt the fate of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) towards apoptosis. This postulation is one of the most widely recognized theories to explain RGC death in the disease progression of glaucoma and is known as the NTF deprivation theory. For several decades, research has been focused on the use of NTFs as a novel neuroprotective glaucoma treatment. Until now, results in animal models have been promising, but translation to the clinic has been highly disappointing. Are we lacking important knowledge to lever NTF therapies towards the therapeutic armamentarium? Or did we get the wrong end of the stick regarding the NTF deprivation theory? In this review, we will tackle the existing evidence and caveats advocating for and against the target-derived NTF deprivation theory in glaucoma, whilst digging into associated therapy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Claes
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Al Owaifeer AM, Al Taisan AA. The Role of Diet in Glaucoma: A Review of the Current Evidence. Ophthalmol Ther 2018; 7:19-31. [PMID: 29423897 PMCID: PMC5997592 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-018-0120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction by medications, laser, or surgery remains the mainstay of treatment in glaucoma. However, the role of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in glaucoma has received great interest from both patients and ophthalmologists. Previous evidence suggests that diet, a major domain of CAM, can influence an individual's IOP level. Furthermore, certain dietary components have been linked to the incidence and progression of glaucoma. In this review, we aim to provide a summary of the current evidence regarding the role of obesity, certain dietary components, and dietary supplements in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi M Al Owaifeer
- Faculty of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulaziz A Al Taisan
- Faculty of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Evangelho K, Mogilevskaya M, Losada-Barragan M, Vargas-Sanchez JK. Pathophysiology of primary open-angle glaucoma from a neuroinflammatory and neurotoxicity perspective: a review of the literature. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 39:259-271. [PMID: 29290065 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in humans, affecting 2% of the population. This disorder can be classified into various types including primary, secondary, glaucoma with angle closure and with open angle. The prevalence of distinct types of glaucoma differs for each particular region of the world. One of the most common types of this disease is primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), which is a complex inherited disorder characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death, optic nerve head excavation and visual field loss. Nowadays, POAG is considered an optic neuropathy, while intraocular pressure is proposed to play a fundamental role in its pathophysiology and especially in optic disk damage. However, the exact mechanism of optic nerve head damage remains a topic of debate. This literature review aims to bring together the information on the pathophysiology of primary open-angle glaucoma, particularly focusing on neuroinflammatory mechanisms leading to the death of the retinal ganglion cell. METHODS A literature search was done on PubMed using key words including primary open-angle glaucoma, retinal ganglion cells, Müller cells, glutamate, glial cells, ischemia, hypoxia, exitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, axotomy and neurotrophic factors. The literature was reviewed to collect the information published about the pathophysiologic mechanisms of RGC death in the POAG, from a neuroinflammatory and neurotoxicity perspective. RESULTS Proposed mechanisms for glaucomatous damage are a result of pressure in RGC followed by ischemia, hypoxia of the ONH, and consequently death due to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, deprivation of energy and oxygen, increase in levels of inflammatory mediators and alteration of trophic factors flow. These events lead to blockage of anterograde and retrograde axonal transport with ensuing axotomy and eventually blindness. CONCLUSIONS The damage to ganglion cells and eventually glaucomatous injury can occur via various mechanisms including baric trauma, ischemia and impact of metabolic toxins, which triggers an inflammatory process and secondary degeneration in the ONH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Evangelho
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas GRINCIBIO, Facultad de medicina, Sede Bogotá, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria Mogilevskaya
- Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería Clínica - Hospital Universitario la Samaritana GINIC-HUS, Sede Bogotá, ECCI, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Monica Losada-Barragan
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Funcional e Ingeniería de Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias, Sede Bogotá, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jeinny Karina Vargas-Sanchez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas GRINCIBIO, Facultad de medicina, Sede Bogotá, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia.
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18
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Zhao X, Chen R, Liu M, Feng J, Chen J, Hu K. Remodeling the blood-brain barrier microenvironment by natural products for brain tumor therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:541-553. [PMID: 28924548 PMCID: PMC5595291 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumor incidence shows an upward trend in recent years; brain tumors account for 5% of adult tumors, while in children, this figure has increased to 70%. Moreover, 20%-30% of malignant tumors will eventually metastasize into the brain. Both benign and malignant tumors can cause an increase in intracranial pressure and brain tissue compression, leading to central nervous system (CNS) damage which endangers the patients' lives. Despite the many approaches to treating brain tumors and the progress that has been made, only modest gains in survival time of brain tumor patients have been achieved. At present, chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for many cancers, but the special structure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits most chemotherapeutic agents from passing through the BBB and penetrating into tumors in the brain. The BBB microenvironment contains numerous cell types, including endothelial cells, astrocytes, peripheral cells and microglia, and extracellular matrix (ECM). Many chemical components of natural products are reported to regulate the BBB microenvironment near brain tumors and assist in their treatment. This review focuses on the composition and function of the BBB microenvironment under both physiological and pathological conditions, and the current research progress in regulating the BBB microenvironment by natural products to promote the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rujing Chen
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfang Feng
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaili Hu
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Cheng L, Yu H, Yan N, Lai K, Xiang M. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Target Genes Contribute to Retinal Neuroprotection. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:20. [PMID: 28289375 PMCID: PMC5326762 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor that facilitates cellular adaptation to hypoxia and ischemia. Long-standing evidence suggests that one isotype of HIF, HIF-1α, is involved in the pathogenesis of various solid tumors and cardiac diseases. However, the role of HIF-1α in retina remains poorly understood. HIF-1α has been recognized as neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia in the past two decades. Additionally, an increasing number of studies has shown that HIF-1α and its target genes contribute to retinal neuroprotection. This review will focus on recent advances in the studies of HIF-1α and its target genes that contribute to retinal neuroprotection. A thorough understanding of the function of HIF-1α and its target genes may lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets for treating degenerative retinal diseases including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLAGuangzhou, China
| | - Naihong Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Laboratories, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Kunbei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscataway, NJ, USA
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20
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Nucci C, Russo R, Martucci A, Giannini C, Garaci F, Floris R, Bagetta G, Morrone LA. New strategies for neuroprotection in glaucoma, a disease that affects the central nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 787:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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Tyrosine triple mutated AAV2-BDNF gene therapy in a rat model of transient IOP elevation. Mol Vis 2016; 22:816-26. [PMID: 27440998 PMCID: PMC4947967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the neuroprotective effects of exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which provides protection to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in rodents, in a model of transient intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation using a mutant (triple Y-F) self-complementary adeno-associated virus type 2 vector encoding BDNF (tm-scAAV2-BDNF). METHODS The tm-scAAV2-BDNF or control vector encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP; tm-scAAV2-GFP) was intravitreally administered to rats, which were then divided into four groups: control, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury only, I/R injury with tm-scAAV2-GFP, and tm-scAAV2-BDNF. I/R injury was then induced by transiently increasing IOP, after which the rats were euthanized to measure the inner retinal thickness and cell counts in the RGC layer. RESULTS Intravitreous injection of tm-scAAV2-BDNF resulted in high levels of BDNF expression in the neural retina. Histological analysis showed that the inner retinal thickness and cell numbers in the RGC layer were preserved after transient IOP elevation in eyes treated with tm-scAAV2-BDNF but not in the other I/R groups. Significantly reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining after I/R injury in the rats that received tm-scAAV2-BDNF indicated reduced retinal stress, and electroretinogram (ERG) analysis confirmed preservation of retinal function in the tm-scAAV2-BDNF group. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of neuroprotective gene therapy using tm-scAAV2-BDNF to protect the inner retina from transiently high intraocular pressure. An in vivo gene therapeutic approach to the clinical management of retinal diseases in conditions such as glaucoma, retinal artery occlusion, hypertensive retinopathy, and diabetic retinopathy thus appears feasible.
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Joly S, Pernet V. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 is required for retinal ganglion cell survival after optic nerve trauma. J Neurochem 2016; 138:571-86. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Joly
- CUO-Recherche; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie; Faculté de médecine; Université Laval; Quebec City Quebec Canada
| | - Vincent Pernet
- CUO-Recherche; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie; Faculté de médecine; Université Laval; Quebec City Quebec Canada
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Yukita M, Omodaka K, Machida S, Yasuda M, Sato K, Maruyama K, Nishiguchi KM, Nakazawa T. Brimonidine Enhances the Electrophysiological Response of Retinal Ganglion Cells through the Trk-MAPK/ERK and PI3K Pathways in Axotomized Eyes. Curr Eye Res 2016; 42:125-133. [PMID: 27314704 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2016.1153112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate changes in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) activity by measuring the positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) of the electroretinogram (ERG) in axotomized eyes after brimonidine injection. METHODS In 50 adult Sprague-Dawley rats, the left eye was axotomized and injected with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or brimonidine and the contralateral right eye was left untreated. Scotopic ERGs were recorded simultaneously from both eyes on days 1, 2, 3, 7, and 10 after the intravitreal injection, and the amplitude of the a- and b-waves and the pSTR were measured. Surviving RGCs in the flat-mounted retinas were counted 10 days after axotomy. In addition to brimonidine, K252a (an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation of the Trk receptors), U0126 (a MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor), and LY294002 (phosphoinositide 3-kinases [PI3Ks]) were also injected intravitreally into the left eye, and ERGs were recorded using the same protocol. RESULTS The pSTR amplitude increased significantly in the axotomized eyes with brimonidine, to 122.9 ± 5.0%, 161.8 ± 8.3%, and 133.6 ± 8.1% on days 1, 2, and 3 (P < 0.01), respectively, compared to the axotomized eyes treated with PBS (control). The increased pSTR amplitude returned to normal (103.6 ± 6.7%) on day 7, although there were a greater number of surviving RGCs in the treatment groups than in the controls. The intravitreal injection of K252a, U0126, or LY294002 significantly attenuated the increase in pSTR induced by intravitreal brimonidine (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Intravitreal brimonidine enhanced the survival and electrophysiological activity of the RGCs in rats. The mechanism of this electrophysiological change may involve activation of the Trk-MAPK/ERK and Trk-PI3K signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yukita
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
| | - Shigeki Machida
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University , Koshigaya , Japan.,c Department of Ophthalmology , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka , Japan
| | - Masayuki Yasuda
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
| | - Kazuichi Maruyama
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
| | - Koji M Nishiguchi
- d Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan.,d Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan.,e Department of Retinal Disease Control , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
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Peng S, Shi Z, Su H, So KF, Cui Q. Increased production of omega-3 fatty acids protects retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve injury in mice. Exp Eye Res 2016; 148:90-96. [PMID: 27264241 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system causes progressive degeneration of injured axons, leading to loss of the neuronal bodies. Neuronal survival after injury is a prerequisite for successful regeneration of injured axons. In this study, we investigated the effects of increased production of omega-3 fatty acids and elevation of cAMP on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal regeneration after optic nerve (ON) crush injury in adult mice. We found that increased production of omega-3 fatty acids in mice enhanced RGC survival, but not axonal regeneration, over a period of 3 weeks after ON injury. cAMP elevation promoted RGC survival in wild type mice, but no significant difference in cell survival was seen in mice over-producing omega-3 fatty acids and receiving intravitreal injections of CPT-cAMP, suggesting that cAMP elevation protects RGCs after injury but does not potentiate the actions of the omega-3 fatty acids. The observed omega-3 fatty acid-mediated neuroprotection is likely achieved partially through ERK1/2 signaling as inhibition of this pathway by PD98059 hindered, but did not completely block, RGC protection. Our study thus enhances our current understanding of neural repair after CNS injury, including the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Peng
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain, Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education of PRC, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Shi
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain, Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education of PRC, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Cui
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain, Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education of PRC, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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25
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Afarid M, Torabi-Nami M, Zare B. Neuroprotective and restorative effects of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in retinal diseases. J Neurol Sci 2016; 363:43-50. [PMID: 27000219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin proposed to be implicated in ameliorating the course of some neurodegenerative disorders. Given the fact that retina is considered as an out-pouching of the central nervous system, its related diseases have long been suggested to receive protective influence from this signaling molecule. The role of BDNF in retinal neurorestoration, neuroprotection and oxidative stress has extensively been tested over the past two decades. Nonetheless, almost the entire related literature root in animal studies and clinical research on this topic is lacking. Although much of the evidence have validated the protective properties of BDNF against various retinal cell diseases, bringing such insights into clinical context would depend on further well-designed research. The present review is an attempt to categorize and discuss the available evidence with regard to the BDNF and retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Afarid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Poostchi Eye Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Torabi-Nami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Bijan Zare
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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26
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Tilan J, Kitlinska J. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in tumor growth and progression: Lessons learned from pediatric oncology. Neuropeptides 2016; 55:55-66. [PMID: 26549645 PMCID: PMC4755837 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter with pleiotropic actions, many of which are highly relevant to tumor biology. Consequently, the peptide has been implicated as a factor regulating the growth of a variety of tumors. Among them, two pediatric malignancies with high endogenous NPY synthesis and release - neuroblastoma and Ewing sarcoma - became excellent models to investigate the role of NPY in tumor growth and progression. The stimulatory effect on tumor cell proliferation, survival, and migration, as well as angiogenesis in these tumors, is mediated by two NPY receptors, Y2R and Y5R, which are expressed in either a constitutive or inducible manner. Of particular importance are interactions of the NPY system with the tumor microenvironment, as hypoxic conditions commonly occurring in solid tumors strongly activate the NPY/Y2R/Y5R axis. This activation is triggered by hypoxia-induced up-regulation of Y2R/Y5R expression and stimulation of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), which converts NPY to a selective Y2R/Y5R agonist, NPY(3-36). While previous studies focused mainly on the effects of NPY on tumor growth and vascularization, they also provided insight into the potential role of the peptide in tumor progression into a metastatic and chemoresistant phenotype. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of NPY in neuroblastoma and Ewing sarcoma and its interactions with the tumor microenvironment in the context of findings in other malignancies, as well as discusses future directions and potential clinical implications of these discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tilan
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Joanna Kitlinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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27
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Levkovitch-Verbin H. Retinal ganglion cell apoptotic pathway in glaucoma: Initiating and downstream mechanisms. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:37-57. [PMID: 26497784 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma causes progressive visual field loss, making it the primary cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure and aging, the main risk factors for glaucoma, accelerate RGC apoptosis. Numerous pathways and mechanisms were found to be involved in RGC death in glaucoma. Neurotrophic factors deprivation is an early event. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, glial cell dysfunction, and activation of apoptotic pathways and prosurvival pathways play a significant role in RGC death in glaucoma. The most important among the involved pathways are the MAP-kinase pathway, PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway, Bcl-2 family, caspase family, and IAP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Levkovitch-Verbin
- Glaucoma Service, Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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28
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Lau D, Bengtson CP, Buchthal B, Bading H. BDNF Reduces Toxic Extrasynaptic NMDA Receptor Signaling via Synaptic NMDA Receptors and Nuclear-Calcium-Induced Transcription of inhba/Activin A. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1353-66. [PMID: 26279570 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The health of neurons is critically dependent on the relative signaling intensities of survival-promoting synaptic and death-inducing extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. Here, we show that BDNF is a regulator of this balance and promotes neuroprotection by reducing toxic NMDA receptor signaling. BDNF acts by initiating synaptic NMDA-receptor/nuclear-calcium-driven adaptogenomics, leading to increased expression of inhibin β-A (inhba). Inhibin β-A (its homodimer is known as activin A) in turn reduces neurotoxic extrasynaptic NMDA-receptor-mediated calcium influx, thereby shielding neurons against mitochondrial dysfunction, a major cause of excitotoxicity. Thus, BDNF induces acquired neuroprotection by enhancing synaptic activity and lowering extrasynaptic NMDA receptor death signaling through a nuclear calcium-inhibin β-A pathway. This process, which confers protection against ischemic brain damage in a mouse stroke model, may be compromised in Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, or aging-related neurodegenerative conditions that are associated with reduced BDNF levels and/or enhanced extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lau
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Peter Bengtson
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Buchthal
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hilmar Bading
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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29
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Kritis AA, Stamoula EG, Paniskaki KA, Vavilis TD. Researching glutamate - induced cytotoxicity in different cell lines: a comparative/collective analysis/study. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:91. [PMID: 25852482 PMCID: PMC4362409 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although glutamate is one of the most important excitatory neurotransmitters of the central nervous system, its excessive extracellular concentration leads to uncontrolled continuous depolarization of neurons, a toxic process called, excitotoxicity. In excitotoxicity glutamate triggers the rise of intracellular Ca2+ levels, followed by up regulation of nNOS, dysfunction of mitochondria, ROS production, ER stress, and release of lysosomal enzymes. Excessive calcium concentration is the key mediator of glutamate toxicity through over activation of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. In addition, glutamate accumulation can also inhibit cystine (CySS) uptake by reversing the action of the CySS/glutamate antiporter. Reversal of the antiporter action reinforces the aforementioned events by depleting neurons of cysteine and eventually glutathione’s reducing potential. Various cell lines have been employed in the pursuit to understand the mechanism(s) by which excitotoxicity affects the cells leading them ultimately to their demise. In some cell lines glutamate toxicity is exerted mainly through over activation of NMDA, AMPA, or kainate receptors whereas in other cell lines lacking such receptors, the toxicity is due to glutamate induced oxidative stress. However, in the greatest majority of the cell lines ionotropic glutamate receptors are present, co-existing to CySS/glutamate antiporters and metabotropic glutamate receptors, supporting the assumption that excitotoxicity effect in these cells is accumulative. Different cell lines differ in their responses when exposed to glutamate. In this review article the responses of PC12, SH-SY5Y, HT-22, NT-2, OLCs, C6, primary rat cortical neurons, RGC-5, and SCN2.2 cell systems are systematically collected and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis A Kritis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Eleni G Stamoula
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Krystallenia A Paniskaki
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Theofanis D Vavilis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
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30
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Schmidl D, Schmetterer L, Garhöfer G, Popa-Cherecheanu A. Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:63-77. [PMID: 25587905 PMCID: PMC4346603 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving the optic nerve and associated structures, which is characterized by progressive visual field loss and typical changes of the optic nerve head (ONH). The only known treatment of the disease is reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP), which has been shown to reduce glaucoma progression in a variety of large-scale clinical trials. Nowadays, a relatively wide array of topical antiglaucoma drugs is available, including prostaglandin analogues, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, beta-receptor antagonists, adrenergic agonists, and parasympathomimetics. In clinical routine, this allows for individualized treatment taking risk factors, efficacy, and safety into account. A major challenge is related to adherence to therapy. Sustained release devices may help minimize this problem but are not yet available for clinical routine use. Another hope arises from non-IOP-related treatment concepts. In recent years, much knowledge has been gained regarding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the disease process in glaucoma. This also strengthens the hope that glaucoma therapy beyond IOP lowering will become available. Implementing this concept with clinical trials remains, however, a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Exercise-induced neuroprotection in the spastic Han Wistar rat: the possible role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:834543. [PMID: 25710032 PMCID: PMC4331471 DOI: 10.1155/2015/834543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Moderate aerobic exercise has been shown to enhance motor skills and protect the nervous system from neurodegenerative diseases, like ataxia. Our lab uses the spastic Han Wistar rat as a model of ataxia. Mutant rats develop forelimb tremor and hind limb rigidity and have a decreased lifespan. Our lab has shown that exercise reduced Purkinje cell degeneration and delayed motor dysfunction, significantly increasing lifespan. Our study investigated how moderate exercise may mediate neuroprotection by analyzing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor TrkB. To link BDNF to exercise-induced neuroprotection, mutant and normal rats were infused with the TrkB antagonist K252a or vehicle into the third ventricle. During infusion, rats were subjected to moderate exercise regimens on a treadmill. Exercised mutants receiving K252a exhibited a 21.4% loss in Purkinje cells compared to their controls. Cerebellar TrkB expression was evaluated using non-drug-treated mutants subjected to various treadmill running regimens. Running animals expressed three times more TrkB than sedentary animals. BDNF was quantified via Sandwich ELISA, and cerebellar expression was found to be 26.6% greater in mutant rats on 7-day treadmill exercise regimen compared to 30 days of treadmill exercise. These results suggest that BDNF is involved in mediating exercise-induced neuroprotection.
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32
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Kong N, Lu X, Li B. Downregulation of microRNA-100 protects apoptosis and promotes neuronal growth in retinal ganglion cells. BMC Mol Biol 2014; 15:25. [PMID: 25406880 PMCID: PMC4271342 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-014-0025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are preferentially lost in glaucoma or optic neuritis. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of mircoRNA 100 (miR-100) against oxidative stress induced apoptosis in RGC-5 cells. RESULTS Rat RGC-5 cells were cultured in plates and H2O2 was added to induce oxidative stress. TUNEL assay and qRT-PCR showed H2O2 induced apoptosis and up-regulated miR-100 in a dose-dependent manner in RGC-5 cells. Conversely, lentiviral-mediated miR-100 down-regulation protected H2O2 induced apoptosis, promoted neurite growth and activated AKT/ERK and TrkB pathways through phosphorylation. Luciferase assay confirmed that IGF1R was directly regulated by miR-100 in RGC-5 cells, and siRNA-mediated IGF1R knockdown activated AKT protein through phosphorylation, down-regulated miR-100, therefore exerted a protective effect on RGC-5 apoptosis. CONCLUSION Down-regulating miR-100 is an effective method to protect H2O2 induced apoptosis in RGC-5 cells, possible associated with IGF1R regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong Province, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Xiaohe Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong Province, China.
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Mueller BH, Park Y, Ma HY, Dibas A, Ellis DZ, Clark AF, Yorio T. Sigma-1 receptor stimulation protects retinal ganglion cells from ischemia-like insult through the activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2. Exp Eye Res 2014; 128:156-69. [PMID: 25305575 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptor (σ-1) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been shown to protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from cell death. The purpose of this study was to determine if σ-1 receptor stimulation with pentazocine could promote neuroprotection under conditions of an ischemia-like insult (oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)) through the phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (pERK)1/2. Primary RGCs were isolated from P3-P7 Sprague-Dawley rats and purified by sequential immunopanning using Thy1.1 antibodies. RGCs were cultured for 7 days before subjecting the cells to an OGD insult (0.5% oxygen in glucose-free medium) for 6 h. During the OGD, RGCs were treated with pentazocine (σ-1 receptor agonist) with or without BD 1047 (σ-1 receptor antagonist). In other experiments, primary RGCs were treated with pentazocine in the presence or absence of an MEK1/2 inhibitor, PD098059. Cell survival/death was assessed by staining with the calcein-AM/ethidium homodimer reagent. Levels of pERK1/2, total ERK1/2, and beta tubulin expression were determined by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining. RGCs subjected to OGD for 6 h induced 50% cell death in primary RGCs (p < 0.001) and inhibited pERK1/2 expression by 65% (p < 0.001). Cell death was attenuated when RGCs were treated with pentazocine under OGD (p < 0.001) and pERK1/2 expression was increased by 1.6 fold (p < 0.05) compared to OGD treated RGCs without pentazocine treatment. The co-treatment of PD098059 (MEK1/2 inhibitor) with pentazocine significantly abolished the protective effects of pentazocine on the RGCs during this OGD insult. Activation of the σ-1 receptor is a neuroprotective target that can protect RGCs from an ischemia-like insult. These results also established a direct relationship between σ-1 receptor stimulation and the neuroprotective effects of the ERK1/2 pathway in purified RGCs subjected to OGD. These findings suggest that activation of the σ-1 receptor may be a therapeutic target for neuroprotection particularly relevant to ocular neurodegenerative diseases that effect RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett H Mueller
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - Yong Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hai-Ying Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Adnan Dibas
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Dorette Z Ellis
- College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Abbot F Clark
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Yorio
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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Czarnecka M, Trinh E, Lu C, Kuan-Celarier A, Galli S, Hong SH, Tilan JU, Talisman N, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Tsuei J, Yang C, Martin S, Horton M, Christian D, Everhart L, Maheswaran I, Kitlinska J. Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5 as an inducible pro-survival factor in neuroblastoma: implications for tumor chemoresistance. Oncogene 2014; 34:3131-43. [PMID: 25132261 PMCID: PMC4333135 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a pediatric tumor of neural crest origin with heterogeneous phenotypes. While low stage tumors carry a favorable prognosis, over 50% of high risk NB relapses after treatment with a fatal outcome. Thus, developing therapies targeting refractory NB remains an unsolved clinical problem. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its TrkB receptor are known to protect NB cells from chemotherapy-induced cell death, while neuropeptide Y (NPY), acting via its Y2 receptor (Y2R), is an autocrine proliferative and angiogenic factor crucial for maintaining NB tumor growth. Here, we show that in NB cells, BDNF stimulates the synthesis of NPY and induces expression of another one of its receptors, Y5R. In human NB tissues, the expression of NPY and Y5R positively correlated with the expression of BDNF and TrkB. Functionally, BDNF triggered Y5R internalization in NB cells, while Y5R antagonist inhibited BDNF-induced p44/42-MAPK activation and its pro-survival activity. These observations suggested TrkB-Y5R transactivation that resulted in cross-talk between their signaling pathways. Additionally, NPY and Y5R were up-regulated in a BDNF-independent manner in NB cells under pro-apoptotic conditions, such as serum deprivation and chemotherapy, as well as in cell lines and tissues derived from post-treatment NB tumors. Blocking Y5R in chemoresistant NB cells rich in this receptor sensitized them to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and inhibited their growth in vivo by augmenting cell death. In summary, the NPY/Y5R axis is an inducible survival pathway activated in NB by BDNF or cellular stress. Upon such activation, Y5R augments the pro-survival effect of BDNF via its interactions with TrkB receptor and exerts an additional BDNF-independent anti-apoptotic effect, both of which contribute to NB chemoresistance. Therefore, the NPY/Y5R pathway may become a novel therapeutic target for patients with refractory NB, thus far an incurable form of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Czarnecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E Trinh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C Lu
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Kuan-Celarier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - S Galli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - S-H Hong
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J U Tilan
- 1] Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA [2] Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - N Talisman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E Izycka-Swieszewska
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J Tsuei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - S Martin
- Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M Horton
- Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Christian
- Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Everhart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - I Maheswaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J Kitlinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Gupta V, You Y, Li J, Gupta V, Golzan M, Klistorner A, van den Buuse M, Graham S. BDNF impairment is associated with age-related changes in the inner retina and exacerbates experimental glaucoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1567-78. [PMID: 24942931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) stimulation of its high-affinity receptor TrkB results in activation of pro-survival cell-signalling pathways that can afford neuroprotection to the retina. Reduction in retrograde axonal transport of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF from the brain to the neuronal cell bodies in the retina has been suggested as a critical factor underlying progressive and selective degeneration of ganglion cell layer and optic nerve in glaucoma. We investigated the role of BDNF in preserving inner retinal homeostasis in normal and glaucoma states using BDNF(+/-) mice and compared it with wild type controls. This study demonstrated that BDNF(+/-) animals were more susceptible to functional, morphological and molecular degenerative changes in the inner retina caused by age as well as upon exposure to experimental glaucoma caused by increased intraocular pressure. Glaucoma induced a down regulation of BDNF/TrkB signalling and an increase in levels of neurotoxic amyloid β 1-42 in the optic nerve head which were exacerbated in BDNF(+/-) mice. Similar results were obtained upon analysing the human optic nerve head tissues. Our data highlighted the role of BDNF in maintaining the inner retinal integrity under normal conditions and the detrimental effects of its insufficiency on the retina and optic nerve in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Gupta
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Australia.
| | - Yuyi You
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Jonathan Li
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mojtaba Golzan
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Alexander Klistorner
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Australia; Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart Graham
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Australia; Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Australia
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Vigneswara V, Akpan N, Berry M, Logan A, Troy CM, Ahmed Z. Combined suppression of CASP2 and CASP6 protects retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis and promotes axon regeneration through CNTF-mediated JAK/STAT signalling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1656-75. [PMID: 24727569 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that crushing the optic nerve induces death of retinal ganglion cells by apoptosis, but suppression of CASP2, which is predominantly activated in retinal ganglion cells, using a stably modified short interfering RNA CASP2, inhibits retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. Here, we report that combined delivery of short interfering CASP2 and inhibition of CASP6 using a dominant negative CASP6 mutant activates astrocytes and Müller cells, increases CNTF levels in the retina and leads to enhanced retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration. In dissociated adult rat mixed retinal cultures, dominant negative CASP6 mutant + short interfering CASP2 treatment also significantly increases GFAP+ glial activation, increases the expression of CNTF in culture, and subsequently increases the number of retinal ganglion cells with neurites and the mean retinal ganglion cell neurite length. These effects are abrogated by the addition of MAB228 (a monoclonal antibody targeted to the gp130 component of the CNTF receptor) and AG490 (an inhibitor of the JAK/STAT pathway downstream of CNTF signalling). Similarly, in the optic nerve crush injury model, MAB228 and AG490 neutralizes dominant negative CASP6 mutant + short interfering CASP2-mediated retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration, Müller cell activation and CNTF production in the retina without affecting retinal ganglion cell survival. We therefore conclude that axon regeneration promoted by suppression of CASP2 and CASP6 is CNTF-dependent and mediated through the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. This study offers insights for the development of effective therapeutics for promoting retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthy Vigneswara
- 1 Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nsikan Akpan
- 2 Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Ageing Brain, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, USA
| | - Martin Berry
- 1 Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- 1 Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carol M Troy
- 2 Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Ageing Brain, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, USA
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- 1 Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Cheng CY, Lin JG, Su SY, Tang NY, Kao ST, Hsieh CL. Electroacupuncture-like stimulation at Baihui and Dazhui acupoints exerts neuroprotective effects through activation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated MEK1/2/ERK1/2/p90RSK/bad signaling pathway in mild transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:92. [PMID: 24606810 PMCID: PMC3975570 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background This study was designed to evaluate the effects of electroacupuncture-like stimulation at Baihui (GV20) and Dazhui (GV14) acupoints (EA at acupoints) following mild cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Furthermore, we investigated whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathway is involved in the neuroprotection induced by EA at acupoints. Methods Rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) for 15 min followed by reperfusion for 3 d. EA at acupoints was applied 1 d postreperfusion then once daily for 2 consecutive days. Results Following the application of EA at acupoints, initiated 1 d postreperfusion, we observed significant reductions in the cerebral infarct area, neurological deficit scores, active caspase-3 protein expression, and apoptosis in the ischemic cortex after 3 d of reperfusion. We also observed markedly upregulated BDNF, phospho-Raf-1 (pRaf-1), phospho-MEK1/2 (pMEK1/2), phospho-ERK1/2 (pERK1/2), phospho-90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (pp90RSK), and phospho-Bad (pBad) expression, and restored neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) expression. Pretreatment with the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 abrogated the effects of EA at acupoints on cerebral infarct size, neurological deficits, active caspase-3 protein, and apoptosis in the ischemic cortex after 3 d of reperfusion. Pretreatment with U0126 also abrogated the effects of EA at acupoints on pMEK1/2, pERK1/2, pp90RSK, pBad, and NeuN expression, but did not influence BDNF and pRaf-1 expression. Conclusion Overall, our study results indicated that EA at acupoints, initiated 1 d postreperfusion, upregulates BDNF expression to provide BDNF-mediated neuroprotection against caspase-3-dependent neuronal apoptosis through activation of the Raf-1/MEK1/2/ERK1/2/p90RSK/Bad signaling cascade after 3 d of reperfusion in mild MCAo.
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Gatta C, Castaldo L, Cellerino A, de Girolamo P, Lucini C, D'Angelo L. Brain derived neurotrophic factor in the retina of the teleost N. furzeri. Ann Anat 2014; 196:192-6. [PMID: 24629406 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BDNF plays an important role in the development and maintenance of visual circuitries in the retina and brain visual centers. In adulthood, BDNF signaling is involved in neural protection and regeneration of retina. In this survey, we investigated the expression of BDNF in the retina of adult Nothobranchius furzeri, a teleost fish employed for age research. After describing the retina of N. furzeri and confirming that the structure is organized in layers as in all vertebrates, we have studied the localization of BDNF mRNA and protein throughout the retinal layers. BDNF mRNA is detectable in all layers, whereas the protein is lacking in the photoreceptors. The occurrence of BDNF provides new insights on its role in the retina, particularly in view of age-related disease of retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gatta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, via Veterinaria, 1, I-80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciana Castaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, via Veterinaria, 1, I-80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cellerino
- Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa, Laboratory of Biology, c/o Institute of Biophysics of CNR, via Moruzzi, 1, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, via Veterinaria, 1, I-80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carla Lucini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, via Veterinaria, 1, I-80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, via Veterinaria, 1, I-80137 Napoli, Italy.
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You Y, Gupta VK, Li JC, Klistorner A, Graham SL. Optic neuropathies: characteristic features and mechanisms of retinal ganglion cell loss. Rev Neurosci 2013; 24:301-21. [PMID: 23612594 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuropathy refers to dysfunction and/or degeneration of axons of the optic nerve with subsequent optic nerve atrophy. A common feature of different optic neuropathies is retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis and axonal damage. Glaucoma and optic neuritis are the two major degenerative causes of optic nerve damage. Here, we review the anatomy and pathology of the optic nerve, and etiological categories of optic neuropathies, and discuss rodent models that can mimic these conditions. Electrophysiology can reveal signature features of RGC damage using the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), scotopic threshold response (STR) and photopic negative response (PhNR). The amplitude of the visual evoked potential (VEP) also reflects RGC axonal damage. The neurotrophin-mediated survival pathways, as well as the extrinsic and intrinsic cell apoptotic pathways, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of RGC loss. Finally, promising neuroprotective approaches based on the molecular signaling are analyzed for the treatment of optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi You
- Department of Ophthalmology, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, New South wales, Australia.
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Interplay between thyroxin, BDNF and GABA in injured neurons. Neuroscience 2013; 239:241-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Liu Y, Tao L, Fu X, Zhao Y, Xu X. BDNF protects retinal neurons from hyperglycemia through the TrkB/ERK/MAPK pathway. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1773-8. [PMID: 23595279 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common diabetic eye diseases and a leading cause of blindness. It is characterized by changes in the blood vessels of the retina. The pathogenesis of DR is complex and to date, the precise mechanisms involved remain unclear. Previous studies have reported that DR is associated with neurodegeneration and that apoptosis may occur in diabetic retinas. In the present study, retinal neurons under conditions of hyperglycemia were used as a model to study apoptosis in diabetic retinas. Retinal neurons exposed to hyperglycemia exhibited high levels of apoptosis. Brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin family, was effective in protecting retinal neurons from hyperglycemia in vitro. BDNF promoted neuronal cell survival in a concentration‑dependent manner. In addition, BDNF was demonstrated to promote the expression of tropomyosin‑related kinase B (TrkB) and elevate the phosphorylation levels of TrkB and ERK in retinal neurons exposed to hyperglycemia. The results of the present study demonstrated that BDNF may protect retinal neurons from hyperglycemia via the TrkB/ERK/MAPK pathway and provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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Chang ZY, Yeh MK, Chiang CH, Chen YH, Lu DW. Erythropoietin protects adult retinal ganglion cells against NMDA-, trophic factor withdrawal-, and TNF-α-induced damage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55291. [PMID: 23383140 PMCID: PMC3559395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of EPO in the presence of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-, trophic factor withdrawal (TFW)-, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced toxicity on total, small, and large retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Methods Retinal cells from adult rats were cultured in a medium containing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and forskolin. Expression of RGC markers and EPOR was examined using immunocytochemistry. RGCs were classified according to their morphological properties. Cytotoxicity was induced by NMDA, TFW, or TNF-α. RGC survival was assessed by counting thy-1 and neurofilament-l double-positive cells. Results EPO offered dose-dependent (EC50 = 5.7 ng/mL) protection against NMDA toxicity for small RGCs; protection was not significant for large RGCs. Time-course analysis showed that the presence of EPO either before or after NMDA exposure gave effective protection. For both small and large RGCs undergoing trophic factor withdrawal, EPO at concentrations of 1, 10, or 100 ng/mL improved survival. However, EPO had to be administered soon after the onset of injury to provide effective protection. For TNF-α-induced toxicity, survival of small RGCs was seen only for the highest examined concentration (100 ng/mL) of EPO, whereas large RGCs were protected at concentrations of 1, 10, or 100 ng/mL of EPO. Time-course analysis showed that pretreatment with EPO provided protection only for large RGCs; early post-treatment with EPO protected both small and large RGCs. Inhibitors of signal transduction and activators of transcription such as (STAT)-5, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)/extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK), and phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt impaired the protective effect of EPO on RGCs exposed to different insults. Conclusion EPO provided neuroprotection to cultured adult rat RGCs; however, the degree of protection varied with the type of toxic insult, RGC subtype, and timing of EPO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kung Yeh
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Sanhsia, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Hsi Chiang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Weber AJ. Autocrine and paracrine interactions and neuroprotection in glaucoma. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:219-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Valproate promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of optic nerve crush. Neuroscience 2012; 224:282-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Protective effects of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone on retinal ganglion and RGC-5 cells against excitotoxic and oxidative stress. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 49:96-104. [PMID: 23054592 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A preferential loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is observed in glaucoma and optic neuritis. Loss of tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB)-mediated signaling has been implicated in this degeneration. Our study indicates that 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8 DHF) robustly upregulates the TrkB signaling in the primary rat RGCs and the retinal neuronal precursor RGC-5 cell line by promoting phosphorylation of TrkB receptor, leading to enhanced TrkB receptor tyrosine kinase activity. The flavonoid derivative 7,8 DHF acts a potent TrkB agonist and upregulates the downstream AKT and MAPK/ERK survival signaling pathways in a TrkB-dependent manner in both primary rat RGCs as well as the RGC-5 cell line. Excitotoxicity and oxidative injury have been alleged in the specific RGC degeneration in various forms of glaucoma. A novel finding of this study is that treatment with 7,8 DHF protects these cells significantly from excitotoxic and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and cell death. 7,8 DHF also promotes neuritogenesis by stimulating neurite outgrowth, suggesting a possible therapeutic strategy for protection of RGCs in various optic neuropathies.
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Vander S, Levkovitch-Verbin H. Regulation of cell death and survival pathways in secondary degeneration of the optic nerve - a long-term study. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:740-8. [PMID: 22631427 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.673679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate cell death and survival pathways in secondary degeneration of the optic nerve (ON) and retina over a period of 6 months. METHODS A partial transection model of the ON that morphologically separates primary and secondary degeneration was applied unilaterally in 89 Wistar rat eyes. The upper third of the retinas were analyzed for primary degeneration, while the lower third of the retinas were analyzed for secondary degeneration. The involvement of members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway and the PI-3-kinase/Akt pathway were evaluated in primary and secondary degeneration in multiple time points over a period of 6 months using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Results were compared to corresponding areas from control fellow eyes. RESULTS All investigated members of the MAP kinase pathway were significantly activated in primary degeneration, secondary degeneration or both. P-SAPK/JNK and P-ERK were activated in primary degeneration without a concomitant activation in secondary degeneration. The prosurvival protein p-Akt, a member of the PI-3-kinase survival pathway, was significantly activated in secondary but not in primary degeneration. P-c-jun and p-ATF were significantly activated in both primary and secondary degeneration. The time-dependent pattern of activation was different for each protein and in secondary degeneration the activation of these proteins was usually short termed. CONCLUSIONS The significant involvement of the MAP kinase pathway and the PI-3-kinase survival pathway in secondary degeneration of the ON and retina is short termed despite continuous retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)apoptosis for at least 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Vander
- Sam Rothberg Ophthalmic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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47
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The molecular basis of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:152-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sullivan TA, Geisert EE, Templeton JP, Rex TS. Dose-dependent treatment of optic nerve crush by exogenous systemic mutant erythropoietin. Exp Eye Res 2012; 96:36-41. [PMID: 22306016 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to determine the minimum concentration of systemic erythropoietin-R76E required for neuroprotection in the retina. Erythropoietin (EPO) exhibits neuroprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo models of neuronal cell death although its classical function is the regulation of red blood cell production. It can cross the blood brain barrier and therefore can be delivered systemically to affect the retina. However, long-term treatment with exogenous erythropoietin causes polycythemia. To decrease this potentially lethal effect, we generated and tested a modified form that contains a single arginine to glutamate mutation at the 76th position (EPO-R76E). In previous studies, this mutant protected retinal neurons in mouse models of retinal degeneration and glaucoma with similar efficacy as wild-type EPO. However, EPO-R76E has attenuated erythropoietic activity, therefore, neuroprotection can be achieved without causing a significant rise in hematocrit. BALB/cByJ mice received a single intramuscular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying enhanced green fluorescent protein, Epo, or Epo-R76E. To result in continuous production of four different doses of EPO-R76E, two doses of two different serotypes (2/5 and 2/8) were used. Mice were subjected to optic nerve crush and analysis was performed thirty days later. EPO-R76E showed dose-dependent protection of the retinal ganglion cell bodies, but was unable to prevent axonal degeneration. Furthermore, EPO-R76E induced a dose-dependent rise in the hematocrit that was still attenuated as compared to wild-type EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Sullivan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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49
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Wilson AM, Di Polo A. Gene therapy for retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection in glaucoma. Gene Ther 2011; 19:127-36. [PMID: 21975466 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The primary cause of glaucoma is not known, but several risk factors have been identified, including elevated intraocular pressure and age. Loss of vision in glaucoma is caused by the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the neurons that convey visual information from the retina to the brain. Therapeutic strategies aimed at delaying or halting RGC loss, known as neuroprotection, would be valuable to save vision in glaucoma. In this review, we discuss the significant progress that has been made in the use of gene therapy to understand mechanisms underlying RGC degeneration and to promote the survival of these neurons in experimental models of optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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50
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Almasieh M, Lieven CJ, Levin LA, Di Polo A. A cell-permeable phosphine-borane complex delays retinal ganglion cell death after axonal injury through activation of the pro-survival extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 pathway. J Neurochem 2011; 118:1075-86. [PMID: 21749374 PMCID: PMC3166386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide has been recognized as a critical signal triggering retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after axonal injury. Although the downstream targets of superoxide are unknown, chemical reduction of oxidized sulfhydryls has been shown to be neuroprotective for injured RGCs. On the basis of this, we developed novel phosphine-borane complex compounds that are cell permeable and highly stable. Here, we report that our lead compound, bis (3-propionic acid methyl ester) phenylphosphine borane complex 1 (PB1) promotes RGC survival in rat models of optic nerve axotomy and in experimental glaucoma. PB1-mediated RGC neuroprotection did not correlate with inhibition of stress-activated protein kinase signaling, including apoptosis stimulating kinase 1 (ASK1), c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) or p38. Instead, PB1 led to a striking increase in retinal BDNF levels and downstream activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 entirely blocked RGC neuroprotection induced by PB1. We conclude that PB1 protects damaged RGCs through activation of pro-survival signals. These data support a potential cross-talk between redox homeostasis and neurotrophin-related pathways leading to RGC survival after axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Almasieh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Lieven
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leonard A. Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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