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Iulianella A, Wingate RJ, Moens CB, Capaldo E. The generation of granule cells during the development and evolution of the cerebellum. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:506-513. [PMID: 31131952 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum coordinates vestibular input into the hindbrain to control balance and movement, and its anatomical complexity is increasingly viewed as a high-throughput processing center for sensory and cognitive functions. Cerebellum development however is relatively simple, and arises from a specialized structure in the anterior hindbrain called the rhombic lip, which along with the ventricular zone of the rostral-most dorsal hindbrain region, give rise to the distinct cell types that constitute the cerebellum. Granule cells, being the most numerous cell types, arise from the rhombic lip and form a dense and distinct layer of the cerebellar cortex. In this short review, we describe the various strategies used by amniotes and anamniotes to generate and diversify granule cell types during cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Richard J Wingate
- MRC Centre of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Emily Capaldo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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2
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Shimada IS, Hwang SH, Somatilaka BN, Wang X, Skowron P, Kim J, Kim M, Shelton JM, Rajaram V, Xuan Z, Taylor MD, Mukhopadhyay S. Basal Suppression of the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway by the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Gpr161 Restricts Medulloblastoma Pathogenesis. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1169-1184. [PMID: 29386106 PMCID: PMC5813698 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) determines cerebellar granule cell (GC) progenitor proliferation and medulloblastoma pathogenesis. However, the pathways regulating GC progenitors during embryogenesis before Shh production by Purkinje neurons and their roles in tumorigenesis remain unclear. The cilium-localized G-protein-coupled receptor Gpr161 suppresses Shh-mediated signaling in the neural tube. Here, by deleting Gpr161 in mouse neural stem cells or GC progenitors, we establish Gpr161 as a tumor suppressor in Shh subtype medulloblastoma. Irrespective of Shh production in the cerebellum, Gpr161 deletion increased downstream activity of the Shh pathway by restricting Gli3-mediated repression, causing more extensive generation and proliferation of GC progenitors. Moreover, earlier deletion of Gpr161 during embryogenesis increased tumor incidence and severity. GC progenitor overproduction during embryogenesis from Gpr161 deletion was cilium dependent, unlike normal development. Low GPR161 expression correlated with poor survival of SHH subtype medulloblastoma patients. Gpr161 restricts GC progenitor production by preventing premature and Shh-dependent pathway activity, highlighting the importance of basal pathway suppression in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei S Shimada
- Department of Cell Biology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sun-Hee Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bandarigoda N Somatilaka
- Department of Cell Biology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5C 1X8, Canada
| | - Patryk Skowron
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5C 1X8, Canada
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Veena Rajaram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhenyu Xuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5C 1X8, Canada
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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3
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Capaldo E, Iulianella A. Cux2 serves as a novel lineage marker of granule cell layer neurons from the rhombic lip in mouse and chick embryos. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:881-96. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Capaldo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine; Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute; Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine; Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute; Nova Scotia Canada
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4
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Pose-Méndez S, Candal E, Adrio F, Rodríguez-Moldes I. Development of the cerebellar afferent system in the sharkScyliorhinus canicula: Insights into the basal organization of precerebellar nuclei in gnathostomes. J Comp Neurol 2013; 522:131-68. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sol Pose-Méndez
- Department of Cell Biology and Ecology; University of Santiago de Compostela; 15782- Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Eva Candal
- Department of Cell Biology and Ecology; University of Santiago de Compostela; 15782- Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Fátima Adrio
- Department of Cell Biology and Ecology; University of Santiago de Compostela; 15782- Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes
- Department of Cell Biology and Ecology; University of Santiago de Compostela; 15782- Santiago de Compostela Spain
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5
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Abstract
At birth or after hatching from the egg, vertebrate brains still contain neural stem cells which reside in specialized niches. In some cases, these stem cells are deployed for further postnatal development of parts of the brain until the final structure is reached. In other cases, postnatal neurogenesis continues as constitutive neurogenesis into adulthood leading to a net increase of the number of neurons with age. Yet, in other cases, stem cells fuel neuronal turnover. An example is protracted development of the cerebellar granular layer in mammals and birds, where neurogenesis continues for a few weeks postnatally until the granular layer has reached its definitive size and stem cells are used up. Cerebellar growth also provides an example of continued neurogenesis during adulthood in teleosts. Again, it is the granular layer that grows as neurogenesis continues and no definite adult cerebellar size is reached. Neuronal turnover is most clearly seen in the telencephalon of male canaries, where projection neurons are replaced in nucleus high vocal centre each year before the start of a new mating season--circuitry reconstruction to achieve changes of the song repertoire in these birds? In this review, we describe these and other examples of adult neurogenesis in different vertebrate taxa. We also compare the structure of the stem cell niches to find common themes in their organization despite different functions adult neurogenesis serves in different species. Finally, we report on regeneration of the zebrafish telencephalon after injury to highlight similarities and differences of constitutive neurogenesis and neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Grandel
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden-Cluster of Excellence, University of Technology Dresden, Fetscherstr 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Swartling FJ, Savov V, Persson AI, Chen J, Hackett CS, Northcott PA, Grimmer MR, Lau J, Chesler L, Perry A, Phillips JJ, Taylor MD, Weiss WA. Distinct neural stem cell populations give rise to disparate brain tumors in response to N-MYC. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:601-613. [PMID: 22624711 PMCID: PMC3360885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene MYCN is mis-expressed in various types of human brain tumors. To clarify how developmental and regional differences influence transformation, we transduced wild-type or mutationally stabilized murine N-myc(T58A) into neural stem cells (NSCs) from perinatal murine cerebellum, brain stem, and forebrain. Transplantation of N-myc(WT) NSCs was insufficient for tumor formation. N-myc(T58A) cerebellar and brain stem NSCs generated medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors, whereas forebrain NSCs developed diffuse glioma. Expression analyses distinguished tumors generated from these different regions, with tumors from embryonic versus postnatal cerebellar NSCs demonstrating Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) dependence and SHH independence, respectively. These differences were regulated in part by the transcription factor SOX9, activated in the SHH subclass of human medulloblastoma. Our results demonstrate context-dependent transformation of NSCs in response to a common oncogenic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik J Swartling
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Vasil Savov
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders I Persson
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Justin Chen
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christopher S Hackett
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Grimmer
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jasmine Lau
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Louis Chesler
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Arie Perry
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - William A Weiss
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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7
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Waite MR, Skaggs K, Kaviany P, Skidmore JM, Causeret F, Martin JF, Martin DM. Distinct populations of GABAergic neurons in mouse rhombomere 1 express but do not require the homeodomain transcription factor PITX2. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 49:32-43. [PMID: 21925604 PMCID: PMC3244529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hindbrain rhombomere 1 (r1) is located caudal to the isthmus, a critical organizer region, and rostral to rhombomere 2 in the developing mouse brain. Dorsal r1 gives rise to the cerebellum, locus coeruleus, and several brainstem nuclei, whereas cells from ventral r1 contribute to the trochlear and trigeminal nuclei as well as serotonergic and GABAergic neurons of the dorsal raphe. Recent studies have identified several molecular events controlling dorsal r1 development. In contrast, very little is known about ventral r1 gene expression and the genetic mechanisms regulating its formation. Neurons with distinct neurotransmitter phenotypes have been identified in ventral r1 including GABAergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic neurons. Here we show that PITX2 marks a distinct population of GABAergic neurons in mouse embryonic ventral r1. This population appears to retain its GABAergic identity even in the absence of PITX2. We provide a comprehensive map of markers that places these PITX2-positive GABAergic neurons in a region of r1 that intersects and is potentially in communication with the dorsal raphe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy R Waite
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, 2966 Taubman Medical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0619, USA.
| | - Kaia Skaggs
- Department of Neurology, 3520A MSRB I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019-5652, USA.
| | - Parisa Kaviany
- Department of Pediatrics, 3520A MSRB I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019-5652, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Skidmore
- Department of Pediatrics, 3520A MSRB I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019-5652, USA.
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7592, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab Texas Heart Institute, Houston Texas, 77030, USA.
| | - Donna M Martin
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, 2966 Taubman Medical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0619, USA; Department of Pediatrics, 3520A MSRB I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019-5652, USA; Department of Human Genetics, 3520A MSRB I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019-5652, USA.
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8
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Agarwal S, Gathwala G. Third cerebellar hemisphere: an unusual new cerebellar anomaly. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32:E73-4. [PMID: 21415147 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Yu T, Huang H, Li HF. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 promotes migration of cells from the upper rhombic lip in cerebellar development. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2775-86. [PMID: 20568288 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During cerebellar development, the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1 alpha) has been shown to play an important role in recruiting cells from the upper rhombic lip (URL) and external granule cell layer (EGL). However, its function in cerebellar development is still poorly understood. Our results have demonstrated that SDF-1 is necessary for EGL development, and URL cells stream to the SDF-1 source in vitro. Results of embryonic URL explant assays and transwell assays indicated that SDF-1 induces neural cell migration from the URL region in chemotactic and chemokinetic responses. The time-lapse results showed that the migration speed of granule cell progenitors out of the URL was accelerated by the addition of recombinant SDF-1 alpha. Collectively, our study shows that SDF-1 increases the motility of URL cells in the absence of a gradient and promotes the migration of granule cell progenitors during cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Erceg S, Ronaghi M, Zipancic I, Lainez S, Roselló MG, Xiong C, Moreno-Manzano V, Rodríguez-Jiménez FJ, Planells R, Alvarez-Dolado M, Bhattacharya SS, Stojkovic M. Efficient differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into functional cerebellar-like cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:1745-56. [PMID: 20521974 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has critical roles in motor and sensory learning and motor coordination. Many cerebellum-related disorders indicate cell therapy as a possible treatment of neural loss. Here we show that application of inductive signals involved in early patterning of the cerebellar region followed by application of different factors directs human embryonic stem cell differentiation into cerebellar-like cells such as granule neurons, Purkinje cells, interneuron, and glial cells. Neurons derived using our protocol showed a T-shaped polarity phenotype and express similar markers to the developed human cerebellum. Electrophysiological measurements confirmed functional electrical properties compatible with these cells. In vivo implantation of differentiated human embryonic stem cells transfected with MATH1-GFP construct into neonatal mice resulted in cell migration across the molecular and the Purkinje cell layers and settlement in the internal molecular layers. Our findings demonstrate that the universal mechanisms involved in the development of cerebellum can be efficiently recapitulated in vitro, which enables the design of new strategies for cell replacement therapy, to study early human development and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Erceg
- Cellular Reprogramming Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.
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11
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Silbereis J, Heintz T, Taylor MM, Ganat Y, Ment LR, Bordey A, Vaccarino F. Astroglial cells in the external granular layer are precursors of cerebellar granule neurons in neonates. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 44:362-73. [PMID: 20470892 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) initially derive from progenitors in the rhombic lip of the embryonic cerebellar primordium. GCPs proliferate and migrate tangentially across the cerebellum to form the external granule cell layer (EGL) in late embryogenesis and early postnatal development. It is unclear whether GCPs are specified exclusively in the embryonic rhombic lip or whether their precursor persists in the neonate. Using transgenic mice expressing DsRed under the human glial fibrillary acidic protein (hGFAP) promoter, we found 2 populations of DsRed(+) cells in the EGL in the first postnatal week defined by bright and faint DsRed-fluorescent signal. Bright DsRed(+) cells have a protein expression profile and electrophysiological characteristics typical of astrocytes, but faint DsRed(+) cells in the EGL and internal granule cell layer (IGL) express markers and physiological properties of immature neurons. To determine if these astroglial cells gave rise to GCPs, we genetically tagged them with EGFP or betagal reporter genes at postnatal day (P)3-P5 using a hGFAP promoter driven inducible Cre recombinase. We found that GFAP promoter(+) cells in the EGL are proliferative and express glial and neural stem cell markers. In addition, immature granule cells (GCs) en route to the IGL at P12 as well as GCs in the mature cerebellum, 30days after recombination, express the reporter protein, suggesting that GFAP promoter(+) cells in the EGL generate a subset of granule cells. The identification of glial cells which function as neuronal progenitor cells profoundly impacts our understanding of cellular plasticity in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Silbereis
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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12
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Lundell TG, Zhou Q, Doughty ML. Neurogenin1 expression in cell lineages of the cerebellar cortex in embryonic and postnatal mice. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:3310-25. [PMID: 19924827 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors Ptf1a and Math1 are necessary for the specification of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic and glutamatergic cell lineages in the cerebellum, respectively. Recent evidence suggests cascades of bHLH factor activities drive cell type specificity in Ptf1a(+ve) and Math1(+ve) lineages. In this manuscript, we reveal cell lineages in the cerebellar cortex but not deep cerebellar nuclei express the pro-neural bHLH factor Neurogenin1 (Ngn1). Ngn1 is expressed in ventricular zone progenitors and in newly generated neurons in the caudal cerebellar primordium. In later embryonic and postnatal developmental stages, Ngn1 is expressed in progenitors and in migrating interneurons in the prospective white matter. Transgenic fate-mapping reveals Ngn1 reporter-gene expression in Purkinje cells, multiple inhibitory interneuron cell types, and in unipolar brush cells of the cortex. The data suggest Ngn1 is a component of the bHLH factor code regulating cell type specification in the cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Lundell
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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13
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The autism susceptibility gene met regulates zebrafish cerebellar development and facial motor neuron migration. Dev Biol 2009; 335:78-92. [PMID: 19732764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During development, Met signaling regulates a range of cellular processes including growth, differentiation, survival and migration. The Met gene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor, which is activated by Hgf (hepatocyte growth factor) ligand. Altered regulation of human MET expression has been implicated in autism. In mouse, Met signaling has been shown to regulate cerebellum development. Since abnormalities in cerebellar structure have been reported in some autistic patients, we have used the zebrafish to address the role of Met signaling during cerebellar development and thus further our understanding of the molecular basis of autism. We find that zebrafish met is expressed in the cerebellar primordium, later localizing to the ventricular zone (VZ), with the hgf1 and hgf2 ligand genes expressed in surrounding tissues. Morpholino knockdown of either Met or its Hgf ligands leads to a significant reduction in the size of the cerebellum, primarily as a consequence of reduced proliferation. Met signaling knockdown disrupts specification of VZ-derived cell types, and also reduces granule cell numbers, due to an early effect on cerebellar proliferation and/or as an indirect consequence of loss of signals from VZ-derived cells later in development. These patterning defects preclude analysis of cerebellar neuronal migration, but we have found that Met signaling is necessary for migration of hindbrain facial motor neurons. In summary, we have described roles for Met signaling in coordinating growth and cell type specification within the developing cerebellum, and in migration of hindbrain neurons. These functions may underlie the correlation between altered MET regulation and autism spectrum disorders.
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14
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Silbereis J, Cheng E, Ganat YM, Ment LR, Vaccarino FM. Precursors with glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter activity transiently generate GABA interneurons in the postnatal cerebellum. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1152-63. [PMID: 19418461 DOI: 10.1002/stem.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem or progenitor cells (NSC/NPCs) able to generate the different neuron and glial cell types of the cerebellum have been isolated in vitro, but their identity and location in the intact cerebellum are unclear. Here, we use inducible Cre recombination in GFAPCreER(T2) mice to irreversibly activate reporter gene expression at P2 (postnatal day 2), P5, and P12 in cells with GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) promoter activity and analyze the fate of genetically tagged cells in vivo. We show that cells tagged at P2-P5 with beta-galactosidase or enhanced green fluorescent proteins reporter genes generate at least 30% of basket and stellate GABAergic interneurons in the molecular layer (ML) and that they lose their neurogenic potential by P12, after which they generate only glia. Tagged cells in the cerebellar white matter (WM) were initially GFAP/S100beta+ and expressed the NSC/NPCs proteins LeX, Musashi1, and Sox2 in vivo. One week after tagging, reporter+ cells in the WM upregulated the neuronal progenitor markers Mash1, Pax2, and Gad-67. These Pax2+ progenitors migrated throughout the cerebellar cortex, populating the ML and leaving the WM by P18. These data suggest that a pool of GFAP/S100beta+ glial cells located in the cerebellar WM generate a large fraction of cerebellar interneurons for the ML within the first postnatal 12 days of cerebellar development. This restricted critical period implies that powerful inhibitory factors may restrict their fate potential in vivo at later stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Silbereis
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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15
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Korn MJ, Cramer KS. Distribution of glial-associated proteins in the developing chick auditory brainstem. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:1093-106. [PMID: 18498086 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the avian brainstem, nucleus magnocellularis (NM) projects bilaterally to nucleus laminaris (NL) in a pathway that facilitates sound localization. The distribution of glia during the development of this pathway has not previously been characterized. Radial glia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes facilitate many processes including axon pathfinding, synaptic development, and maturation. Here we determined the spatiotemporal expression patterns of glial cell types in embryonic development of the chick auditory brainstem using glial-specific antibodies and histological markers. We found that vimentin-positive processes are intercalated throughout the NL cell layer. Astrocytes are found in two domains: one in the ventral neuropil region and the other dorsolateral to NM. GFAP-positive processes are primarily distributed along the ventral margin of NL. Astrocytic processes penetrate the NL cell layer following the onset of synaptogenesis, but before pruning and maturation. The dynamic, nonoverlapping expression patterns of GFAP and vimentin suggest that distinct glial populations are found in dorsal versus ventral regions of NL. Myelination occurs after axons have reached their targets. FluoroMyelin and myelin basic protein (MBP) gradually increase along the mediolateral axis of NL starting at E10. Multiple GFAP-positive processes are directly apposed to NM-NL axons and MBP, which suggests a role in early myelinogenesis. Our results show considerable changes in glial development after initial NM-NL connections are made, suggesting that glia may facilitate maturation of the auditory circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Korn
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4550, USA
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16
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Ishikawa Y, Yasuda T, Kage T, Takashima S, Yoshimoto M, Yamamoto N, Maruyama K, Takeda H, Ito H. Early Development of the Cerebellum in Teleost Fishes: A Study Based on Gene Expression Patterns and Histology in the Medaka Embryo. Zoolog Sci 2008; 25:407-18. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.25.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Spassky N, Han YG, Aguilar A, Strehl L, Besse L, Laclef C, Ros MR, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A. Primary cilia are required for cerebellar development and Shh-dependent expansion of progenitor pool. Dev Biol 2008; 317:246-59. [PMID: 18353302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs), which give rise to the most abundant neuronal type in the mammalian brain, arise from a restricted pool of primary progenitors in the rhombic lip (RL). Sonic hedgehog (Shh) secreted by developing Purkinje cells is essential for the expansion of GCPs and for cerebellar morphogenesis. Recent studies have shown that the primary cilium concentrates components of Shh signaling and that this structure is required for Shh signaling. GCPs have a primary cilium on their surface [Del Cerro, M.P., Snider, R.S. (1972). Studies on the developing cerebellum. II. The ultrastructure of the external granular layer. J Comp Neurol 144, 131-64.]. Here, we show that 1) this cilium can be conditionally ablated by crossing Kif3a(fl/-) mice with hGFAP-Cre mice, 2) removal of Kif3a from GCPs disrupts cerebellar development, and 3) these defects are due to a drastic reduction in Shh-dependent expansion of GCPs. A similar phenotype is observed when Smoothened (Smo), an essential transducer of Shh signaling, is removed from the same population of GCPs. Interestingly, Kif3a-Smo double conditional mutants show that Kif3a is epistatic to Smo. This work shows that Kif3a is essential for Shh-dependent expansion of cerebellar progenitors. Dysfunctional cilia are associated with diverse human disorders including Bardet-Biedl and Joubert syndromes. Cerebellar abnormalities observed in these patients could be explained by defects in Shh-induced GCP expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Spassky
- Université Pierre and Marie Curie, IFR des Neurosciences, INSERM U711, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75013, France.
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Volkmann K, Rieger S, Babaryka A, Köster RW. The zebrafish cerebellar rhombic lip is spatially patterned in producing granule cell populations of different functional compartments. Dev Biol 2008; 313:167-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
In the past few years, genetic fate mapping experiments have changed our vision of cerebellar development, particularly in redefining the origin of gabaergic and glutamatergic neurons of the cerebellar cortex and highlighting the precise spatio-temporal sequence of their generation. Here the authors review cerebellar neurogenesis and discuss the fate mapping studies with other new information stemming from transplantation experiments, in an effort to link the developmental potential of neural progenitor populations of the cerebellum with their spatio-temporal origin. NEUROSCIENTIST 14(1):91—100, 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carletti
- Department of Neuroscience and Rita Levi Montalcini Centre for Brain Repair, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Italy.
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Machold RP, Kittell DJ, Fishell GJ. Antagonism between Notch and bone morphogenetic protein receptor signaling regulates neurogenesis in the cerebellar rhombic lip. Neural Dev 2007; 2:5. [PMID: 17319963 PMCID: PMC1820780 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the embryonic development of the cerebellum, neurons are produced from progenitor cells located along a ventricular zone within dorsal rhombomere 1 that extends caudally to the roof plate of the fourth ventricle. The apposition of the caudal neuroepithelium and roof plate results in a unique inductive region termed the cerebellar rhombic lip, which gives rise to granule cell precursors and other glutamatergic neuronal lineages. Recently, we and others have shown that, at early embryonic stages prior to the emergence of granule cell precursors (E12), waves of neurogenesis in the cerebellar rhombic lip produce specific hindbrain nuclei followed by deep cerebellar neurons. How the induction of rhombic lip-derived neurons from cerebellar progenitors is regulated during this phase of cerebellar development to produce these temporally discrete neuronal populations while maintaining a progenitor pool for subsequent neurogenesis is not known. Results Employing both gain- and loss-of-function methods, we find that Notch1 signaling in the cerebellar primordium regulates the responsiveness of progenitor cells to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) secreted from the roof plate that stimulate the production of rhombic lip-derived neurons. In the absence of Notch1, cerebellar progenitors are depleted during the early production of hindbrain neurons, resulting in a severe decrease in the deep cerebellar nuclei that are normally born subsequently. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Notch1 activity prevents the induction of Math1 by antagonizing the BMP receptor-signaling pathway at the level of Msx2 expression. Conclusion Our results provide a mechanism by which a balance between neural induction and maintenance of neural progenitors is achieved in the rhombic lip throughout embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Machold
- New York University School of Medicine Smilow Neuroscience Program Department of Otolaryngology 522 First Avenue New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Deborah Jones Kittell
- New York University School of Medicine Smilow Neuroscience Program Department of Cell Biology 522 First Avenue New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gordon J Fishell
- New York University School of Medicine Smilow Neuroscience Program Department of Cell Biology 522 First Avenue New York, NY 10016, USA
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Joyner AL, Zervas M. Genetic inducible fate mapping in mouse: establishing genetic lineages and defining genetic neuroanatomy in the nervous system. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:2376-85. [PMID: 16871622 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A fascinating aspect of developmental biology is how organs are assembled in three dimensions over time. Fundamental to understanding organogenesis is the ability to determine when and where specific cell types are generated, the lineage of each cell, and how cells move to reside in their final position. Numerous methods have been developed to mark and follow the fate of cells in various model organisms used by developmental biologists, but most are not readily applicable to mouse embryos in utero because they involve physical marking of cells through injection of tracers. The advent of sophisticated transgenic and gene targeting techniques, combined with the use of site-specific recombinases, has revolutionized fate mapping studies in mouse. Furthermore, using genetic fate mapping to mark cells has opened up the possibility of addressing fundamental questions that cannot be studied with traditional methods of fate mapping in other organisms. Specifically, genetic fate mapping allows both the relationship between embryonic gene expression and cell fate (genetic lineage) to be determined, as well as the link between gene expression domains and anatomy (genetic anatomy) to be established. In this review, we present the ever-evolving development of genetic fate mapping techniques in mouse, especially the recent advance of Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping. We then review recent studies in the nervous system (focusing on the anterior hindbrain) as well as in the limb and with adult stem cells to highlight fundamental developmental processes that can be discovered using genetic fate mapping approaches. We end with a look toward the future at a powerful new approach that combines genetic fate mapping with cellular phenotyping alleles to study cell morphology, physiology, and function using examples from the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Joyner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Genetics Program, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Nichols DH, Bruce LL. Migratory routes and fates of cells transcribing the Wnt-1 gene in the murine hindbrain. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:285-300. [PMID: 16273520 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the origins, migrations, and fates of Wnt-1-expressing cells in the murine hindbrain, mice carrying a Wnt-1 enhancer/lacZ transgene were observed from embryonic day (E) 8 through postnatal day 18. The transgene-stained ventricular layer waxed and waned prior to and following migrations from it. Stained cells migrated first external to the hindbrain as neural crest and then within it to form typical populations of the rhombic lip, as well as others not recognized as lip derivatives. Migrations originated in a temporally defined sequence, many from discrete rhombomeres. All moved first radially, then rostrally and/or ventrally, ipsi-, or contralaterally, in the mantle or marginal layers. These movements ultimately formed elements of several nuclei, aligned in four longitudinal bands: dorsal (including the gracile, cuneate, cochlear, and vestibular nuclei, plus cerebellar granular cells), dorsal intermediate (including trigeminal sensory, parvicellular reticular, and deep cerebellar nuclei), ventral intermediate (including lateral and intermediate reticular nuclei), and ventral (including the raphe obscurus and pontine nuclei). Transgene staining often persisted long enough to identify stained cells in their definitive, adult nuclei. However, staining was transient. The strength of the staining, however, was in its ability to reveal origins and migrations in both whole-mounts and sections, in single cell detail. The present results will permit analyses of the effects of genetic manipulations on Wnt-1 lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Nichols
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA.
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Aroca P, Lorente-Cánovas B, Mateos FR, Puelles L. Locus coeruleus neurons originate in alar rhombomere 1 and migrate into the basal plate: Studies in chick and mouse embryos. J Comp Neurol 2006; 496:802-18. [PMID: 16628617 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated in the mouse and chick the neuroepithelial origin and development of the locus coeruleus (LoC), the most important noradrenergic neuronal population in the brain. We first studied the topography of the developing LoC in the hindbrain, using as markers the key noradrenergic marker gene Dbh and the transcription factors Phox2a and Phox2b (upstream of Dbh). In both mouse and chicken, LoC neurons first appear arranged linearly along the middle one-third of the alar plate of rhombomere 1 (r1), collinear to a reference ventricular longitudinal band that early on expresses Phox2a and Phox2b in the alar plate of r2 and later expands to r1. Double-labeling experiments with LoC markers (Dbh or Phox2a) and either alar (Pax7 and Rnx3) or basal (Otp) genetic markers suggested that LoC cells migrate from their origin in the alar plate to a final position in the lateral basal plate. To corroborate these suggestions experimentally and determine the precise origin of the LoC, we fate mapped the LoC in the chick at stage HH11 by using quail-chick homotopic grafts. The experimental results confirmed that the LoC originates in the alar plate throughout the rostrocaudal extent of r1 and ruled out a rostrocaudal translocation. They also corroborated a ventralward tangential migration of LoC cells into the lateral basal plate, where the postmigratory LoC primordium is located. Comparisons with neighboring alar r1-derived cell populations established that LoC neurons originate outside the cerebellum, in a matrix area intercalated dorsoventrally between the sources of the prospective vestibular and trigeminal columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Aroca
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Medical School, University of Murcia, Spain.
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25
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Canterini S, Mangia F, Fiorenza MT. Thg-1 pit gene expression in granule cells of the developing mouse brain and in their synaptic targets, mature Purkinje, and mitral cells. Dev Dyn 2005; 234:689-97. [PMID: 15895388 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the expression of Thg-1 pit in developing and adult mouse brain by in situ hybridization analysis. We show that, at day 12.5 of embryo development, Thg-1 pit expression is restricted to the rhombic lip, subventricular neuroepithelium/mantle zone, and lateral ganglionic eminence, namely the embryonic brain areas where granule cell precursors originate. Thereafter, Thg-1 pit expression landmarks both differentiative steps and the mature function of granule/interneuron cells in several brain districts, including cerebellum, basal forebrain, olfactory bulb, and hippocampus. In the adult, Thg-1 pit becomes also activated in mitral cells of olfactory bulb and in Purkinje cells of cerebellum, in concomitance with full development of the synaptic contacts that Purkinje and mitral cells establish with granule cells. We conclude that Thg-1 pit is relevant to specification, proliferation/migration, differentiation, and mature function of granule/interneuron cells in different brain districts, as well as to the function of mature, but not immature, Purkinje cells and mitral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Canterini
- Department of Psychology, Section of Neuroscience, University "La Sapienza" of Rome
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26
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Wang VY, Rose MF, Zoghbi HY. Math1 Expression Redefines the Rhombic Lip Derivatives and Reveals Novel Lineages within the Brainstem and Cerebellum. Neuron 2005; 48:31-43. [PMID: 16202707 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The rhombic lip (RL) is an embryonic proliferative neuroepithelium that generates several groups of hindbrain neurons. However, the precise boundaries and derivatives of the RL have never been genetically identified. We use beta-galactosidase expressed from the Math1 locus in Math1-heterozygous and Math1-null mice to track RL-derived cells and to evaluate their developmental requirements for Math1. We uncover a Math1-dependent rostral rhombic-lip migratory stream (RLS) that generates some neurons of the parabrachial, lateral lemniscal, and deep cerebellar nuclei, in addition to cerebellar granule neurons. A more caudal Math1-dependent cochlear extramural stream (CES) generates the ventral cochlear nucleus and cochlear granule neurons. Similarly, mossy-fiber precerebellar nuclei require Math1, whereas the inferior olive and locus coeruleus do not. We propose that Math1 expression delimits the extent of the rhombic lip and is required for the generation of the hindbrain superficial migratory streams, all of which contribute neurons to the proprioceptive/vestibular/auditory sensory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Y Wang
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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27
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Machold R, Fishell G. Math1 Is Expressed in Temporally Discrete Pools of Cerebellar Rhombic-Lip Neural Progenitors. Neuron 2005; 48:17-24. [PMID: 16202705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have utilized an in vivo-inducible genetic-fate-mapping strategy to permanently label cohorts of Math1-positive cells and their progeny that arise in the rhombic lip of the cerebellar primordium during embryogenesis. At stages prior to E12.5, with the exception of the deep cerebellar nuclei, we find that Math1 cells migrate out of the cerebellar primordium into the rostral hindbrain to populate specific nuclei that include cholinergic neurons of the mesopontine tegmental system. Moreover, analysis of Math1-null embryos shows that this gene is required for the formation of some of these nuclei. Around E12.5, granule cell precursors begin to be labeled: first, ones that give rise to granule cells that predominantly populate the anterior lobes of the adult cerebellum and later, those that populate progressing more caudally lobes until labeling of all granule cell precursors is complete by E17. Thus, we demonstrate that the cerebellar rhombic lip gives rise to multiple cell types within rhombomere 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Machold
- Department of Cell Biology, The Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
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28
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Bloch-Gallego E, Causeret F, Ezan F, Backer S, Hidalgo-Sánchez M. Development of precerebellar nuclei: instructive factors and intracellular mediators in neuronal migration, survival and axon pathfinding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 49:253-66. [PMID: 16111554 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 12/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The precerebellar system provides an interesting model to study tangential migrations. All precerebellar neurons (PCN) are generated in the most alar part of the hindbrain in a region called rhombic lip. PCN first emit a leading process and then translocate their nuclei inside it, a mechanism called nucleokinesis. In the past few years, molecular cues that could affect those processes have been investigated, with a special care on: (i) the identification of extrinsic factors directing cell migration and axon elongation as well as neuronal survival during development; (ii) intracellular reorganizations of the cytoskeleton during nucleokinesis in response to chemotropic factors. The signaling cascades, including regulators of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, in response to diffusible guidance factors have raised an increasing attention. We will here review the role of guidance cues involved in PCN migration in particular netrin-1, Slit and Nr-CAM. We will also consider Rho-GTPases that have been proposed to mediate axon outgrowth and neuronal migration, especially in response to netrin-1, and which may act as a relay between extracellular signals and intracellular remodeling. Recent findings from in vitro pharmacological inhibition of various Rho-GTPases and over-expression of effectors bring molecular cues that, in accordance with anatomical data, fit the idea that nucleokinesis and axon outgrowth are not strictly coupled events during PCN migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Bloch-Gallego
- Institut Cochin, GDPM, INSERM U567, CNRS 8104, Université Paris V, CHU Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
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29
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Heglind M, Cederberg A, Aquino J, Lucas G, Ernfors P, Enerbäck S. Lack of the central nervous system- and neural crest-expressed forkhead gene Foxs1 affects motor function and body weight. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:5616-25. [PMID: 15964817 PMCID: PMC1157007 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.13.5616-5625.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into the expression pattern and functional importance of the forkhead transcription factor Foxs1, we constructed a Foxs1-beta-galactosidase reporter gene "knock-in" (Foxs1beta-gal/beta-gal) mouse, in which the wild-type (wt) Foxs1 allele has been inactivated and replaced by a beta-galactosidase reporter gene. Staining for beta-galactosidase activity reveals an expression pattern encompassing neural crest-derived cells, e.g., cranial and dorsal root ganglia as well as several other cell populations in the central nervous system (CNS), most prominently the internal granule layer of cerebellum. Other sites of expression include the lachrymal gland, outer nuclear layer of retina, enteric ganglion neurons, and a subset of thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei. In the CNS, blood vessel-associated smooth muscle cells and pericytes stain positive for Foxs1. Foxs1beta-gal/beta-gal mice perform significantly better (P < 0.01) on a rotating rod than do wt littermates. We have also noted a lower body weight gain (P < 0.05) in Foxs1beta-gal/lbeta-gal males on a high-fat diet, and we speculate that dorsomedial hypothalamic neurons, expressing Foxs1, could play a role in regulating body weight via regulation of sympathetic outflow. In support of this, we observed increased levels of uncoupling protein 1 mRNA in Foxs1beta-gal/beta-gal mice. This points toward a role for Foxs1 in the integration and processing of neuronal signals of importance for energy turnover and motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Heglind
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Medicinareg. 9A, Box 440, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Warnecke M, Oster H, Revelli JP, Alvarez-Bolado G, Eichele G. Abnormal development of the locus coeruleus in Ear2(Nr2f6)-deficient mice impairs the functionality of the forebrain clock and affects nociception. Genes Dev 2005; 19:614-25. [PMID: 15741322 PMCID: PMC551581 DOI: 10.1101/gad.317905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor Ear2 (Nr2f6) is transiently expressed in the rostral part of the rhombic lip in which the locus coeruleus (LC) arises. LC development, regulated by a signaling cascade (Mash1 --> Phox2b --> Phox2a), is disrupted in Ear2-/- embryos as revealed by an approximately threefold reduction in the number of Phox2a- and Phox2b-expressing LC progenitor cells. Mash1 expression in the rhombic lip, however, is unaffected, placing Ear2 in between Mash1 and Phox2a/b. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase staining demonstrate that >70% of LC neurons are absent in the adult with agenesis affecting primarily the dorsal division of the LC. Normally, this division projects noradrenergic efferents to the cortex that appear to be diminished in Ear2-/- since the cortical concentration of noradrenaline is four times lower in these mice. The rostral region of the cortex is known to contain a circadian pacemaker regulating adaptability to light- and restricted food-driven entrainment. In situ hybridization establishes that the circadian expression pattern of the clock gene Period1 is abolished in the Ear2-/- forebrain. Behavioral experiments reveal that Ear2 mutants have a delayed entrainment to shifted light-dark cycles and adapt less efficiently to daytime feeding schedules. We propose that neurons in the dorsal division of LC contribute to the regulation of the forebrain clock, at least in part, through targeted release of noradrenaline into the cortical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marei Warnecke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Zervas M, Blaess S, Joyner AL. Classical Embryological Studies and Modern Genetic Analysis of Midbrain and Cerebellum Development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2005; 69:101-38. [PMID: 16243598 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(05)69005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a remarkably complex anatomical structure that contains a diverse array of subdivisions, cell types, and synaptic connections. It is equally extraordinary in its physiological properties, as it constantly evaluates and integrates external stimuli as well as controls a complicated internal environment. The brain can be divided into three primary broad regions: the forebrain, midbrain (Mb), and hindbrain (Hb), each of which contain further subdivisions. The regions considered in this chapter are the Mb and most-anterior Hb (Mb/aHb), which are derived from the mesencephalon (mes) and rhombomere 1 (r1), respectively. The dorsal Mb consists of the laminated superior colliculus and the globular inferior colliculus (Fig. 1A and B), which modulate visual and auditory stimuli, respectively. The dorsal component of the aHb is the highly foliated cerebellum (Cb), which is primarily attributed to controlling motor skills (Fig. 1A and B). In contrast, the ventral Mb/aHb (Fig. 1B) consists of distinct clusters of neurons that together comprise a network of nuclei and projections-notably, the Mb dopaminergic and Hb serotonergic and Mb/aHb cholinergic neurons (Fig. 1G and H), which modulate a collection of behaviors, including movement, arousal, feeding, wakefulness, and emotion. Historically, the dorsal Mb and Cb have been studied using the chick as a model system because of the ease of performing both cell labeling and tissue transplants in the embryo in ovo; currently DNA electroporation techniques are also used. More recently the mouse has emerged as a powerful genetic system with numerous advantages to study events underpinning Mb/aHb development. There is a diverse array of spontaneous mutants with both Mb- and Cb-related phenotypes. In addition, numerous gene functions have been enumerated in mouse, gene expression is similar across vertebrates, and powerful genetic tools have been developed. Finally, additional insight into Mb/aHb function has been gained from studies of genetic diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, cancer, and Dandy Walker syndrome, that afflict the Mb/aHb in humans and have genetic counterparts in mouse. Accordingly, this chapter discusses a spectrum of experiments, including classic embryology, in vitro assays, sophisticated genetic methods, and human diseases. We begin with an overview of Mb and aHb anatomy and physiology and mes/r1 gene expression patterns. We then provide a summary of fate-mapping studies that collectively demonstrate the complex cell behaviors that occur while the Mb and aHb primordia are established during embryogenesis and discuss the integration of both anterior-posterior (A-P) and dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterning. Finally, we describe some aspects of postnatal development and some of the insights gained from human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zervas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Narboux-Nême N, Louvi A, Alexandre P, Wassef M. Regionalization of the isthmic and cerebellar primordia. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 148:29-36. [PMID: 15856550 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(04)48003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The complex migrations of neurons born in the dorsal neural tube of the isthmic and rhombomere l (rl) domains complicate the delineation of the cerebellar primordium. We show that Purkinje cells (P) are likely generated over a wide territory before gathering in the future cerebellar primordium under the developing external granular layer. Later expansion of the cerebellum over a restricted ependymal domain could rely on mutual interations between P cells and granule cell progenitors (GCP). P are attracted by GCP and in turn stimulate their proliferation, increasing the surface of the developing cortex. At later stages, regionalization of the developing and adult cerebellar cortex can be detected through regional variations in the distribution of several P cell markers. Whether and how the developmental and adult P subtypes are related is still unknown and it is unclear if they delineate the same sets of cerebellar subdivisions. We provide evidence that the early P regionalization is involved in intrinsic patterning of the cerebellar primordium, in particular it relate to the organization of the corticonuclear connection. We propose that the early P regionalization provides a scaffold to the mature P regionalization but that the development of functional afferent connections induces a period of P plasticity during which the early regional identity of P could be remodeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Narboux-Nême
- Régionalisation Nerveuse CNRS/ENS, UMR 8542, Ecole normale supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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Abstract
Malformations of cortical development are important causes of developmental delay and epilepsy. They are classified by the presumed stage during which normal development is interrupted: neuronal proliferation and differentiation, neuronal migration, and late migration/cortical organization. This article discusses the important malformations in each of these groups, how and why the malformations develop, and their imaging findings. A better understanding of these disorders helps in genetic counseling of the parents and may help in the treatment of associated epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A James Barkovich
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Abstract
Malformations of cortical development are an important cause of developmental delay and epilepsy. Proper identification of these malformations can greatly help in accurately counseling affected families and, in some cases, in the treatment of the epilepsy. Modem neuroimaging is an important tool in the diagnosis of these malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony James Barkovich
- Neuroradiology Section, University of California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.
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Abstract
Proliferation of avian cerebellar neurons, including granule cells, is thought to be completed during embryonic life, and aspects of cell addition in cerebellar lobules in posthatching life are unknown. The present study tested the hypothesis that cell genesis in late embryonic and posthatching stages of quail cerebellum occurs in parallel with the performance of motor programs. After exposure to bromodeoxyuridine, short (20 hours) and long survival time points were selected to investigate survival and migration of labeled cells. Quantitative analysis of the lobular distribution of labeled cells was performed with the stereological disector method. External granular layer (EGL) proliferation did not cease after hatching, indicating that there is an extended posthatching period, lasting until P20, when cells can be added into the internal granular layer, modifying the cerebellar circuitry and function. Indeed, long survival experiments suggested that EGL-labeled cells migrated into the internal granular layer and survived for a prolonged time, although many of the progenitor cells remained in the EGL for days. Double-labeling experiments revealed that most of the late-generated granule cells were NeuN positive, but only few expressed nitric oxide synthase. In addition to granule cells, the white matter and a glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-positive cell population in the molecular layer around Purkinje somata showed bromodeoxyuridine labeling. Although all lobules showed significant posthatching proliferation, an anteroposterior gradient was evident. The index of granule cell production and survival supports a spatiotemporal pattern, in correlation with the functional division of cerebellum into anterior and posterior domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Stamatakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 714 09, Crete, Greece
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Mathis L, Nicolas JF. Progressive restriction of cell fates in relation to neuroepithelial cell mingling in the mouse cerebellum. Dev Biol 2003; 258:20-31. [PMID: 12781679 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the cerebellum proceeds through a temporal series of cell production from two separate epithelia, the ventricular zone (VZ) and the external granule cell layer (EGL). Using the laacZ cell lineage tracer in transgenic mice, we describe cellular clones whose dates of birth span the entire period of cerebellar development and deduce a sequence of cell dispersion leading to the final allocation of cells in the cerebellum. Clones probably labeled early during neural tube formation show that individual progenitors can give rise to all cerebellar cell types. The distribution of clonally related granule cells in these clones indicates a mediolateral organization of EGL progenitors already established before the allocation of the EGL progenitors to the cerebellum. Clones restricted to the cerebellar VZ show that the VZ derives progenitors for deep nuclei and multipotent cortical progenitors, which lose their systematic lineage relationship when longitudinal cell intermingling in the cerebellar VZ becomes more limited. The small clones also show that cell dispersion is radial in the internal granule layer and tangential in the molecular layer. Together, the data demonstrate the broad maintenance of the relative order of cells from neural tube stages to the adult cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Mathis
- Unité de Biologie moléculaire du Développement, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Lam CS, Sleptsova-Friedrich I, Munro AD, Korzh V. SHH and FGF8 play distinct roles during development of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus of the zebrafish. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 22:501-15. [PMID: 12727446 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Here, we analyzed the formation of noradrenergic (NAergic) cells in the locus coeruleus (LC) of zebrafish. In the sonic hedgehog (shh) mutant, cells positive for tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker for putative NAergic cells in the LC were reduced. Similarly, the inhibition of translation of all hh genes and the perturbation of Shh signaling by forskolin resulted in a decrease in the number of cells. Conversely, when SHH was overexpressed, an increase in number was observed. Thus, Shh is involved in maintaining the appropriate number of cells in the LC. While elevated levels of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) did not attenuate tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells, exogenous fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) rescued NAergic neurons in the acerebellar (ace) mutant, providing direct in vivo evidence that Fgf8 is required for the induction of NAergic neurons in the LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sok Lam
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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39
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Patel S, Barkovich AJ. Analysis and classification of cerebellar malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23:1074-87. [PMID: 12169461 PMCID: PMC8185716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Because of improved visualization of posterior fossa structures with MR imaging, cerebellar malformations are recognized with increasing frequency. Herein we attempt to describe and propose a rational classification of cerebellar malformations. METHODS MR images obtained in 70 patients with cerebellar malformations were retrospectively reviewed. The cerebellar malformations were initially divided into those with hypoplasia and those with dysplasia. They were then divided into focal and diffuse malformations. Finally, they were separated according to other features, such as brain stem involvement and cerebral involvement. RESULTS All patients with diffuse cerebellar dysplasia (muscular dystrophy [n = 10], cytomegalovirus [n = 6], lissencephaly [n = 3],) had abnormalities of the cerebrum. Patients with focal cerebellar dysplasia of the Joubert (n = 12) and rhombencephalosynapsis (n = 8) types had variable cerebral dysplasia. Patients with nonsyndromic focal cerebellar dysplasia (isolated focal cerebellar cortical dysplasia [n = 2], cerebellar heterotopia with cerebellar cortical dysplasia [n = 1], idiopathic diffuse cerebellar dysplasia [n = 1], Lhermitte-Duclos syndrome [n = 1]) and those with cerebellar hypoplasia (isolated cerebellar hypoplasia [n = 6], pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1 [n = 1]) had normal cerebra. Patients with features of Dandy-Walker malformation (n = 19) had both hypoplasia and dysplasia of the cerebellum. No notable difference was found between the cerebella of patients with large fourth ventricle cysts (Dandy-Walker malformations) and those without large fourth ventricle cysts (isolated cerebellar hypoplasia). Therefore, the Dandy-Walker malformation seems to be heterogeneous. CONCLUSION Use of this classification system helps in the segregation and understanding of the relationship among cerebellar malformations. Although it will undoubtedly require revisions, this classification is a first step in combining imaging with molecular biology to facilitate understanding of cerebellar development and maldevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Patel
- Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Silverman AJ, Cserjesi P, Kanter E. Distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurones in the chick forebrain is independent of lineage relationships among cells of the early nasal placode. J Neuroendocrinol 2002; 14:207-12. [PMID: 11999720 DOI: 10.1046/j.0007-1331.2001.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of reproduction depends upon the successful migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones from the nasal placode to the ventral forebrain during embryogenesis. Within the central nervous system (CNS), these neurones migrate to stereotyped, highly reproducible locations in septal, preoptic and hypothalamic nuclei. We postulated that lineage relationships (descent from a common precursor) might predict the final location of these neurones. To test this hypothesis, a complex retroviral library was used to label dividing cells in the placode and subsequently to identify them by the presence of the alkaline phosphatase marker. GnRH was detected immunocytochemically and lineage relationships determined by single cell polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the degenerate oligonucleotide component of the retrovirus. GnRH-positive and GnRH-negative neurones were confined to the side ipsilateral to the injection; many cells derived from the placode that entered the CNS did not contain GnRH. This precise method of identifying and mapping the progeny of single neurones revealed that GnRH cells in any given area were derived from multiple precursors. This developmental pattern may contribute to assuring that all CNS locations critical to the orchestration of reproductive events will be populated by GnRH neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Silverman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
The upper rhombic lip (URL), a germinal zone in the dorsoanterior hindbrain, has long been known to be a source for neurons of the vertebrate cerebellum. It was thought to give rise to dorsally migrating granule cell precursors (Figure 1e); however, recent fate mapping studies have questioned the exclusive contributions of the URL to granule cells. By taking advantage of the clarity of the zebrafish embryo during the stages of brain morphogenesis, we have followed the fate of neuronal precursor cells generated within the upper rhombic lip directly. Combining a novel GFP labeling strategy with in vivo time-lapse imaging, we find, contrary to the former view, that most URL-descendants migrate anterior toward the midhindbrain boundary (MHB) and then course ventrally along the MHB (Figure 1f). As the migrating neuronal precursors reach the MHB, they form ventrally extending projections, likely axons, and continue ventral migration to settle outside of the cerebellum, in the region of the ventral brainstem. Thus, we define a new pathway for URL-derived neuronal precursor cells consistent with the recent fate maps. In addition, our results strongly suggest that the MHB plays a crucial role, not only in induction and patterning of the cerebellar anlage, but also in organizing its later morphogenesis by influencing cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Köster
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Y Wang
- Programme in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
Recent studies have transformed our understanding of the embryonic rhombic lip by revealing the inductive cues, regional origins and guidance molecules that pattern the development of this important structure and its derivatives. In the cerebellum, a precise combination of anteroposterior and dorsalising cues induces a stream of migratory progenitors that give rise to the external granule cell layer, while more caudally, Netrin orchestrates the migration of hindbrain rhombic lip derivatives to form the precerebellar nuclei. The rhombic lip is thus emerging as a spatiotemporally distinct epithelium whose late appearance in both development and evolution is instrumental in generating a complex, functionally related but spatially distributed neural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wingate
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, 4th floor New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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