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Mihaljević B, Benavides-Piccione R, Bielza C, Larrañaga P, DeFelipe J. Classification of GABAergic interneurons by leading neuroscientists. Sci Data 2019; 6:221. [PMID: 31641131 PMCID: PMC6805952 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently no unique catalog of cortical GABAergic interneuron types. In 2013, we asked 48 leading neuroscientists to classify 320 interneurons by inspecting images of their morphology. That study was the first to quantify the degree of agreement among neuroscientists in morphology-based interneuron classification, showing high agreement for the chandelier and Martinotti types, yet low agreement for most of the remaining types considered. Here we present the dataset containing the classification choices by the neuroscientists according to interneuron type as well as to five prominent morphological features. These data can be used as crisp or soft training labels for learning supervised machine learning interneuron classifiers, while further analyses can try to pinpoint anatomical characteristics that make an interneuron especially difficult or especially easy to classify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Mihaljević
- Computational Intelligence Group, Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Boadilla del Monte, 28660, Spain.
| | - Ruth Benavides-Piccione
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Spain
| | - Concha Bielza
- Computational Intelligence Group, Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Boadilla del Monte, 28660, Spain
| | - Pedro Larrañaga
- Computational Intelligence Group, Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Boadilla del Monte, 28660, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Spain
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Abrahao KP, Lovinger DM. Classification of GABAergic neuron subtypes from the globus pallidus using wild-type and transgenic mice. J Physiol 2018; 596:4219-4235. [PMID: 29917235 PMCID: PMC6117588 DOI: 10.1113/jp276079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Classifying different subtypes of neurons in deep brain structures is a challenge and is crucial to better understand brain function. Understanding the diversity of neurons in the globus pallidus (GP), a brain region positioned to influence afferent and efferent information processing within basal ganglia, could help to explain a variety of brain functions. We present a classification of neurons from the GP using electrophysiological data from wild-type mice and confirmation using transgenic mice. This work will help researchers to identify specific neuronal subsets in the GP of wild-type mice when transgenic mice with labelled neurons are lacking. ABSTRACT Classification of the extensive neuronal diversity in the brain is fundamental for neuroscience. The globus pallidus external segment (GPe), also referred to as the globus pallidus in rodents, is a large nucleus located in the core of the basal ganglia whose circuitry is implicated in action control, decision-making and reward. Although considerable progress has been made in characterizing different GPe neuronal subtypes, no work has directly attempted to characterize these neurons in non-transgenic mice. Here, we provide data showing the degree of overlap in expression of neuronal PAS domain protein (Npas1), LIM homeobox 6 (Lhx6), parvalbumin (PV) and transcription factor FoxP2 biomarkers in mouse GPe neurons. We used an unbiased statistical method to classify neurons based on electrophysiological properties from nearly 200 neurons from C57BL/6J mice. In addition, we examined the subregion distribution of the neuronal subtypes. Cluster analysis using firing rate and hyperpolarization-induced membrane potential sag variables revealed three distinct neuronal clusters: type 1, characterized by low firing rate and small sag potential; type 2, with low firing rate and larger sag potential; and type 3, with high firing rate and small sag potential. We used other electrophysiological variables and data from marker-expressing neurons to evaluate the clusters. We propose that the GPe GABAergic neurons should be classified into three subgroups: arkypallidal, low-firing prototypical and high-firing prototypical neurons. This work will help researchers identify GPe neuron subtypes when transgenic mice with labelled neurons cannot be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina P. Abrahao
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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Riedemann T, Straub T, Sutor B. Two types of somatostatin-expressing GABAergic interneurons in the superficial layers of the mouse cingulate cortex. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200567. [PMID: 30001424 PMCID: PMC6042774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin-expressing (SOM+), inhibitory interneurons represent a heterogeneous group of cells and given their remarkable diversity, classification of SOM+ interneurons remains a challenging task. Electrophysiological, morphological and neurochemical classes of SOM+ interneurons have been proposed in the past but it remains unclear as to what extent these classes are congruent. We performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from 127 GFP-labeled SOM+ interneurons ('GIN') of the superficial cingulate cortex with subsequent biocytin-filling and immunocytochemical labeling. Principal component analysis followed by k-means clustering predicted two putative subtypes of SOM+ interneurons, which we designated as group I and group II GIN. A key finding of our study is the fact that these electrophysiologically and morphologically distinct groups of SOM+ interneurons can be correlated with two neurochemical subtypes of SOM+ interneurons described recently in our laboratory. In particular, all SOM+ interneurons expressing calbindin but no calretinin could be classified as group I GIN, whereas all but one neuropeptide Y- and calretinin-positive interneurons were found in group II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Riedemann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Biomedical Center, Physiological Genomics, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Tobias Straub
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Biomedical Center, Core Facility Bioinformatics, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Sutor
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Biomedical Center, Physiological Genomics, Munich, Germany
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Harris KD, Hochgerner H, Skene NG, Magno L, Katona L, Bengtsson Gonzales C, Somogyi P, Kessaris N, Linnarsson S, Hjerling-Leffler J. Classes and continua of hippocampal CA1 inhibitory neurons revealed by single-cell transcriptomics. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006387. [PMID: 29912866 PMCID: PMC6029811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding any brain circuit will require a categorization of its constituent neurons. In hippocampal area CA1, at least 23 classes of GABAergic neuron have been proposed to date. However, this list may be incomplete; additionally, it is unclear whether discrete classes are sufficient to describe the diversity of cortical inhibitory neurons or whether continuous modes of variability are also required. We studied the transcriptomes of 3,663 CA1 inhibitory cells, revealing 10 major GABAergic groups that divided into 49 fine-scale clusters. All previously described and several novel cell classes were identified, with three previously described classes unexpectedly found to be identical. A division into discrete classes, however, was not sufficient to describe the diversity of these cells, as continuous variation also occurred between and within classes. Latent factor analysis revealed that a single continuous variable could predict the expression levels of several genes, which correlated similarly with it across multiple cell types. Analysis of the genes correlating with this variable suggested it reflects a range from metabolically highly active faster-spiking cells that proximally target pyramidal cells to slower-spiking cells targeting distal dendrites or interneurons. These results elucidate the complexity of inhibitory neurons in one of the simplest cortical structures and show that characterizing these cells requires continuous modes of variation as well as discrete cell classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D. Harris
- University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- University College London Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Hochgerner
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathan G. Skene
- University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenza Magno
- University College London Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Katona
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Bengtsson Gonzales
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicoletta Kessaris
- University College London Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Roux L, Stark E, Sjulson L, Buzsáki G. In vivo optogenetic identification and manipulation of GABAergic interneuron subtypes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 26:88-95. [PMID: 24440414 PMCID: PMC4024355 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Identification and manipulation of different GABAergic interneuron classes in the behaving animal are important to understand their role in circuit dynamics and behavior. The combination of optogenetics and large-scale neuronal recordings allows specific interneuron populations to be identified and perturbed for circuit analysis in intact animals. A crucial aspect of this approach is coupling electrophysiological recording with spatially and temporally precise light delivery. Focal multisite illumination of neuronal activators and silencers in predetermined temporal configurations or a closed loop manner opens the door to addressing many novel questions. Recent progress demonstrates the utility and power of this novel technique for interneuron research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Roux
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Eran Stark
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Lucas Sjulson
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - György Buzsáki
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Abstract
Here I review the diversity of GABAergic neurons in the rodent basolateral amygdala (BLA). In spite of the recent identification of the role played by certain neurons of BLA in learning and memory of fear, the diversity of GABAergic neurons has not been fully explored. I describe analogies and differences between GABAergic neurons in BLA and cerebral cortex. Emphasis is given to a comprehensive functional, neurochemical and anatomical classification of GABAergic neuron types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Capogna
- MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK.
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Takesian AE, Kotak VC, Sharma N, Sanes DH. Hearing loss differentially affects thalamic drive to two cortical interneuron subtypes. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:999-1008. [PMID: 23719211 PMCID: PMC3742974 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00182.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory deprivation, such as developmental hearing loss, leads to an adjustment of synaptic and membrane properties throughout the central nervous system. These changes are thought to compensate for diminished sound-evoked activity. This model predicts that compensatory changes should be synergistic with one another along each functional pathway. To test this idea, we examined the excitatory thalamic drive to two types of cortical inhibitory interneurons that display differential effects in response to developmental hearing loss. The inhibitory synapses made by fast-spiking (FS) cells are weakened by hearing loss, whereas those made by low threshold-spiking (LTS) cells remain strong but display greater short-term depression (Takesian et al. 2010). Whole-cell recordings were made from FS or LTS interneurons in a thalamocortical brain slice, and medial geniculate (MG)-evoked postsynaptic potentials were analyzed. Following hearing loss, MG-evoked net excitatory potentials were smaller than normal at FS cells but larger than normal at LTS cells. Furthermore, MG-evoked excitatory potentials displayed less short-term depression at FS cells and greater short-term depression at LTS cells. Thus deprivation-induced adjustments of excitatory synapses onto inhibitory interneurons are cell-type specific and parallel the changes made by the inhibitory afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Takesian
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
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Waite MR, Skaggs K, Kaviany P, Skidmore JM, Causeret F, Martin JF, Martin DM. Distinct populations of GABAergic neurons in mouse rhombomere 1 express but do not require the homeodomain transcription factor PITX2. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 49:32-43. [PMID: 21925604 PMCID: PMC3244529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hindbrain rhombomere 1 (r1) is located caudal to the isthmus, a critical organizer region, and rostral to rhombomere 2 in the developing mouse brain. Dorsal r1 gives rise to the cerebellum, locus coeruleus, and several brainstem nuclei, whereas cells from ventral r1 contribute to the trochlear and trigeminal nuclei as well as serotonergic and GABAergic neurons of the dorsal raphe. Recent studies have identified several molecular events controlling dorsal r1 development. In contrast, very little is known about ventral r1 gene expression and the genetic mechanisms regulating its formation. Neurons with distinct neurotransmitter phenotypes have been identified in ventral r1 including GABAergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic neurons. Here we show that PITX2 marks a distinct population of GABAergic neurons in mouse embryonic ventral r1. This population appears to retain its GABAergic identity even in the absence of PITX2. We provide a comprehensive map of markers that places these PITX2-positive GABAergic neurons in a region of r1 that intersects and is potentially in communication with the dorsal raphe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy R Waite
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, 2966 Taubman Medical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0619, USA.
| | - Kaia Skaggs
- Department of Neurology, 3520A MSRB I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019-5652, USA.
| | - Parisa Kaviany
- Department of Pediatrics, 3520A MSRB I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019-5652, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Skidmore
- Department of Pediatrics, 3520A MSRB I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019-5652, USA.
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7592, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab Texas Heart Institute, Houston Texas, 77030, USA.
| | - Donna M Martin
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, 2966 Taubman Medical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0619, USA; Department of Pediatrics, 3520A MSRB I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019-5652, USA; Department of Human Genetics, 3520A MSRB I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019-5652, USA.
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