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Ando H, Shimizu-Okabe C, Okura N, Yafuso T, Kosaka Y, Kobayashi S, Okabe A, Takayama C. Reduced Gene Expression of KCC2 Accelerates Axonal Regeneration and Reduces Motor Dysfunctions after Tibial Nerve Severance and Suturing. Neuroscience 2024; 551:55-68. [PMID: 38788828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glycine (GABA/Gly) are predominantly inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mature central nervous system; however, they mediate membrane potential depolarization during development. These differences in actions depend on intracellular Cl- concentrations ([Cl-]i), which are primarily regulated by potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2). After nerve injury, KCC2 expression markedly decreases and GABA/Gly mediate depolarization. Following nerve regeneration, KCC2 expression recovers and GABA/Gly become inhibitory, suggesting that KCC2 reduction and GABA/Gly excitation may be crucial for axonal regeneration. To directly clarify their involvement in regeneration, we analyzed recovery processes after tibial nerve severance and suturing between heterozygous KCC2 knockout mice (HT), whose KCC2 levels are halved, and their wild-type littermates (WT). Compared with WT mice, the sciatic functional index-indicating lower limb motor function-was significantly higher until 28 days after operation (D28) in HT mice. Furthermore, at D7, many neurofilament-positive fibers were elongated into the distal part of the sutured nerve in HT mice only, and myelinated axonal density was significantly higher at D21 and D28 in HT animals. Electron microscopy and galanin immunohistochemistry indicated a shorter nerve degeneration period in HT mice. Moreover, a less severe decrease in choline acetyltransferase was observed in HT mice. These results suggest that nerve degeneration and regeneration proceed more rapidly in HT mice, resulting in milder motor dysfunction. Via similar microglial activation, nerve surgery may reduce KCC2 levels more rapidly in HT mice, followed by earlier increased [Cl-]i and longer-lasting GABA/Gly excitation. Taken together, reduced KCC2 may accelerate nerve regeneration via GABA/Gly excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Ando
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Chigusa Shimizu-Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okura
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yafuso
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kosaka
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Shiori Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Akihito Okabe
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Seinan Jo Gakuin University, Fukuoka 803-0835, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan.
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Pethe A, Hamze M, Giannaki M, Heimrich B, Medina I, Hartmann AM, Roussa E. K +/Cl - cotransporter 2 (KCC2) and Na +/ HCO3- cotransporter 1 (NBCe1) interaction modulates profile of KCC2 phosphorylation. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1253424. [PMID: 37881493 PMCID: PMC10595033 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1253424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
K+/Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2) is a major Cl- extruder in mature neurons and is responsible for the establishment of low intracellular [Cl-], necessary for fast hyperpolarizing GABAA-receptor mediated synaptic inhibition. Electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1 (NBCe1) is a pH regulatory protein expressed in neurons and glial cells. An interactome study identified NBCe1 as a possible interaction partner of KCC2. In this study, we investigated the putative effect of KCC2/NBCe1 interaction in baseline and the stimulus-induced phosphorylation pattern and function of KCC2. Primary mouse hippocampal neuronal cultures from wildtype (WT) and Nbce1-deficient mice, as well as HEK-293 cells stably transfected with KCC2WT, were used. The results show that KCC2 and NBCe1 are interaction partners in the mouse brain. In HEKKCC2 cells, pharmacological inhibition of NBCs with S0859 prevented staurosporine- and 4-aminopyridine (4AP)-induced KCC2 activation. In mature cultures of hippocampal neurons, however, S0859 completely inhibited postsynaptic GABAAR and, thus, could not be used as a tool to investigate the role of NBCs in GABA-dependent neuronal networks. In Nbce1-deficient immature hippocampal neurons, baseline phosphorylation of KCC2 at S940 was downregulated, compared to WT, and exposure to staurosporine failed to reduce pKCC2 S940 and T1007. In Nbce1-deficient mature neurons, baseline levels of pKCC2 S940 and T1007 were upregulated compared to WT, whereas after 4AP treatment, pKCC2 S940 was downregulated, and pKCC2 T1007 was further upregulated. Functional experiments showed that the levels of GABAAR reversal potential, baseline intracellular [Cl-], Cl- extrusion, and baseline intracellular pH were similar between WT and Nbce1-deficient neurons. Altogether, our data provide a primary description of the properties of KCC2/NBCe1 protein-protein interaction and implicate modulation of stimulus-mediated phosphorylation of KCC2 by NBCe1/KCC2 interaction-a mechanism with putative pathophysiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Pethe
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mira Hamze
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marina Giannaki
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Heimrich
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Igor Medina
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Anna-Maria Hartmann
- Division of Neurogenetics, Faculty VI, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Roussa
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Del Turco D, Paul MH, Schlaudraff J, Muellerleile J, Bozic F, Vuksic M, Jedlicka P, Deller T. Layer-specific changes of KCC2 and NKCC1 in the mouse dentate gyrus after entorhinal denervation. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1118746. [PMID: 37293543 PMCID: PMC10244516 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1118746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cation-chloride cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 regulate the intracellular Cl- concentration and cell volume of neurons and/or glia. The Cl- extruder KCC2 is expressed at higher levels than the Cl- transporter NKCC1 in mature compared to immature neurons, accounting for the developmental shift from high to low Cl- concentration and from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing currents through GABA-A receptors. Previous studies have shown that KCC2 expression is downregulated following central nervous system injury, returning neurons to a more excitable state, which can be pathological or adaptive. Here, we show that deafferentation of the dendritic segments of granule cells in the outer (oml) and middle (mml) molecular layer of the dentate gyrus via entorhinal denervation in vivo leads to cell-type- and layer-specific changes in the expression of KCC2 and NKCC1. Microarray analysis validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed a significant decrease in Kcc2 mRNA in the granule cell layer 7 days post-lesion. In contrast, Nkcc1 mRNA was upregulated in the oml/mml at this time point. Immunostaining revealed a selective reduction in KCC2 protein expression in the denervated dendrites of granule cells and an increase in NKCC1 expression in reactive astrocytes in the oml/mml. The NKCC1 upregulation is likely related to the increased activity of astrocytes and/or microglia in the deafferented region, while the transient KCC2 downregulation in granule cells may be associated with denervation-induced spine loss, potentially also serving a homeostatic role via boosting GABAergic depolarization. Furthermore, the delayed KCC2 recovery might be involved in the subsequent compensatory spinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Del Turco
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mandy H. Paul
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jessica Schlaudraff
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Muellerleile
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fran Bozic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Vuksic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Cheung DL, Toda T, Narushima M, Eto K, Takayama C, Ooba T, Wake H, Moorhouse AJ, Nabekura J. KCC2 downregulation after sciatic nerve injury enhances motor function recovery. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7871. [PMID: 37188694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to mature neurons induces downregulated KCC2 expression and activity, resulting in elevated intracellular [Cl-] and depolarized GABAergic signaling. This phenotype mirrors immature neurons wherein GABA-evoked depolarizations facilitate neuronal circuit maturation. Thus, injury-induced KCC2 downregulation is broadly speculated to similarly facilitate neuronal circuit repair. We test this hypothesis in spinal cord motoneurons injured by sciatic nerve crush, using transgenic (CaMKII-KCC2) mice wherein conditional CaMKIIα promoter-KCC2 expression coupling selectively prevents injury-induced KCC2 downregulation. We demonstrate, via an accelerating rotarod assay, impaired motor function recovery in CaMKII-KCC2 mice relative to wild-type mice. Across both cohorts, we observe similar motoneuron survival and re-innervation rates, but differing post-injury reorganization patterns of synaptic input to motoneuron somas-for wild-type, both VGLUT1-positive (excitatory) and GAD67-positive (inhibitory) terminal counts decrease; for CaMKII-KCC2, only VGLUT1-positive terminal counts decrease. Finally, we recapitulate the impaired motor function recovery of CaMKII-KCC2 mice in wild-type mice by administering local spinal cord injections of bicuculline (GABAA receptor blockade) or bumetanide (lowers intracellular [Cl-] by NKCC1 blockade) during the early post-injury period. Thus, our results provide direct evidence that injury-induced KCC2 downregulation enhances motor function recovery and suggest an underlying mechanism of depolarizing GABAergic signaling driving adaptive reconfiguration of presynaptic GABAergic input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lawrence Cheung
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Toda
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Madoka Narushima
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kei Eto
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuko Ooba
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Division of Multicellular Circuit Dynamics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Andrew John Moorhouse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney (The University of New South Wales), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
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Lee JM, Choi YJ, Yoo MC, Yeo SG. Central Facial Nervous System Biomolecules Involved in Peripheral Facial Nerve Injury Responses and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051036. [PMID: 37237902 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral facial nerve injury leads to changes in the expression of various neuroactive substances that affect nerve cell damage, survival, growth, and regeneration. In the case of peripheral facial nerve damage, the injury directly affects the peripheral nerves and induces changes in the central nervous system (CNS) through various factors, but the substances involved in these changes in the CNS are not well understood. The objective of this review is to investigate the biomolecules involved in peripheral facial nerve damage so as to gain insight into the mechanisms and limitations of targeting the CNS after such damage and identify potential facial nerve treatment strategies. To this end, we searched PubMed using keywords and exclusion criteria and selected 29 eligible experimental studies. Our analysis summarizes basic experimental studies on changes in the CNS following peripheral facial nerve damage, focusing on biomolecules that increase or decrease in the CNS and/or those involved in the damage, and reviews various approaches for treating facial nerve injury. By establishing the biomolecules in the CNS that change after peripheral nerve damage, we can expect to identify factors that play an important role in functional recovery from facial nerve damage. Accordingly, this review could represent a significant step toward developing treatment strategies for peripheral facial palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jung Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chul Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Calvo PM, de la Cruz RR, Pastor AM, Alvarez FJ. Preservation of KCC2 expression in axotomized abducens motoneurons and its enhancement by VEGF. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:967-984. [PMID: 37005931 PMCID: PMC10428176 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02635-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) is the main Cl- extruder in neurons. Any alteration in KCC2 levels leads to changes in Cl- homeostasis and, consequently, in the polarity and amplitude of inhibitory synaptic potentials mediated by GABA or glycine. Axotomy downregulates KCC2 in many different motoneurons and it is suspected that interruption of muscle-derived factors maintaining motoneuron KCC2 expression is in part responsible. In here, we demonstrate that KCC2 is expressed in all oculomotor nuclei of cat and rat, but while trochlear and oculomotor motoneurons downregulate KCC2 after axotomy, expression is unaltered in abducens motoneurons. Exogenous application of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a neurotrophic factor expressed in muscle, upregulated KCC2 in axotomized abducens motoneurons above control levels. In parallel, a physiological study using cats chronically implanted with electrodes for recording abducens motoneurons in awake animals, demonstrated that inhibitory inputs related to off-fixations and off-directed saccades in VEGF-treated axotomized abducens motoneurons were significantly higher than in control, but eye-related excitatory signals in the on direction were unchanged. This is the first report of lack of KCC2 regulation in a motoneuron type after injury, proposing a role for VEGF in KCC2 regulation and demonstrating the link between KCC2 and synaptic inhibition in awake, behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Calvo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rosa R de la Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Angel M Pastor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
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Pajer K, Bellák T, Grósz T, Nógrádi B, Patai R, Sinkó J, Vinay L, Liabeuf S, Erdélyi M, Nógrádi A. Riluzole treatment modulates KCC2 and EAAT-2 receptor expression and Ca 2+ accumulation following ventral root avulsion injury. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151317. [PMID: 37099936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Avulsion injury results in motoneuron death due to the increased excitotoxicity developing in the affected spinal segments. This study focused on possible short and long term molecular and receptor expression alterations which are thought to be linked to the excitotoxic events in the ventral horn with or without the anti-excitotoxic riluzole treatment. In our experimental model the left lumbar 4 and 5 (L4, 5) ventral roots of the spinal cord were avulsed. Treated animals received riluzole for 2 weeks. Riluzole is a compound that acts to block voltage-activated Na+ and Ca2+ channels. In control animals the L4, 5 ventral roots were avulsed without riluzole treatment. Expression of astrocytic EAAT-2 and that of KCC2 in motoneurons on the affected side of the L4 spinal segment were detected after the injury by confocal and dSTORM imaging, intracellular Ca2+ levels in motoneurons were quantified by electron microscopy. The KCC2 labeling in the lateral and ventrolateral parts of the L4 ventral horn was weaker compared with the medial part of L4 ventral horn in both groups. Riluzole treatment dramatically enhanced motoneuron survival but was not able to prevent the down-regulation of KCC2 expression in injured motoneurons. In contrast, riluzole successfully obviated the increase of intracellular calcium level and the decrease of EAAT-2 expression in astrocytes compared with untreated injured animals. We conclude that KCC2 may not be an essential component for survival of injured motoneurons and riluzole is able to modulate the intracellular level of calcium and expression of EAAT-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Pajer
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bellák
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tímea Grósz
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernát Nógrádi
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Roland Patai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Sinkó
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laurent Vinay
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS and Aix Marseille Université, Campus Santé Timone, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Liabeuf
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS and Aix Marseille Université, Campus Santé Timone, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Miklós Erdélyi
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antal Nógrádi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Yafuso T, Kosaka Y, Shimizu-Okabe C, Okura N, Kobayashi S, Kim J, Matsuda K, Kinjo D, Okabe A, Takayama C. Slow progression of sciatic nerve degeneration and regeneration after loose ligation through microglial activation and decreased KCC2 levels in the mouse spinal cord ventral horn. Neurosci Res 2022; 177:52-63. [PMID: 34757085 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury affects motor functions. To reveal the mechanisms underlying motor dysfunction and recovery after nerve compression, which have not been precisely examined, we investigated the temporal relationship among changes in motor function, nerve histopathology, and marker molecule expression in the spinal cord after loose ligation of the mouse sciatic nerve. After ligation, sciatic motor function suddenly declined, and axons gradually degenerated. During degeneration, galanin was localized in motor neuron cell bodies. Then, in the ventral horn, microglia were activated, and expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), a synthetic enzyme of acetylcholine, and potassium chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2), which shifts the action of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) and glycine to inhibitory, decreased. Motor function recovery was insufficient although axonal regeneration was complete. ChAT levels gradually recovered during axonal regeneration. When regeneration was nearly complete, microglial activation declined, and KCC2 expression started to increase. The KCC2 level sufficiently recovered when axonal regeneration was complete, suggesting that the excitatory action of GABA/glycine may participate in axonal regeneration. Furthermore, these changes proceeded slower than those after severance, suggesting that loose ligation, compression, may mediate slower progression of degeneration and regeneration than severance, and these changes may cause the motor dysfunction and its recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Yafuso
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kosaka
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Chigusa Shimizu-Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okura
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Shiori Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Koyata Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Daichi Kinjo
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Akihito Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan; Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Seinan Jo Gakuin University, Fukuoka, 803-0835, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan.
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Shimizu-Okabe C, Kobayashi S, Kim J, Kosaka Y, Sunagawa M, Okabe A, Takayama C. Developmental Formation of the GABAergic and Glycinergic Networks in the Mouse Spinal Cord. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020834. [PMID: 35055019 PMCID: PMC8776010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine act as inhibitory neurotransmitters. Three types of inhibitory neurons and terminals, GABAergic, GABA/glycine coreleasing, and glycinergic, are orchestrated in the spinal cord neural circuits and play critical roles in regulating pain, locomotive movement, and respiratory rhythms. In this study, we first describe GABAergic and glycinergic transmission and inhibitory networks, consisting of three types of terminals in the mature mouse spinal cord. Second, we describe the developmental formation of GABAergic and glycinergic networks, with a specific focus on the differentiation of neurons, formation of synapses, maturation of removal systems, and changes in their action. GABAergic and glycinergic neurons are derived from the same domains of the ventricular zone. Initially, GABAergic neurons are differentiated, and their axons form synapses. Some of these neurons remain GABAergic in lamina I and II. Many GABAergic neurons convert to a coreleasing state. The coreleasing neurons and terminals remain in the dorsal horn, whereas many ultimately become glycinergic in the ventral horn. During the development of terminals and the transformation from radial glia to astrocytes, GABA and glycine receptor subunit compositions markedly change, removal systems mature, and GABAergic and glycinergic action shifts from excitatory to inhibitory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigusa Shimizu-Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan; (C.S.-O.); (S.K.); (Y.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Shiori Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan; (C.S.-O.); (S.K.); (Y.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea;
| | - Yoshinori Kosaka
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan; (C.S.-O.); (S.K.); (Y.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Masanobu Sunagawa
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan; (C.S.-O.); (S.K.); (Y.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Akihito Okabe
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Seinan Jo Gakuin University, Fukuoka 803-0835, Japan;
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan; (C.S.-O.); (S.K.); (Y.K.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-98-895-1103 or +81-895-1405
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10
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Chalif JI, Mentis GZ. Normal Development and Pathology of Motoneurons: Anatomy, Electrophysiological Properties, Firing Patterns and Circuit Connectivity. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 28:63-85. [PMID: 36066821 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07167-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This chapter will provide an introduction into motoneuron anatomy, electrophysiological properties, firing patterns focusing on development and also describing several pathological conditions that affect mononeurons. It starts with a historical retrospective describing the early landmark work into motoneurons. The next section lays out the various types of motoneurons (alpha, beta, and gamma) and their subclasses (fast-twitch fatigable, fast-twitch fatigue-resistant, and slow-twitch fatigue resistant), highlighting the functional relevance of this classification scheme. The third section describes the development of motoneurons' passive and active electrophysiological properties. This section also defines the major terms one uses in describing how a neuron functions electrophysiologically. The electrophysiological aspects of a neuron is critical to understanding how it behaves within a circuit and contributes to behavior since the firing of an action potential is how neurons communicate with each other and with muscles. The electrophysiological changes of motoneurons over development underlies how their function changes over the lifetime of an organism. After describing the properties of individual motoneurons, the chapter then turns to revealing how motoneurons interact within complex neural circuits, with other motoneurons as well as sensory neurons, and how these circuits change over development. Finally, this chapter ends with highlighting some recent advances made in motoneuron pathology, focusing on spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and axotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Chalif
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Z Mentis
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Yamazaki Y, Abe Y, Fujii S, Tanaka KF. Oligodendrocytic Na +-K +-Cl - co-transporter 1 activity facilitates axonal conduction and restores plasticity in the adult mouse brain. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5146. [PMID: 34446732 PMCID: PMC8390751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The juvenile brain presents plasticity. Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system and myelination can be adaptive. Plasticity decreases from juvenile to adulthood. The mechanisms involving oligodendrocytes underlying plasticity are unclear. Here, we show Na+-K+-Cl– co-transporter 1 (NKCC1), highly expressed in the juvenile mouse brain, regulates the oligodendrocyte activity from juvenile to adulthood in mice, as shown by optogenetic manipulation of oligodendrocytes. The reduced neuronal activity in adults was restored by Nkcc1 overexpression in oligodendrocytes. Moreover, in adult mice overexpressing Nkcc1, long-term potentiation and learning were facilitated compared to age-matched controls. These findings demonstrate that NKCC1 plays a regulatory role in the age-dependent activity of oligodendrocytes, furthermore inducing activation of NKCC1 in oligodendrocytes can restore neuronal plasticity in the adult mouse brain. Brain plasticity declines with age. Here, the authors show that NKCC1 regulates oligodendrocyte activity, facilitating neuronal plasticity during juvenile. Inducing activation of oligodendrocytic NKCC1 results in restoration of neuronal plasticity in the adult mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Yamazaki
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Abe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Sergeeva EG, Rosenberg PA, Benowitz LI. Non-Cell-Autonomous Regulation of Optic Nerve Regeneration by Amacrine Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:666798. [PMID: 33935656 PMCID: PMC8085350 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.666798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual information is conveyed from the eye to the brain through the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that course through the optic nerve and synapse onto neurons in multiple subcortical visual relay areas. RGCs cannot regenerate their axons once they are damaged, similar to most mature neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), and soon undergo cell death. These phenomena of neurodegeneration and regenerative failure are widely viewed as being determined by cell-intrinsic mechanisms within RGCs or to be influenced by the extracellular environment, including glial or inflammatory cells. However, a new concept is emerging that the death or survival of RGCs and their ability to regenerate axons are also influenced by the complex circuitry of the retina and that the activation of a multicellular signaling cascade involving changes in inhibitory interneurons - the amacrine cells (AC) - contributes to the fate of RGCs. Here, we review our current understanding of the role that interneurons play in cell survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Sergeeva
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Kirby Center for Neuroscience, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul A. Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Kirby Center for Neuroscience, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Larry I. Benowitz
- Kirby Center for Neuroscience, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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13
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Virtanen MA, Uvarov P, Mavrovic M, Poncer JC, Kaila K. The Multifaceted Roles of KCC2 in Cortical Development. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:378-392. [PMID: 33640193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
KCC2, best known as the neuron-specific chloride-extruder that sets the strength and polarity of GABAergic currents during neuronal maturation, is a multifunctional molecule that can regulate cytoskeletal dynamics via its C-terminal domain (CTD). We describe the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the multiple functions of KCC2 and its splice variants, ranging from developmental apoptosis and the control of early network events to the formation and plasticity of cortical dendritic spines. The versatility of KCC2 actions at the cellular and subcellular levels is also evident in mature neurons during plasticity, disease, and aging. Thus, KCC2 has emerged as one of the most important molecules that shape the overall neuronal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari A Virtanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martina Mavrovic
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean Christophe Poncer
- INSERM, UMRS 1270, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kai Kaila
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Juvale IIA, Che Has AT. Possible interplay between the theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1998-2026. [PMID: 33306252 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the oldest known neurological disorders and is characterized by recurrent seizure activity. It has a high incidence rate, affecting a broad demographic in both developed and developing countries. Comorbid conditions are frequent in patients with epilepsy and have detrimental effects on their quality of life. Current management options for epilepsy include the use of anti-epileptic drugs, surgery, or a ketogenic diet. However, more than 30% of patients diagnosed with epilepsy exhibit drug resistance to anti-epileptic drugs. Further, surgery and ketogenic diets do little to alleviate the symptoms of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the underlying mechanisms of pharmacoresistant epilepsy to design newer and more effective anti-epileptic drugs. Several theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy have been suggested over the years, the most common being the gene variant hypothesis, network hypothesis, multidrug transporter hypothesis, and target hypothesis. In our review, we discuss the main theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy and highlight a possible interconnection between their mechanisms that could lead to the development of novel therapies for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Imtiyaz Ahmed Juvale
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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15
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Reh R, Williams LJ, Todd RM, Ward LM. Warped rhythms: Epileptic activity during critical periods disrupts the development of neural networks for human communication. Behav Brain Res 2020; 399:113016. [PMID: 33212087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that temporal lobe epilepsy-the most common and well-studied form of epilepsy-can impair communication by disrupting social-emotional and language functions. In pediatric epilepsy, where seizures co-occur with the development of critical brain networks, age of onset matters: The earlier in life seizures begin, the worse the disruption in network establishment, resulting in academic hardship and social isolation. Yet, little is known about the processes by which epileptic activity disrupts developing human brain networks. Here we take a synthetic perspective-reviewing a range of research spanning studies on molecular and oscillatory processes to those on the development of large-scale functional networks-in support of a novel model of how such networks can be disrupted by epilepsy. We seek to bridge the gap between research on molecular processes, on the development of human brain circuitry, and on clinical outcomes to propose a model of how epileptic activity disrupts brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Reh
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lynne J Williams
- BC Children's Hospital MRI Research Facility, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada
| | - Rebecca M Todd
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Lawrence M Ward
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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16
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Phillips RS, Rosner I, Gittis AH, Rubin JE. The effects of chloride dynamics on substantia nigra pars reticulata responses to pallidal and striatal inputs. eLife 2020; 9:e55592. [PMID: 32894224 PMCID: PMC7476764 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a rodent basal ganglia (BG) output nucleus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is well positioned to impact behavior. SNr neurons receive GABAergic inputs from the striatum (direct pathway) and globus pallidus (GPe, indirect pathway). Dominant theories of action selection rely on these pathways' inhibitory actions. Yet, experimental results on SNr responses to these inputs are limited and include excitatory effects. Our study combines experimental and computational work to characterize, explain, and make predictions about these pathways. We observe diverse SNr responses to stimulation of SNr-projecting striatal and GPe neurons, including biphasic and excitatory effects, which our modeling shows can be explained by intracellular chloride processing. Our work predicts that ongoing GPe activity could tune the SNr operating mode, including its responses in decision-making scenarios, and GPe output may modulate synchrony and low-frequency oscillations of SNr neurons, which we confirm using optogenetic stimulation of GPe terminals within the SNr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Phillips
- Department of Mathematics, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Center for the Neural Basis of CognitionPittsburghUnited States
| | - Ian Rosner
- Center for the Neural Basis of CognitionPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Aryn H Gittis
- Center for the Neural Basis of CognitionPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Jonathan E Rubin
- Department of Mathematics, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Center for the Neural Basis of CognitionPittsburghUnited States
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17
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O'Reilly ML, Tom VJ. Neuroimmune System as a Driving Force for Plasticity Following CNS Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:187. [PMID: 32792908 PMCID: PMC7390932 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an injury to the central nervous system (CNS), spontaneous plasticity is observed throughout the neuraxis and affects multiple key circuits. Much of this spontaneous plasticity can elicit beneficial and deleterious functional outcomes, depending on the context of plasticity and circuit affected. Injury-induced activation of the neuroimmune system has been proposed to be a major factor in driving this plasticity, as neuroimmune and inflammatory factors have been shown to influence cellular, synaptic, structural, and anatomical plasticity. Here, we will review the mechanisms through which the neuroimmune system mediates plasticity after CNS injury. Understanding the role of specific neuroimmune factors in driving adaptive and maladaptive plasticity may offer valuable therapeutic insight into how to promote adaptive plasticity and/or diminish maladaptive plasticity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela L O'Reilly
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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18
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Alvarez FJ, Rotterman TM, Akhter ET, Lane AR, English AW, Cope TC. Synaptic Plasticity on Motoneurons After Axotomy: A Necessary Change in Paradigm. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:68. [PMID: 32425754 PMCID: PMC7203341 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motoneurons axotomized by peripheral nerve injuries experience profound changes in their synaptic inputs that are associated with a neuroinflammatory response that includes local microglia and astrocytes. This reaction is conserved across different types of motoneurons, injuries, and species, but also displays many unique features in each particular case. These reactions have been amply studied, but there is still a lack of knowledge on their functional significance and mechanisms. In this review article, we compiled data from many different fields to generate a comprehensive conceptual framework to best interpret past data and spawn new hypotheses and research. We propose that synaptic plasticity around axotomized motoneurons should be divided into two distinct processes. First, a rapid cell-autonomous, microglia-independent shedding of synapses from motoneuron cell bodies and proximal dendrites that is reversible after muscle reinnervation. Second, a slower mechanism that is microglia-dependent and permanently alters spinal cord circuitry by fully eliminating from the ventral horn the axon collaterals of peripherally injured and regenerating sensory Ia afferent proprioceptors. This removes this input from cell bodies and throughout the dendritic tree of axotomized motoneurons as well as from many other spinal neurons, thus reconfiguring ventral horn motor circuitries to function after regeneration without direct sensory feedback from muscle. This process is modulated by injury severity, suggesting a correlation with poor regeneration specificity due to sensory and motor axons targeting errors in the periphery that likely render Ia afferent connectivity in the ventral horn nonadaptive. In contrast, reversible synaptic changes on the cell bodies occur only while motoneurons are regenerating. This cell-autonomous process displays unique features according to motoneuron type and modulation by local microglia and astrocytes and generally results in a transient reduction of fast synaptic activity that is probably replaced by embryonic-like slow GABA depolarizations, proposed to relate to regenerative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Alvarez
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Travis M Rotterman
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Erica T Akhter
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alicia R Lane
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cellular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Timothy C Cope
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
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19
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Kosaka Y, Yafuso T, Shimizu-Okabe C, Kim J, Kobayashi S, Okura N, Ando H, Okabe A, Takayama C. Development and persistence of neuropathic pain through microglial activation and KCC2 decreasing after mouse tibial nerve injury. Brain Res 2020; 1733:146718. [PMID: 32045595 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature brain, but is excitatory during development and after motor nerve injury. This difference in GABAergic action depends on the intracellular chloride ion concentration ([Cl-]i), primarily regulated by potassium chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2). To reveal precise processes of the neuropathic pain through changes in GABAergic action, we prepared tibial nerve ligation and severance models using male mice, and examined temporal relationships amongst changes in (1) the mechanical withdrawal threshold in the sural nerve area, (2) localization of the molecules involved in GABAergic transmission and its upstream signaling in the dorsal horn, and (3) histology of the tibial nerve. In the ligation model, tibial nerve degeneration disappeared by day 56, but mechanical allodynia, reduced KCC2 localization, and increased microglia density remained until day 90. Microglia density was higher in the tibial zone than the sural zone before day 21, but this result was inverted after day 28. In contrast, in the severance model, all above changes were detected until day 28, but were simultaneously and significantly recovered by day 90. These results suggested that in male mice, allodynia may be caused by reduced GABAergic synaptic inhibition, resulting from elevated [Cl-]i after the reduction of KCC2 by activated microglia. Furthermore, our results suggested that factors from degenerating nerve terminals may diffuse into the sural zone, whereby they induced the development of allodynia in the sural nerve area, while other factors in the sural zone may mediate persistent allodynia through the same pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kosaka
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yafuso
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Chigusa Shimizu-Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiori Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okura
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ando
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan
| | - Akihito Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan; Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Seinan Jo Gakuin University, Fukuoka 803-0835, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030215, Japan.
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20
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Beverungen H, Klaszky SC, Klaszky M, Côté MP. Rehabilitation Decreases Spasticity by Restoring Chloride Homeostasis through the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-KCC2 Pathway after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:846-859. [PMID: 31578924 PMCID: PMC7071070 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-based therapy is routinely integrated in rehabilitation programs to facilitate functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Among its beneficial effects is a reduction of hyperreflexia and spasticity, which affects ∼75% of the SCI population. Unlike current anti-spastic pharmacological treatments, rehabilitation attenuates spastic symptoms without causing an active depression in spinal excitability, thus avoiding further interference with motor recovery. Understanding how activity-based therapies contribute to decrease spasticity is critical to identifying new pharmacological targets and to optimize rehabilitation programs. It was recently demonstrated that a decrease in the expression of KCC2, a neuronal Cl- extruder, contributes to the development spasticity in SCI rats. Although exercise can decrease spinal hyperexcitability and increase KCC2 expression on lumbar motoneurons after SCI, a causal effect remains to be established. Activity-dependent processes include an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Interestingly, BDNF is a regulator of KCC2 but also a potent modulator of spinal excitability. Therefore, we hypothesized that after SCI, the activity-dependent increase in KCC2 expression: 1) functionally contributes to reduce hyperreflexia, and 2) is regulated by BDNF. SCI rats chronically received VU0240551 (KCC2 blocker) or TrkB-IgG (BDNF scavenger) during the daily rehabilitation sessions and the frequency-dependent depression of the H-reflex, a monitor of hyperreflexia, was recorded 4 weeks post-injury. Our results suggest that the activity-dependent increase in KCC2 functionally contributes to H-reflex recovery and critically depends on BDNF activity. This study provides a new perspective in understanding how exercise impacts hyperreflexia by identifying the biological basis of the recovery of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Beverungen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Samantha Choyke Klaszky
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Klaszky
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marie-Pascale Côté
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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21
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Auer T, Schreppel P, Erker T, Schwarzer C. Impaired chloride homeostasis in epilepsy: Molecular basis, impact on treatment, and current treatment approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 205:107422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Allen LL, Seven YB, Baker TL, Mitchell GS. Cervical spinal contusion alters Na +-K +-2Cl- and K +-Cl- cation-chloride cotransporter expression in phrenic motor neurons. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 261:15-23. [PMID: 30590202 PMCID: PMC6939623 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal chloride-dependent synaptic inhibition is critical in regulating breathing and requires neuronal chloride gradients established by cation-chloride cotransporters Na+-K+-2Cl- (NKCC1) and K+-Cl- (KCC2). Spinal transection disrupts NKCC1/KCC2 balance, diminishing chloride gradients in neurons below injury, contributing to spasticity and chronic pain. It is not known if similar disruptions in NKCC1/KCC2 balance occur in respiratory motor neurons after incomplete cervical contusion (C2SC). We hypothesized that C2SC disrupts NKCC1/KCC2 balance in phrenic motor neurons. NKCC1 and KCC2 immunoreactivity was assessed in CtB-positive phrenic motor neurons. Five weeks post-C2SC: 1) neither membrane-bound nor cytosolic NKCC1 expression were significantly changed, although the membrane/cytosolic ratio increased, consistent with net chloride influx; and 2) both membrane and cytosolic KCC2 expression increased, although the membrane/cytosolic ratio decreased, consistent with net chloride efflux. Thus, contrary to our original hypothesis, complex shifts in NKCC1/KCC2 balance occur post-C2SC. The functional significance of these changes remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latoya L Allen
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Yasin B Seven
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Tracy L Baker
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
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Khangura RK, Sharma J, Bali A, Singh N, Jaggi AS. An integrated review on new targets in the treatment of neuropathic pain. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 23:1-20. [PMID: 30627005 PMCID: PMC6315088 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2019.23.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a complex chronic pain state caused by the dysfunction of somatosensory nervous system, and it affects the millions of people worldwide. At present, there are very few medical treatments available for neuropathic pain management and the intolerable side effects of medications may further worsen the symptoms. Despite the presence of profound knowledge that delineates the pathophysiology and mechanisms leading to neuropathic pain, the unmet clinical needs demand more research in this field that would ultimately assist to ameliorate the pain conditions. Efforts are being made globally to explore and understand the basic molecular mechanisms responsible for somatosensory dysfunction in preclinical pain models. The present review highlights some of the novel molecular targets like D-amino acid oxidase, endoplasmic reticulum stress receptors, sigma receptors, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels, histone deacetylase, Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Ryk, ephrins and Eph receptor tyrosine kinase, Cdh-1 and mitochondrial ATPase that are implicated in the induction of neuropathic pain. Studies conducted on the different animal models and observed results have been summarized with an aim to facilitate the efforts made in the drug discovery. The diligent analysis and exploitation of these targets may help in the identification of some promising therapies that can better manage neuropathic pain and improve the health of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet Kaur Khangura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Jasmine Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Anjana Bali
- Akal College of Pharmacy and Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib 148002, Sangrur, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
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24
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Martinez-Pinna J, Soriano S, Tudurí E, Nadal A, de Castro F. A Calcium-Dependent Chloride Current Increases Repetitive Firing in Mouse Sympathetic Neurons. Front Physiol 2018; 9:508. [PMID: 29867553 PMCID: PMC5960682 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-activated ion channels shape membrane excitability in response to elevations in intracellular Ca2+. The most extensively studied Ca2+-sensitive ion channels are Ca2+-activated K+ channels, whereas the physiological importance of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels has been poorly studied. Here we show that a Ca2+-activated Cl- currents (CaCCs) modulate repetitive firing in mouse sympathetic ganglion cells. Electrophysiological recording of mouse sympathetic neurons in an in vitro preparation of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) identifies neurons with two different firing patterns in response to long depolarizing current pulses (1 s). Neurons classified as phasic (Ph) made up 67% of the cell population whilst the remainders were tonic (T). When a high frequency train of spikes was induced by intracellular current injection, SCG sympathetic neurons reached an afterpotential mainly dependent on the ratio of activation of two Ca2+-dependent currents: the K+ [IK(Ca)] and CaCC. When the IK(Ca) was larger, an afterhyperpolarization was the predominant afterpotential but when the CaCC was larger, an afterdepolarization (ADP) was predominant. These afterpotentials can be observed after a single action potential (AP). Ph and T neurons had similar ADPs and hence, the CaCC does not seem to determine the firing pattern (Ph or T) of these neurons. However, inhibition of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels with anthracene-9'-carboxylic acid (9AC) selectively inhibits the ADP, reducing the firing frequency and the instantaneous frequency without affecting the characteristics of single- or first-spike firing of both Ph and T neurons. Furthermore, we found that the CaCC underlying the ADP was significantly larger in SCG neurons from males than from females. Furthermore, the CaCC ANO1/TMEM16A was more strongly expressed in male than in female SCGs. Blocking ADPs with 9AC did not modify synaptic transmission in either Ph or T neurons. We conclude that the CaCC responsible for ADPs increases repetitive firing in both Ph and T neurons, and it is more relevant in male mouse sympathetic ganglion neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Martinez-Pinna
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergi Soriano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Eva Tudurí
- Institute of Bioengineering and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Angel Nadal
- Institute of Bioengineering and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
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25
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Kim J, Kobayashi S, Shimizu-Okabe C, Okabe A, Moon C, Shin T, Takayama C. Changes in the expression and localization of signaling molecules in mouse facial motor neurons during regeneration of facial nerves. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 88:13-21. [PMID: 29113945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
After injury, peripheral axons usually re-extend toward their target, and neuronal functions recover. Previous studies have reported that expression of various molecules are transiently altered in motor neurons after nerve injury, but the time course of these changes and their relationship with functional recovery have not been clearly demonstrated. We used the mouse facial nerve transection and suturing model, and examined the changes in expression of five molecules, choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), galanin, calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP), gephyrin, and potassium chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2) in the facial motor neurons after surgery until recovery. Number of ChAT-positive neurons was markedly decreased at days 3 and 7, and recovered to the normal level by day 60, when facial motor functions recovered. Localization of two neuropeptides, CGRP and galanin, was increased in the perikarya and axons during regeneration, and returned to the normal levels by days 60 and 28, respectively. Expression of two postsynaptic elements of γ-amino butyric acid synapses, gephyrin and KCC2, was decreased at days 3 and 7, and recovered by day 60. These results suggest that ChAT, CGRP, and KCC2 may be objective indicators of regeneration, and altering their expression may be related to the functional recovery and axonal re-extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Shiori Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Chigusa Shimizu-Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Akihito Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.
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26
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Jean-Xavier C, Sharples SA, Mayr KA, Lognon AP, Whelan PJ. Retracing your footsteps: developmental insights to spinal network plasticity following injury. J Neurophysiol 2017; 119:521-536. [PMID: 29070632 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00575.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During development of the spinal cord, a precise interaction occurs between descending projections and sensory afferents, with spinal networks that lead to expression of coordinated motor output. In the rodent, during the last embryonic week, motor output first occurs as regular bursts of spontaneous activity, progressing to stochastic patterns of episodes that express bouts of coordinated rhythmic activity perinatally. Locomotor activity becomes functionally mature in the 2nd postnatal wk and is heralded by the onset of weight-bearing locomotion on the 8th and 9th postnatal day. Concomitantly, there is a maturation of intrinsic properties and key conductances mediating plateau potentials. In this review, we discuss spinal neuronal excitability, descending modulation, and afferent modulation in the developing rodent spinal cord. In the adult, plastic mechanisms are much more constrained but become more permissive following neurotrauma, such as spinal cord injury. We discuss parallel mechanisms that contribute to maturation of network function during development to mechanisms of pathological plasticity that contribute to aberrant motor patterns, such as spasticity and clonus, which emerge following central injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jean-Xavier
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - S A Sharples
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - K A Mayr
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - A P Lognon
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - P J Whelan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
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27
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Mu XP, Wang HB, Cheng X, Yang L, Sun XY, Qu HL, Zhao SS, Zhou ZK, Liu TT, Xiao T, Song B, Jolkkonen J, Zhao CS. Inhibition of Nkcc1 promotes axonal growth and motor recovery in ischemic rats. Neuroscience 2017; 365:83-93. [PMID: 28964752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bumetanide is a selective inhibitor of the Na+-K+-Cl--co-transporter 1(NKCC1). We studied whether bumetanide could affect axonal growth and behavioral outcome in stroke rats. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham-operated rats treated with vehicle or bumetanide, and ischemic rats treated with vehicle or bumetanide. Endothelin-1 was used to induce focal cerebral ischemia. Bumetanide administration (i.c.v.) started on postoperative day 7 and continued for 3 weeks. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the right imotor cortex on postoperative day 14 to trace corticospinal tract (CST) fibers sprouting into the denervated cervical spinal cord. Nogo-A, NKCC1, KCC2 and BDNF in the perilesional cortex and BDA, PSD-95 and vGlut1 in the denervated spinal cord were measured by immunohistochemistry and/or Western blot. Behavioral outcome of rats was assessed by the beam walking and cylinder tests. The total length of CST fibers sprouting into the denervated cervical spinal cord significantly increased after stroke and bumetanide further increased this sprouting. Bumetanide treatment also decreased the expressions of NKCC1 and Nogo-A, increased the expressions of KCC2 and BDNF in the perilesional cortex and enhanced the synaptic plasticity in the denervated cervical spinal cord after cerebral ischemia. The behavioral performance of ischemic rats was significantly improved by bumetanide. In conclusion, bumetanide promoted post-stroke axonal sprouting together accompanied by an improved behavioral outcome possibly through restoring and maintaining neuronal chloride homeostasis and creating a recovery-promoting microenvironment by overcoming the axonal growth inhibition encountered after cerebral ischemia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Mu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - H B Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - X Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - L Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Center Hospital, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - X Y Sun
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - H L Qu
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - S S Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Z K Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - T T Liu
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - T Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - B Song
- Regenerative Medicine, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J Jolkkonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - C S Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Holló K, Ducza L, Hegyi Z, Dócs K, Hegedűs K, Bakk E, Papp I, Kis G, Mészár Z, Bardóczi Z, Antal M. Interleukin-1 receptor type 1 is overexpressed in neurons but not in glial cells within the rat superficial spinal dorsal horn in complete Freund adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain. J Neuroinflammation 2017. [PMID: 28645297 PMCID: PMC5482961 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background All known biological functions of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are mediated by type 1 interleukin receptor (IL-1R1). IL-1β–IL-1R1 signaling modulates various neuronal functions including spinal pain processing. Although the role of IL-1β in pain processing is generally accepted, there is a discussion in the literature whether IL-1β exerts its effect on spinal pain processing by activating neuronal or glial IL-1R1. To contribute to this debate, here we investigated the expression and cellular distribution of IL-1R1 in the superficial spinal dorsal horn in control animals and also in inflammatory pain. Methods Experiments were performed on rats and wild type as well as IL-1R1-deficient mice. Inflammatory pain was evoked by unilateral intraplantar injection of complete Freund adjuvant (CFA). The nociceptive responsiveness of control and CFA-treated animals were tested daily for withdrawal responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli before and after CFA injection. Changes in the expression of 48 selected genes/mRNAs and in the quantity of IL-1R1 protein during the first 3 days after CFA injection were measured with the TaqMan low-density array method and Western blot analysis, respectively. The cellular localization of IL-1R1 protein was investigated with single and double staining immunocytochemical methods. Results We found a six times and two times increase in IL-1R1 mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in the dorsal horn of CFA-injected animals 3 days after CFA injection, at the time of the summit of mechanical and thermal allodynia. Studying the cellular distribution of IL-1R1, we found an abundant expression of IL-1R1 on the somatodendritic compartment of neurons and an enrichment of the receptor in the postsynaptic membranes of some excitatory synapses. In contrast to the robust neuronal localization, we observed only a moderate expression of IL-1R1 on astrocytes and a negligible one on microglial cells. CFA injection into the hind paw caused a remarkable increase in the expression of IL-1R1 in neurons, but did not alter the glial expression of the receptor. Conclusion The results suggest that IL-1β exerts its effect on spinal pain processing primarily through neuronal IL-1R1, but it can also interact in some extent with IL-1R1 expressed by astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Holló
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Ducza
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hegyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Dócs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Hegedűs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Bakk
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Papp
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gréta Kis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Mészár
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bardóczi
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Antal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary. .,MTA-DE Neuroscience Research Group, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4012, Debrecen, Hungary.
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29
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Doshina A, Gourgue F, Onizuka M, Opsomer R, Wang P, Ando K, Tasiaux B, Dewachter I, Kienlen-Campard P, Brion JP, Gailly P, Octave JN, Pierrot N. Cortical cells reveal APP as a new player in the regulation of GABAergic neurotransmission. Sci Rep 2017; 7:370. [PMID: 28337033 PMCID: PMC5428293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) modulates synaptic activity, resulting from the fine tuning of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission is affected by modifications in intracellular chloride concentrations regulated by Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and neuronal K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2), allowing entrance and efflux of chloride, respectively. Modifications in NKCC1 and KCC2 expression during maturation of cortical cells induce a shift in GABAergic signaling. Here, we demonstrated that APP affects this GABA shift. Expression of APP in cortical cells decreased the expression of KCC2, without modifying NKCC1, eliciting a less inhibitory GABA response. Downregulation of KCC2 expression by APP was independent of the APP intracellular domain, but correlated with decreased expression of upstream stimulating factor 1 (USF1), a potent regulator of Slc12a5 gene expression (encoding KCC2). KCC2 was also downregulated in vivo following APP expression in neonatal mouse brain. These results argue for a key role of APP in the regulation of GABAergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Doshina
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florian Gourgue
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michiho Onizuka
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Remi Opsomer
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kunie Ando
- Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernadette Tasiaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Dewachter
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Brion
- Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Gailly
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noël Octave
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Pierrot
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Raimondo JV, Richards BA, Woodin MA. Neuronal chloride and excitability - the big impact of small changes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 43:35-42. [PMID: 27992777 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic inhibition is a critical regulator of neuronal excitability, and in the mature brain the majority of synaptic inhibition is mediated by Cl--permeable GABAA receptors. Unlike other physiologically relevant ions, Cl- is dynamically regulated, and alterations in the Cl- gradient can have significant impact on neuronal excitability. Due to changes in the neuronal Cl- concentration, GABAergic transmission can bidirectionally regulate the induction of excitatory synaptic plasticity and gate the closing of the critical period for monocular deprivation in visual cortex. GABAergic circuitry can also provide a powerful restraining mechanism for the spread of excitation, however Cl- extrusion mechanisms can become overwhelmed and GABA can paradoxically contribute to pathological excitation such as the propagation of seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Raimondo
- Division of Physiology, Department of Human Biology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Blake A Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Melanie A Woodin
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada.
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31
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Riffault B, Kourdougli N, Dumon C, Ferrand N, Buhler E, Schaller F, Chambon C, Rivera C, Gaiarsa JL, Porcher C. Pro-Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (proBDNF)-Mediated p75NTR Activation Promotes Depolarizing Actions of GABA and Increases Susceptibility to Epileptic Seizures. Cereb Cortex 2016; 28:510-527. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Riffault
- Aix-Marseille University, Département de Biologie, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 901, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INMED—Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Nazim Kourdougli
- Aix-Marseille University, Département de Biologie, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 901, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INMED—Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Camille Dumon
- Aix-Marseille University, Département de Biologie, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 901, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INMED—Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Nadine Ferrand
- Aix-Marseille University, Département de Biologie, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 901, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INMED—Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Buhler
- Aix-Marseille University, Département de Biologie, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- Plateforme Post-Génomique, INMED, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Schaller
- Aix-Marseille University, Département de Biologie, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- Plateforme Post-Génomique, INMED, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Chambon
- Aix-Marseille University, Département de Biologie, NIA, UMR 7260 CNRS, 13331 cedex 03, Marseille, France
| | - Claudio Rivera
- Aix-Marseille University, Département de Biologie, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 901, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INMED—Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gaiarsa
- Aix-Marseille University, Département de Biologie, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 901, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INMED—Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Porcher
- Aix-Marseille University, Département de Biologie, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INSERM—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 901, Marseille, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
- INMED—Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273 Marseille, France
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Tighilet B, Dutheil S, Siponen MI, Noreña AJ. Reactive Neurogenesis and Down-Regulation of the Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter KCC2 in the Cochlear Nuclei after Cochlear Deafferentation. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:281. [PMID: 27630564 PMCID: PMC5005331 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While many studies have been devoted to investigating the homeostatic plasticity triggered by cochlear hearing loss, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in these central changes remain elusive. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of reactive neurogenesis after unilateral cochlear nerve section in the cochlear nucleus (CN) of cats. We found a strong cell proliferation in all the CN sub-divisions ipsilateral to the lesion. Most of the newly generated cells survive up to 1 month after cochlear deafferentation in all cochlear nuclei (except the dorsal CN) and give rise to a variety of cell types, i.e., microglial cells, astrocytes, and neurons. Interestingly, many of the newborn neurons had an inhibitory (GABAergic) phenotype. This result is intriguing since sensory deafferentation is usually accompanied by enhanced excitation, consistent with a reduction in central inhibition. The membrane potential effect of GABA depends, however, on the intra-cellular chloride concentration, which is maintained at low levels in adults by the potassium chloride co-transporter KCC2. The KCC2 density on the plasma membrane of neurons was then assessed after cochlear deafferentation in the cochlear nuclei ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesion. Cochlear deafferentation is accompanied by a strong down-regulation of KCC2 ipsilateral to the lesion at 3 and 30 days post-lesion. This study suggests that reactive neurogenesis and down-regulation of KCC2 is part of the vast repertoire involved in homeostatic plasticity triggered by hearing loss. These central changes may also play a role in the generation of tinnitus and hyperacusis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Tighilet
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260 - Comportement, Cerveau, Cognition (Behavior, Brain, and Cognition) - Aix-Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Dutheil
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Marina I Siponen
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260 - Comportement, Cerveau, Cognition (Behavior, Brain, and Cognition) - Aix-Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud J Noreña
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260 - Comportement, Cerveau, Cognition (Behavior, Brain, and Cognition) - Aix-Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Marseille, France
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Sun D, Zhou R, Dong A, Sun W, Zhang H, Tang L. Nicotine effects on muscarinic receptor-mediated free Ca[Formula: see text] level changes in the facial nucleus following facial nerve injury. J Integr Neurosci 2016; 15:175-90. [PMID: 27345027 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635216500114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It was suggested that muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors increase free Ca[Formula: see text] levels in the facial nerve nucleus via various channels following facial nerve injury. However, intracellular Ca[Formula: see text] overload can trigger either necrotic or apoptotic cell death. It is assumed that, following facial nerve injury, the interactions of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in facial nerve nucleus may negatively regulate free Ca[Formula: see text] concentrations in the facial nerve nucleus, which provide important information for the repair and regeneration of the facial nerve. The present study investigated the regulatory effects of nicotine on muscarinic receptor-mediated free calcium ion level changes in the facial nucleus in a rat model of facial nerve injury at 7, 30, and 90 days following facial nerve injury using laser confocal microscopy. The dose-dependent regulation of nicotine on muscarinic receptor-mediated free calcium ion level changes in the facial nucleus may decrease the range of free Ca[Formula: see text] increases following facial nerve injury, which is important for nerve cell regeneration. It is concluded that the negative effects of nicotine on muscarinic receptors are related to the [Formula: see text] subtype of nicotinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Sun
- * Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhou
- † School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Anbing Dong
- * Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Sun
- * Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- * Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Tang
- * Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China
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Xu WS, Sun X, Song CG, Mu XP, Ma WP, Zhang XH, Zhao CS. Bumetanide promotes neural precursor cell regeneration and dendritic development in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in the chronic stage of cerebral ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:745-51. [PMID: 27335557 PMCID: PMC4904464 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.182700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bumetanide has been shown to lessen cerebral edema and reduce the infarct area in the acute stage of cerebral ischemia. Few studies focus on the effects of bumetanide on neuroprotection and neurogenesis in the chronic stage of cerebral ischemia. We established a rat model of cerebral ischemia by injecting endothelin-1 in the left cortical motor area and left corpus striatum. Seven days later, bumetanide 200 µg/kg/day was injected into the lateral ventricle for 21 consecutive days with a mini-osmotic pump. Results demonstrated that the number of neuroblasts cells and the total length of dendrites increased, escape latency reduced, and the number of platform crossings increased in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus in the chronic stage of cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that bumetanide promoted neural precursor cell regeneration, dendritic development and the recovery of cognitive function, and protected brain tissue in the chronic stage of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Shu Xu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Neuroinfection and Neuroimmunology Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Guang Song
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Department of Neurology, Benxi Central Hospital of China Medical University, Benxi, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Mu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wen-Ping Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Hu Zhang
- Neuroinfection and Neuroimmunology Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-Sheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Wu H, Che X, Tang J, Ma F, Pan K, Zhao M, Shao A, Wu Q, Zhang J, Hong Y. The K(+)-Cl(-) Cotransporter KCC2 and Chloride Homeostasis: Potential Therapeutic Target in Acute Central Nervous System Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:2141-51. [PMID: 25941074 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter-2 (KCC2) is a well-known member of the electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters with a restricted expression pattern to neurons. This transmembrane protein mediates the efflux of Cl(-) out of neurons and exerts a critical role in inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) and glycinergic neurotransmission. Moreover, KCC2 participates in the regulation of various physiological processes of neurons, including cell migration, dendritic outgrowth, spine morphology, and dendritic synaptogenesis. It is important to note that down-regulation of KCC2 is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases, which is of particular relevance to acute central nervous system (CNS) injury. In this review, we aim to survey the pathogenic significance of KCC2 down-regulation under the condition of acute CNS injuries. We propose that further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regarding KCC2 down-regulation after acute CNS injuries is necessary because of potential promising avenues for prevention and treatment of acute CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoru Che
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjia Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feiqiang Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mingfei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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Hernan AE, Holmes GL. Antiepileptic drug treatment strategies in neonatal epilepsy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 226:179-93. [PMID: 27323943 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The highest risk of seizures across the lifespan is in the neonatal period. The enhanced excitability of the immature brain compared to the mature brain is related to the sequential development and expression of essential neurotransmitter signaling pathways. During the neonatal period there is an overabundance of excitatory receptors, and γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) is potentially depolarizing, as opposed to hyperpolarizing in the older brain. While this enhanced excitability is required for regulation of activity-dependent synapse formation and refining of synaptic connections that are necessary for normal brain development, enhanced excitability predisposes the immature brain to seizures. In addition to being common, neonatal seizures are very difficult to treat; antiepileptic drugs used in older children and adults are less efficacious, and possibly detrimental to brain development. In an effort to target the unique features of neurotransmission in the neonate, bumetanide, an NKCC1 inhibitor which reduces intraneuronal Cl(-) and induces a significant shift of EGABA toward more hyperpolarized values in vitro, has been used to treat neonatal seizures. As the understanding of the pathophysiology of genetic forms of neonatal epilepsy has evolved there have been a few successful attempts to pharmacologically target the mutated protein. This approach, while promising, is challenging due to the findings that the genetic syndromes presenting in infancy demonstrate genetic heterogeneity in regard to both the mutated gene and its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Hernan
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - G L Holmes
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States.
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Chloride Co-transporter NKCC1 Inhibitor Bumetanide Enhances Neurogenesis and Behavioral Recovery in Rats After Experimental Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2406-2414. [PMID: 26960329 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bumetanide, a selective Na+-K+-Cl--co-transporter inhibitor, is widely used in clinical practice as a loop diuretic. In addition, bumetanide has been reported to attenuate ischemia-induced cerebral edema and reduce neuronal injury. This study examined whether bumetanide could influence neurogenesis and behavioral recovery in rats after experimentally induced stroke. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham, sham treated with bumetanide, ischemia, and ischemia treated with bumetanide. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by injection of endothelin-1. Bumetanide (0.2 mg/kg/day) was infused into the lateral ventricle with drug administration being initiated 1 week after ischemia and continued for 3 weeks. Behavioral impairment and recovery were evaluated by tapered/ledged beam-walking test on post-stroke days 28. Then, the rats were perfused for BrdU/DCX (neuroblast marker), BrdU/NeuN (neuronal marker), BrdU/GFAP (astrocyte marker), and BrdU/Iba-1 (microglia marker) immunohistochemistry. The numbers of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone (SVZ) were significantly increased after the experimentally induced stroke. Bumetanide treatment increased migration of neuroblasts in the SVZ towards the infarct area, enhanced long-term survival of newborn neurons, and improved sensorimotor recovery, but it did not exert any effects on inflammation. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that chronic bumetanide treatment enhances neurogenesis and behavioral recovery after experimentally induced stroke in rats.
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Tashiro S, Shinozaki M, Mukaino M, Renault-Mihara F, Toyama Y, Liu M, Nakamura M, Okano H. BDNF Induced by Treadmill Training Contributes to the Suppression of Spasticity and Allodynia After Spinal Cord Injury via Upregulation of KCC2. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 29:677-89. [PMID: 25527489 DOI: 10.1177/1545968314562110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spasticity and allodynia are major sequelae that affect the quality of life and daily activities of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Although rehabilitation ameliorates spasticity and allodynia, the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes remain elusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which rehabilitation ameliorates spasticity and allodynia after SCI in rats. METHODS The expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and potassium-chloride cotransporter-2 (KCC2), as well as the localization of KCC2, were examined in the lumbar enlargements of untrained and treadmill-trained thoracic SCI model rats. Spasticity and allodynia were determined via behavioral and electrophysiological analyses. The effects of BDNF on spasticity, allodynia, and KCC2 activation were determined by inhibition of BDNF signaling via intrathecal administration of TrkB-IgG. The effects of SCI and training on the expression levels of functional phospholipase C-γ in the lumbar enlargement were also examined. RESULTS Treadmill training after SCI upregulated endogenous BDNF expression and posttranslational modification of KCC2 in the lumbar enlargement significantly. There were also significant correlations between increased KCC2 expression and ameliorated spasticity and allodynia. Administration of TrkB-IgG abrogated the training-induced upregulation of KCC2 and beneficial effects on spasticity and allodynia. The expression level of functional phospholipase C-γ was reduced significantly after SCI, which may have contributed to the change in the function of BDNF, whereby it did not trigger short-term downregulation or induce long-term upregulation of KCC2 expression secondary to training. CONCLUSIONS BDNF-mediated restoration of KCC2 expression underlies the suppression of spasticity and allodynia caused by rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syoichi Tashiro
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munehisa Shinozaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Meigen Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Ben-Ari Y. Is birth a critical period in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders? Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:498-505. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kang SK, Markowitz GJ, Kim ST, Johnston MV, Kadam SD. Age- and sex-dependent susceptibility to phenobarbital-resistant neonatal seizures: role of chloride co-transporters. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:173. [PMID: 26029047 PMCID: PMC4429249 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia in the immature brain is an important cause of neonatal seizures. Temporal evolution of acquired neonatal seizures and their response to anticonvulsants are of great interest, given the unreliability of the clinical correlates and poor efficacy of first-line anti-seizure drugs. The expression and function of the electroneutral chloride co-transporters KCC2 and NKCC1 influence the anti-seizure efficacy of GABAA-agonists. To investigate ischemia-induced seizure susceptibility and efficacy of the GABAA-agonist phenobarbital (PB), with NKCC1 antagonist bumetanide (BTN) as an adjunct treatment, we utilized permanent unilateral carotid-ligation to produce acute ischemic-seizures in post-natal day 7, 10, and 12 CD1 mice. Immediate post-ligation video-electroencephalograms (EEGs) quantitatively evaluated baseline and post-treatment seizure burdens. Brains were examined for stroke-injury and western blot analyses to evaluate the expression of KCC2 and NKCC1. Severity of acute ischemic seizures post-ligation was highest at P7. PB was an efficacious anti-seizure agent at P10 and P12, but not at P7. BTN failed as an adjunct, at all ages tested and significantly blunted PB-efficacy at P10. Significant acute post-ischemic downregulation of KCC2 was detected at all ages. At P7, males displayed higher age-dependent seizure susceptibility, associated with a significant developmental lag in their KCC2 expression. This study established a novel neonatal mouse model of PB-resistant seizures that demonstrates age/sex-dependent susceptibility. The age-dependent profile of KCC2 expression and its post-insult downregulation may underlie the PB-resistance reported in this model. Blocking NKCC1 with low-dose BTN following PB treatment failed to improve PB-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Kyu Kang
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Geoffrey J Markowitz
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shin Tae Kim
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael V Johnston
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shilpa D Kadam
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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Okabe A, Shimizu-Okabe C, Arata A, Konishi S, Fukuda A, Takayama C. KCC2-mediated regulation of respiration-related rhythmic activity during postnatal development in mouse medulla oblongata. Brain Res 2015; 1601:31-9. [PMID: 25596421 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GABA acts as inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult central nervous system but as excitatory neurotransmitter during early postnatal development. This shift in GABA's action from excitation to inhibition is caused by a decrease in intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl(-)]i), which in turn is caused by changes in the relative expression levels of the K(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter (KCC2) and the Na(+), K(+)-2Cl(-) co-transporter (NKCC1) proteins. Previous studies have used slices containing the medullary pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) to record respiration-related rhythmic activity (RRA) from the hypoglossal nucleus (12 N). The role of GABAergic transmission in the regulation of medullary RRA neonatally, however, is yet to be determined. Here, we examined how GABA and chloride co-transporters contribute to RRA during development in the 12 N where inspiratory neurons reside. We recorded extracellular RRA in medullary slices obtained from postnatal day (P) 0-7 mice. RRA was induced by soaking slices in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing 8mM-K(+). Application of GABA significantly increased the frequency of RRA after P3, whereas application of a KCC2 blocker (R (+)-[(2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-indenyl-5-yl)oxy]acetic acid (DIOA)) significantly decreased the frequency of RRA after P1. In addition, dense KCC2 immunolabeling was seen in the superior longitudinalis (SL) of the 12 N, which is responsible for retraction of the tongue, from P0 and P7. These results indicate that GABA administration can increase RRA frequency during the first week following birth. This in turn suggests that decreasing [Cl(-)]i levels caused by increasing KCC2 levels in the 12 N could play important roles in regulating the frequency of RRA during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Chigusa Shimizu-Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Akiko Arata
- Division of Physiome, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shiro Konishi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2101, Japan
| | - Atsuo Fukuda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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Huberfeld G, Blauwblomme T, Miles R. Hippocampus and epilepsy: Findings from human tissues. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:236-51. [PMID: 25724711 PMCID: PMC4409112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.01.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Surgical removal of the epileptogenic zone provides an effective therapy for several focal epileptic syndromes. This surgery offers the opportunity to study pathological activity in living human tissue for pharmacoresistant partial epilepsy syndromes including temporal lobe epilepsies with hippocampal sclerosis, cortical dysplasias, epilepsies associated with tumors and developmental malformations. Slices of tissue from patients with these syndromes retain functional neuronal networks and may generate epileptic activities. The properties of cells in this tissue may not be greatly changed, but excitatory synaptic transmission is often enhanced and GABAergic inhibition is preserved. Typically epileptic activity is not generated spontaneously by the neocortex, whether dysplastic or not, but can be induced by convulsants. The initiation of ictal discharges in the neocortex depends on both GABAergic signaling and increased extracellular potassium. In contrast, a spontaneous interictal-like activity is generated by tissues from patients with temporal lobe epilepsies associated with hippocampal sclerosis. This activity is initiated, not in the hippocampus but in the subiculum, an output region, which projects to the entorhinal cortex. Interictal events seem to be triggered by GABAergic cells, which paradoxically excite about 20% of subicular pyramidal cells while simultaneously inhibiting the majority. Interictal discharges thus depend on both GABAergic and glutamatergic signaling. The depolarizing effects of GABA depend on a pathological elevation in levels of chloride in some subicular cells, similar to those of developmentally immature cells. Such defect is caused by a perturbed expression of the cotransporters regulating intracellular chloride concentration, the importer NKCC1 and the extruder KCC2. Blockade of NKCC1 actions by the diuretic bumetanide restores intracellular chloride and thus hyperpolarizing GABAergic actions and consequently suppressing interictal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Huberfeld
- Département de neurophysiologie, Sorbonne universités, UPMC - université Paris 06, UPMC, CHU de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM Unit U1129 Infantile Epilepsies and Brain Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CEA, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - T Blauwblomme
- INSERM Unit U1129 Infantile Epilepsies and Brain Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CEA, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Neurosurgery Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, University Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - R Miles
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne universités, UPMC - université Paris 6 UMR S1127, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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Wu J, Gao M, Shen JX, Qiu SF, Kerrigan JF. Mechanisms of intrinsic epileptogenesis in human gelastic seizures with hypothalamic hamartoma. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:104-11. [PMID: 25495642 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is a rare developmental malformation often characterized by gelastic seizures, which are refractory to medical therapy. Ictal EEG recordings from the HH have demonstrated that the epileptic source of gelastic seizures lies within the HH lesion itself. Recent advances in surgical techniques targeting HH have led to dramatic improvements in seizure control, which further supports the hypothesis that gelastic seizures originate within the HH. However, the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis in this subcortical lesion are poorly understood. Since 2003, Barrow Neurological Institute has maintained a multidisciplinary clinical program to evaluate and treat patients with HH. This program has provided a unique opportunity to investigate the basic mechanisms of epileptogenesis using surgically resected HH tissue. The first report on the electrophysiological properties of HH neurons was published in 2005. Since then, ongoing research has provided additional insights into the mechanisms by which HH generate seizure activity. In this review, we summarize this progress and propose a cellular model that suggests that GABA-mediated excitation contributes to epileptogenesis in HH lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Physiology, Shantou University of Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Khazipov R, Valeeva G, Khalilov I. Depolarizing GABA and developmental epilepsies. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:83-91. [PMID: 25438879 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in development, GABA, which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in adult brain, depolarizes immature neurons and exerts dual--excitatory and shunting/inhibitory--effects in the developing neuronal networks. The present review discusses some general questions, including the properties of excitation at depolarizing GABAergic synapse and shunting inhibition by depolarizing GABA; technical issues in exploration of depolarizing GABA using various techniques and preparations, including the developmental aspects of traumatic injury and what is known (or rather unknown) on the actions of GABA in vivo; complex roles of depolarizing GABA in developmental epilepsies, including a contribution of depolarizing GABA to enhanced excitability in the immature networks, caused by repetitive seizures accumulation of intracellular chloride concentration that increases excitatory GABA power and its synchronizing proconvulsive effects, and correction of chloride homeostasis as a potential strategy to treat neonatal seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roustem Khazipov
- INMED-INSERM U901, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Watanabe M, Fukuda A, Nabekura J. The role of GABA in the regulation of GnRH neurons. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:387. [PMID: 25506316 PMCID: PMC4246667 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons form the final common pathway for the central regulation of reproduction. Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) has long been implicated as one of the major players in the regulation of GnRH neurons. Although GABA is typically an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature adult central nervous system, most mature GnRH neurons show the unusual characteristic of being excited by GABA. While many reports have provided much insight into the contribution of GABA to the activity of GnRH neurons, the precise physiological role of the excitatory action of GABA on GnRH neurons remains elusive. This brief review presents the current knowledge of the role of GABA signaling in GnRH neuronal activity. We also discuss the modulation of GABA signaling by neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and the functional consequence of GABAergic inputs to GnRH neurons in both the physiology and pathology of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Watanabe
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Atsuo Fukuda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan ; Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation Saitama, Japan ; Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate School for Advanced Study Hayama, Japan
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Casanova EL, Casanova MF. Genetics studies indicate that neural induction and early neuronal maturation are disturbed in autism. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:397. [PMID: 25477785 PMCID: PMC4237056 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmortem neuropathological studies of autism consistently reveal distinctive types of malformations, including cortical dysplasias, heterotopias, and various neuronomorphometric abnormalities. In keeping with these observations, we review here that 88% of high-risk genes for autism influence neural induction and early maturation of the neuroblast. In addition, 80% of these same genes influence later stages of differentiation, including neurite and synapse development, suggesting that these gene products exhibit long-lasting developmental effects on cell development as well as elements of redundancy in processes of neural proliferation, growth, and maturation. We also address the putative genetic overlap of autism with conditions like epilepsy and schizophrenia, with implications to shared and divergent etiologies. This review imports the necessity of a frameshift in our understanding of the neurodevelopmental basis of autism to include all stages of neuronal maturation, ranging from neural induction to synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Casanova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Manuel F Casanova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
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Kaila K, Price TJ, Payne JA, Puskarjov M, Voipio J. Cation-chloride cotransporters in neuronal development, plasticity and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:637-54. [PMID: 25234263 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrical activity in neurons requires a seamless functional coupling between plasmalemmal ion channels and ion transporters. Although ion channels have been studied intensively for several decades, research on ion transporters is in its infancy. In recent years, it has become evident that one family of ion transporters, cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs), and in particular K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter 2 (KCC2), have seminal roles in shaping GABAergic signalling and neuronal connectivity. Studying the functions of these transporters may lead to major paradigm shifts in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying brain development and plasticity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kaila
- 1] Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. [2] Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theodore J Price
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, Dallas, Texas 75093, USA
| | - John A Payne
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Martin Puskarjov
- 1] Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. [2] Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Voipio
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Kin H, Kim J, Shimizu-Okabe C, Okabe A, Takayama C. Embryonic development of GABAergic signaling in the mouse spinal trigeminal nucleus interpolaris. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:221-5. [PMID: 24607929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the mature central nervous system, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, whereas during development, GABA induces depolarization. To examine the embryonic development of GABAergic transmission in the mouse spinal trigeminal nucleus interpolaris (SpVi), which receives sensory input from the face and is important in survival of rodents, we performed immunohistochemistry for three related molecules: glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a marker of GABAergic neurons; vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), a marker of GABAergic and glycinergic vesicles; and potassium chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2), which shifts GABA action from excitatory to inhibitory. GAD-positive longitudinal projection fibers, where VGAT-positive dots were localized, were clearly discernible until embryonic day (E)17, and were markedly decreased in number on postnatal day 0. GAD-positive neurons were detected after E15, and GAD- and VGAT-positive axon varicosities were observed after E17. KCC2 immunolabeling was first localized in the dendrites and cell bodies of several neurons in the lateral part of the SpVi on E13 and throughout the nucleus on E17. These results suggest that the SpVi may first receive GABAergic projection fibers from extra-nuclear area before birth, and GABAergic interneurons may form synapses within the SpVi after E17. In addition, GABA action may gradually shift from excitatory to inhibitory between E13 and E17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemichi Kin
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara 9030215, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara 9030215, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Chigusa Shimizu-Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara 9030215, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Akihito Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara 9030215, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara 9030215, Okinawa, Japan.
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Richner M, Ulrichsen M, Elmegaard SL, Dieu R, Pallesen LT, Vaegter CB. Peripheral nerve injury modulates neurotrophin signaling in the peripheral and central nervous system. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:945-70. [PMID: 24752592 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury disrupts the normal functions of sensory and motor neurons by damaging the integrity of axons and Schwann cells. In contrast to the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system possesses a considerable capacity for regrowth, but regeneration is far from complete and functional recovery rarely returns to pre-injury levels. During development, the peripheral nervous system strongly depends upon trophic stimulation for neuronal differentiation, growth and maturation. The perhaps most important group of trophic substances in this context is the neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4/5), which signal in a complex spatial and timely manner via the two structurally unrelated p75(NTR) and tropomyosin receptor kinase (TrkA, Trk-B and Trk-C) receptors. Damage to the adult peripheral nerves induces cellular mechanisms resembling those active during development, resulting in a rapid and robust increase in the synthesis of neurotrophins in neurons and Schwann cells, guiding and supporting regeneration. Furthermore, the injury induces neurotrophin-mediated changes in the dorsal root ganglia and in the spinal cord, which affect the modulation of afferent sensory signaling and eventually may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. The focus of this review is on the expression patterns of neurotrophins and their receptors in neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system and the spinal cord. Furthermore, injury-induced changes of expression patterns and the functional consequences in relation to axonal growth and remyelination as well as to neuropathic pain development will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Richner
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership, and Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Abstract
We recently described a novel form of stress-associated bidirectional plasticity at GABA synapses onto hypothalamic parvocellular neuroendocrine cells (PNCs), the apex of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. This plasticity may contribute to neuroendocrine adaptation. However, this GABA synapse plasticity likely does not translate into a simple more and less of inhibition because the ionic driving force for Cl(-) , the primary charge carrier for GABAA receptors, is dynamic. Specifically, stress impairs a Cl(-) extrusion mechanism in PNCs. This not only renders the steady-state GABA response less hyperpolarizing but also makes PNCs susceptible to the activity-dependent accumulation of Cl(-) . Accordingly, GABA synapse plasticity impacts both the robustness of GABA voltage response and dynamic Cl(-) loading, imposing nonlinear influences on PNC excitability during circuit activities. This theoretical consideration predicts roles for GABA transmission far more versatile than canonical inhibition. We propose potential impacts of GABA synapse plasticity on the experience-dependent fine-tuning of neuroendocrine stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Inoue
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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