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Chukwu KB, Abafe OA, Amoako DG, Essack SY, Abia ALK. Antibiotic, Heavy Metal, and Biocide Concentrations in a Wastewater Treatment Plant and Its Receiving Water Body Exceed PNEC Limits: Potential for Antimicrobial Resistance Selective Pressure. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1166. [PMID: 37508262 PMCID: PMC10376008 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the rise in antimicrobial resistance has been attributed mainly to the extensive and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials such as antibiotics and biocides in humans, animals and on plants, studies investigating the impact of this use on water environments in Africa are minimal. This study quantified selected antibiotics, heavy metals, and biocides in an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and its receiving water body in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, in the context of the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC) for the selection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Water samples were collected from the WWTP effluent discharge point and upstream and downstream from this point. Heavy metals were identified and quantified using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) method 200.7. Biocides and antibiotic residues were determined using validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based methods. The overall highest mean antibiotic, metal and biocide concentrations were observed for sulfamethoxazole (286.180 µg/L), neodymium (Nd; 27.734 mg/L), and benzalkonium chloride (BAC 12) (7.805 µg/L), respectively. In decreasing order per sampling site, the pollutant concentrations were effluent > downstream > upstream. This implies that the WWTP significantly contributed to the observed pollution in the receiving water. Furthermore, most of the pollutants measured recorded values exceeding the recommended predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values, suggesting that the microbes in such water environments were at risk of developing resistance due to the selection pressure exerted by these antimicrobials. Further studies are required to establish such a relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi B Chukwu
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ovokeroye A Abafe
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Residue Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Campus, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Department of Integrative Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Akebe L K Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Environmental Research Foundation, Westville 3630, South Africa
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Sullivan DA, da Costa AX, Del Duca E, Doll T, Grupcheva CN, Lazreg S, Liu SH, McGee SR, Murthy R, Narang P, Ng A, Nistico S, O'Dell L, Roos J, Shen J, Markoulli M. TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of cosmetics on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:77-130. [PMID: 37061220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
In this report the use of eye cosmetic products and procedures and how this represents a lifestyle challenge that may exacerbate or promote the development of ocular surface and adnexal disease is discussed. Multiple aspects of eye cosmetics are addressed, including their history and market value, psychological and social impacts, possible problems associated with cosmetic ingredients, products, and procedures, and regulations for eye cosmetic use. In addition, a systematic review that critically appraises randomized controlled trial evidence concerning the ocular effects of eyelash growth products is included. The findings of this systematic review highlight the evidence gaps and indicate future directions for research to focus on ocular surface outcomes associated with eyelash growth products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ester Del Duca
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Sihem Lazreg
- Lazreg Cornea and Ocular Surface Center, Blida, Algeria
| | - Su-Hsun Liu
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alison Ng
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Steven Nistico
- Department of Dermatology, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Joanne Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Quantification of Methylisothiazolinone and Methylchloroisothiazolinone Preservatives by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041760. [PMID: 36838748 PMCID: PMC9961637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Isothiazolinone preservatives (methylisothiazolinone (MIT) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (CMIT) are commonly used in cosmetics, industrial and household products. However, these isothiazolinone derivatives are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis. Hence, a sensitive, accurate, and reliable method for the detection of these compounds is thus warranted. The study aims to analyze concentrations of MIT and CMIT by high performance liquid chromatography. The analytical method used for quantification of MIT and CMIT in cosmetic products (leave-on-baby wet wipes) complies with the validation acceptance criteria (international standards ISO 5725, EU25 European Union for cosmetic regulations). MIT and CMIT were extracted and analyzed in leave-on baby wet-wipes collected from different stores in Riyadh city. Extraction was performed by ultrasonication of the samples, solid-phase extraction, and liquid-liquid extraction. Ten (10) µL of the sample was injected into the HPLC system and samples were analyzed with a mixture of acetic acid and methanol (80:20 v/v) in an isocratic mode. The flow rate was maintained at 1 mL/min. UV detection was performed at 274 nm. The results demonstrated recoveries between 90 and 106%, measurement uncertainty of C +/- 0.4% for methylisothiazolinone and C +/- 0.03% for methylchloroisothiazolinone, repeatability limit (r = 0.2%) and intermediate precision limit; R = 2% and R2 of 0.9996.
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Kim D, Shin Y, Kim EH, Lee Y, Kim S, Kim HS, Kim HC, Leem JH, Kim HR, Bae ON. Functional and dynamic mitochondrial damage by chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT) mixture in brain endothelial cell lines and rat cerebrovascular endothelium. Toxicol Lett 2022; 366:45-57. [PMID: 35803525 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT, chloromethylisothiazolinone) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT, methylisothiazolinone) is a commonly used biocide in consumer products. Despite the health issues related to its usage in cosmetics and humidifier disinfectants (HD), understanding its adverse outcome is still limited. Using in vitro cell lines and ex vivo rat models, we examined the effects of CMIT/MIT on the cellular redox homeostasis and energy metabolism in the brain microvascular endothelium, a highly restrictive interface between the bloodstream and brain. In murine bEND.3 and human hCMEC/D3, CMIT/MIT significantly amplified the mitochondrial-derived oxidative stress causing disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative phosphorylation at a sub-lethal concentration (1 μg/mL) or treatment duration (1 h). In addition, CMIT/MIT significantly increased a dynamic imbalance between mitochondrial fission and fusion, and endogenous pathological stressors significantly potentiated the CMIT/MIT-induced endothelial dysfunction. Notably, in the brain endothelium isolated from intravenously CMIT/MIT-administered rats, we observed significant mitochondrial damage and decreased tight junction protein. Taken together, we report that CMIT/MIT significantly impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics resulting in endothelial barrier dysfunction, giving an insight into the role of mitochondrial damage in CMIT/MIT-associated systemic health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Yusun Shin
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Youngmee Lee
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seongmi Kim
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hwan-Cheol Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Han Leem
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.
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Kim JH, Park S, Ha EK, Yon DK, Lee SW, Koh HY, Han MY. Association between humidifier disinfectant exposure during infancy and subsequent neuropsychiatric outcomes during childhood: a nation-wide cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:340. [PMID: 34384371 PMCID: PMC8359605 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose was to determine the association between infant exposure to humidifier disinfectant (HD) with neuropsychiatric problems in pre-school children. Methods A total of 2,150 children (age 4–11 months) were enrolled in the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) study. The Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used for assessments of neuropsychiatric problems. 1,113 children who participated in all the first to third PSKC studies and answered a question about HD exposure were finally enrolled. Results There were 717 (64.5%) children in non-HD group who were not exposed to HD and 396 (35.5%) in HD group with former exposure to HD. Exposure to HD was associated with total neuropsychiatric problems (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.15–2.06), being emotionally reactive (aOR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.00–2.39), having attention problems (aOR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.10–3.47), having oppositional defiant problems (aOR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.07–2.71), and having attention deficit/hyperactivity problems (aOR = 11.57, 95% CI = 1.03–2.38). The risks for neuropsychiatric problems were clearly increased in boy, firstborn, and secondary smoker. Conclusions Exposure to HD during early childhood had a potential association with subsequent behavioral abnormalities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-021-02825-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sihyeong Park
- Department of Neurology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Eun Kyo Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Data Science, Sejong University College of Software Convergence, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Yong Koh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Man Yong Han
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, 13496, Korea.
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Shin HK, Lee S, Oh HN, Yoo D, Park S, Kim WK, Kang MG. Development of blood brain barrier permeation prediction models for organic and inorganic biocidal active substances. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130330. [PMID: 33780678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biocidal products are broadly used in homes and industries. However, the safety of biocidal active substances (BASs) is not yet fully understood. In particular, the neurotoxic action of BASs needs to be studied as diverse epidemiological studies have reported associations between exposure to BASs and neural diseases. In this study, we developed in silico models to predict the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation of organic and inorganic BASs. Due to a lack of BBB data for BASs, the chemical space of BASs and BBB dataset were compared in order to select BBB data that were structurally similar to BASs. In silico models to predict log-scaled BBB penetration were developed using support vector regression for organic BASs and multiple linear regression for inorganic BASs. The model for organic BASs was developed with 231 compounds (training set: 153 and test set: 78) and achieved good prediction accuracy on an external test set (R2 = 0.64), and the model outperformed the model for pharmaceuticals. The model for inorganic BASs was developed with 11 compounds (R2 = 0.51). Applicability domain (AD) analysis of the models clarified molecular structures reliably predicted by the models. Therefore, the models developed in this study can be used for predicting BBB permeable BASs in human. These models were developed according to the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship validation principles proposed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kil Shin
- Toxicoinformatics group, Department of predictive toxicology, Korea institute of toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Bio-system Research Group, Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Na Oh
- Bio-system Research Group, Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Donggon Yoo
- Bio-system Research Group, Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Park
- Bio-system Research Group, Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Kim
- Bio-system Research Group, Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gyun Kang
- Toxicoinformatics group, Department of predictive toxicology, Korea institute of toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
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Schettgen T, Bertram J, Kraus T. New data on the metabolism of chloromethylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone in human volunteers after oral dosage: excretion kinetics of a urinary mercapturic acid metabolite ("M-12"). Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2659-2665. [PMID: 34152453 PMCID: PMC8298359 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Methylisothiazolinone (MI) as well as the mixture of chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone [MCI/MI (3:1)] are biocides that are used in a variety of products of every-day life. Due to the skin sensitizing properties of these biocides, their use has come under scrutiny. We have previously examined the human metabolism of MI and MCI after oral dosage of isotope-labelled analogues in human volunteers and confirmed N-methylmalonamic acid to be a major, but presumably unspecific human urinary metabolite. In the present study, we have investigated the urinary kinetics of a mercapturic acid metabolite of MI and MCI using the same set of samples. Four human volunteers received 2 mg of isotopically labelled MI and MCI separately and at least 2 weeks apart. Consecutive urine samples were collected over 48 h and were examined for the content of the (labelled) 3-mercapturic acid conjugate of 3-thiomethyl-N-methyl-propionamide (“M-12”), a known metabolite in rats. On a molar basis, M-12 represented 7.1% (3.0–10.1%) of the dose excreted in urine after dosage of MI. Excretion of this mercapturate was fast with a mean half-life of 3.6 h. Surprisingly, for MCI the mercapturate M-12 represented only 0.13% of the dose excreted in urine. Thus, this biomarker is highly specific for exposures to MI and might be used to distinguish between different exposure patterns of these biocides [use of MI or MCI/MI (3:1)] in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - J Bertram
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - T Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Hwang JH, Jeong H, Jung YO, Nam KT, Lim KM. Skin irritation and inhalation toxicity of biocides evaluated with reconstructed human epidermis and airway models. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 150:112064. [PMID: 33596452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocides are widely used in household products. Humans are exposed to biocides through dermal, inhalational, and oral routes. However, information on the dermal and inhalational toxicity of biocides is limited. We evaluated the effects of biocides on the skin and airways using the reconstructed human epidermis model KeraSkin™ and the airway model SoluAirway™. We determined the irritancy of 11 commonly used biocides (1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one [BIT], 2-phenoxyethanol [PE], zinc pyrithione, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, 3-iodoprop-2-ynyl N-butylcarbamate [IPBC], 2-octyl-1,2-thiazol-3-one, 2,2-dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol [CC], 2-phenylphenol, deltamethrin, and 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-1,2-thiazol-3-one) in the KeraSkin™ and SoluAirway™ by viability and histological examinations. BIT and CC were found to cause skin irritation at the approved concentrations or at the concentration close to approved limit while the others were non-irritants within the approved concentration. These results were confirmed via histology, wherein skin irritants induced erosion, vacuolation, and necrosis of the tissue. In the SoluAirway™, most of the biocides decreased cell viability even within the approved limits, except for PE, IPBC, and deltamethrin, suggesting that the airway may be more vulnerable to biocides than the skin. Taken together, our result indicates that some biocides can induce toxicity in skin and airway. Further studies on the dermal and inhalational toxicity of biocides are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hyun Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Haengdueng Jeong
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-On Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Krall RF, Tzounopoulos T, Aizenman E. The Function and Regulation of Zinc in the Brain. Neuroscience 2021; 457:235-258. [PMID: 33460731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nearly sixty years ago Fredrich Timm developed a histochemical technique that revealed a rich reserve of free zinc in distinct regions of the brain. Subsequent electron microscopy studies in Timm- stained brain tissue found that this "labile" pool of cellular zinc was highly concentrated at synaptic boutons, hinting a possible role for the metal in synaptic transmission. Although evidence for activity-dependent synaptic release of zinc would not be reported for another twenty years, these initial findings spurred decades of research into zinc's role in neuronal function and revealed a diverse array of signaling cascades triggered or regulated by the metal. Here, we delve into our current understanding of the many roles zinc plays in the brain, from influencing neurotransmission and sensory processing, to activating both pro-survival and pro-death neuronal signaling pathways. Moreover, we detail the many mechanisms that tightly regulate cellular zinc levels, including metal binding proteins and a large array of zinc transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Krall
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Thanos Tzounopoulos
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA.
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Kan HL, Wang CC, Lin YC, Tung CW. Computational identification of preservatives with potential neuronal cytotoxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 119:104815. [PMID: 33159970 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Preservatives play a vital role in cosmetics by preventing microbiological contamination for keeping products safe to use. However, a few commonly used preservatives have been suggested to be neurotoxic. Cytotoxicity to neuronal cells is commonly used as the first-tier assay for assessing chemical-induced neurotoxicity. Given the time and resources required for chemical screening, computational methods are attractive alternatives over experimental approaches in prioritizing chemicals prior to further experimental evaluations. In this study, we developed a Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) model for the identification of potential neurotoxicants. A set of 681 chemicals was utilized to construct a robust prediction model using oversampling and Random Forest algorithms. Within a defined applicability domain, the independent test on 452 chemicals showed a high accuracy of 87.7%. The application of the model to 157 preservatives identified 15 chemicals potentially toxic to neuronal cells. Three of them were further validated by in vitro experiments. The results suggested that further experiments are desirable for assessing the neurotoxicity of the identified preservatives with potential neuronal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Lin Kan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Wei Tung
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan.
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11
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Do VQ, Seo YS, Park JM, Yu J, Duong MTH, Nakai J, Kim SK, Ahn HC, Lee MY. A mixture of chloromethylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone impairs rat vascular smooth muscle by depleting thiols and thereby elevating cytosolic Zn 2+ and generating reactive oxygen species. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:541-556. [PMID: 33074372 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) are biocidal preservatives and the active ingredients in Kathon CG, which contains ca. 1.5% mixture of CMIT and MIT at a ratio of 3:1 (CMIT/MIT). CMIT/MIT was misused as humidifier disinfectant products, which caused serious health problems in Korea. Here, the vascular effects of CMIT/MIT were investigated to evaluate claims of putative cardiovascular toxicity observed in humidifier disinfectant users. CMIT/MIT did not affect the basal tension of the rat thoracic aorta up to 2.5 μg/mL in myograph experiments. Instead, pretreatment with CMIT/MIT impaired phenylephrine- or 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced vasoconstriction in a range of 0.5-2.5 μg/mL, which was largely irreversible and not recovered by washing out the CMIT/MIT. Similarly, the application of CMIT/MIT to pre-contracted aorta caused a gradual loss of tension. In primary cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), CMIT/MIT caused thiol depletion, which in turn led to cytosolic Zn2+ elevation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. CMIT/MIT-induced shrinkage, detachment, and lysis of VSMCs depending on the concentration and the treatment time. All events induced by CMIT/MIT were prevented by a thiol donor N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Cytolysis could be inhibited by a Zn2+ chelator TPEN and a superoxide scavenger TEMPOL, whereas they did not affect shrinkage and detachment. In accordance with these results, CMIT/MIT-exposed aortas exhibited dissociation and collapse of tissue in histology analysis. Taken together, CMIT/MIT causes functional impairment and tissue damage to blood vessels by depleting thiol and thereby elevating cytosolic Zn2+ and generating ROS. Therefore, exposure to CMIT/MIT in consumer products may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Quan Do
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, and BK21 FOUR team, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, and BK21 FOUR team, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Park
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, and BK21 FOUR team, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Men Thi Hoai Duong
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, and BK21 FOUR team, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Junichi Nakai
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sang-Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, and BK21 FOUR team, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, and BK21 FOUR team, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Nowak M, Zawadzka K, Lisowska K. Occurrence of methylisothiazolinone in water and soil samples in Poland and its biodegradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126723. [PMID: 32334247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methylisothiazolinone is a commonly used biocide that is released into natural environments. In this work, the ability of the fungal strain Phanerochaete chrysosporium DSM 1556 to biotransform this compound was evaluated. The tested strain was able to remove MIT (at concentrations 50 μg L-1 and 30 mg L-1) from the growth medium with the efficiency 90% after the first 6 h and 100% after 12 h of incubation. Moreover, for the first time, qualitative LC-MS/MS and GC-MS analysis showed monohydroxylated and dihydroxylated methylisothiazolinone and N-methylmalonamic acid as the main products of fungal biodegradation. The ecological toxicity of the tested biocide and its derivatives was also evaluated by using an acute toxicity test with Daphnia magna. An approximately 90% decrease in the toxicity of metabolites formed in the P. chrysosporium culture was noticed. The concentration of MIT in soil and water samples collected in Poland was assessed for the first time. The analysis showed that the selected locations in Poland are contaminated by MIT in the range from 1.04-10.08 μg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nowak
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zawadzka
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lisowska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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13
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Thingholm TE, Rönnstrand L, Rosenberg PA. Why and how to investigate the role of protein phosphorylation in ZIP and ZnT zinc transporter activity and regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3085-3102. [PMID: 32076742 PMCID: PMC7391401 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is required for the regulation of proliferation, metabolism, and cell signaling. It is an intracellular second messenger, and the cellular level of ionic, mobile zinc is strictly controlled by zinc transporters. In mammals, zinc homeostasis is primarily regulated by ZIP and ZnT zinc transporters. The importance of these transporters is underscored by the list of diseases resulting from changes in transporter expression and activity. However, despite numerous structural studies of the transporters revealing both zinc binding sites and motifs important for transporter function, the exact molecular mechanisms regulating ZIP and ZnT activities are still not clear. For example, protein phosphorylation was found to regulate ZIP7 activity resulting in the release of Zn2+ from intracellular stores leading to phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases and activation of signaling pathways. In addition, sequence analyses predict all 24 human zinc transporters to be phosphorylated suggesting that protein phosphorylation is important for regulation of transporter function. This review describes how zinc transporters are implicated in a number of important human diseases. It summarizes the current knowledge regarding ZIP and ZnT transporter structures and points to how protein phosphorylation seems to be important for the regulation of zinc transporter activity. The review addresses the need to investigate the role of protein phosphorylation in zinc transporter function and regulation, and argues for a pressing need to introduce quantitative phosphoproteomics to specifically target zinc transporters and proteins involved in zinc signaling. Finally, different quantitative phosphoproteomic strategies are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Thingholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 25, 3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - L Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Medicon Village, Building 404, Scheelevägen 2, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Medicon Village, Building 404, Scheelevägen 2, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - P A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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14
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Aizenman E, Loring RH, Reynolds IJ, Rosenberg PA. The Redox Biology of Excitotoxic Processes: The NMDA Receptor, TOPA Quinone, and the Oxidative Liberation of Intracellular Zinc. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:778. [PMID: 32792905 PMCID: PMC7393236 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This special issue of Frontiers in Neuroscience-Neurodegeneration celebrates the 50th anniversary of John Olney's seminal work introducing the concept of excitotoxicity as a mechanism for neuronal cell death. Since that time, fundamental research on the pathophysiological activation of glutamate receptors has played a central role in our understanding of excitotoxic cellular signaling pathways, leading to the discovery of many potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of acute or chronic/progressive neurodegenerative disorders. Importantly, excitotoxic signaling processes have been found repeatedly to be closely intertwined with oxidative cellular cascades. With this in mind, this review looks back at long-standing collaborative efforts by the authors linking cellular redox status and glutamate neurotoxicity, focusing first on the discovery of the redox modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, followed by the study of the oxidative conversion of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to the non-NMDA receptor agonist and neurotoxin 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine (TOPA) quinone. Finally, we summarize our work linking oxidative injury to the liberation of zinc from intracellular metal binding proteins, leading to the uncovering of a signaling mechanism connecting excitotoxicity with zinc-activated cell death-signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ralph H. Loring
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Paul A. Rosenberg
- Program in Neuroscience, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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Mental health impact on a humidifier disinfectant disaster victim: a case report. Ann Occup Environ Med 2020; 32:e15. [PMID: 32676193 PMCID: PMC7332353 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Korea, the cause of lung disease of unknown origin was identified as humidifier disinfectants in November 2011. In February 2017, the ‘Special Act on Remedy for Damage Caused by Humidifier Disinfectants’ was promulgated. Even though emotional and mental injuries caused by humidifier disinfectants have been reported, the focus of the special act has been on physical injury only, and criteria for recognizing mental health impact have not been considered. This case considers emotional and mental injury caused by humidifier disinfectants. After a humidifier disinfectant was used from January 2005 to April 2006, the patient's son aged 20 months was hospitalized with respiratory symptoms, and he died within two weeks. Also, the patient was hospitalized for a month with the same symptoms, and then she led a normal life with no symptoms. After both mother and son were diagnosed with definite (level 1) humidifier disinfectant lung injury (HDLI) in 2017, she took to drinking alcohol because of extreme guilt over her son's death. In March 2018 she died from acute liver failure due to alcohol use disorder. The patient's death was caused by continuous alcoholism, due to emotional and mental trauma caused by her son's death after HDLI was revealed as the cause. The government did not acknowledge her death was due to humidifier disinfectants, but the company that sold the humidifier disinfectants recognized her as a victim and compensated the family of the victim. There are still lots of psychological responses among humidifier disinfectant disaster victims. Mental health impact on humidifier disinfectant victims should be considered more carefully, and institutional improvements should be made into establish psychological interventions and measures.
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Methylisothiazolinone induces apoptotic cell death via matrix metalloproteinase activation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Burnett CL, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Klaassen CD, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Methylisothiazolinone. Int J Toxicol 2019; 29:187S-213S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581810374651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is a heterocyclic organic compound used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products in concentrations up to 0.01%. MIT is a colorless, clear liquid with a mild odor that is completely soluble in water; mostly soluble in acetonitrile, methanol, and hexane; and slightly soluble in xylene. Consistent with its solubility, dermal penetration is low. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel noted the in vitro evidence of neurotoxicity but concluded that the absence of any neurotoxicity findings in the many in vivo studies, including subchronic, chronic, and reproductive and developmental animal studies, suggests that MIT would not be neurotoxic as used in cosmetics. Although recognizing that MIT was a sensitizer in both animal and human studies, the panel concluded that there is a threshold dose response and that cosmetic products formulated to contain concentrations of MIT at 100 ppm (0.01%) or less would not be expected to pose a sensitization risk. Accordingly, MIT may be safely used as a preservative in cosmetics up to that concentration.
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Kwak S, Choi YS, Na HG, Bae CH, Song SY, Kim HG, Kim YD. Benzisothiazolinone upregulates the MUC5AC expression via ERK1/2, p38, and NF-κB pathways in airway epithelial cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:704-710. [PMID: 31588347 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00135b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus plays an important role in protecting the respiratory tract from irritants. However, mucus hypersecretion is a major indicator of airway diseases. 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), as a microbicide, induces asthmatic inflammation. Therefore, we focused on the effects of BIT-related mucin secretion in airway epithelial cells. Our in vivo study showed increased mucus and MUC5AC expressions in the bronchioles of mice that inhaled BIT. For investigating the signaling pathways, we performed experiments in human airway epithelial cells. BIT induced the MUC5AC expression and significantly increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). The specific inhibitors of ERK1/2, p38, and NF-κB blocked the BIT-induced MUC5AC expression. Therefore, these results suggest that BIT induces the MUC5AC expression via the ERK1/2, p38, and NF-κB pathways in human airway epithelial cells, which may be involved in mucus hypersecretion associated with airway inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Kwak
- Department of Medical Science , College of Medicine , Graduate School of Yeungnam University , Daegu , Republic of Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , College of Medicine , Yeungnam University , Daegu , Republic of Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-53-620-3781
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , College of Medicine , Yeungnam University , Daegu , Republic of Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-53-620-3781
| | - Hyung Gyun Na
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , College of Medicine , Yeungnam University , Daegu , Republic of Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-53-620-3781
| | - Chang Hoon Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , College of Medicine , Yeungnam University , Daegu , Republic of Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-53-620-3781
| | - Si-Youn Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , College of Medicine , Yeungnam University , Daegu , Republic of Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-53-620-3781
| | - Hyung Geun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , College of Medicine , Yeungnam University , Daegu , Republic of Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-53-620-3781
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , College of Medicine , Yeungnam University , Daegu , Republic of Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-53-620-3781.,Regional Center for Respiratory Diseases , Yeungnam University Medical Center , Daegu , Republic of Korea
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19
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Park EJ, Kim S, Chang J. Methylisothiazolinone may induce cell death and inflammatory response through DNA damage in human liver epithelium cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:156-166. [PMID: 29110394 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is a powerful biocide and preservative, which is widely used alone or in a 1:3 ratio with methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCIT) under the trade name of Kathons in the manufacture of numerous personal and household products. Considering that Kathons injected intravenously is distributed in the blood and then in the liver, we explored the toxic mechanism of MIT on human liver epithelium cells. At 24 h after exposure, MIT bound to the plasma membrane and the inner wall of vacuoles in the cells, and rupture of the cell membrane and nuclear envelop, autophagosome-like vacuoles formation and mitochondrial damage were observed. Cell viability dose-dependently decreased accompanying an increase of apoptotic cells, and the level of LDH, NO, IFN-gamma, IL-10 and IL-8, but not IL-1β, significantly increased in the culture media of cells exposed to MIT. Additionally, expression of autophagy-, membrane damage- and apoptosis-related proteins was notably enhanced, and the produced ATP level dose-dependently decreased with the reduced mitochondrial activity. Furthermore, the increased DNA damage and the decreased transcription activity were observed in MIT-treated cells. Meanwhile, the intracellular ROS level did not show dose-dependent change at the same time-point. Then we explored the role of autophagy in MIT-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting or inducing the autophagic signal. Intriguingly, no additional cell death induced by autophagic modulation occurred when MIT was treated. Taken together, we suggest that MIT may induce multiple pathways of cell death and inflammatory response through DNA damage caused by rupture of the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwa Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaerak Chang
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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20
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Van Huizen AV, Tseng AS, Beane WS. Methylisothiazolinone toxicity and inhibition of wound healing and regeneration in planaria. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 191:226-235. [PMID: 28869924 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is a common biocide used in cosmetic and industrial settings. Studies have demonstrated that MIT is a human sensitizer, to the extent that in 2013 MIT was named allergen of the year. Recently, we showed that MIT exposure in Xenopus laevis (the African clawed frog) inhibits wound healing and tail regeneration. However, it is unknown whether MIT affects these processes in other animals. Here, we investigated the effects of MIT exposure in planaria-non-parasitic freshwater flatworms able to regenerate all tissues after injury. Using a common research strain of Dugesia japonica, we determined that intact planarians exposed to 15μM MIT displayed both neuromuscular and epithelial-integrity defects. Furthermore, regenerating (head and tail) fragments exposed to 15μM MIT failed to close wounds or had significantly delayed wound healing. Planarian wounds normally close within 1h after injury. However, most MIT-exposed animals retained open wounds at 24h and subsequently died, and those few animals that were able to undergo delayed wound healing without dying exhibited abnormal regeneration. For instance, head regeneration was severely delayed or inhibited, with anterior structures such as eyes failing to form in newly produced tissues. These data suggest that MIT directly affects both wound healing and regeneration in planarians. Next, we investigated the ability of thiol-containing antioxidants to rescue planarian wound closure during MIT exposure. The data reveal both n-acetyl cysteine and glutathione were each able to fully rescue MIT inhibition of wound healing. Lastly, we established MIT toxicity levels by determining the LC50 of 5 different planarian species: D. japonica, Schmidtea mediterranea, Girardia tigrina, Girardia dorotocephala, and Phagocata gracilis. Our LC50 data revealed that concentrations as low as 39μM (4.5ppm) are lethal to planarians, with concentrations of just 5μM inhibiting wound healing, and suggest that phylogeny is predictive of species toxicity levels. Together these results indicate MIT may have broad wound healing effects on aquatic species in general and are not limited to X. laevis alone. Future studies should investigate the impact of MIT on wound healing in other organisms, including non-aquatic organisms and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna V Van Huizen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Box 5410, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, United States
| | - Ai-Sun Tseng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States
| | - Wendy S Beane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Box 5410, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, United States.
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21
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Urinary excretion kinetics of the metabolite N-methylmalonamic acid (NMMA) after oral dosage of chloromethylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone in human volunteers. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3835-3841. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Capkin E, Ozcelep T, Kayis S, Altinok I. Antimicrobial agents, triclosan, chloroxylenol, methylisothiazolinone and borax, used in cleaning had genotoxic and histopathologic effects on rainbow trout. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:720-729. [PMID: 28531838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TRC), chloroxylenol (PCMX) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) have been commonly used as an antimicrobial in soaps while borax (BRX) is used in household cleaning. After using these chemicals, they are washed down drains and getting into the aquatic ecosystem in which they may affect aquatic living organisms. In the present study, the chronic effects of TRC, PCMX, MIT and BRX on genotoxicity, gene expression and histopathology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were evaluated for 40 days under semi static condition. The comet assay results indicated that MIT, TRC and PCMX caused significant DNA damage to erythrocytes of the fish. Transcription of SOD, GPX1, GPX2, GSTA, HSP90BB, HSP90BA, CAT, and HSC70A genes were significantly regulated as a result of TRC, PCMX, MIT, and BRX exposure except PCMX exposed GSTA gene. Histological lesions were detected in gills, spleen liver, and trunk kidney of the fish. Lamellar fusion, hyperplasia and epithelial necrosis in gills, melanomacrophage centers and splenic necrosis in spleen, pyknotic nucleus, fat vacuoles, necrotic hepatocytes in liver, cloudy swelling in the tubules, renal tubule epithelial cells degeneration, glomerular capillaries dilation and glomerulus degeneration in kidney, were observed. Our study demonstrates the chronic toxic effect of TRC, PCMX, MIT, and BRX is high in rainbow trout. Therefore, we should be more careful when using these chemicals for cleaning in order to protect aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Capkin
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science, Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, 61530, Surmene, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Tuna Ozcelep
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, 61250, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sevki Kayis
- Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Altinok
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Science, Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, 61530, Surmene, Trabzon, Turkey.
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Ex vivo human skin permeation of methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) and methylisothiazolinone (MI). Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3529-3542. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Ngo HX, Shrestha SK, Green KD, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Development of ebsulfur analogues as potent antibacterials against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6298-6306. [PMID: 27073054 PMCID: PMC5045767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide problem that needs to be addressed. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the dangerous "ESKAPE" pathogens that rapidly evolve and evade many current FDA-approved antibiotics. Thus, there is an urgent need for new anti-MRSA compounds. Ebselen (also known as 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one) has shown promising activity in clinical trials for cerebral ischemia, bipolar disorder, and noise-induced hearing loss. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in exploring the antibacterial properties of ebselen. In this study, we synthesized an ebselen-inspired library of 33 compounds where the selenium atom has been replaced by sulfur (ebsulfur derivatives) and evaluated them against a panel of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant S. aureus and non-S. aureus strains. Within our library, we identified three outstanding analogues with potent activity against all S. aureus strains tested (MIC values mostly ⩽2μg/mL), and numerous additional ones with overall very good to good antibacterial activity (1-7.8μg/mL). We also characterized the time-kill analysis, anti-biofilm ability, hemolytic activity, mammalian cytotoxicity, membrane-disruption ability, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of some of these analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy X Ngo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Sanjib K Shrestha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Keith D Green
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
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25
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Delos Santos N, Azmat S, Cuenca Y, Drenth J, Lauper J, Tseng AS. Effects of the biocide methylisothiazolinone on Xenopus laevis wound healing and tail regeneration. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 181:37-45. [PMID: 27810491 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, has a strong history as a suitable model for environmental studies. Its embryos and transparent tadpoles are highly sensitive to the environment and their developmental processes are well described. It is also amenable for molecular studies. These characteristics enable its use for rapid identification and understanding of exposure-induced defects. To investigate the consequences of chemical exposure on aquatic animals, Xenopus laevis embryos and tadpoles were exposed to the biocide, methylisothiazolinone (MIT). Frog tadpoles exposed to MIT following tail amputation lost their natural regenerative ability. This inhibition of regeneration led to a failure to regrow tissues including the spinal cord, muscle, and notochord. This MIT-dependent regenerative defect is due to a failure to close the amputation wound. A wound healing assay revealed that while untreated embryos close their wounds within one day after injury, MIT-treated animals maintained open wounds that did not reduce in size and caused lethality. Concomitant exposure of MIT with chemicals containing thiol groups such as glutathione and N-acetyl cysteine restored normal wound healing and regeneration responses in tadpoles. Together these results indicate that exposure to MIT impairs developmental wound repair and tissue regeneration in Xenopus laevis. Thus, this study reveals new aspects of MIT activity and demonstrates that Xenopus laevis is a well-suited model for facilitating future research into chemical exposure effects on injury responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Delos Santos
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Summer Azmat
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Yesenia Cuenca
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Jessica Drenth
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Julia Lauper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Ai-Sun Tseng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
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Hughes OB, Maderal AD, Tosti A. Preservative Sensitization—Safety With and Safety Without. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-016-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abramovitch-Dahan C, Asraf H, Bogdanovic M, Sekler I, Bush AI, Hershfinkel M. Amyloid β attenuates metabotropic zinc sensing receptor, mZnR/GPR39, dependent Ca2+
, ERK1/2 and Clusterin signaling in neurons. J Neurochem 2016; 139:221-233. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Abramovitch-Dahan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Hila Asraf
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Milos Bogdanovic
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
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Rajagopal S, Deb I, Poddar R, Paul S. Aging is associated with dimerization and inactivation of the brain-enriched tyrosine phosphatase STEP. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 41:25-38. [PMID: 27103516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The STriatal-Enriched tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) is involved in the etiology of several age-associated neurologic disorders linked to oxidative stress and is also known to play a role in neuroprotection by modulating glutamatergic transmission. However, the possible effect of aging on STEP level and activity in the brain is still unclear. In this study, using young (1 month), adult (4 months), and aged (18 months) rats, we show that aging is associated with increase in dimerization and loss of activity of STEP. Increased dimerization of STEP is primarily observed in the cortex and hippocampus and is associated with depletion of both reduced and total glutathione levels, suggesting an increase in oxidative stress. Consistent with this interpretation, studies in cell culture models of glutathione depletion and oxidative stress also demonstrate formation of dimers and higher order oligomers of STEP that involve intermolecular disulfide bond formation between multiple cysteine residues. Conversely, administration of N-acetyl cysteine, a major antioxidant that enhances glutathione biosynthesis, attenuates STEP dimerization both in the cortex and hippocampus. The findings indicate that loss of this intrinsic protective response pathway with age-dependent increase in oxidative stress may be a contributing factor for the susceptibility of the brain to age-associated neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ishani Deb
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ranjana Poddar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Zhuo X, Xie L, Shi FR, Li N, Chen X, Chen M. The benefits of respective and combined use of green tea polyphenols and ERK inhibitor on the survival and neurologic outcomes in cardiac arrest rats induced by ventricular fibrillation. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 34:570-5. [PMID: 26783148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral injury is a main factor contributing to a high mortality after cardiac arrest (CA)/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the effect of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) and ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (PD) on the survival and neurologic outcomes after CA/CPR in rats. METHODS First, rats were subjected to CA after CPR. The rats that restored spontaneous circulation were blindly allocated to the saline group (saline, IV, n = 12), the GTP group (GTPs, 10 mg/kg, IV, n = 12), the PD group (PD, 0.3 mg/kg, IV, n = 12), and the GTPs + PD group (GTPs, 10 mg/kg; PD, 0.3 mg/kg, IV, n = 12). Another 12 rats without experiencing CA and CPR were served as a sham group. Survival and the neurologic deficit score were observed for 72 hours after restoration of spontaneous circulation. Second, same experimental procedures were performed, and in 1 of 5 groups, animals were divided into 4 subgroups further according to the different time points (12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after restoration of spontaneous circulation [ROSC], n = 6/group). Brain tissues were harvested at relative time points for the morphologic evaluation as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS), malonylaldehyde, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) measurement. RESULTS Green tea polyphenols, PD, and a combination of GTPs and PD used after ROSC alleviated the morphologic changes of the cerebrum. These 3 treatments also decreased the productions of ROS and malonylaldehyde, increased SOD activities in cerebral tissues, and improved the neurologic deficit and survival rates at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after ROSC. CONCLUSIONS Administration of GTPs and PD after ROSC can alleviate cerebral injury, improve the survival and neurologic outcomes via reduction of ROS, and increase of SOD activity in a rat CA/CPR model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhuo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Department of Physiology, School of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fangying Ruan Shi
- Department of Physiology, School of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Nuo Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Menghua Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Kahrilas GA, Blotevogel J, Stewart PS, Borch T. Biocides in hydraulic fracturing fluids: a critical review of their usage, mobility, degradation, and toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:16-32. [PMID: 25427278 DOI: 10.1021/es503724k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are critical components of hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") fluids used for unconventional shale gas development. Bacteria may cause bioclogging and inhibit gas extraction, produce toxic hydrogen sulfide, and induce corrosion leading to downhole equipment failure. The use of biocides such as glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds has spurred a public concern and debate among regulators regarding the impact of inadvertent releases into the environment on ecosystem and human health. This work provides a critical review of the potential fate and toxicity of biocides used in hydraulic fracturing operations. We identified the following physicochemical and toxicological aspects as well as knowledge gaps that should be considered when selecting biocides: (1) uncharged species will dominate in the aqueous phase and be subject to degradation and transport whereas charged species will sorb to soils and be less bioavailable; (2) many biocides are short-lived or degradable through abiotic and biotic processes, but some may transform into more toxic or persistent compounds; (3) understanding of biocides' fate under downhole conditions (high pressure, temperature, and salt and organic matter concentrations) is limited; (4) several biocidal alternatives exist, but high cost, high energy demands, and/or formation of disinfection byproducts limits their use. This review may serve as a guide for environmental risk assessment and identification of microbial control strategies to help develop a sustainable path for managing hydraulic fracturing fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A Kahrilas
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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31
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Tang F, Hu HY, Wu QY, Tang X, Sun YX, Shi XL, Huang JJ. Effects of chemical agent injections on genotoxicity of wastewater in a microfiltration-reverse osmosis membrane process for wastewater reuse. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:231-237. [PMID: 23770616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
With combined microfiltration (MF)/ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) process being widely used in municipal wastewater reclamation, RO concentrate with high level genotoxicity is becoming a potential risk to water environment. In this study, wastewater genotoxicity in a MF-RO process for municipal wastewater reclamation and also the effects of chemical agent injections were evaluated by SOS/umu genotoxicity test. The genotoxicity of RO concentrate ranged 500-559 μg 4-NQO (4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide)/L and 12-22 μg 4-NQO/mg DOC, was much higher than that of RO influent. Further research suggested that Kathon biocide was a key chemical agent associated with the genotoxicity increase. Kathon biocide used in RO system was highly genotoxic in vitro and Kathon biocide retained in RO system could contribute to a higher genotoxicity of RO concentrate. Hence, treatments for biocides before discharging are necessary. Chlorination of secondary effluent could significantly decrease the genotoxicity and increasing chlorine dosage could be an efficacious method to decrease the genotoxicity of RO concentrate. According to the result of the experiment, the dosage of chlorine in dual-membrane process could be set to about 2.5 mg Cl₂/L. The effect of antiscalant (2-phosphomobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid) was also investigated; it turned out to have no effect on genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR
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32
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Miranda JG, Weaver AL, Qin Y, Park JG, Stoddard CI, Lin MZ, Palmer AE. New alternately colored FRET sensors for simultaneous monitoring of Zn²⁺ in multiple cellular locations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49371. [PMID: 23173058 PMCID: PMC3500285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded sensors based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) are powerful tools for reporting on ions, molecules and biochemical reactions in living cells. Here we describe the development of new sensors for Zn²⁺based on alternate FRET-pairs that do not involve the traditional CFP and YFP. Zn²⁺ is an essential micronutrient and plays fundamental roles in cell biology. Consequently there is a pressing need for robust sensors to monitor Zn²⁺ levels and dynamics in cells with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here we develop a suite of sensors using alternate FRET pairs, including tSapphire/TagRFP, tSapphire/mKO, Clover/mRuby2, mOrange2/mCherry, and mOrange2/mKATE. These sensors were targeted to both the nucleus and cytosol and characterized and validated in living cells. Sensors based on the new FRET pair Clover/mRuby2 displayed a higher dynamic range and better signal-to-noise ratio than the remaining sensors tested and were optimal for monitoring changes in cytosolic and nuclear Zn²⁺. Using a green-red sensor targeted to the nucleus and cyan-yellow sensor targeted to either the ER, Golgi, or mitochondria, we were able to monitor Zn²⁺ uptake simultaneously in two compartments, revealing that nuclear Zn²⁺ rises quickly, whereas the ER, Golgi, and mitochondria all sequester Zn²⁺ more slowly and with a delay of 600-700 sec. Lastly, these studies provide the first glimpse of nuclear Zn²⁺ and reveal that nuclear Zn²⁺ is buffered at a higher level than cytosolic Zn²⁺.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose G. Miranda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Weaver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - J. Genevieve Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Caitlin I. Stoddard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael Z. Lin
- Department of Pediatrics and Engineering, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of Americs
| | - Amy E. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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33
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Weaver JR, Holman TR, Imai Y, Jadhav A, Kenyon V, Maloney DJ, Nadler JL, Rai G, Simeonov A, Taylor-Fishwick DA. Integration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, 12-lipoxygenase and NOX-1 in pancreatic islet beta cell dysfunction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:88-95. [PMID: 22502743 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Elevated cellular reactive species, which can be produced by diabetic serum conditions such as elevated inflammatory cytokines, lipotoxicity or glucotoxicity contribute to islet beta cell dysfunction and cell death. Cellular pathways that result in beta cell oxidative stress are poorly resolved. In this study, stimulation of human donor islets, primary mouse islets or homogeneous beta cell lines with a cocktail of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, and INFγ) significantly induced NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX-1) gene expression (p<0.05). This pro-inflammatory cytokine cocktail concomitantly induced loss of islet glucose stimulated insulin response (p<0.05), elevated expression of MCP-1 (p<0.01), increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced cell death. Inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, apocynin and diphenyleneiodonium, and a dual selective NOX1/4 inhibitor, blocked ROS generation (p<0.01) and induction of MCP-1 (p<0.05) by pro-inflammatory cytokines in beta cells. It has previously been reported that pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation induces 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) expression in human islets. 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), a product of 12-LO activity, stimulated NOX-1 expression in human islets (p<0.05). A novel selective inhibitor of 12-LO blocked induction of NOX-1, production of ROS and pro-caspase 3 cleavage by pro-inflammatory cytokines in INS-1 beta cells (p<0.01). Inhibition was not seen with a structurally related but inactive analog. Importantly, islets from human type 2 diabetic donors have an elevated expression of NOX-1 (p<0.05). This study describes an integrated pathway in beta cells that links beta cell dysfunction induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines with 12-lipoxygenase and NADPH oxidase (NOX-1) activation. Inhibitors of this pathway may provide a new therapeutic strategy to preserve beta cell mass in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Weaver
- Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
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34
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Spawn A, Aizenman CD. Abnormal visual processing and increased seizure susceptibility result from developmental exposure to the biocide methylisothiazolinone. Neuroscience 2012; 205:194-204. [PMID: 22245758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is a commonly used biocide known to be neurotoxic in vitro. Brief exposure of cortical neurons in culture to MIT results in increased neurodegeneration, whereas chronic exposure of developing neurons in culture to low concentrations of MIT has been shown to interfere with normal neurite outgrowth. However, the effects of chronic MIT exposure on the developing nervous system have not been tested in vivo. Here we expose Xenopus laevis tadpoles to sub-lethal concentrations of MIT during a critical period in neural development. We find that MIT exposure results in deficits in visually mediated avoidance behavior and increased susceptibility to seizures, as well electrophysiological abnormalities in optic tectal function, without any effects on overall morphology, gross anatomy of the visual projections, overall visual function, and swimming ability. These effects indicate that chronic exposure to low levels of MIT results in neural circuit-level deficits that result in abnormal neurological function without causing increased mortality or even gross anatomical defects. Our findings, combined with the fact that the long-term neurological impacts of environmental exposure to MIT have not been determined, suggest a need for a closer evaluation of the safety of MIT in commercial and industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Spawn
- Department of Neuroscience, Box G-LN, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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35
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Stankowski JN, Zeiger SLH, Cohen EL, DeFranco DB, Cai J, McLaughlin B. C-terminus of heat shock cognate 70 interacting protein increases following stroke and impairs survival against acute oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1787-801. [PMID: 20677910 PMCID: PMC3078511 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The decision to remove or refold oxidized, denatured, or misfolded proteins by heat shock protein 70 and its binding partners is critical to determine cell fate under pathophysiological conditions. Overexpression of the ubiquitin ligase C-terminus of HSC70 interacting protein (CHIP) can compensate for failure of other ubiquitin ligases and enhance protein turnover and survival under chronic neurological stress. The ability of CHIP to alter cell fate after acute neurological injury has not been assessed. Using postmortem human tissue samples, we provide the first evidence that cortical CHIP expression is increased after ischemic stroke. Oxygen glucose deprivation in vitro led to rapid protein oxidation, antioxidant depletion, proteasome dysfunction, and a significant increase in CHIP expression. To determine if CHIP upregulation enhances neural survival, we overexpressed CHIP in vitro and evaluated cell fate 24 h after acute oxidative stress. Surprisingly, CHIP overexpressing cells fared worse against oxidative injury, accumulated more ubiquitinated and oxidized proteins, and experienced decreased proteasome activity. Conversely, using small interfering RNA to decrease CHIP expression in primary neuronal cultures improved survival after oxidative stress, suggesting that increases in CHIP observed after stroke like injuries are likely correlated with diminished survival and may negatively impact the neuroprotective potential of heat shock protein 70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette N Stankowski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8548, USA
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36
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Measuring steady-state and dynamic endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi Zn2+ with genetically encoded sensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:7351-6. [PMID: 21502528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015686108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn(2+) plays essential roles in biology, and cells have adopted exquisite mechanisms for regulating steady-state Zn(2+) levels. Although much is known about total Zn(2+) in cells, very little is known about its subcellular distribution. Yet defining the location of Zn(2+) and how it changes with signaling events is essential for elucidating how cells regulate this essential ion. Here we create fluorescent sensors genetically targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi to monitor steady-state Zn(2+) levels as well as flux of Zn(2+) into and out of these organelles. These studies reveal that ER and Golgi contain a concentration of free Zn(2+) that is 100 times lower than the cytosol. Both organelles take up Zn(2+) when cytosolic levels are elevated, suggesting that the ER and Golgi can sequester elevated cytosolic Zn(2+) and thus have the potential to play a role in influencing Zn(2+) toxicity. ER Zn(2+) homeostasis is perturbed by small molecule antagonists of Ca(2+) homeostasis and ER Zn(2+) is released upon elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) pointing to potential exchange of these two ions across the ER. This study provides direct evidence that Ca(2+) signaling can influence Zn(2+) homeostasis and vice versa, that Zn(2+) dynamics may modulate Ca(2+) signaling.
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37
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Poon R, Rigden M, Edmonds N, Charman N, Lamy S. Effects of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and other candidate biodiesel biocides on rat alveolar macrophages and NR8383 cells. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1419-27. [PMID: 21445588 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biocides are added to biodiesels to inhibit and remove microbial growth. The effects of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT), a candidate biodiesel biocide, were studied using freshly isolated rat alveolar macrophages (AM) and NR8383 cell line. CMIT markedly inhibited phagocytic oxidative burst as measured by zymosan-induced chemiluminescence, and cellular cytokine secretion as measured by zymosan-induced TNF-α secretion. The 50% inhibition concentration (LC(50)) for CMIT was 0.002-0.004 mM for both cellular functions. AM exposed to CMIT for as little as 2 min showed markedly inhibited functions that persisted for at least 5 h. Sodium metabisulfite was able to partially neutralize the inhibitory activity of CMIT. Cysteine and glutathione, when present at a molar ratio of 2-1 or higher against CMIT, were effective neutralizers, while serine, histidine, alanine, and albumin were without effect. When the AM testing system was used to compare the toxicity of CMIT against three other candidate biodiesel biocides, methylene dithiocyanate (MDC) was found to be of comparable toxicity to CMIT, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT) was much less toxic, and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) was non-toxic. Because AM is among the first cell-type exposed to inhaled biodiesel aerosols, the result suggested that CMIT present in biodiesel may produce respiratory effects, and further investigations including animal studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Poon
- Environmental Heath Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Ottawa, Canada.
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38
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Aizenman E, McCord MC, Saadi RA, Hartnett KA, He K. Complex role of zinc in methamphetamine toxicity in vitro. Neuroscience 2010; 171:31-9. [PMID: 20801194 PMCID: PMC2956874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine is a drug of abuse that can induce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity to dopaminergic neurons. We have previously reported that oxidative stress promotes the liberation of intracellular Zn(2+) from metal-binding proteins, which, in turn, can initiate neuronal injurious signaling processes. Here, we report that methamphetamine mobilizes Zn(2+) in catecholaminergic rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, as measured by an increase in Zn(2+)-regulated gene expression driven by the metal response element transcription factor-1. Moreover, methamphetamine-liberated Zn(2+) was responsible for a pronounced enhancement in voltage-dependent K(+) currents in these cells, a process that normally accompanies Zn(2+)-dependent cell injury. Overnight exposure to methamphetamine induced PC12 cell death. This toxicity could be prevented by the cell-permeant zinc chelator N,N,N', N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-ethylenediamine (TPEN), and by over-expression of the Zn(2+)-binding protein metallothionein 3 (MT3), but not by tricine, an extracellular Zn(2+) chelator. The toxicity of methamphetamine to PC12 cells was enhanced by the presence of co-cultured microglia. Remarkably, under these conditions, TPEN no longer protected but, in fact, dramatically exacerbated methamphetamine toxicity, tricine again being without effect. Over-expression of MT3 in PC12 cells did not mimic these toxicity-enhancing actions of TPEN, suggesting that the chelator affected microglial function. Interestingly, P2X receptor antagonists reversed the toxicity-enhancing effect of TPEN. As such, endogenous levels of intracellular Zn(2+) may normally interfere with the activation of P2X channels in microglia. We conclude that Zn(2+) plays a significant but complex role in modulating the cellular response of PC12 cells to methamphetamine exposure in both the absence and presence of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Nutini M, Frazzini V, Marini C, Spalloni A, Sensi SL, Longone P. Zinc pre-treatment enhances NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons from SOD1(G93A) mouse, a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:1200-8. [PMID: 21056589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Zn²+ is co-released at glutamatergic synapses throughout the central nervous system and acts as a neuromodulator for glutamatergic neurotransmission, as a key modulator of NMDA receptor functioning. Zn²+ is also implicated in the neurotoxicity associated with several models of acute brain injury and neurodegeneration. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the spinal cord and cortex. In this study, we have investigated the modulatory role exerted by Zn²+ in NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity in either near-pure or mixed cortical cultured neurons obtained from either mice over-expressing the G93A mutant form of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) human gene, a gene linked to familial ALS, or wild type (WT) mice. To that aim, SOD1(G93A) or WT cultures were exposed to either NMDA by itself or to Zn²+ prior to a toxic challenge with NMDA, and neuronal loss evaluated 24 h later. While we failed to observe any significant difference between NMDA and Zn²+/NMDA-mediated toxicity in mixed SOD1(G93A) or WT cortical cultures, different vulnerability to these toxic paradigms was found in near-pure neuronal cultures. In the WT near-pure neuronal cultures, a brief exposure to sublethal concentrations of Zn²+-enhanced NMDA receptor-mediated cell death, an effect that was far more pronounced in the SOD1(G93A) cultures. This increased excitotoxicity in SOD1(G93A) near-pure neuronal cultures appears to be mediated by a significant increase in NMDA-dependent rises of intraneuronal Ca²+ levels as well as enhanced production of cytosolic reactive oxygen species, while the injurious process seems to be unrelated to activation of nNOS or ERK1/2 pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Trends in neuropharmacology: in memory of Erminio Costa'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Nutini
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Neuroscience, University of "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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He K, Aizenman E. ERK signaling leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in extracellular zinc-induced neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 2010; 114:452-61. [PMID: 20412391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A zinc-induced signaling pathway leading to extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and subsequent neuronal death has been investigated. We find that an extracellular zinc application stimulates biphasic phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in rat cultured neurons. The activation of ERK1/2, but not p38, is responsible for zinc neurotoxicity as only U0126, a MEK inhibitor that blocks ERK1/2 phosphorylation, significantly protects cortical neurons from zinc exposure. Over-expression of a dominant negative Ras mutant blocks zinc-induced Elk1-dependent gene expression in neurons, indicating the involvement of Ras activation in the zinc pathway leading to ERK phosphorylation and Elk1 signaling. We also find that zinc treatment results in neuronal mitochondrial hyperpolarization. Importantly, both U0126 and bongkrekic acid, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase, effectively reduce zinc-triggered mitochondrial changes. As bongkrekic acid also prevents zinc-triggered neuronal death but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation, activation of MAPK signaling precedes and is required for mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. These results provide new insight on the mechanism of extracellular zinc-induced toxicity in which the regulation of mitochondrial function by the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway is closely associated with neuronal viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Lau A, Tymianski M. Glutamate receptors, neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. Pflugers Arch 2010; 460:525-42. [PMID: 20229265 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 793] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity is a hypothesis that states excessive glutamate causes neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. As glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), the implications of glutamate excitotoxicity are many and far-reaching. Acute CNS insults such as ischaemia and traumatic brain injury have traditionally been the focus of excitotoxicity research. However, glutamate excitotoxicity has also been linked to chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and others. Despite the continued research into the mechanisms of excitotoxicity, there are currently no pharmacological interventions capable of providing significant neuroprotection in the clinical setting of brain ischaemia or injury. This review addresses the current state of excitotoxic research, focusing on the structure and physiology of glutamate receptors; molecular mechanisms underlying excitotoxic cell death pathways and their interactions with each other; the evidence for glutamate excitotoxicity in acute neurologic diseases; laboratory and clinical attempts at modulating excitotoxicity; and emerging targets for excitotoxicity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lau
- Division of Applied and Interventional Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 2S8
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Arning J, Matzke M, Stolte S, Nehen F, Bottin-Weber U, Böschen A, Abdulkarim S, Jastorff B, Ranke J. Analyzing Cytotoxic Effects of Selected Isothiazol-3-one Biocides Using the Toxic Ratio Concept and Structure−Activity Relationship Considerations. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1954-61. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900263m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arning
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marianne Matzke
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Frauke Nehen
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bottin-Weber
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Andrea Böschen
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Salha Abdulkarim
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bernd Jastorff
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Johannes Ranke
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
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Role of intracellular calcium and S-glutathionylation in cell death induced by a mixture of isothiazolinones in HL60 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1793:572-83. [PMID: 19118583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported that brief exposure of HL60 cells to a mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMI) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MI) shifts the cells into a state of oxidative stress that induces apoptosis and necrosis. In this study, flow cytometric analysis showed that CMI/MI induces early perturbation of calcium homeostasis, increasing cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium and depleting the intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores. The calcium chelator BAPTA-AM reduced necrosis and secondary necrosis, the loss of DeltaPsim and S-glutathionylation induced by necrotic doses of CMI/MI, but did not protect against CMI/MI-induced apoptosis, mitochondrial calcium uptake and mitochondrial hyperpolarization. This indicates that increased cytoplasmic calcium does not have a causal role in the induction of apoptosis, while cross-talk between the ER and mitochondria could be responsible for the induction of apoptosis. GSH-OEt pretreatment, which enhances cellular GSH content, reduced S-glutathionylation and cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium levels, thus protecting against both apoptosis and necrosis shifting to apoptosis. Therefore, the degree of GSH depletion, paralleled by the levels of protein S-glutathionylation, may have a causal role in increasing calcium levels. The mitochondrial calcium increase could be responsible for apoptosis, while necrosis is associated with cytoplasmic calcium overload. These findings suggest that S-glutathionylation of specific proteins acts as a molecular linker between calcium and redox signalling.
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Dineley KE, Devinney MJ, Zeak JA, Rintoul GL, Reynolds IJ. Glutamate mobilizes [Zn2+] through Ca2+ -dependent reactive oxygen species accumulation. J Neurochem 2008; 106:2184-93. [PMID: 18624907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liberation of zinc from intracellular stores contributes to oxidant-induced neuronal injury. However, little is known regarding how endogenous oxidant systems regulate intracellular free zinc ([Zn(2+)](i)). Here we simultaneously imaged [Ca(2+)](i) and [Zn(2+)](i) to study acute [Zn(2+)](i) changes in cultured rat forebrain neurons after glutamate receptor activation. Neurons were loaded with fura-2FF and FluoZin-3 to follow [Ca(2+)](i) and [Zn(2+)](i), respectively. Neurons treated with glutamate (100 microM) for 10 min gave large Ca(2+) responses that did not recover after termination of the glutamate stimulus. Glutamate also increased [Zn(2+)](i), however glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)](i) changes were completely dependent on Ca(2+) entry, appeared to arise entirely from internal stores, and were substantially reduced by co-application of the membrane-permeant chelator TPEN during the glutamate treatment. Pharmacological maneuvers revealed that a number of endogenous oxidant producing systems, including nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A(2), and mitochondria all contributed to glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)](i) changes. We found no evidence that mitochondria buffered [Zn(2+)](i) during acute glutamate receptor activation. We conclude that glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)](i) transients are caused in part by [Ca(2+)](i)-induced reactive oxygen species that arises from both cytosolic and mitochondrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk E Dineley
- Department of Biology, Francis Marion University, Florence, SC, USA
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Arning J, Dringen R, Schmidt M, Thiessen A, Stolte S, Matzke M, Bottin-Weber U, Caesar-Geertz B, Jastorff B, Ranke J. Structure-activity relationships for the impact of selected isothiazol-3-one biocides on glutathione metabolism and glutathione reductase of the human liver cell line Hep G2. Toxicology 2008; 246:203-12. [PMID: 18313196 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the toxic mode of action of isothiazol-3-one biocides the four compounds N-methylisothiazol-3-one (MIT), 5-chloro-N-methylisothiazol-3-one (CIT), N-octylisothiazol-3-one (OIT) and 4,5-dichloro-N-octylisothiazol-3-one (DCOIT) were purified and tested as single chemical entities for their effects on the human hepatoblastoma cell line Hep G2 and on isolated and cellular glutathione reductase GR). The two chlorinated substances CIT and DCOIT significantly decreased the amount of total cellular glutathione (GSx) in a dose and time dependent manner. Concomitantly, an increase in the level of oxidised glutathione (GSSG) was observed. The resulting shift in the GSH/GSSG ratio entailing the breakdown of the cellular thiol reduction potential was accompanied by necrotic morphological changes like swelling of the plasma membrane and subsequent lysis of the cells. Additionally, CIT and DCOIT were found to inhibit cellular GR in the cells in a concentration dependent manner. The T-SAR-based (thinking in terms of structure-activity relationships) comparison of the chlorine-substituted structures CIT and DCOIT with their non-chlorinated and less active analogues MIT and OIT identified the chlorine substituents and the resulting reaction mechanisms to be the key structural mediators of the observed toxic effects. Furthermore, differences in the activity of both chlorinated substances could be explained using the T-SAR approach to link the lipophilicity and the intrinsic glutathione-reactivity of the compounds to the expected target site concentrations inside the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arning
- UFT - Centre for Environmental Research and Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strabe, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Nagasawa K, Kakuda T, Higashi Y, Fujimoto S. Possible involvement of 12-lipoxygenase activation in glucose-deprivation/reload-treated neurons. Neurosci Lett 2007; 429:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kawasaki T, Kitao T, Nakagawa K, Fujisaki H, Takegawa Y, Koda K, Ago Y, Baba A, Matsuda T. Nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in cultured rat astrocytes: protection by edaravone, a radical scavenger. Glia 2007; 55:1325-33. [PMID: 17626263 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide induces apoptosis-like cell death in cultured astrocytes, but the exact mechanism is not known. This study further characterized the mechanism of nitric oxide-induced cytotoxicity, and examined the effect of edaravone, a radical scavenger, on cytotoxicity. Treatment of cultured rat astrocytes with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide donor, for 72 h, decreased cell viability by causing apoptosis-like cell death. The injury was accompanied by increases in the production of reactive oxygen species and in the level of nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor, but not in caspase activity. SNP-induced cytotoxicity was blocked by the c-jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 (20 microM), the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor SB203580 (20 microM), and the extracellular signal-regulating kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 (10 microM), and the nitric oxide donor stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, JNK, and ERK. Edaravone (10 microM) protected astrocytes against SNP-induced cell injury and it inhibited SNP-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, JNK, and ERK, and the production of reactive oxygen species. Edaravone also attenuated SNP-induced increase in nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor levels. These results suggest that MAP kinase pathways play a key role in nitric oxide-induced apoptosis and that edaravone protects against nitric oxide-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting nitric oxide-induced MAP kinase activation in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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48
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Zhang Y, Aizenman E, DeFranco DB, Rosenberg PA. Intracellular zinc release, 12-lipoxygenase activation and MAPK dependent neuronal and oligodendroglial death. Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17622306 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00042.zhang] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc translocation from presynaptic nerve terminals to postsynaptic neurons has generally been considered the critical step leading to the accumulation of intracellular free zinc and subsequent neuronal injury. Recent evidence, however, strongly suggests that the liberation of zinc from intracellular stores upon oxidative and nitrative stimulation contributes significantly to the toxicity of this metal not only to neurons, but also to oligodendrocytes. The exact cell death signaling pathways triggered by zinc are beginning to be deciphered. In this review, we describe how the activation of 12-lipoxygenase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) contribute to the toxicity of liberated zinc to neurons and oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics and Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
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Musiek ES, McLaughlin B, Morrow JD. Electrophilic cyclopentenone isoprostanes in neurodegeneration. J Mol Neurosci 2007; 33:80-6. [PMID: 17901550 PMCID: PMC2881560 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-007-0042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative conditions, the precise mechanisms by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce neuronal death are still being explored. The generation of reactive lipid peroxidation products is thought to contribute to ROS neurotoxicity. Isoprostanes (IsoPs), prostaglandin-like molecules formed in vivo via the ROS-mediated oxidation of arachidonic acid, have been previously demonstrated to be formed in increased amounts in the brains of patients with various neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we have identified a new class of IsoPs, known as A(2)- and J(2)-IsoPs or cyclopentenone IsoPs, which are highly reactive electrophiles and form adducts with thiol-containing molecules, including cysteine residues in proteins and glutathione. Cyclopentenone IsoPs are favored products of the IsoP pathway in the brain and are formed abundantly after oxidant injury. These compounds also potently induce neuronal apoptosis by a mechanism which involves glutathione depletion, ROS generation, and activation of several redox-sensitive pathways that overlap with those involved in other forms of oxidative neurodegeneration. Cyclopentenone IsoPs also enhance neurodegeneration caused by other insults at biologically relevant concentrations. These data are reviewed, whereas new data demonstrating the neurotoxicity of J-ring IsoPs and a discussion of the possible role of cyclopentenone IsoPs as contributors to neurodegeneration are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S. Musiek
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 526 RRB, 23rd and Pierce Aves, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - BethAnn McLaughlin
- Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, MRB III Room 8110, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, USA
| | - Jason D. Morrow
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 526 RRB, 23rd and Pierce Aves, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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50
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Ho Y, Logue E, Callaway CW, DeFranco DB. Different mechanisms account for extracellular-signal regulated kinase activation in distinct brain regions following global ischemia and reperfusion. Neuroscience 2007; 145:248-55. [PMID: 17207579 PMCID: PMC1859863 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in brain. However, the mechanism of this activation has not been elucidated. We have previously reported that in an in vitro model of oxidative stress in immature cortical neuronal cultures, the inhibition of ERK phosphatase activity contributes to ERK1/2 activation and subsequent neuronal toxicity. This study examined whether ERK activation was associated with altered activity of ERK phosphatases in a rat cardiac arrest model. Rats in experimental groups were subjected to asphyxial cardiac arrest for 8 min and then resuscitated for 30 min. Significant ERK activation was detected in both cortex and hippocampus following ischemia/reperfusion by immunoblotting. ERK phosphatase activity was reversibly inhibited in cerebral cortex but not affected in hippocampus following ischemia/reperfusion. MEK1/2 was activated in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus following ischemia/reperfusion. Using a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), okadaic acid (OA), we have identified PP2A to be the major ERK phosphatase that is responsible for regulating ERK activation in ischemic brain tissues. Orthovanadate inhibited ERK phosphatase activity in brain tissues, suggesting that tyrosine phosphatases and dual specificity phosphatases may also contribute to the ERK phosphatase activity in brain tissues. Together, these data implicate ERK phosphatase in the regulation of ERK activation in distinct brain regions following global ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeung Ho
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Eric Logue
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Clifton W Callaway
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Donald B DeFranco
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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