1
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Lee CYQ, Balasuriya GK, Herath M, Franks AE, Hill-Yardin EL. Impaired cecal motility and secretion alongside expansion of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in the Nlgn3 R451C mouse model of autism. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12687. [PMID: 37542090 PMCID: PMC10403596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD; autism) commonly present with gastrointestinal (GI) illness in addition to core diagnostic behavioural traits. The appendix, or cecum in mice, is important for GI homeostasis via its function as a key site for fermentation and a microbial reservoir. Even so, the role of the appendix and cecum in autism-associated GI symptoms remains uninvestigated. Here, we studied mice with an autism-associated missense mutation in the post-synaptic protein neuroligin-3 (Nlgn3R451C), which impacts brain and enteric neuronal activity. We assessed for changes in cecal motility using a tri-cannulation video-imaging approach in ex vivo preparations from wild-type and Nlgn3R451C mice. We investigated cecal permeability and neurally-evoked secretion in wild-type and Nlgn3R451C tissues using an Ussing chamber set-up. The number of cecal patches in fresh tissue samples were assessed and key immune populations including gut macrophages and dendritic cells were visualised using immunofluorescence. Nlgn3R451C mice displayed accelerated cecal motor complexes and reduced cecal weight in comparison to wildtype littermates. Nlgn3R451C mice also demonstrated reduced neurally-evoked cecal secretion in response to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP), but permeability was unchanged. We observed an increase in the number of cecal patches in Nlgn3R451C mice, however the cellular morphologies of key immune populations studied were not significantly altered. We show that the R451C nervous system mutation leads to cecal dysmotility, impaired secretion, and neuro-immune alterations. Together, these results suggest that the R451C mutation disrupts the gut-brain axis with GI dysfunction in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalystha Yie Qin Lee
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, 223, Bundoora West Campus, 225-245 Clements Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | | | - Madushani Herath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley E Franks
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, 223, Bundoora West Campus, 225-245 Clements Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Brackx W, de Cássia Collaço R, Theys M, Cruyssen JV, Bosmans F. Understanding the physiological role of Na V1.9: Challenges and opportunities for pain modulation. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108416. [PMID: 37061202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-activated Na+ (NaV) channels are crucial contributors to rapid electrical signaling in the human body. As such, they are among the most targeted membrane proteins by clinical therapeutics and natural toxins. Several of the nine mammalian NaV channel subtypes play a documented role in pain or other sensory processes such as itch, touch, and smell. While causal relationships between these subtypes and biological function have been extensively described, the physiological role of NaV1.9 is less understood. Yet, mutations in NaV1.9 can cause striking disease phenotypes related to sensory perception such as loss or gain of pain and chronic itch. Here, we explore our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which NaV1.9 may contribute to pain and elaborate on the challenges associated with establishing links between experimental conditions and human disease. This review also discusses the lack of comprehensive insights into NaV1.9-specific pharmacology, an unfortunate situation since modulatory compounds may have tremendous potential in the clinic to treat pain or as precision tools to examine the extent of NaV1.9 participation in sensory perception processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayra Brackx
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rita de Cássia Collaço
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margaux Theys
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vander Cruyssen
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Bosmans
- Molecular Physiology and Neurophysics Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Marchese-Rojas M, Islas ÁA, Mancilla-Simbro C, Millan-PerezPeña L, León JS, Salinas-Stefanon EM. Inhibition of the Human Neuronal Sodium Channel Na v1.9 by Arachidonyl-2-Chloroethylamide, An Analogue of Anandamide in a hNa v1.9/rNa v1.4 Chimera, An Experimental and in Silico Study. Neuroscience 2023; 511:39-52. [PMID: 36156289 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids regulate analgesia, which has aroused much interest in identifying new pharmacological therapies in the management of refractory pain. Voltage-gated Na+ channels (Navs) play an important role in inflammatory and neuropathic pain. In particular, Nav1.9 is involved in nociception and the understanding of its pharmacology has lagged behind because it is difficult to express in heterologous systems. Here, we utilized the chimeric channel hNav1.9_C4, that comprises the extracellular and transmembrane domains of hNav1.9, co-expressed with the ß1 subunit on CHO-K1 cells to characterize the electrophysiological effects of ACEA, a synthetic surrogate of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide. ACEA induced a tonic block, decelerated the fast inactivation, markedly shifted steady-state inactivation in the hyperpolarized direction, decreasing the window current and showed use-dependent block, with a high affinity for the inactivated state (ki = 0.84 µM). Thus, we argue that ACEA possess a local anaesthetic-like profile. To provide a mechanistic understanding of its mode of action at the molecular level, we combined induced fit docking with Monte Carlo simulations and electrostatic complementarity. In agreement with the experimental evidence, our computer simulations revealed that ACEA binds Tyr1599 of the local anaesthetics binding site of the hNav1.9, contacting residues that bind cannabinol (CBD) in the NavMs channel. ACEA adopted a conformation remarkably similar to the crystallographic conformation of anandamide on a non-homologous protein, obstructing the Na+ permeation pathway below the selectivity filter to occupy a highly conserved binding pocket at the intracellular side. These results describe a mechanism of action, possibly involved in cannabinoid analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Marchese-Rojas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Physiology, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ángel A Islas
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico; Laboratory of Computational Molecular Simulations, Department of Pharmacy, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Claudia Mancilla-Simbro
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Physiology, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge S León
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Physiology, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
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4
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Li Z, Boesmans W, Kazwiny Y, Hao MM, Vanden Berghe P. Simultaneous whole-cell patch-clamp and calcium imaging on myenteric neurons. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G341-G347. [PMID: 36044672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00162.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Live calcium imaging is often used as a proxy for electrophysiological measurements and has been a valuable tool that allows simultaneous analysis of neuronal activity in multiple cells at the population level. In the enteric nervous system, there are two main electrophysiological classes of neurons, after-hyperpolarizing (AH)- and synaptic (S)-neurons, which have been shown to have different calcium handling mechanisms. However, they are rarely considered separately in calcium imaging experiments. A handful of studies have shown that in guinea pig, a calcium transient will accompany a single action potential in AH-neurons, but multiple action potentials are required to generate a calcium transient in S-neurons. How this translates to different modes of cellular depolarization and whether this is consistent across species is unknown. In this study, we used simultaneous whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology together with calcium imaging to investigate how enteric neurons respond to different modes of depolarization. Using both traditional (4 Hz) and also high-speed (1,000 Hz) imaging techniques, we found that single action potentials elicit calcium transients in both AH-neurons and S-neurons. Subthreshold membrane depolarizations were also able to elicit calcium transients, although calcium responses were generally amplified if an action potential was present. Furthermore, we identified that responses to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation can be used to distinguish between AH- and S-neurons in calcium imaging.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Live calcium imaging is an important tool for investigating enteric nervous system (ENS) function. Previous studies have shown that multiple action potentials are needed to generate a calcium response in S-neurons, which has important implications for the interpretation of calcium imaging data. Here, we show that in mouse myenteric neurons, calcium transients are elicited by single action potentials in both AH- and S-neurons. In addition, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation can be used to distinguish between these two classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Li
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, ChroMeta, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Youcef Kazwiny
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, ChroMeta, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlene M Hao
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, ChroMeta, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, ChroMeta, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Shen Y, Zheng Y, Hong D. Familial Episodic Pain Syndromes. J Pain Res 2022; 15:2505-2515. [PMID: 36051609 PMCID: PMC9427007 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s375299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, advances in genetic sequencing have opened a new world of discovery of causative genes associated with numerous pain-related syndromes. Familial episodic pain syndromes (FEPS) are one of the distinctive syndromes characterized by early-childhood onset of severe episodic pain mainly affecting the distal extremities and tend to attenuate or diminish with age. According to the phenotypic and genetic properties, FEPS at least includes four subtypes of FEPS1, FEPS2, FEPS3, and FEPS4, which are caused by mutations in the TRPA1, SCN10A, SCN11A, and SCN9A genes, respectively. Functional studies have revealed that all missense mutations in these genes are closely associated with the gain-of-function of cation channels. Because some FEPS patients may show a relative treatability and favorable prognosis, it is worth paying attention to the diagnosis and management of FEPS as early as possible. In this review, we state the common clinical manifestations, pathogenic mechanisms, and potential therapies of the disease, and provide preliminary opinions about future research for FEPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Daojun Hong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
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6
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Rapedius M, Obergrussberger A, Humphries ESA, Scholz S, Rinke-Weiss I, Goetze TA, Brinkwirth N, Rotordam MG, Strassmaier T, Randolph A, Friis S, Liutkute A, Seibertz F, Voigt N, Fertig N. There is no F in APC: Using physiological fluoride-free solutions for high throughput automated patch clamp experiments. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:982316. [PMID: 36072300 PMCID: PMC9443850 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.982316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoride has been used in the internal recording solution for manual and automated patch clamp experiments for decades because it helps to improve the seal resistance and promotes longer lasting recordings. In manual patch clamp, fluoride has been used to record voltage-gated Na (NaV) channels where seal resistance and access resistance are critical for good voltage control. In automated patch clamp, suction is applied from underneath the patch clamp chip to attract a cell to the hole and obtain a good seal. Since the patch clamp aperture cannot be moved to improve the seal like the patch clamp pipette in manual patch clamp, automated patch clamp manufacturers use internal fluoride to improve the success rate for obtaining GΩ seals. However, internal fluoride can affect voltage-dependence of activation and inactivation, as well as affecting internal second messenger systems and therefore, it is desirable to have the option to perform experiments using physiological, fluoride-free internal solution. We have developed an approach for high throughput fluoride-free recordings on a 384-well based automated patch clamp system with success rates >40% for GΩ seals. We demonstrate this method using hERG expressed in HEK cells, as well as NaV1.5, NaV1.7, and KCa3.1 expressed in CHO cells. We describe the advantages and disadvantages of using fluoride and provide examples of where fluoride can be used, where caution should be exerted and where fluoride-free solutions provide an advantage over fluoride-containing solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rapedius
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Markus Rapedius,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aiste Liutkute
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells”, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fitzwilliam Seibertz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells”, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Niels Voigt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells”, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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7
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Contribution of tetrodotoxin-resistant persistent Na + currents to the excitability of C-type dural afferent neurons in rats. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:73. [PMID: 35764917 PMCID: PMC9238149 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence supports the important role of persistent sodium currents (INaP) in the neuronal excitability of various central neurons. However, the role of tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na+ channel-mediated INaP in the neuronal excitability of nociceptive neurons remains poorly understood. METHODS We investigated the functional role of TTX-R INaP in the excitability of C-type nociceptive dural afferent neurons, which was identified using a fluorescent dye, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchloride (DiI), and a whole-cell patch-clamp technique. RESULTS TTX-R INaP were found in most DiI-positive neurons, but their density was proportional to neuronal size. Although the voltage dependence of TTX-R Na+ channels did not differ among DiI-positive neurons, the extent of the onset of slow inactivation, recovery from inactivation, and use-dependent inhibition of these channels was highly correlated with neuronal size and, to a great extent, the density of TTX-R INaP. In the presence of TTX, treatment with a specific INaP inhibitor, riluzole, substantially decreased the number of action potentials generated by depolarizing current injection, suggesting that TTX-R INaP are related to the excitability of dural afferent neurons. In animals treated chronically with inflammatory mediators, the density of TTX-R INaP was significantly increased, and it was difficult to inactivate TTX-R Na+ channels. CONCLUSIONS TTX-R INaP apparently contributes to the differential properties of TTX-R Na+ channels and neuronal excitability. Consequently, the selective modulation of TTX-R INaP could be, at least in part, a new approach for the treatment of migraine headaches.
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8
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Lei CL, Fabbri A, Whittaker DG, Clerx M, Windley MJ, Hill AP, Mirams GR, de Boer TP. A nonlinear and time-dependent leak current in the presence of calcium fluoride patch-clamp seal enhancer. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:152. [PMID: 34805549 PMCID: PMC8591515 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15968.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated patch-clamp platforms are widely used and vital tools in both academia and industry to enable high-throughput studies such as drug screening. A leak current to ground occurs whenever the seal between a pipette and cell (or internal solution and cell in high-throughput machines) is not perfectly insulated from the bath (extracellular) solution. Over 1 GΩ seal resistance between pipette and bath solutions is commonly used as a quality standard for manual patch work. With automated platforms it can be difficult to obtain such a high seal resistance between the intra- and extra-cellular solutions. One suggested method to alleviate this problem is using an F
− containing internal solution together with a Ca
2+ containing external solution — so that a CaF
2 crystal forms when the two solutions meet which ‘plugs the holes’ to enhance the seal resistance. However, we observed an unexpected nonlinear-in-voltage and time-dependent current using these solutions on an automated patch-clamp platform. We performed manual patch-clamp experiments with the automated patch-clamp solutions, but no biological cell, and observed the same nonlinear time-dependent leak current. The current could be completely removed by washing out F
− ions to leave a conventional leak current that was linear and not time-dependent. We therefore conclude fluoride ions interacting with the CaF
2 crystal are the origin of the nonlinear time-dependent leak current. The consequences of such a nonlinear and time-dependent leak current polluting measurements should be considered carefully if it cannot be isolated and subtracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chon Lok Lei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QD, UK
| | - Alan Fabbri
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic G Whittaker
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine & Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael Clerx
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QD, UK
| | - Monique J Windley
- Molecular Cardiology & Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | - Adam P Hill
- Molecular Cardiology & Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | - Gary R Mirams
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine & Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Teun P de Boer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
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9
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Casasco BS, Garcez-do-Carmo L, Conceição IM. The effects of Tityus bahiensis scorpion venom on the contractility of jejunum, vas deferens, and the aorta is differentially affected by tetrodotoxin. Toxicon 2021; 202:123-131. [PMID: 34582832 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of the crude venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus or its isolated toxins have been widely studied. However, few studies are available on Tityus bahiensis venom. We recently discovered that T. serrulaus venom leads to the release of tetrodotoxin-resistant acetylcholine. Thus, our objective was to verify whether T. bahiensis venom could have a similar action in the jejunum. Furthermore, we evaluated the possibility that this action occur in other tissues innervated by the autonomic nervous system. Thus, organ bath studies were conducted to evaluate the contractile and relaxant effects of venom on the jejunum, vas deferens and aorta of rats in the presence or absence of tetrodotoxin. We observed that jejunum, vas deferens and aorta contracted when the T. bahiensis venom was applied. In the jejunum, the venom reveals a contractile component resistant to tetrodotoxin. It also was able to relax pre-contracted preparations of jejunum and aorta but not vas deferens. Only in the aorta, the relaxation was resistant to tetrodotoxin. The effects of scorpion venoms are attributed to its action on ionic channels leading to neuronal depolarization and neurotransmitter release. Our results indicated that a similar mechanism is present in the observed effects of the venom. However, another mechanism must be present in the venom-induced contraction in the jejunum and relaxation in the aorta. Possible involvement of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels or non-neuronal release of neurotransmitters is discussed. We emphasize that the study of the Tityus scorpion's venom, especially T. bahiensis, is of great importance because it can unveil unknown pharmacological and physiological mechanisms of excitable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Serra Casasco
- Toxins Mechanism of Action Research Group (MATx), Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Garcez-do-Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isaltino Marcelo Conceição
- Toxins Mechanism of Action Research Group (MATx), Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Margiotta JF, Smith-Edwards KM, Nestor-Kalinoski A, Davis BM, Albers KM, Howard MJ. Synaptic Components, Function and Modulation Characterized by GCaMP6f Ca 2+ Imaging in Mouse Cholinergic Myenteric Ganglion Neurons. Front Physiol 2021; 12:652714. [PMID: 34408655 PMCID: PMC8365335 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.652714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The peristaltic contraction and relaxation of intestinal circular and longitudinal smooth muscles is controlled by synaptic circuit elements that impinge upon phenotypically diverse neurons in the myenteric plexus. While electrophysiological studies provide useful information concerning the properties of such synaptic circuits, they typically involve tissue disruption and do not correlate circuit activity with biochemically defined neuronal phenotypes. To overcome these limitations, mice were engineered to express the sensitive, fast Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6f selectively in neurons that express the acetylcholine (ACh) biosynthetic enzyme choline acetyltransfarse (ChAT) thereby allowing rapid activity-driven changes in Ca2+ fluorescence to be observed without disrupting intrinsic connections, solely in cholinergic myenteric ganglion (MG) neurons. Experiments with selective receptor agonists and antagonists reveal that most mouse colonic cholinergic (i.e., GCaMP6f+/ChAT+) MG neurons express nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs), particularly the ganglionic subtype containing α3 and β4 subunits, and most express ionotropic serotonin receptors (5-HT3Rs). Cholinergic MG neurons also display small, spontaneous Ca2+ transients occurring at ≈ 0.2 Hz. Experiments with inhibitors of Na+ channel dependent impulses, presynaptic Ca2+ channels and postsynaptic receptor function reveal that the Ca2+ transients arise from impulse-driven presynaptic activity and subsequent activation of postsynaptic nAChRs or 5-HT3Rs. Electrical stimulation of axonal connectives to MG evoked Ca2+ responses in the neurons that similarly depended on nAChRs or/and 5-HT3Rs. Responses to single connective shocks had peak amplitudes and rise and decay times that were indistinguishable from the spontaneous Ca2+ transients and the largest fraction had brief synaptic delays consistent with activation by monosynaptic inputs. These results indicate that the spontaneous Ca2+ transients and stimulus evoked Ca2+ responses in MG neurons originate in circuits involving fast chemical synaptic transmission mediated by nAChRs or/and 5-HT3Rs. Experiments with an α7-nAChR agonist and antagonist, and with pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) reveal that the same synaptic circuits display extensive capacity for presynaptic modulation. Our use of non-invasive GCaMP6f/ChAT Ca2+ imaging in colon segments with intrinsic connections preserved, reveals an abundance of direct and modulatory synaptic influences on cholinergic MG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Margiotta
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Kristen M Smith-Edwards
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Andrea Nestor-Kalinoski
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Brian M Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kathryn M Albers
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Marthe J Howard
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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11
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Tetrodotoxin: A New Strategy to Treat Visceral Pain? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070496. [PMID: 34357968 PMCID: PMC8310099 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain is one of the most common symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Although the origin of these symptoms has not been clearly defined, the implication of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in visceral hypersensitivity is well established. The role of several pathways in visceral nociception has been explored, as well as the influence of specific receptors on afferent neurons, such as voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). VGSCs initiate action potentials and dysfunction of these channels has recently been associated with painful GI conditions. Current treatments for visceral pain generally involve opioid based drugs, which are associated with important side-effects and a loss of effectiveness or tolerance. Hence, efforts have been intensified to find new, more effective and longer-lasting therapies. The implication of VGSCs in visceral hypersensitivity has drawn attention to tetrodotoxin (TTX), a relatively selective sodium channel blocker, as a possible and promising molecule to treat visceral pain and related diseases. As such, here we will review the latest information regarding this toxin that is relevant to the treatment of visceral pain and the possible advantages that it may offer relative to other treatments, alone or in combination.
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12
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Pellegrini C, Fornai M, Benvenuti L, Colucci R, Caputi V, Palazon-Riquelme P, Giron MC, Nericcio A, Garelli F, D'Antongiovanni V, Segnani C, Ippolito C, Nannipieri M, Lopez-Castejon G, Pelegrin P, Haskó G, Bernardini N, Blandizzi C, Antonioli L. NLRP3 at the crossroads between immune/inflammatory responses and enteric neuroplastic remodelling in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3924-3942. [PMID: 34000757 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Enteric neurogenic/inflammation contributes to bowel dysmotility in obesity. We examined the role of NLRP3 in colonic neuromuscular dysfunctions in mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wild-type C57BL/6J and NLRP3-KO (Nlrp3-/- ) mice were fed with HFD or standard diet for 8 weeks. The activation of inflammasome pathways in colonic tissues from obese mice was assessed. The role of NLRP3 in in vivo colonic transit and in vitro tachykininergic contractions and substance P distribution was evaluated. The effect of substance P on NLRP3 signalling was tested in cultured cells. KEY RESULTS HFD mice displayed increased body and epididymal fat weight, cholesterol levels, plasma resistin levels and plasma and colonic IL-1β levels, colonic inflammasome adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) and caspase-1 mRNA expression and ASC immunopositivity in macrophages. Colonic tachykininergic contractions were enhanced in HFD mice. HFD NLRP3-/- mice developed lower increase in body and epididymal fat weight, cholesterol levels, systemic and bowel inflammation. In HFD Nlrp3-/- mice, the functional alterations of tachykinergic pathways and faecal output were normalized. In THP-1 cells, substance P promoted IL-1β release. This effect was inhibited upon incubation with caspase-1 inhibitor or NK1 antagonist and not observed in ASC-/- cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In obesity, NLRP3 regulates an interplay between the shaping of enteric immune/inflammatory responses and the activation of substance P/NK1 pathways underlying the onset of colonic dysmotility. Identifying NLRP3 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of bowel symptoms related to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Benvenuti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Caputi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pablo Palazon-Riquelme
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Nericcio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Garelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Segnani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Nannipieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Lopez-Castejon
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Dan W, Park GH, Vemaraju S, Wu AD, Perez K, Rao M, Berkowitz DE, Lang RA, Yim PD. Light-Mediated Inhibition of Colonic Smooth Muscle Constriction and Colonic Motility via Opsin 3. Front Physiol 2021; 12:744294. [PMID: 34975518 PMCID: PMC8716924 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.744294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opsin photoreceptors outside of the central nervous system have been shown to mediate smooth muscle photorelaxation in several organs. We hypothesized that opsin receptor activation in the colon would have a similar effect and influence colonic motility. We detected Opsin 3 (OPN3) protein expression in the colonic wall and demonstrated that OPN3 was present in enteric neurons in the muscularis propria of the murine colon. Precontracted murine colon segments demonstrated blue light (BL) -mediated relaxation ex vivo. This photorelaxation was wavelength specific and was increased with the administration of the chromophore 9-cis retinal and a G protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) inhibitor. Light-mediated relaxation of the colon was not inhibited by L-NAME or tetrodotoxin (TTX). Furthermore, BL exposure in the presence of 9-cis retinal decreased the frequency of colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMC) in spontaneously contracting mouse colons ex vivo. These results demonstrate for the first time a receptor-mediated photorelaxation of colonic smooth muscle and implicate opsins as possible new targets in the treatment of spasmodic gastrointestinal dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ga Hyun Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Amy D Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristina Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dan E Berkowitz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Peter D Yim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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14
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de Souza Melo CG, Nicolai EN, Alcaino C, Cassmann TJ, Whiteman ST, Wright AM, Miller KE, Gibbons SJ, Beyder A, Linden DR. Identification of intrinsic primary afferent neurons in mouse jejunum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13989. [PMID: 32986284 PMCID: PMC8114175 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut is the only organ system with intrinsic neural reflexes. Intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) of the enteric nervous system initiate intrinsic reflexes, form gut-brain connections, and undergo considerable neuroplasticity to cause digestive diseases. They remain inaccessible to study in mice in the absence of a selective marker. Advillin is used as a marker for primary afferent neurons in dorsal root ganglia. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that advillin is expressed in IPANs of the mouse jejunum. METHODS Advillin expression was assessed with immunohistochemistry and using transgenic mice expressing an inducible Cre recombinase under the advillin promoter were used to drive tdTomato and the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP5. These mice were used to characterize the morphology and physiology of advillin-expressing enteric neurons using confocal microscopy, calcium imaging, and whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. KEY RESULTS Advillin is expressed in about 25% of myenteric neurons of the mouse jejunum, and these neurons demonstrate the requisite properties of IPANs. Functionally, they demonstrate calcium responses following mechanical stimuli of the mucosa and during antidromic action potentials. They have Dogiel type II morphology with neural processes that mostly remain within the myenteric plexus, but also project to the mucosa and express NeuN and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), but not nNOS. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Advillin marks jejunal IPANs providing accessibility to this important neuronal population to study and model digestive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David R. Linden
- Address of Correspondence: David R. Linden, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN U.S.A. 55905, Phone: 507-538-4090
- Fax: 507-284-0266,
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15
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Ebbinghaus M, Tuchscherr L, Segond von Banchet G, Liebmann L, Adams V, Gajda M, Hübner CA, Kurth I, Schaible HG. Gain-of-function mutation in SCN11A causes itch and affects neurogenic inflammation and muscle function in Scn11a+/L799P mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237101. [PMID: 32817686 PMCID: PMC7440628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding for voltage-gated sodium channels cause profound sensory disturbances and other symptoms dependent on the distribution of a particular channel subtype in different organs. Humans with the gain-of-function mutation p.Leu811Pro in SCN11A (encoding for the voltage-gated Nav1.9 channel) exhibit congenital insensitivity to pain, pruritus, self-inflicted injuries, slow healing wounds, muscle weakness, Charcot-like arthropathies, and intestinal dysmotility. As already shown, knock-in mice (Scn11a+/L799P) carrying the orthologous mutation p.Leu799Pro replicate reduced pain sensitivity and show frequent tissue lesions. In the present study we explored whether Scn11a+/L799P mice develop also pruritus, muscle weakness, and changes in gastrointestinal transit time. Furthermore, we analyzed morphological and functional differences in nerves, skeletal muscle, joints and small intestine from Scn11a+/L799P and Scn11a+/+ wild type mice. Compared to Scn11a+/+ mice, Scn11a+/L799P mice showed enhanced scratching bouts before skin lesions developed, indicating pruritus. Scn11a+/L799P mice exhibited reduced grip strength, but no disturbances in motor coordination. Skeletal muscle fiber types and joint architecture were unaltered in Scn11a+/L799P mice. Their gastrointestinal transit time was unaltered. The small intestine from Scn11a+/L799P showed a small shift towards less frequent peristaltic movements. Similar proportions of lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons from Scn11a+/L799P and Scn11a+/+ mice were calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-) positive, but isolated sciatic nerves from Scn11a+/L799P mice exhibited a significant reduction of the capsaicin-evoked release of CGRP indicating reduced neurogenic inflammation. These data indicate important Nav1.9 channel functions in several organs in both humans and mice. They support the pathophysiological relevance of increased basal activity of Nav1.9 channels for sensory abnormalities (pain and itch) and suggest resulting malfunctions of the motor system and of the gastrointestinal tract. Scn11a+/L799P mice are suitable to investigate the role of Nav1.9, and to explore the pathophysiological changes and mechanisms which develop as a consequence of Nav1.9 hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ebbinghaus
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gisela Segond von Banchet
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lutz Liebmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Adams
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mieczyslaw Gajda
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian A. Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty - RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Schaible
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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16
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Painful and painless mutations of SCN9A and SCN11A voltage-gated sodium channels. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:865-880. [PMID: 32601768 PMCID: PMC7351857 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a global problem affecting up to 20% of the world’s population and has a significant economic, social and personal cost to society. Sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) detect noxious stimuli and transmit this sensory information to regions of the central nervous system (CNS) where activity is perceived as pain. DRG neurons express multiple voltage-gated sodium channels that underlie their excitability. Research over the last 20 years has provided valuable insights into the critical roles that two channels, NaV1.7 and NaV1.9, play in pain signalling in man. Gain of function mutations in NaV1.7 cause painful conditions while loss of function mutations cause complete insensitivity to pain. Only gain of function mutations have been reported for NaV1.9. However, while most NaV1.9 mutations lead to painful conditions, a few are reported to cause insensitivity to pain. The critical roles these channels play in pain along with their low expression in the CNS and heart muscle suggest they are valid targets for novel analgesic drugs.
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17
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Louza GSG, Carmo LLGD, Conceição IM. Effect of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom on isolated jejunum: A very useful tool to study the interaction between neurons in the enteric nervous system. Auton Neurosci 2020; 227:102676. [PMID: 32464449 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Scorpion envenomation is a public health problem in tropical and subtropical areas. In Brazil, Tityus serrulatus is the biggest cause of accidents with venomous animals. Tityus serrulatus venom causes symptoms related to a great activation of the autonomic system attributed to a massive release of sympathetic and parasympathetic mediators. This effect is attributed to the presence of toxins acting in Na+ and K+ ion channels, leading to an increase in cell excitability. Although gastrointestinal symptoms, like diarrhoea and sialorrhea, is observed in moderate to severe cases, little attention is given in clinical reports. Gastrointestinal motility is controlled by the enteric nervous system which is composed of a wide variety of interconnected neurons that are influenced by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Thus, this work aimed to characterize the effects of Tityus serrulatus venom on sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmission of rat jejunum, as well as to investigate possibles effects on other neurons of the enteric nervous system. To this, we verify the effects of Tityus serrulatus venom on the contractility of isolated rat jejunum through organ-bath experiments. We observed that venom can induce both contraction and relaxation. The contraction was partially inhibited by atropine (1 μM) and by suramin (0.1 mM) through tetrodotoxin-resistant and sensitive mechanisms. The relaxation was completely inhibited by 3 μM propranolol and partially inhibited by 1 μM phentolamine. Suramin induced a slowing of relaxation curve. Tetrodotoxin completely inhibits the relaxation induced by Tityus serrulatus venom, but the contraction curves were only partially reduced in their initial portion. The final part of the curve was largely enhanced by Tetrodotoxin. Atropine blocks almost completely the contraction curve in the presence of Tetrodotoxin. These results indicate that Tityus serrulatus venom induces the release of both excitatory (predominantly acetylcholine) and inhibitory (mainly noradrenaline) neurotransmitters. The effects of Tityus serrulatus venom on organ contractility was quite complex and seem to derive from a diffuse and nonspecific release of mediators from autonomic and enteric nervous systems. Further investigation of venom action and its isolated toxins can reveal important aspects to deepen our knowledge about the enteric nervous system transmission and the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory mediators as well as the physiological role of Na+ and K+ ion channels in gut motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele S G Louza
- Unit of Mode of Toxin Action (MATx), Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Spider Knottin Pharmacology at Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Their Potential to Modulate Pain Pathways. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110626. [PMID: 31671792 PMCID: PMC6891507 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) are a key determinant of neuronal signalling. Neurotoxins from diverse taxa that selectively activate or inhibit NaV channels have helped unravel the role of NaV channels in diseases, including chronic pain. Spider venoms contain the most diverse array of inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) toxins (knottins). This review provides an overview on how spider knottins modulate NaV channels and describes the structural features and molecular determinants that influence their affinity and subtype selectivity. Genetic and functional evidence support a major involvement of NaV subtypes in various chronic pain conditions. The exquisite inhibitory properties of spider knottins over key NaV subtypes make them the best lead molecules for the development of novel analgesics to treat chronic pain.
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19
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Huang J, Estacion M, Zhao P, Dib-Hajj FB, Schulman B, Abicht A, Kurth I, Brockmann K, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD. A Novel Gain-of-Function Nav1.9 Mutation in a Child With Episodic Pain. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:918. [PMID: 31551682 PMCID: PMC6733892 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.9 is a threshold channel that regulates action potential firing. Nav1.9 is preferentially expressed in myenteric neurons, and small-diameter dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and trigeminal ganglion neurons including nociceptors. Recent studies have demonstrated a monogenic Mendelian link of Nav1.9 to human pain disorders. Gain-of-function variants in Nav1.9, which cause smaller depolarizations of RMP, have been identified in patients with familial episodic pain type 3 (FEPS3) and the more common pain disorder small fiber neuropathy. To explore the phenotypic spectrum of Nav1.9 channelopathy, here we report a new Nav1.9 mutation, N816K, in a child with early-onset episodic pain in both legs, episodic abdominal pain, and chronic constipation. Sequencing of further selected pain genes was normal. N816K alters a residue at the N-terminus of loop 2, proximal to the cytoplasmic terminus of transmembrane segment 6 in domain II. Voltage-clamp recordings demonstrate that Nav1.9-N816K significantly increases current density and hyperpolarizes voltage-dependence of activation by 10 mV, enabling a larger window current. Current-clamp recordings in DRG neurons shows that N816K channels depolarize RMP of small DRG neurons by 7 mV, reduce current threshold of firing an action potential and render DRG neurons hyperexcitable. Taken together these data demonstrate gain-of-function attributes of the newly described N816K mutation at the channel and cellular levels, which are consistent with a pain phenotype in the carrier of this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Huang
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mark Estacion
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Fadia B Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Betsy Schulman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Angela Abicht
- Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Knut Brockmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
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20
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Abstract
Acute pain is adaptive, but chronic pain is a global challenge. Many chronic pain syndromes are peripheral in origin and reflect hyperactivity of peripheral pain-signaling neurons. Current treatments are ineffective or only partially effective and in some cases can be addictive, underscoring the need for better therapies. Molecular genetic studies have now linked multiple human pain disorders to voltage-gated sodium channels, including disorders characterized by insensitivity or reduced sensitivity to pain and others characterized by exaggerated pain in response to normally innocuous stimuli. Here, we review recent developments that have enhanced our understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms in human pain and advances in targeting sodium channels in peripheral neurons for the treatment of pain using novel and existing sodium channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; .,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs, Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; .,Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs, Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
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21
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Lee K, Lee BM, Park CK, Kim YH, Chung G. Ion Channels Involved in Tooth Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092266. [PMID: 31071917 PMCID: PMC6539952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tooth has an unusual sensory system that converts external stimuli predominantly into pain, yet its sensory afferents in teeth demonstrate cytochemical properties of non-nociceptive neurons. This review summarizes the recent knowledge underlying this paradoxical nociception, with a focus on the ion channels involved in tooth pain. The expression of temperature-sensitive ion channels has been extensively investigated because thermal stimulation often evokes tooth pain. However, temperature-sensitive ion channels cannot explain the sudden intense tooth pain evoked by innocuous temperatures or light air puffs, leading to the hydrodynamic theory emphasizing the microfluidic movement within the dentinal tubules for detection by mechanosensitive ion channels. Several mechanosensitive ion channels expressed in dental sensory systems have been suggested as key players in the hydrodynamic theory, and TRPM7, which is abundant in the odontoblasts, and recently discovered PIEZO receptors are promising candidates. Several ligand-gated ion channels and voltage-gated ion channels expressed in dental primary afferent neurons have been discussed in relation to their potential contribution to tooth pain. In addition, in recent years, there has been growing interest in the potential sensory role of odontoblasts; thus, the expression of ion channels in odontoblasts and their potential relation to tooth pain is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihwan Lee
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Korea.
| | - Byeong-Min Lee
- Department of Oral Physiology and Program in Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Korea.
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Korea.
| | - Gehoon Chung
- Department of Oral Physiology and Program in Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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22
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Bennett DL, Clark AJ, Huang J, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD. The Role of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels in Pain Signaling. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1079-1151. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00052.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pain signaling has a key protective role and is highly evolutionarily conserved. Chronic pain, however, is maladaptive, occurring as a consequence of injury and disease, and is associated with sensitization of the somatosensory nervous system. Primary sensory neurons are involved in both of these processes, and the recent advances in understanding sensory transduction and human genetics are the focus of this review. Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are important determinants of sensory neuron excitability: they are essential for the initial transduction of sensory stimuli, the electrogenesis of the action potential, and neurotransmitter release from sensory neuron terminals. Nav1.1, Nav1.6, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 are all expressed by adult sensory neurons. The biophysical characteristics of these channels, as well as their unique expression patterns within subtypes of sensory neurons, define their functional role in pain signaling. Changes in the expression of VGSCs, as well as posttranslational modifications, contribute to the sensitization of sensory neurons in chronic pain states. Furthermore, gene variants in Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 have now been linked to human Mendelian pain disorders and more recently to common pain disorders such as small-fiber neuropathy. Chronic pain affects one in five of the general population. Given the poor efficacy of current analgesics, the selective expression of particular VGSCs in sensory neurons makes these attractive targets for drug discovery. The increasing availability of gene sequencing, combined with structural modeling and electrophysiological analysis of gene variants, also provides the opportunity to better target existing therapies in a personalized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alex J. Clark
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jianying Huang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen G. Waxman
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sulayman D. Dib-Hajj
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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23
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Boesmans W, Hao MM, Fung C, Li Z, Van den Haute C, Tack J, Pachnis V, Vanden Berghe P. Structurally defined signaling in neuro-glia units in the enteric nervous system. Glia 2019; 67:1167-1178. [PMID: 30730592 PMCID: PMC6593736 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of gastrointestinal function relies on joint efforts of enteric neurons and glia, whose crosstalk is vital for the integration of their activity. To investigate the signaling mechanisms and to delineate the spatial aspects of enteric neuron-to-glia communication within enteric ganglia we developed a method to stimulate single enteric neurons while monitoring the activity of neighboring enteric glial cells. We combined cytosolic calcium uncaging of individual enteric neurons with calcium imaging of enteric glial cells expressing a genetically encoded calcium indicator and demonstrate that enteric neurons signal to enteric glial cells through pannexins using paracrine purinergic pathways. Sparse labeling of enteric neurons and high-resolution analysis of the structural relation between neuronal cell bodies, varicose release sites and enteric glia uncovered that this form of neuron-to-glia communication is contained between the cell body of an enteric neuron and its surrounding enteric glial cells. Our results reveal the spatial and functional foundation of neuro-glia units as an operational cellular assembly in the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Marlene M Hao
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Candice Fung
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhiling Li
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Viral Vector Core, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Touska F, Turnquist B, Vlachova V, Reeh PW, Leffler A, Zimmermann K. Heat-resistant action potentials require TTX-resistant sodium channels Na V1.8 and Na V1.9. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:1125-1144. [PMID: 29970412 PMCID: PMC6080895 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201711786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociceptors prevent damage by being able to detect and transmit noxious stimuli, such as hot temperatures. Touska et al. show that the TTX-resistant NaV channels, NaV1.8 and NaV1.9, are required for heat-resistant nociceptors to encode noxious heat and that the current through NaV1.9 increases at higher temperatures. Damage-sensing nociceptors in the skin provide an indispensable protective function thanks to their specialized ability to detect and transmit hot temperatures that would block or inflict irreversible damage in other mammalian neurons. Here we show that the exceptional capacity of skin C-fiber nociceptors to encode noxiously hot temperatures depends on two tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant sodium channel α-subunits: NaV1.8 and NaV1.9. We demonstrate that NaV1.9, which is commonly considered an amplifier of subthreshold depolarizations at 20°C, undergoes a large gain of function when temperatures rise to the pain threshold. We also show that this gain of function renders NaV1.9 capable of generating action potentials with a clear inflection point and positive overshoot. In the skin, heat-resistant nociceptors appear as two distinct types with unique and possibly specialized features: one is blocked by TTX and relies on NaV1.9, and the second type is insensitive to TTX and composed of both NaV1.8 and NaV1.9. Independent of rapidly gated TTX-sensitive NaV channels that form the action potential at pain threshold, NaV1.8 is required in all heat-resistant nociceptors to encode temperatures higher than ∼46°C, whereas NaV1.9 is crucial for shaping the action potential upstroke and keeping the NaV1.8 voltage threshold within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Touska
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie am Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Brian Turnquist
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Bethel University, St. Paul, MN
| | - Viktorie Vlachova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter W Reeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Leffler
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Zimmermann
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie am Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Kurowski P, Grzelka K, Szulczyk P. Ionic Mechanism Underlying Rebound Depolarization in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:93. [PMID: 29740284 PMCID: PMC5924806 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rebound depolarization (RD) occurs after membrane hyperpolarization and converts an arriving inhibitory signal into cell excitation. The purpose of our study was to clarify the ionic mechanism of RD in synaptically isolated layer V medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) pyramidal neurons in slices obtained from 58- to 62-day-old male rats. The RD was evoked after a step hyperpolarization below -80 mV, longer than 150 ms in 192 of 211 (91%) tested neurons. The amplitude of RD was 30.6 ± 1.2 mV above the resting membrane potential (-67.9 ± 0.95 mV), and it lasted a few 100 ms (n = 192). RD could be observed only after preventing BK channel activation, which was attained either by using paxilline, by removal of Ca++ from the extra- or intracellular solution, by blockade of Ca++ channels or during protein kinase C (PKC) activation. RD was resistant to tetrodotoxin (TTX) and was abolished after the removal of Na+ from the extracellular solution or application of an anti-Nav1.9 antibody to the cell interior. We conclude that two membrane currents are concomitantly activated after the step hyperpolarization in the tested neurons: a. a low-threshold, TTX-resistant, Na+ current that evokes RD; and b. an outward K+ current through BK channels that opposes Na+-dependent depolarization. The obtained results also suggest that a. low-level Ca++ in the external medium attained upon intense neuronal activity may facilitate the formation of RD and seizures; and b. RD can be evoked during the activation of PKC, which is an effector of a number of transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Kurowski
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grzelka
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Szulczyk
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Wang G, Long C, Liu W, Xu C, Zhang M, Li Q, Lu Q, Meng P, Li D, Rong M, Sun Z, Luo X, Lai R. Novel Sodium Channel Inhibitor From Leeches. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:186. [PMID: 29559913 PMCID: PMC5845541 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering blood-sucking habits of leeches from surviving strategy of view, it can be hypothesized that leech saliva has analgesia or anesthesia functions for leeches to stay undetected by the host. However, no specific substance with analgesic function has been reported from leech saliva although clinical applications strongly indicated that leech therapy produces a strong and long lasting pain-reducing effect. Herein, a novel family of small peptides (HSTXs) including 11 members which show low similarity with known peptides was identified from salivary glands of the leech Haemadipsa sylvestris. A typical HSTX is composed of 22-25 amino acid residues including four half-cysteines, forming two intra-molecular disulfide bridges, and an amidated C-terminus. HSTX-I exerts significant analgesic function by specifically inhibiting voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels (NaV1.8 and NaV1.9) which contribute to action potential electrogenesis in neurons and potential targets to develop analgesics. This study reveals that sodium channel inhibitors are analgesic substances in the leech. HSTXs are excellent candidates or templates for development of analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Chengbo Long
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Weihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Graduate School of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qiumin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Mingqiang Rong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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27
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Erickson A, Deiteren A, Harrington AM, Garcia‐Caraballo S, Castro J, Caldwell A, Grundy L, Brierley SM. Voltage-gated sodium channels: (Na V )igating the field to determine their contribution to visceral nociception. J Physiol 2018; 596:785-807. [PMID: 29318638 PMCID: PMC5830430 DOI: 10.1113/jp273461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic visceral pain, altered motility and bladder dysfunction are common, yet poorly managed symptoms of functional and inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Recently, numerous human channelopathies of the voltage-gated sodium (NaV ) channel family have been identified, which induce either painful neuropathies, an insensitivity to pain, or alterations in smooth muscle function. The identification of these disorders, in addition to the recent utilisation of genetically modified NaV mice and specific NaV channel modulators, has shed new light on how NaV channels contribute to the function of neuronal and non-neuronal tissues within the gastrointestinal tract and bladder. Here we review the current pre-clinical and clinical evidence to reveal how the nine NaV channel family members (NaV 1.1-NaV 1.9) contribute to abdominal visceral function in normal and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andelain Erickson
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Annemie Deiteren
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Andrea M. Harrington
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Sonia Garcia‐Caraballo
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Joel Castro
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Ashlee Caldwell
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Luke Grundy
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - Stuart M. Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth Australia5042Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
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28
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Wu Y, Ma H, Zhang F, Zhang C, Zou X, Cao Z. Selective Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Peptide Toxins from Animal Venom: Pharmacological Probes and Analgesic Drug Development. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:187-197. [PMID: 29161016 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) play critical roles in action potential generation and propagation. Nav channelopathy as well as pathological sensitization contribute to allodynia and hyperalgesia. Recent evidence has demonstrated the significant roles of Nav subtypes (Nav1.3, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9) in nociceptive transduction, and therefore these Navs may represent attractive targets for analgesic drug discovery. Animal toxins are structurally diverse peptides that are highly potent yet selective on ion channel subtypes and therefore represent valuable probes to elucidate the structures, gating properties, and cellular functions of ion channels. In this review, we summarize recent advances on peptide toxins from animal venom that selectively target Nav1.3, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9, along with their potential in analgesic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation
and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation
and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation
and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation
and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaohan Zou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation
and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation
and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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29
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Martin C, Stoffer C, Mohammadi M, Hugo J, Leipold E, Oehler B, Rittner HL, Blum R. Na V1.9 Potentiates Oxidized Phospholipid-Induced TRP Responses Only under Inflammatory Conditions. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:7. [PMID: 29410612 PMCID: PMC5787077 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) like oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OxPAPC) were recently identified as novel proalgesic targets in acute and chronic inflammatory pain. These endogenous chemical irritants are generated in inflamed tissue and mediate their pain-inducing function by activating the transient receptor potential channels TRPA1 and TRPV1 expressed in sensory neurons. Notably, prototypical therapeutics interfering with OxPL were shown to inhibit TRP channel activation and pain behavior. Here, we asked how OxPL excite primary sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG neurons from mice of either sex). Acute stimulation of sensory neurons with the prototypical OxPL 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC) evoked repetitive calcium spikes in small-diameter neurons. As NaV1.9, a voltage-gated sodium channel involved in nociceptor excitability, was previously shown to be essential for the generation of calcium spikes in motoneurons, we asked if this channel is also important for OxPL mediated calcium spike and action potential generation in nociceptors. In wild-type and NaV1.9-deficient neurons, the action potential firing rate and the calcium spike frequency to an acute PGPC stimulus was similar. When preincubated with inflammatory mediators, both, the action potential firing rate and the calcium spike frequency were markedly increased in response to an acute PGPC stimulus. However, this potentiating effect was completely lost in NaV1.9-deficient small-diameter neurons. After treatment with inflammatory mediators, the resting membrane potential of NaV1.9 KO neurons was slightly more negative than that of wild-type control neurons. This suggests that NaV1.9 channels are active under this condition and therefore increases the ease with which action potentials are elicited after OxPL stimulation. In summary, our data suggest that NaV1.9 has a switch function to potentiate the receptor potentials induced by OxPL under inflammatory conditions. Since human NaV1.9 has been shown to mediate painful and painless channelopathies, this study provides new insights into the mechanism by which NaV1.9 amplifies stimuli of endogenous irritants under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Martin
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Stoffer
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Milad Mohammadi
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Hugo
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Leipold
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena and Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Beatrice Oehler
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike L Rittner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Blum
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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30
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Sun J, Duan G, Li N, Guo S, Zhang Y, Ying Y, Zhang M, Wang Q, Liu JY, Zhang X. SCN11A variants may influence postoperative pain sensitivity after gynecological surgery in Chinese Han female patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8149. [PMID: 28953656 PMCID: PMC5626299 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nav1.9, encoded by sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 11 (SCN11A), is one of the main sodium channels involved in pain transmission. Dysfunction of Nav1.9 alters pain sensitivity, resulting in insensitivity to pain or familial episodic pain. Our purpose was to explore the effects of SCN11A single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on postoperative pain sensitivity in Chinese Han female patients after gynecological surgery.Here, we combined the methods of tag SNPs and candidate SNPs. The associations between eleven SCN11A SNPs and basic pain sensitivity in female healthy volunteers were analyzed using the Plink software. The SNPs associated with basic pain sensitivity were termed positive SCN11A SNPs. The effect of these positive SNPs on postoperative pain sensitivity was explored in patients undergoing elective gynecological laparoscopic surgery and receiving postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). We assessed pain intensity using the numeric pain rating scale (NRS) and recorded PCA consumption.Our results suggested that 5 SNPs (rs33985936, rs13080116, rs11720988, rs11709492, and rs11720013) in 11 tag and candidate SNPs were associated with basic pain sensitivity (P < .05). No evident association was found between the 5 positive SNPs and NRS (P > .05). However, among these positive SNPs, the minor alleles of rs33985936 and rs13080116 were significantly associated with increased PCA consumption (P < .01).To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that SCN11A SNPs affect postoperative pain sensitivity in Chinese Han women after gynecological surgery. The SNP rs33985936 and rs13080116 may serve as novel predictors for postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoli Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Guangyou Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing
| | - Ningbo Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Shanna Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Ying Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Mi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Qingli Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military
| | - Jing Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
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Han C, Yang Y, Te Morsche RH, Drenth JPH, Politei JM, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD. Familial gain-of-function Na v1.9 mutation in a painful channelopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:233-240. [PMID: 27503742 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gain-of-function mutations in Nav1.9 have been identified in three families with rare heritable pain disorders, and in patients with painful small-fibre neuropathy. Identification and functional assessment of new Nav1.9 mutations will help to elucidate the phenotypic spectrum of Nav1.9 channelopathies. METHODS Patients from a large family with early-onset pain symptoms were evaluated by clinical examination and genomic screening for mutations in SCN9A and SCN11A. Electrophysiological recordings and multistate modelling analysis were implemented for functional analyses. RESULTS A novel Nav1.9 mutation, p.Arg222His, was identified in patients with early-onset pain in distal extremities including joints and gastrointestinal disturbances, but was absent from an asymptomatic blood relative. This mutation alters channel structure by substituting the highly conserved first arginine residue in transmembrane segment 4 (domain 1), the voltage sensor, with histidine. Voltage-clamp recordings demonstrate a hyperpolarising shift and acceleration of activation of the p.Arg222His mutant channel, which make it easier to open the channel. When expressed in dorsal root ganglion neurons, mutant p.Arg222His channels increase excitability via a depolarisation of resting potential and increased evoked firing. CONCLUSIONS This study expands the spectrum of heritable pain disorders linked to gain-of-function mutations in Nav1.9, strengthening human validation of this channel as a potential therapeutic target for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Han
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Restoration of Nervous System Function, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Restoration of Nervous System Function, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rene H Te Morsche
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan M Politei
- Department of Neurology, Fundación para el Estudio de las Enfermedades Neurometabólicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Restoration of Nervous System Function, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Restoration of Nervous System Function, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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32
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Emergence and development of gut motility in the chicken embryo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172511. [PMID: 28222167 PMCID: PMC5319669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract transports the food bolus by peristalsis. Gut motility starts at an early age in the developing embryo, well before it is required for nutrition of the organism. We present a comprehensive kinematic study of the emergence and physiological development of gut motility in all regions of the lower digestive tract of the chicken embryo from embryonic days E5 through E9. We characterized motility emergence time, propagation patterns, speed, frequency and amplitude of peristalsis waves. We found that the emergence of an uninterrupted circular ring of smooth muscle correlated with the appearance of propagative contractile waves, at E6 in the hindgut and midgut, and at E9 in the caecal appendix. We show that peristalsis at these stages is critically dependent on calcium and is not mediated by neurons as gut motility is insensitive to tetrodotoxin and takes place in the hindgut in the absence of neurons. We further demonstrate that motility also matures in ex-vivo organ culture. We compare our results to existing literature on zebrafish, mouse and human motility development, and discuss their chronological relationship with other major developmental events occurring in the chicken embryonic gut at these stages. Our work sets a baseline for further investigations of motility development in this important animal model.
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O'Donnell AM, Coyle D, Puri P. Decreased Nav1.9 channel expression in Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:1458-61. [PMID: 27297039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Voltage-gated sodium channel subtype 9 (Nav1.9) are expressed in dorsal root ganglion neurons and are known to be involved in pain during inflammation. Animal studies have reported Nav1.9 channel expression in myenteric intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs). More recently, a study involving Nav1.9 knockout mice showed clear evidence of colonic dysmotility. However, there are no data regarding the expression of these channels in the human intestine, thus, the aim of our study was to determine Nav1.9 channel expression within the human colon and to elucidate if Nav1.9 channel expression is altered in Hirschsprung's disease (HD). METHODS HD tissue specimens (n=10) were collected at the time of pull-through surgery, while normal controls were obtained at the time of colostomy closure in patients with imperforate anus (n=10). Nav1.9 immunofluorescence was visualized using confocal microscopy to assess the distribution of the protein. Western blot analysis was undertaken to determine Nav1.9 protein quantification. RESULTS Confocal microscopy revealed Nav1.9-immunoreactive neurons within the submucosal and myenteric plexus in normal controls, with a reduction in the HD specimens. Calbindin double-labeling showed that Nav1.9-immunoreactive neurons were IPANs. Nav1.9 channels were also seen to be co-localized on smooth muscle cells in all tissues. Western blotting revealed high levels of Nav1.9 protein expression in normal controls, while there was a marked decrease in Nav1.9 protein expression in the HD tissue. CONCLUSION Our results show the expression of Nav1.9 channels within the human colon for the first time. Furthermore, Nav1.9 channel expression is decreased in HD versus normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie O'Donnell
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Coyle
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Phatarakijnirund V, Mumm S, McAlister WH, Novack DV, Wenkert D, Clements KL, Whyte MP. Congenital insensitivity to pain: Fracturing without apparent skeletal pathobiology caused by an autosomal dominant, second mutation in SCN11A encoding voltage-gated sodium channel 1.9. Bone 2016; 84:289-298. [PMID: 26746779 PMCID: PMC4755825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) comprises the rare heritable disorders without peripheral neuropathy that feature inability to feel pain. Fracturing and joint destruction are common complications, but lack detailed studies of mineral and skeletal homeostasis and bone histology. In 2013, discovery of a heterozygous gain-of-function mutation in SCN11A encoding voltage-gated sodium channel 1.9 (Nav1.9) established a distinctive CIP in three unrelated patients who suffered multiple painless fractures, self-inflicted mutilation, chronic diarrhea, and hyperhidrosis. Here, we studied a mother and two children with CIP by physical examination, biochemical testing, radiological imaging including DXA, iliac crest histology, and mutation analysis. She suffered fractures primarily of her lower extremities beginning at age two years, and had Charcot deformity of both ankles and joint hypermobility. Nerve conduction velocity together with electromyography were normal. Her children had recurrent major fractures beginning in early childhood, joint hypermobility, and chronic diarrhea. She had an excoriated external nare, and both children had hypertrophic scars from scratching. Skin collagen studies were normal. Radiographs revealed fractures and deformities. However, lumbar spine and total hip BMD Z-scores, biochemical parameters of mineral and skeletal homeostasis, and iliac crest histology of the mother (after in vivo tetracycline labeling) were normal. Genomic DNA from the children revealed a unique heterozygous missense mutation in exon 23 (c.3904C>T, p.Leu1302Phe) of SCN11A that is absent in SNP databases and alters an evolutionarily conserved amino acid. This autosomal dominant CIP reflects the second gain-of-function mutation of SCN11A. Perhaps joint hypermobility is an unreported feature. How mutation of Nav1.9 causes fracturing remains unexplained. Lack of injury awareness is typically offered as the reason, and was supported by our unremarkable biochemical, radiological, and histological findings indicating no skeletal pathobiology. However, low-trauma fracturing in these patients suggests an uncharacterized defect in bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voraluck Phatarakijnirund
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Steven Mumm
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - William H McAlister
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Deborah V Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Deborah Wenkert
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Karen L Clements
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael P Whyte
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Hockley JRF, Winchester WJ, Bulmer DC. The voltage-gated sodium channel NaV 1.9 in visceral pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:316-26. [PMID: 26462871 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral pain is a common symptom for patients with gastrointestinal (GI) disease. It is unpleasant, debilitating, and represents a large unmet medical need for effective clinical treatments. Recent studies have identified NaV 1.9 as an important regulator of afferent sensitivity in visceral pain pathways to mechanical and inflammatory stimuli, suggesting that NaV 1.9 could represent an important therapeutic target for the treatment of visceral pain. This potential has been highlighted by the identification of patients who have an insensitivity to pain or painful neuropathies associated with mutations in SCN11A, the gene encoding voltage-gated sodium channel subtype 1.9 (NaV 1.9). PURPOSE Here, we address the role of NaV 1.9 in visceral pain and what known human NaV 1.9 mutants can tell us about NaV 1.9 function in gut physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R F Hockley
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - D C Bulmer
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Martinez-Espinosa PL, Wu J, Yang C, Gonzalez-Perez V, Zhou H, Liang H, Xia XM, Lingle CJ. Knockout of Slo2.2 enhances itch, abolishes KNa current, and increases action potential firing frequency in DRG neurons. eLife 2015; 4:e10013. [PMID: 26559620 PMCID: PMC4641468 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two mammalian genes, Kcnt1 and Kcnt2, encode pore-forming subunits of Na(+)-dependent K(+) (KNa) channels. Progress in understanding KNa channels has been hampered by the absence of specific tools and methods for rigorous KNa identification in native cells. Here, we report the genetic disruption of both Kcnt1 and Kcnt2, confirm the loss of Slo2.2 and Slo2.1 protein, respectively, in KO animals, and define tissues enriched in Slo2 expression. Noting the prevalence of Slo2.2 in dorsal root ganglion, we find that KO of Slo2.2, but not Slo2.1, results in enhanced itch and pain responses. In dissociated small diameter DRG neurons, KO of Slo2.2, but not Slo2.1, abolishes KNa current. Utilizing isolectin B4+ neurons, the absence of KNa current results in an increase in action potential (AP) firing and a decrease in AP threshold. Activation of KNa acts as a brake to initiation of the first depolarization-elicited AP with no discernible effect on afterhyperpolarizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Chengtao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Vivian Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Huifang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Hongwu Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Christopher J Lingle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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38
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Heterologous expression of NaV1.9 chimeras in various cell systems. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:2423-35. [PMID: 25916202 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
SCN11A encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.9, which deviates most strongly from the other eight NaV channels expressed in mammals. It is characterized by resistance to the prototypic NaV channel blocker tetrodotoxin and exhibits slow activation and inactivation gating. Its expression in dorsal root ganglia neurons suggests a role in motor or pain signaling functions as also recently demonstrated by the occurrence of various mutations in human SCN11A leading to altered pain sensation syndromes. The systematic investigation of human NaV1.9, however, is severely hampered because of very poor heterologous expression in host cells. Using patch-clamp and two-electrode voltage-clamp methods, we show that this limitation is caused by the C-terminal structure of NaV1.9. A chimera of NaV1.9 harboring the C terminus of NaV1.4 yields functional expression not only in neuronal cells but also in non-excitable cells, such as HEK 293T or Xenopus oocytes. The major functional difference of the chimeric channel with respect to NaV1.9 is an accelerated activation and inactivation. Since the entire transmembrane domain is preserved, it is suited for studying pharmacological properties of the channel and the functional impact of disease-causing mutations. Moreover, we demonstrate how mutation S360Y makes NaV1.9 channels sensitive to tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin and that the unusual slow open-state inactivation of NaV1.9 is also mediated by the IFM (isoleucine-phenylalanine-methionine) inactivation motif located in the linker connecting domains III and IV.
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39
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Han C, Yang Y, de Greef BTA, Hoeijmakers JGJ, Gerrits MM, Verhamme C, Qu J, Lauria G, Merkies ISJ, Faber CG, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG. The Domain II S4-S5 Linker in Nav1.9: A Missense Mutation Enhances Activation, Impairs Fast Inactivation, and Produces Human Painful Neuropathy. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 17:158-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Liu XD, Yang JJ, Fang D, Cai J, Wan Y, Xing GG. Functional upregulation of nav1.8 sodium channels on the membrane of dorsal root Ganglia neurons contributes to the development of cancer-induced bone pain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114623. [PMID: 25503076 PMCID: PMC4263726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that enhanced excitability of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons contributes to the development of bone cancer pain, which severely decreases the quality of life of cancer patients. Nav1.8, a tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium channel, contributes most of the sodium current underlying the action potential upstroke and accounts for most of the current in later spikes in a train. We speculate that the Nav1.8 sodium channel is a potential candidate responsible for the enhanced excitability of DRG neurons in rats with bone cancer pain. Here, using electrophysiology, Western blot and behavior assays, we documented that the current density of TTX-R sodium channels, especially the Nav1.8 channel, increased significantly in DRG neurons of rats with cancer-induced bone pain. This increase may be due to an increased expression of Nav1.8 on the membrane of DRG neurons. Accordantly, blockade of Nav1.8 sodium channels by its selective blocker A-803467 significantly alleviated the cancer-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in rats. Taken together, these results suggest that functional upregulation of Nav1.8 channels on the membrane of DRG neurons contributes to the development of cancer-induced bone pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Fang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cai
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - You Wan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Gang Xing
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Hao J, Bonnet C, Amsalem M, Ruel J, Delmas P. Transduction and encoding sensory information by skin mechanoreceptors. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:109-19. [PMID: 25416542 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physical contact with the external world occurs through specialized neural structures called mechanoreceptors. Cutaneous mechanoreceptors provide information to the central nervous system (CNS) about touch, pressure, vibration, and skin stretch. The physiological function of these mechanoreceptors is to convert physical forces into neuronal signals. Key questions concern the molecular identity of the mechanoelectric transducer channels and the mechanisms by which the physical parameters of the mechanical stimulus are encoded into patterns of action potentials (APs). Compelling data indicate that the biophysical traits of mechanosensitive channels combined with the collection of voltage-gated channels are essential to describe the nature of the stimulus. Recent research also points to a critical role of the auxiliary cell-nerve ending communication in encoding stimulus properties. This review describes the characteristics of ion channels responsible for translating mechanical stimuli into the neural codes that underlie touch perception and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhe Hao
- Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, UMR 7286, CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France,
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Hetz S, Acikgoez A, Moll C, Jahnke HG, Robitzki AA, Metzger R, Metzger M. Age-related gene expression analysis in enteric ganglia of human colon after laser microdissection. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:276. [PMID: 25360110 PMCID: PMC4197768 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) poses the intrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a critical role for all stages of postnatal life. There is increasing scientific and clinical interest in acquired or age-related gastrointestinal dysfunctions that can be manifested in diseases such as gut constipation or fecal incontinence. In this study, we sought to analyze age-dependent changes in the gene expression profile of the human ENS, particularly in the myenteric plexus. Therefore, we used the laser microdissection technique which has been proven as a feasible tool to analyze distinct cell populations within heterogeneously composed tissues. Full biopsy gut samples were prepared from children (4-12 months), middle aged (48-58 years) and aged donors (70-95 years). Cryosections were histologically stained with H&E, the ganglia of the myenteric plexus identified and RNA isolated using laser microdissection technique. Quantitative PCR was performed for selected neural genes, neurotransmitters and receptors. Data were confirmed on protein level using NADPH-diaphorase staining and immunohistochemistry. As result, we demonstrate age-associated alterations in site-specific gene expression pattern of the ENS. Thus, in the adult and aged distal parts of the colon a marked decrease in relative gene expression of neural key genes like NGFR, RET, NOS1 and a concurrent increase of CHAT were observed. Further, we detected notable regional differences of RET, CHAT, TH, and S100B comparing gene expression in aged proximal and distal colon. Interestingly, markers indicating cellular senescence or oxidative stress (SNCA, CASP3, CAT, SOD2, and TERT) were largely unchanged within the ENS. For the first time, our study also describes the age-dependent expression pattern of all major sodium channels within the ENS. Our results are in line with previous studies showing spatio-temporal differences within the mammalian ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hetz
- CELLT Research Group, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ali Acikgoez
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, St. George's Hospital Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Moll
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Division of Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea A Robitzki
- Division of Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman Metzger
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- CELLT Research Group, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany ; Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg Wuerzburg, Germany
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Lauria G, Ziegler D, Malik R, Merkies ISJ, Waxman SG, Faber CG. The role of sodium channels in painful diabetic and idiopathic neuropathy. Curr Diab Rep 2014; 14:538. [PMID: 25142720 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-014-0538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Painful neuropathies are frequently encountered in clinical practice as an early or late complication of several systemic disorders. Among them, diabetes is one of the most important due to its epidemiology and the relevance for regulatory agencies in the assessment of efficacy of new analgesics. However, the presentation and course of painful neuropathies, as well as the response to available drugs, are highly variable and unpredictable, posing significant challenges in the management of patients. Experimental and clinical studies have suggested that polymorphisms and mutations in pain-related genes are involved in the facilitation or inhibition of nociception, and might modulate neuropathic pain and the response to analgesics in patients. Voltage-gated sodium channel genes are among the most relevant, due to the key role of these membrane proteins in the physiology of nociception and their involvement in the pathogenesis of idiopathic painful small fiber neuropathies. These compelling features make sodium channel candidate targets for a novel approach to painful diabetic and idiopathic neuropathies, which will hopefully allow a new classification of patients and more effective targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lauria
- Neuroalgology and Headache Unit, IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Via Celoria, 11, 20133, Milan, Italy,
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Chambers JD, Bornstein JC, Gwynne RM, Koussoulas K, Thomas EA. A detailed, conductance-based computer model of intrinsic sensory neurons of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G517-32. [PMID: 25012843 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00228.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic sensory neurons (ISNs) of the enteric nervous system respond to stimuli such as muscle tension, muscle length, distortion of the mucosa, and the chemical content in the lumen. ISNs form recurrent networks that probably drive many intestinal motor patterns and reflexes. ISNs express a large number of voltage- and calcium-gated ion channels, some of which are modified by inflammation or repeated physiological stimuli, but how interactions between different ionic currents in ISNs produce both normal and pathological behaviors in the intestine remains unclear. We constructed a model of ISNs including voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, N-type calcium channels, big conductance calcium-dependent potassium (BK) channels, calcium-dependent nonspecific cation channels (NSCa), intermediate conductance calcium-dependent potassium (IK) channels, hyperpolarization-activated cation (Ih) channels, and internal calcium dynamics. The model was based on data from the literature and our electrophysiological studies. The model reproduced responses to short or long depolarizing current pulses and responses to long hyperpolarizing current pulses. Sensitivity analysis showed that Ih, IK, NSCa, and BK have the largest influence on the number of action potentials observed during prolonged depolarizations. The model also predicts that changes to the voltage of activation for Ih have a large influence on excitability, but changes to the time constant of activation for Ih have a minor effect. Our model identifies how interactions between different iconic currents influence the excitability of ISNs and highlights an important role for Ih in enteric neuroplasticity resulting from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Chambers
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Rachel M Gwynne
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Katerina Koussoulas
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Evan A Thomas
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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45
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Montersino A, Brachet A, Ferracci G, Fache MP, Angles d'Ortoli S, Liu W, Rueda-Boroni F, Castets F, Dargent B. Tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav
1.8 constitutively interacts with ankyrin G. J Neurochem 2014; 131:33-41. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Brachet
- Aix Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M-UMR7286; Marseille France
| | - Géraldine Ferracci
- Aix Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M-UMR7286; Marseille France
- PFRN-Plate Forme de Recherche en Neurosciences; Marseille France
| | | | | | - Wenjing Liu
- Aix Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M-UMR7286; Marseille France
| | | | - Francis Castets
- Aix Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M-UMR7286; Marseille France
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46
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Hockley JRF, Boundouki G, Cibert-Goton V, McGuire C, Yip PK, Chan C, Tranter M, Wood JN, Nassar MA, Blackshaw LA, Aziz Q, Michael GJ, Baker MD, Winchester WJ, Knowles CH, Bulmer DC. Multiple roles for NaV1.9 in the activation of visceral afferents by noxious inflammatory, mechanical, and human disease-derived stimuli. Pain 2014; 155:1962-75. [PMID: 24972070 PMCID: PMC4220011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic visceral pain affects millions of individuals worldwide and remains poorly understood, with current therapeutic options constrained by gastrointestinal adverse effects. Visceral pain is strongly associated with inflammation and distension of the gut. Here we report that the voltage-gated sodium channel subtype NaV1.9 is expressed in half of gut-projecting rodent dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons. We show that NaV1.9 is required for normal mechanosensation, for direct excitation and for sensitization of mouse colonic afferents by mediators from inflammatory bowel disease tissues, and by noxious inflammatory mediators individually. Excitatory responses to ATP or PGE2 were substantially reduced in NaV1.9(-/-) mice. Deletion of NaV1.9 substantially attenuates excitation and subsequent mechanical hypersensitivity after application of inflammatory soup (IS) (bradykinin, ATP, histamine, PGE2, and 5HT) to visceral nociceptors located in the serosa and mesentery. Responses to mechanical stimulation of mesenteric afferents were also reduced by loss of NaV1.9, and there was a rightward shift in stimulus-response function to ramp colonic distension. By contrast, responses to rapid, high-intensity phasic distension of the colon are initially unaffected; however, run-down of responses to repeat phasic distension were exacerbated in NaV1.9(-/-) afferents. Finally colonic afferent activation by supernatants derived from inflamed human tissue was greatly reduced in NaV1.9(-/-) mice. These results demonstrate that NaV1.9 is required for persistence of responses to intense mechanical stimulation, contributes to inflammatory mechanical hypersensitivity, and is essential for activation by noxious inflammatory mediators, including those from diseased human bowel. These observations indicate that NaV1.9 represents a high-value target for development of visceral analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R F Hockley
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UK; National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - George Boundouki
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UK; National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Vincent Cibert-Goton
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Cian McGuire
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Ping K Yip
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Christopher Chan
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Michael Tranter
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mohammed A Nassar
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - L Ashley Blackshaw
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UK; National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Qasim Aziz
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UK
| | - Gregory J Michael
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Mark D Baker
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Wendy J Winchester
- Neusentis (Pfizer Ltd), The Portway Building, Granta Science Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Charles H Knowles
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - David C Bulmer
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UK; National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
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47
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Huang J, Han C, Estacion M, Vasylyev D, Hoeijmakers JGJ, Gerrits MM, Tyrrell L, Lauria G, Faber CG, Dib-Hajj SD, Merkies ISJ, Waxman SG. Gain-of-function mutations in sodium channel NaV1.9 in painful neuropathy. Brain 2014; 137:1627-42. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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48
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Cummins TR, Rush AM. Voltage-gated sodium channel blockers for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 7:1597-612. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.11.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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49
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Abstract
Control and modulation of electrical signaling is vital to normal physiology, particularly in neurons, cardiac myocytes, and skeletal muscle. The orchestrated activities of variable sets of ion channels and transporters, including voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs), are responsible for initiation, conduction, and termination of the action potential (AP) in excitable cells. Slight changes in VGIC activity can lead to severe pathologies including arrhythmias, epilepsies, and paralyses, while normal excitability depends on the precise tuning of the AP waveform. VGICs are heavily posttranslationally modified, with upward of 30% of the mature channel mass consisting of N- and O-glycans. These glycans are terminated typically by negatively charged sialic acid residues that modulate voltage-dependent channel gating directly. The data indicate that sialic acids alter VGIC activity in isoform-specific manners, dependent in part, on the number/location of channel sialic acids attached to the pore-forming alpha and/or auxiliary subunits that often act through saturating electrostatic mechanisms. Additionally, cell-specific regulation of sialylation can affect VGIC gating distinctly. Thus, channel sialylation is likely regulated through two mechanisms that together contribute to a dynamic spectrum of possible gating motifs: a subunit-specific mechanism and regulated (aberrant) changes in the ability of the cell to glycosylate. Recent studies showed that neuronal and cardiac excitability is modulated through regulated changes in voltage-gated Na(+) channel sialylation, suggesting that both mechanisms of differential VGIC sialylation contribute to electrical signaling in the brain and heart. Together, the data provide insight into an important and novel paradigm involved in the control and modulation of electrical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Ednie
- Programs in Cardiovascular Research and Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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50
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Leipold E, Liebmann L, Korenke GC, Heinrich T, Gießelmann S, Baets J, Ebbinghaus M, Goral RO, Stödberg T, Hennings JC, Bergmann M, Altmüller J, Thiele H, Wetzel A, Nürnberg P, Timmerman V, De Jonghe P, Blum R, Schaible HG, Weis J, Heinemann SH, Hübner CA, Kurth I. A de novo gain-of-function mutation in SCN11A causes loss of pain perception. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1399-404. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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