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Wiprich MT, Altenhofen S, Gusso D, Vasques RDR, Zanandrea R, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Bonan CD. Modulation of adenosine signaling reverses 3-nitropropionic acid-induced bradykinesia and memory impairment in adult zebrafish. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110602. [PMID: 35843370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by motor dysfunction, psychiatric disturbance, and cognitive decline. In the early stage of HD, occurs a decrease in dopamine D2 receptors and adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR), while in the late stage also occurs a decrease in dopamine D1 receptors and adenosine A1 receptors (A1R). Adenosine exhibits neuromodulatory and neuroprotective effects in the brain and is involved in motor control and memory function. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), a toxin derived from plants and fungi, may reproduce HD behavioral phenotypes and biochemical characteristics. This study investigated the effects of acute exposure to CPA (A1R agonist), CGS 21680 (A2AR agonist), caffeine (non-selective of A1R and A2AR antagonist), ZM 241385 (A2AR antagonist), DPCPX (A1R antagonist), dipyridamole (inhibitor of nucleoside transporters) and EHNA (inhibitor of adenosine deaminase) in an HD pharmacological model induced by 3-NPA in adult zebrafish. CPA, CGS 21680, caffeine, ZM 241385, DPCPX, dipyridamole, and EHNA were acutely administered via i.p. in zebrafish after 3-NPA (at dose 60 mg/kg) chronic treatment. Caffeine and ZM 241385 reversed the bradykinesia induced by 3-NPA, while CGS 21680 potentiated the bradykinesia caused by 3-NPA. Moreover, CPA, caffeine, ZM 241385, DPCPX, dipyridamole, and EHNA reversed the 3-NPA-induced memory impairment. Together, these data support the hypothesis that A2AR antagonists have an essential role in modulating locomotor function, whereas the activation of A1R and blockade of A2AR and A1R and modulation of adenosine levels may reduce the memory impairment, which could be a potential pharmacological strategy against late-stage symptoms HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Talita Wiprich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stefani Altenhofen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Darlan Gusso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafaela da Rosa Vasques
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Zanandrea
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Celular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Reis Bogo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Celular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Ciancia M, Rataj-Baniowska M, Zinter N, Baldassarro VA, Fraulob V, Charles AL, Alvarez R, Muramatsu SI, de Lera AR, Geny B, Dollé P, Niewiadomska-Cimicka A, Krezel W. Retinoic acid receptor beta protects striatopallidal medium spiny neurons from mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 212:102246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Batra R, Jain V, Sharma P. Adenosine: a partially discovered medicinal agent. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021; 7:214. [PMID: 34697594 PMCID: PMC8529566 DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A plethora of chemicals exists in human body which can alter physiology in one way or other. Scientists have always been astounded by such abilities of chemicals but as the technology advances, even the chemical which was once expected to be well known changes its status to not really well known. Adenosine is one of the chemicals which is in consonance with the aforementioned statements, although previous articles have covered vast information on role of adenosine in cardiovascular physiology, bacterial pathophysiology and inflammatory diseases. In this review we have discussed adenosine and its congeners as potential promising agents in the treatment of Huntington’s disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, erectile dysfunction, viral infections (SARS-CoV) and anxiety. Main text Adenosine is a unique metabolite of ATP; which serves in signalling as well. It is made up of adenine (a nitrogenous base) and ribo-furanose (pentose) sugar linked by β-N9-glycosidic bond. Adenosine on two successive phosphorylation forms ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) which is involved in several active processes of cell. It is also one of the building blocks (nucleotides) involved in DNA (Deoxy-ribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) synthesis. It is also a component of an enzyme called S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and cyano-cobalamin (vitamin B-12). Adenosine acts by binding to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR: A1, A2A, A2B and A3) carries out various responses some of which are anti-platelet function, hyperaemic response, bone remodelling, involvement in penile erection and suppression of inflammation. On the other hand, certain microorganisms belonging to genus Candida, Staphylococcus and Bacillus utilize adenosine in order to escape host immune response (phagocytic clearance). These microbes evade host immune response by synthesizing and releasing adenosine (with the help of an enzyme: adenosine synthase-A), at the site of infection. Conclusion With the recent advancement in attribution of adenosine in physiology and pathological states, adenosine and its congeners are being looked forward to bringing a revolution in treatment of inflammation, viral infections, psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Batra
- Department of Pharmacology, ShriRam College Pharmacy, Banmore, Morena, M.P 476444 India
| | - Vinay Jain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ShriRam College Pharmacy, Banmore, Morena, M.P 476444 India
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ShriRam College Pharmacy, Banmore, Morena, M.P 476444 India
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Purinergic signaling in nervous system health and disease: Focus on pannexin 1. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107840. [PMID: 33753132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling encompasses the cycle of adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) release and its metabolism into nucleotide and nucleoside derivatives, the direct release of nucleosides, and subsequent receptor-triggered downstream intracellular pathways. Since the discovery of nerve terminal and glial ATP release into the neuropil, purinergic signaling has been implicated in the modulation of nervous system development, function, and disease. In this review, we detail our current understanding of the roles of the pannexin 1 (PANX1) ATP-release channel in neuronal development and plasticity, glial signaling, and neuron-glial-immune interactions. We additionally provide an overview of PANX1 structure, activation, and permeability to orientate readers and highlight recent research developments. We identify areas of convergence between PANX1 and purinergic receptor actions. Additional highlights include data on PANX1's participation in the pathophysiology of nervous system developmental, degenerative, and inflammatory disorders. Our aim in combining this knowledge is to facilitate the movement of our current understanding of PANX1 in the context of other nervous system purinergic signaling mechanisms one step closer to clinical translation.
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Szopa A, Bogatko K, Herbet M, Serefko A, Ostrowska M, Wośko S, Świąder K, Szewczyk B, Wlaź A, Skałecki P, Wróbel A, Mandziuk S, Pochodyła A, Kudela A, Dudka J, Radziwoń-Zaleska M, Wlaź P, Poleszak E. The Interaction of Selective A1 and A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists with Magnesium and Zinc Ions in Mice: Behavioural, Biochemical and Molecular Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041840. [PMID: 33673282 PMCID: PMC7918707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the co-administration of Mg2+ and Zn2+ with selective A1 and A2A receptor antagonists might be an interesting antidepressant strategy. Forced swim, tail suspension, and spontaneous locomotor motility tests in mice were performed. Further, biochemical and molecular studies were conducted. The obtained results indicate the interaction of DPCPX and istradefylline with Mg2+ and Zn2+ manifested in an antidepressant-like effect. The reduction of the BDNF serum level after co-administration of DPCPX and istradefylline with Mg2+ and Zn2+ was noted. Additionally, Mg2+ or Zn2+, both alone and in combination with DPCPX or istradefylline, causes changes in Adora1 expression, DPCPX or istradefylline co-administered with Zn2+ increases Slc6a15 expression as compared to a single-drug treatment, co-administration of tested agents does not have a more favourable effect on Comt expression. Moreover, the changes obtained in Ogg1, MsrA, Nrf2 expression show that DPCPX-Mg2+, DPCPX-Zn2+, istradefylline-Mg2+ and istradefylline-Zn2+ co-treatment may have greater antioxidant capacity benefits than administration of DPCPX and istradefylline alone. It seems plausible that a combination of selective A1 as well as an A2A receptor antagonist and magnesium or zinc may be a new antidepressant therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szopa
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.B.); (A.S.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Karolina Bogatko
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.B.); (A.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Mariola Herbet
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (M.O.); (A.K.) (J.D.)
| | - Anna Serefko
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.B.); (A.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Marta Ostrowska
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (M.O.); (A.K.) (J.D.)
| | - Sylwia Wośko
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.B.); (A.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Świąder
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.Ś.); (A.P.)
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smętna Street, PL 31–343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Wlaź
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, PL 20–090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piotr Skałecki
- Department of Commodity Science and Processing of Raw Animal Materials, University of Life Sciences, 13 Akademicka Street, PL 20–950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Wróbel
- Second Department of Gynecology, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, PL 20–090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Mandziuk
- Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, PL 20–090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Pochodyła
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.Ś.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Kudela
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (M.O.); (A.K.) (J.D.)
| | - Jarosław Dudka
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (M.O.); (A.K.) (J.D.)
| | - Maria Radziwoń-Zaleska
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 27 Nowowiejska Street, PL 00–665 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie–Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20–033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Poleszak
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.B.); (A.S.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (E.P.)
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Hámor PU, Gobin CM, Schwendt M. The role of glutamate mGlu5 and adenosine A2a receptor interactions in regulating working memory performance and persistent cocaine seeking in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 103:109979. [PMID: 32470496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is associated with neurobehavioral deficits that are resistant to current treatments. While craving and high rates of relapse are prominent features of CUD, persistent cognitive impairments are common and linked to poorer treatment outcomes. Here we sought to develop an animal model to study post-cocaine changes in drug seeking and working memory, and to evaluate 'therapeutic' effects of combined glutamate mGlu5 and adenosine A2a receptor blockade. As mGlu5 antagonists reduce drug seeking, and A2a blockade ameliorates working memory impairment, we hypothesized that mGlu5 + A2a antagonist cocktail would reduce both cocaine relapse and post-cocaine working memory deficits. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were first trained and tested in an operant delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task to establish the working memory baseline, followed by 6 days of limited and 12 days of extended access cocaine self-administration. Chronic cocaine reduced working memory performance (abstinence day 30-40) and produced robust time-dependent cocaine seeking at 45-, but not 120-days of abstinence. Systemic administration of A2a antagonist KW-6002 (0.125 and 1 mg/kg) failed to rescue post-cocaine working memory deficit. It also failed to reverse working memory impairment produced by mGlu5 NAM MTEP (1 mg/kg). Finally, KW-6002 prevented the ability of MTEP to reduce cocaine seeking and increased locomotor behavior. Thus, despite mGlu5 and A2a being exclusively co-localized in the striatum and showing behavioral synergism towards reducing cocaine effects in some studies, our findings advocate against the use of mGlu5 + A2a antagonist cocktail as it may further compromise cognitive deficits and augment drug craving in CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter U Hámor
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, FL, USA; Center for Addiction Education and Research, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Christina M Gobin
- Center for Addiction Education and Research, University of Florida, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Marek Schwendt
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, FL, USA; Center for Addiction Education and Research, University of Florida, FL, USA.
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Choudhury H, Chellappan DK, Sengupta P, Pandey M, Gorain B. Adenosine Receptors in Modulation of Central Nervous System Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2808-2827. [PMID: 31309883 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190712181955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous signaling nucleoside molecule, adenosine is found in different cells of the human body to provide its numerous pharmacological role. The associated actions of endogenous adenosine are largely dependent on conformational change of the widely expressed heterodimeric G-protein-coupled A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). These receptors are well conserved on the surface of specific cells, where potent neuromodulatory properties of this bioactive molecule reflected by its easy passage through the rigid blood-brainbarrier, to simultaneously act on the central nervous system (CNS). The minimal concentration of adenosine in body fluids (30-300 nM) is adequate to exert its neuromodulatory action in the CNS, whereas the modulatory effect of adenosine on ARs is the consequence of several neurodegenerative diseases. Modulatory action concerning the activation of such receptors in the CNS could be facilitated towards neuroprotective action against such CNS disorders. Our aim herein is to discuss briefly pathophysiological roles of adenosine on ARs in the modulation of different CNS disorders, which could be focused towards the identification of potential drug targets in recovering accompanying CNS disorders. Researches with active components with AR modulatory action have been extended and already reached to the bedside of the patients through clinical research in the improvement of CNS disorders. Therefore, this review consist of recent findings in literatures concerning the impact of ARs on diverse CNS disease pathways with the possible relevance to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Choudhury
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh K Chellappan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MA`HSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Alves ACDB, Bristot VJDO, Limana MD, Speck AE, Barros LSD, Solano AF, Aguiar AS. Role of Adenosine A 2A Receptors in the Central Fatigue of Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina de Bem Alves
- Exercise Biology Lab, Department of Health Sciences, UFSC—Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | | | - Mirieli Denardi Limana
- Exercise Biology Lab, Department of Health Sciences, UFSC—Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Speck
- Exercise Biology Lab, Department of Health Sciences, UFSC—Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Soares de Barros
- LABOX—Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, UFSC—Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Francisco Solano
- LABOX—Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, UFSC—Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Aderbal S. Aguiar
- Exercise Biology Lab, Department of Health Sciences, UFSC—Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
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Adenosine A2A receptor as potential therapeutic target in neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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10
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Faivre E, Coelho JE, Zornbach K, Malik E, Baqi Y, Schneider M, Cellai L, Carvalho K, Sebda S, Figeac M, Eddarkaoui S, Caillierez R, Chern Y, Heneka M, Sergeant N, Müller CE, Halle A, Buée L, Lopes LV, Blum D. Beneficial Effect of a Selective Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonist in the APPswe/PS1dE9 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:235. [PMID: 30050407 PMCID: PMC6052540 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of caffeine, a non-selective adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist, reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mitigates both amyloid and Tau lesions in transgenic mouse models of the disease. While short-term treatment with A2AR antagonists have been shown to alleviate cognitive deficits in mouse models of amyloidogenesis, impact of a chronic and long-term treatment on the development of amyloid burden, associated neuroinflammation and memory deficits has never been assessed. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of a 6-month treatment of APPsw/PS1dE9 mice with the potent and selective A2AR antagonist MSX-3 from 3 to 9-10 months of age. At completion of the treatment, we found that the MSX-3 treatment prevented the development of memory deficits in APP/PS1dE9 mice, without significantly altering hippocampal and cortical gene expressions. Interestingly, MSX-3 treatment led to a significant decrease of Aβ1-42 levels in the cortex of APP/PS1dE9 animals, while Aβ1-40 increased, thereby strongly affecting the Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio. Together, these data support the idea that A2AR blockade is of therapeutic value for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Faivre
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, LabEx DISTALZ, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre UMR-S1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Joana E Coelho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Katja Zornbach
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Enas Malik
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Younis Baqi
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Marion Schneider
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lucrezia Cellai
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, LabEx DISTALZ, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre UMR-S1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Kevin Carvalho
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, LabEx DISTALZ, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre UMR-S1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Shéhérazade Sebda
- Plateau de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Structurale, CHU Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Martin Figeac
- Plateau de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Structurale, CHU Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sabiha Eddarkaoui
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, LabEx DISTALZ, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre UMR-S1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Raphaëlle Caillierez
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, LabEx DISTALZ, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre UMR-S1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Heneka
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geropsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicolas Sergeant
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, LabEx DISTALZ, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre UMR-S1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annett Halle
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Luc Buée
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, LabEx DISTALZ, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre UMR-S1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Luisa V Lopes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Blum
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, LabEx DISTALZ, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre UMR-S1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
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11
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Blum D, Chern Y, Domenici MR, Buée L, Lin CY, Rea W, Ferré S, Popoli P. The Role of Adenosine Tone and Adenosine Receptors in Huntington's Disease. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2018; 8:43-58. [PMID: 30023989 PMCID: PMC6049521 DOI: 10.1089/caff.2018.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the IT15 gene that encodes for the huntingtin protein. Mutated hungtingtin, although widely expressed in the brain, predominantly affects striato-pallidal neurons, particularly enriched with adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR), suggesting a possible involvement of adenosine and A2AR is the pathogenesis of HD. In fact, polymorphic variation in the ADORA2A gene influences the age at onset in HD, and A2AR dynamics is altered by mutated huntingtin. Basal levels of adenosine and adenosine receptors are involved in many processes critical for neuronal function and homeostasis, including modulation of synaptic activity and excitotoxicity, the control of neurotrophin levels and functions, and the regulation of protein degradation mechanisms. In the present review, we critically analyze the current literature involving the effect of altered adenosine tone and adenosine receptors in HD and discuss why therapeutics that modulate the adenosine system may represent a novel approach for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Maria Rosaria Domenici
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - William Rea
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patrizia Popoli
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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12
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Neuronal adenosine A 2A receptor overexpression is neuroprotective towards 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal toxicity: a rat model of Huntington's disease. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:235-243. [PMID: 29770921 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) is widely distributed on different cellular types in the brain, where it exerts a broad spectrum of pathophysiological functions, and for which a role in different neurodegenerative diseases has been hypothesized or demonstrated. To investigate the role of neuronal A2ARs in neurodegeneration, we evaluated in vitro and in vivo the effect of the neurotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) in a transgenic rat strain overexpressing A2ARs under the control of the neural-specific enolase promoter (NSEA2A rats). We recorded extracellular field potentials (FP) in corticostriatal slice and found that the synaptotoxic effect of 3-NP was significantly reduced in NSEA2A rats compared with wild-type animals (WT). In addition, after exposing corticostriatal slices to 3-NP 10 mM for 2 h, we found that striatal cell viability was significantly higher in NSEA2A rats compared to control rats. These in vitro results were confirmed by in vivo experiments: daily treatment of female rats with 3-NP 10 mg/kg for 8 days induced a selective bilateral lesion in the striatum, which was significantly reduced in NSEA2A compared to WT rats. These results demonstrate that the overexpression of the A2AR selectively at the neuronal level reduced 3-NP-induced neurodegeneration, and suggest an important function of the neuronal A2AR in the modulation of neurodegeneration.
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13
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Orr AG, Lo I, Schumacher H, Ho K, Gill M, Guo W, Kim DH, Knox A, Saito T, Saido TC, Simms J, Toddes C, Wang X, Yu GQ, Mucke L. Istradefylline reduces memory deficits in aging mice with amyloid pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 110:29-36. [PMID: 29100987 PMCID: PMC5747997 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors are putative therapeutic targets for neurological disorders. The adenosine A2A receptor antagonist istradefylline is approved in Japan for Parkinson's disease and is being tested in clinical trials for this condition elsewhere. A2A receptors on neurons and astrocytes may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) by impairing memory. However, it is not known whether istradefylline enhances cognitive function in aging animals with AD-like amyloid plaque pathology. Here, we show that elevated levels of Aβ, C-terminal fragments of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), or amyloid plaques, but not overexpression of APP per se, increase astrocytic A2A receptor levels in the hippocampus and neocortex of aging mice. Moreover, in amyloid plaque-bearing mice, low-dose istradefylline treatment enhanced spatial memory and habituation, supporting the conclusion that, within a well-defined dose range, A2A receptor blockers might help counteract memory problems in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G Orr
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Iris Lo
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Heike Schumacher
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Ho
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Weikun Guo
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel H Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anthony Knox
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jeffrey Simms
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Carlee Toddes
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gui-Qiu Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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14
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Bortolatto CF, Reis AS, Pinz MP, Voss GT, Oliveira RL, Vogt AG, Roman S, Jesse CR, Luchese C, Wilhelm EA. Selective A 2A receptor antagonist SCH 58261 modulates striatal oxidative stress and alleviates toxicity induced by 3-Nitropropionic acid in male Wistar rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1919-1927. [PMID: 28795281 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of SCH58261, a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, on striatal toxicity induced by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) in rats. The experimental protocol consisted of 10 administrations (once a day) of SCH58261 (0.01 or 0.05 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal, i.p.). From 7th to 10th day, 3-NP (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was injected 1 h after SCH58261 administration. Twenty-four hours after the last 3-NP injection, the body weight gain, locomotor activity (open-field test), motor coordination (rotarod test), striatal succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and parameters linked to striatal oxidative status were evaluated in rats. The marked body weight loss resulting from 3-NP injections in rats was partially protected by SCH 58261 at both doses. SCH 58261 at the highest dose was effective against impairments on motor coordination and locomotor activity induced by 3-NP. SCH 58261 was unable to restore the inhibition of SDH activity caused by 3-NP. In addition, the increase in striatal reactive species (RS) levels, depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) content and stimulation of glutathione reductase (GR) activity provoked by 3-NP injections were alleviated by both doses of SCH 58261. The highest dose of SCH 58261 was also effective in attenuating the increase of protein carbonyl levels as well as the inhibition of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in rats exposed to 3-NP. Our results revealed that reduction of oxidative stress in rat striatum by adenosine A2A receptor antagonism contributes for alleviating 3-NP-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiani F Bortolatto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção (PPGBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Angélica S Reis
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção (PPGBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Mikaela P Pinz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção (PPGBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme T Voss
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção (PPGBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Renata L Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção (PPGBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Ane G Vogt
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção (PPGBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Silvane Roman
- Universidade Regional Integrada, Campus Erechim, Erechim, RS, CEP 99700-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiano R Jesse
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Luchese
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção (PPGBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Ethel A Wilhelm
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção (PPGBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil.
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15
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Tyebji S, Hannan AJ. Synaptopathic mechanisms of neurodegeneration and dementia: Insights from Huntington's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 153:18-45. [PMID: 28377290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dementia encapsulates a set of symptoms that include loss of mental abilities such as memory, problem solving or language, and reduces a person's ability to perform daily activities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, however dementia can also occur in other neurological disorders such as Huntington's disease (HD). Many studies have demonstrated that loss of neuronal cell function manifests pre-symptomatically and thus is a relevant therapeutic target to alleviate symptoms. Synaptopathy, the physiological dysfunction of synapses, is now being approached as the target for many neurological and psychiatric disorders, including HD. HD is an autosomal dominant and progressive degenerative disorder, with clinical manifestations that encompass movement, cognition, mood and behaviour. HD is one of the most common tandem repeat disorders and is caused by a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat expansion, encoding an extended polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. Animal models as well as human studies have provided detailed, although not exhaustive, evidence of synaptic dysfunction in HD. In this review, we discuss the neuropathology of HD and how the changes in synaptic signalling in the diseased brain lead to its symptoms, which include dementia. Here, we review and discuss the mechanisms by which the 'molecular orchestras' and their 'synaptic symphonies' are disrupted in neurodegeneration and dementia, focusing on HD as a model disease. We also explore the therapeutic strategies currently in pre-clinical and clinical testing that are targeted towards improving synaptic function in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiraz Tyebji
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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16
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Madeira MH, Elvas F, Boia R, Gonçalves FQ, Cunha RA, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR. Adenosine A2AR blockade prevents neuroinflammation-induced death of retinal ganglion cells caused by elevated pressure. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:115. [PMID: 26054642 PMCID: PMC4465153 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for glaucoma, a degenerative disease characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). There is clinical and experimental evidence that neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Since the blockade of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) confers robust neuroprotection and controls microglia reactivity in the brain, we now investigated the ability of A2AR blockade to control the reactivity of microglia and neuroinflammation as well as RGC loss in retinal organotypic cultures exposed to elevated hydrostatic pressure (EHP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS Retinal organotypic cultures were either incubated with LPS (3 μg/mL), to elicit a pro-inflammatory response, or exposed to EHP (+70 mmHg), to mimic increased IOP, for 4 or 24 h, in the presence or absence of the A2AR antagonist SCH 58261 (50 nM). A2AR expression, microglial reactivity and neuroinflammatory response were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RGC loss was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In order to investigate the contribution of pro-inflammatory mediators to RGC loss, the organotypic retinal cultures were incubated with rabbit anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) (2 μg/mL) and goat anti-interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (1 μg/mL) antibodies. RESULTS We report that the A2AR antagonist (SCH 58261) prevented microglia reactivity, increase in pro-inflammatory mediators as well as RGC loss upon exposure to either LPS or EHP. Additionally, neutralization of TNF and IL-1β prevented RGC loss induced by LPS or EHP. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that A2AR blockade confers neuroprotection to RGCs by controlling microglia-mediated retinal neuroinflammation and prompts the hypothesis that A2AR antagonists may be a novel therapeutic option to manage glaucomatous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Madeira
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Boia
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Francisco Q Gonçalves
- CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3004-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
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17
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Chen JF, Lee CF, Chern Y. Adenosine receptor neurobiology: overview. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 119:1-49. [PMID: 25175959 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside that is distributed ubiquitously throughout the body as a metabolic intermediary. In the brain, adenosine functions as an important upstream neuromodulator of a broad spectrum of neurotransmitters, receptors, and signaling pathways. By acting through four G-protein-coupled receptors, adenosine contributes critically to homeostasis and neuromodulatory control of a variety of normal and abnormal brain functions, ranging from synaptic plasticity, to cognition, to sleep, to motor activity to neuroinflammation, and cell death. This review begun with an overview of the gene and genome structure and the expression pattern of adenosine receptors (ARs). We feature several new developments over the past decade in our understanding of AR functions in the brain, with special focus on the identification and characterization of canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways of ARs. We provide an update on functional insights from complementary genetic-knockout and pharmacological studies on the AR control of various brain functions. We also highlight several novel and recent developments of AR neurobiology, including (i) recent breakthrough in high resolution of three-dimension structure of adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) in several functional status, (ii) receptor-receptor heterodimerization, (iii) AR function in glial cells, and (iv) the druggability of AR. We concluded the review with the contention that these new developments extend and strengthen the support for A1 and A2ARs in brain as therapeutic targets for neurologic and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Chien-fei Lee
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Khairnar A, Frau L, Plumitallo A, Morelli M, Simola N. Antagonism of Adenosine A1 or A2A Receptors Amplifies the Effects of MDMA on Glial Activation in the Mouse Brain: Relevance to Caffeine–MDMA Interactions. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khairnar
- CEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Frau
- Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Plumitallo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Neuroscience Institute, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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19
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Brouillet E. The 3-NP Model of Striatal Neurodegeneration. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 67:9.48.1-9.48.14. [PMID: 24723322 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0948s67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is an irreversible inhibitor of respiratory chain complex II. Chronic systemic administration of 3-NP to mice, rats, and non-human primates leads to preferential degeneration of the striatum, and produces motor and cognitive symptoms that are highly reminiscent of Huntington's disease (HD). HD is caused by a dominant inherited expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntington gene. Thus, many aspects of HD cannot be mimicked by 3-NP. However, recent research shows that mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress may play a key role in HD pathogenesis, further supporting the potential utility of the 3-NP model of striatal degeneration. First, a basic protocol to produce acute striatal lesions in rats using repeated intraperitoneal injection of 3-NP is described. Second, a more complex protocol that takes advantage of the use of osmotic minipumps to steadily release 3-NP leading to consistent lesions and motor symptoms in Lewis rats is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Brouillet
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, URA2210, CEA, and CNRS, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), I2BM, Life Science Division, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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20
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Chiodi V, Mallozzi C, Ferrante A, Chen JF, Lombroso PJ, Di Stasi AMM, Popoli P, Domenici MR. Cocaine-induced changes of synaptic transmission in the striatum are modulated by adenosine A2A receptors and involve the tyrosine phosphatase STEP. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:569-78. [PMID: 23989619 PMCID: PMC3895235 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is a brain area implicated in the pharmacological action of drugs of abuse. Adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) are highly expressed in the striatum and mediate, at least in part, cocaine-induced psychomotor effects in vivo. Here we studied the synaptic mechanisms implicated in the pharmacological action of cocaine in the striatum and investigated the influence of A2ARs. We found that synaptic transmission was depressed in corticostriatal slices after perfusion with cocaine (10 μM). This effect was reduced by the A2AR antagonist ZM241385 and almost abolished in striatal A2AR-knockout mice (mice lacking A2ARs in striatal neurons, stA2ARKO). The effect of cocaine on synaptic transmission was also prevented by the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) inhibitor sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4). In synaptosomes prepared from striatal slices, we found that the activity of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) was upregulated by cocaine, prevented by ZM241385, and absent in synaptosomes from stA2ARKO. The role played by STEP in cocaine modulation of synaptic transmission was investigated in whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from medium spiny neurons of the striatum. We found that TAT-STEP, a peptide that renders STEP enzymatically inactive, prevented cocaine-induced reduction in AMPA- and NMDA-mediated excitatory post-synaptic currents, whereas the control peptide, TAT-myc, had no effect. These results demonstrate that striatal A2ARs modulate cocaine-induced synaptic depression in the striatum and highlight the potential role of PTPs and specifically STEP in the effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Chiodi
- Department Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Cinzia Mallozzi
- Department Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Ferrante
- Department Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Jiang F Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul J Lombroso
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Patrizia Popoli
- Department Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Domenici
- Department Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy,Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Roma 00161, Italy, Tel: +390649902947, Fax: +3906495782, E-mail:
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21
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Lee CF, Chern Y. Adenosine receptors and Huntington's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:195-232. [PMID: 25175968 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine regulates important pathophysiological functions via four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). The A1 and A2A adenosine receptors (A1R and A2AR) are major targets of caffeine and have been extensively investigated. Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal CAG expansion in the Huntingtin gene. Since the first genetic HD model was created almost two decades ago, tremendous progress regarding the function of the adenosine receptors in HD has been made. Chronic intake of caffeine was recently shown to be positively associated with the disease onset of HD. Moreover, genetic polymorphism of A2AR is believed to impact the age of onset. Given the importance of adenosine receptors as drug targets for human diseases, this review highlights the recent findings that delineate the roles of adenosine receptors in HD and discusses their potential for serving as drug targets and/or biomarkers for HD. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that regulates important physiological functions via four different adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). These adenosine receptors have seven transmembrane domains and belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. The functions of the A1 adenosine receptor (A1R) and A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) have been investigated relative to HD. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the role of adenosine receptors in HD and discuss the potential application of adenosine receptors as drug targets and biomarkers for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-fei Lee
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Simonin C, Duru C, Salleron J, Hincker P, Charles P, Delval A, Youssov K, Burnouf S, Azulay JP, Verny C, Scherer C, Tranchant C, Goizet C, Debruxelles S, Defebvre L, Sablonnière B, Romon-Rousseaux M, Buée L, Destée A, Godefroy O, Dürr A, Landwehrmeyer B, Bachoud-Levi AC, Richard F, Blum D, Krystkowiak P. Association between caffeine intake and age at onset in Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 58:179-82. [PMID: 23732677 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitual consumption of caffeine, a non-selective adenosine receptor (AR) antagonist, has been suggested to be beneficial in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Experimental evidence support that ARs play a role in Huntington's disease (HD) raising the hypothesis that caffeine may be a life-style modifier in HD. To determine a possible relationship between caffeine consumption and age at onset (AAO) in HD, we retrospectively assessed caffeine consumption in 80 HD patients using a dietary survey and determined relationship with AAO. Following adjustment for gender, smoking status and CAG repeat length, caffeine consumption greater than 190mg/day was significantly associated with an earlier AAO. These data support an association between habitual caffeine intake and AAO in HD patients, but further studies are warranted to understand the link between these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Simonin
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Roger Salengro University Hospital, Lille, France.
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Chen JF, Eltzschig HK, Fredholm BB. Adenosine receptors as drug targets--what are the challenges? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:265-86. [PMID: 23535933 PMCID: PMC3930074 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as caffeine have profound biological effects as antagonists at adenosine receptors. Moreover, drugs such as dipyridamole and methotrexate act by enhancing the activation of adenosine receptors. There is strong evidence that adenosine has a functional role in many diseases, and several pharmacological compounds specifically targeting individual adenosine receptors--either directly or indirectly--have now entered the clinic. However, only one adenosine receptor-specific agent--the adenosine A2A receptor agonist regadenoson (Lexiscan; Astellas Pharma)--has so far gained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Here, we focus on the biology of adenosine signalling to identify hurdles in the development of additional pharmacological compounds targeting adenosine receptors and discuss strategies to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Villar-Menéndez I, Blanch M, Tyebji S, Pereira-Veiga T, Albasanz JL, Martín M, Ferrer I, Pérez-Navarro E, Barrachina M. Increased 5-Methylcytosine and Decreased 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Levels are Associated with Reduced Striatal A2AR Levels in Huntington’s Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 15:295-309. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Li X, Kang H, Liu X, Liu Z, Shu K, Chen X, Zhu S. Effect of adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 on amygdala-kindled seizures and progression of amygdala kindling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:257-264. [PMID: 22528231 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 on amygdala-kindled seizures and its roles in epileptogenesis. Electrodes were implanted into the right amygdala of male adult Wistar rats. Kindling was accomplished by using stimulus strength of 500 μA applied daily to the amygdala until 10 consecutive stage 5 seizues were induced. Then effect of ZM241385 was studied in fully kindled rats after intracerebroventricular administration of the drug. In addition, the effect on kindling progression was evaluated through ZM241385 injection before daily stimulation. In all experiments, behavioral changes in the rats in response to ZM241385 were monitored closely. The results showed that, in fully amygdala-kindled rats, ZM241385 (0.001-0.1 nmol/L) decreased afterdischage duration (ADD), motor seizure duration (MSD), stage 5 duration (S5D) and seizure duration (SD), but only the effect on ADD was dose-dependent. The doses of 0.001-0.1 nmol/L had no influence on stage 4 latency (S4L) and seizure stage (SS). The dosages of 0.0001 and 1 nmol/L of ZM241385 did not exert any effect on all seizure parameters. In contrast to the results in fully amygdala-kindled rats, ZM241385 (0.001-0.1 nmol/L) had minimal or no effects on the progression of amygdala-kindled seizures. We are led to the conclusion that although ZM241385 had no influence on the progression of amygdala-kindled seizures, it had potent anti-convulsant profile and little adverse effects at the dosage of 0.001-0.1 nmol/L, suggesting that the agent is effective against the amygdala-kindled seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huicong Kang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhiguang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Suiqiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Seredenina T, Luthi-Carter R. What have we learned from gene expression profiles in Huntington's disease? Neurobiol Dis 2012; 45:83-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Rosim FE, Persike DS, Nehlig A, Amorim RP, de Oliveira DM, Fernandes MJDS. Differential neuroprotection by A(1) receptor activation and A(2A) receptor inhibition following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 22:207-13. [PMID: 21852200 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at a better understanding of the role of A(2A) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), we characterized the effects of the A(2A) antagonist SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine) on seizures and neuroprotection in the pilocarpine model. The effects of SCH58261 were further analyzed in combination with the A(1) agonist R-Pia (R(-)-N(6)-(2)-phenylisopropyl adenosine). Eight groups were studied: pilocarpine (Pilo), SCH+Pilo, R-Pia+Pilo, R-Pia+SCH+Pilo, Saline, SCH+Saline, R-Pia+Saline, and R-Pia+SCH+Saline. The administration of SCH58261, R-Pia, and R-Pia+SCH58261 prior to pilocarpine increased the latency to SE, and decreased either the incidence of or rate of mortality from SE compared with controls. Administration of R-Pia and R-Pia+SCH58261 prior to pilocarpine reduced the number of Fluoro-Jade B-stained cells in the hippocampus and piriform cortex when compared with control. This study showed that pretreatment with R-Pia and SCH58261 reduces seizure occurrence, although only R-Pia has neuroprotective properties. Further studies are needed to clarify the neuroprotective role of A(2A) in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Elisa Rosim
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dai SS, Zhou YG. Adenosine 2A receptor: a crucial neuromodulator with bidirectional effect in neuroinflammation and brain injury. Rev Neurosci 2011; 22:231-9. [PMID: 21476942 DOI: 10.1515/rns.2011.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments that have contributed to our understanding of how adenosine 2A receptors (A2ARs) modulate brain damage in various animal models of acute neurological injuries, including brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury and hemorrhage stroke. The main conclusions are: (1) pharmacological, neurochemical and molecular/genetic approaches to the complex actions of A2AR in different cellular elements suggest that A2AR activation exerts bidirectional effect (detrimental or protective) after brain insults; (2) modulation of glutamate excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation are involved in the protection of A2AR agonists or antagonists, but the bidirectional effect of A2AR is largely due to the bidirectional regulation of neuroinflammation (anti-inflammation or proinflammation) by A2AR on immune cells such as microglia cells and peripheral bone marrow cells; and (3) the bidirectional effect of A2AR on neuroinflammation and brain injury depends on the distinct and sometimes opposite actions of A2AR in various cellular elements and on different injury models and associated pathological conditions. The local glutamate level in the brain injury is one of the crucial factors that contribute to the direction of A2AR effect on neuroinflammation and brain injury outcome. These developments presented here clearly highlight the complexity of using A2AR agents therapeutically in acute neuronal injuries and confirm that A2AR ligands have many promising characteristics that encourage the pursuit of their full therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
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Orrú M, Zanoveli JM, Quiroz C, Nguyen HP, Guitart X, Ferré S. Functional changes in postsynaptic adenosine A(2A) receptors during early stages of a rat model of Huntington disease. Exp Neurol 2011; 232:76-80. [PMID: 21867705 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder involving preferential loss of striatal GABAergic medium spiny neurons. Adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)Rs) are present in the striatum at both presynaptic and post-synaptic levels. Blocking pre-synaptic A(2A)Rs, localized in glutamatergic terminals that contact striatal GABAergic dynorphinergic neurons, reduces glutamate release, which could be beneficial in HD. On the other hand, blockade of post-synaptic A(2A)Rs, localized in striatal GABAergic enkephalinergic neurons, could exacerbate the motor dysfunction. To evaluate the function of pre- or post-synaptic A(2A)Rs in HD we used selective antagonists for these receptors in a transgenic rat model of HD. Locomotor activity after systemic administration of the postsynaptic A(2A)R antagonist KW-6002 was used to investigate the function of post-synaptic A(2A)Rs. The role of pre-synaptic A(2A)Rs was instead evaluated by measuring the reduction of the electromyographic response of mastication muscles during electrical stimulation of the orofacial motor cortex after the systemic administration of the presynaptic A(2A)R antagonist SCH-442416. The ability of KW-6002 to produce locomotor activation was lost at 6 and 12 month-old of age in heterozygous and homozygous transgenic rats, but not in wild-type littermates. Nevertheless, no significant changes were observed up to 12 months of age in the potency of SCH-442416 to decrease the electromyographic response after cortical electrical stimulation. These results agree with a selective impairment of the striatal GABAergic enkephalinergic neuronal function during pre-symptomatic stages in HD. Since presynaptic A(2A)R function is not impaired, this receptor could probably be used as a target for the symptomatic treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Orrú
- CNS Receptor-Receptor Interactions Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse, IRP, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Armentero MT, Pinna A, Ferré S, Lanciego JL, Müller CE, Franco R. Past, present and future of A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists in the therapy of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:280-99. [PMID: 21810444 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several selective antagonists for adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)R) are currently under evaluation in clinical trials (phases I to III) to treat Parkinson's disease, and they will probably soon reach the market. The usefulness of these antagonists has been deduced from studies demonstrating functional interactions between dopamine D₂ and adenosine A(2A) receptors in the basal ganglia. At present it is believed that A(2A)R antagonists can be used in combination with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA to minimize the motor symptoms of Parkinson's patients. However, a considerable body of data indicates that in addition to ameliorating motor symptoms, adenosine A(2A)R antagonists may also prevent neurodegeneration. Despite these promising indications, one further issue must be considered in order to develop fully optimized antiparkinsonian drug therapy, namely the existence of (hetero)dimers/oligomers of G protein-coupled receptors, a topic that is currently the focus of intense debate within the scientific community. Dopamine D₂ receptors (D₂Rs) expressed in the striatum are known to form heteromers with A(2A) adenosine receptors. Thus, the development of heteromer-specific A(2A) receptor antagonists represents a promising strategy for the identification of more selective and safer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Therese Armentero
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Interdepartmental Research Centre for Parkinson's Disease, IRCCS National Institute of Neurology "C. Mondino", Pavia, Italy
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Huang NK, Lin JH, Lin JT, Lin CI, Liu EM, Lin CJ, Chen WP, Shen YC, Chen HM, Chen JB, Lai HL, Yang CW, Chiang MC, Wu YS, Chang C, Chen JF, Fang JM, Lin YL, Chern Y. A new drug design targeting the adenosinergic system for Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20934. [PMID: 21713039 PMCID: PMC3119665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. The expanded CAG repeats are translated into polyglutamine (polyQ), causing aberrant functions as well as aggregate formation of mutant Htt. Effective treatments for HD are yet to be developed. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we report a novel dual-function compound, N6-(4-hydroxybenzyl)adenine riboside (designated T1-11) which activates the A2AR and a major adenosine transporter (ENT1). T1-11 was originally isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb. Molecular modeling analyses showed that T1-11 binds to the adenosine pockets of the A2AR and ENT1. Introduction of T1-11 into the striatum significantly enhanced the level of striatal adenosine as determined by a microdialysis technique, demonstrating that T1-11 inhibited adenosine uptake in vivo. A single intraperitoneal injection of T1-11 in wildtype mice, but not in A2AR knockout mice, increased cAMP level in the brain. Thus, T1-11 enters the brain and elevates cAMP via activation of the A2AR in vivo. Most importantly, addition of T1-11 (0.05 mg/ml) to the drinking water of a transgenic mouse model of HD (R6/2) ameliorated the progressive deterioration in motor coordination, reduced the formation of striatal Htt aggregates, elevated proteasome activity, and increased the level of an important neurotrophic factor (brain derived neurotrophic factor) in the brain. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of T1-11 for treating HD. Conclusions/Significance The dual functions of T1-11 enable T1-11 to effectively activate the adenosinergic system and subsequently delay the progression of HD. This is a novel therapeutic strategy for HD. Similar dual-function drugs aimed at a particular neurotransmitter system as proposed herein may be applicable to other neurotransmitter systems (e.g., the dopamine receptor/dopamine transporter and the serotonin receptor/serotonin transporter) and may facilitate the development of new drugs for other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Kuei Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsin Lin
- Division of Mechanics, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Tsai Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eric Minwei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ping Chen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Bin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Lin Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Wen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shuo Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (YLL); (JMF)
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (YLL); (JMF)
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (YLL); (JMF)
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Mievis S, Blum D, Ledent C. Worsening of Huntington disease phenotype in CB1 receptor knockout mice. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:524-9. [PMID: 21406230 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative genetic disorder which leads to motor, cognitive and psychiatric disturbances. The primary neuropathological hallmark is atrophy of the striatum. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) are particularly enriched in the striatum and previous works indicate their early loss of expression in HD, even before symptom occurrence. However, pathophysiological significance of this loss of expression remains unclear. In addition, whether specific modulation of CB1R is able to mitigate striatal neuron fate in HD remains currently controversial. In order to gain further insights on the potential role of CB1R in HD physiopathology, we evaluated the pathophysiological consequences of a genetic deletion of CB1R in the N171-82Q transgenic model and following 3-nitropropionic (3NP) intoxication. Taken together our data demonstrate that CB1R knockout (1) worsens motor performances in N171-82Q mice and (2) increases mouse susceptibility to 3NP. These results suggest that functional changes in CB1R may contribute to the physiopathological development of HD.
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Abstract
The natural plant alkaloids caffeine and theophylline were the first adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists described in the literature. They exhibit micromolar affinities and are non-selective. A large number of derivatives and analogues were subsequently synthesized and evaluated as AR antagonists. Very potent antagonists have thus been developed with selectivity for each of the four AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany, Phone +49-228-73-2301, Fax +49-228-73-2567
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America, Phone +1-301-496-9024, Fax +1-301-480-8422
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Chen JF, Chern Y. Impacts of methylxanthines and adenosine receptors on neurodegeneration: human and experimental studies. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:267-310. [PMID: 20859800 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are some of the most feared illnesses in modern society, with no effective treatments to slow or halt this neurodegeneration. Several decades after the earliest attempt to treat Parkinson's disease using caffeine, tremendous amounts of information regarding the potential beneficial effect of caffeine as well as adenosine drugs on major neurodegenerative disorders have accumulated. In the first part of this review, we provide general background on the adenosine receptor signaling systems by which caffeine and methylxanthine modulate brain activity and their role in relationship to the development and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The demonstration of close interaction between adenosine receptor and other G protein coupled receptors and accessory proteins might offer distinct pharmacological properties from adenosine receptor monomers. This is followed by an outline of the major mechanism underlying neuroprotection against neurodegeneration offered by caffeine and adenosine receptor agents. In the second part, we discuss the current understanding of caffeine/methylxantheine and its major target adenosine receptors in development of individual neurodegenerative disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis. The exciting findings to date include the specific in vivo functions of adenosine receptors revealed by genetic mouse models, the demonstration of a broad spectrum of neuroprotection by chronic treatment of caffeine and adenosine receptor ligands in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, the encouraging development of several A(2A) receptor selective antagonists which are now in advanced clinical phase III trials for Parkinson's disease. Importantly, increasing body of the human and experimental studies reveals encouraging evidence that regular human consumption of caffeine in fact may have several beneficial effects on neurodegenerative disorders, from motor stimulation to cognitive enhancement to potential neuroprotection. Thus, with regard to neurodegenerative disorders, these potential benefits of methylxanthines, caffeine in particular, strongly argue against the common practice by clinicians to discourage regular human consumption of caffeine in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Wei CJ, Li W, Chen JF. Normal and abnormal functions of adenosine receptors in the central nervous system revealed by genetic knockout studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:1358-79. [PMID: 21185258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous adenosine is a widely distributed upstream regulator of a broad spectrum of neurotransmitters, receptors, and signaling pathways that converge to contribute to the expression of an array of important brain functions. Over the past decade, the generation and characterization of genetic knockout models for all four G-protein coupled adenosine receptors, the A1 and A2A receptors in particular, has confirmed and extended the neuromodulatory and integrated role of adenosine receptors in the control of a broad spectrum of normal and abnormal brain functions. After a brief introduction of the available adenosine receptor knockout models, this review focuses on findings from the genetic knockout approach, placing particular emphasis on the most recent findings. This review is organized into two sections to separately address (i) the role of adenosine receptors in normal brain processes including neuroplasticity, sleep-wake cycle, motor function, cognition, and emotion-related behaviors; and (ii) their role in the response to various pathologic insults to brain such as ischemic stroke, neurodegeneration, or brain dysfunction/disorders. We largely limit our overview to the prominent adenosine receptor subtypes in brain-the A1 and A2A receptors-for which numerous genetic knockout studies on brain function are available. A1 and A2A receptor knockouts have provided significant new insights into adenosine's control of complex physiologic (e.g., cognition) and pathologic (e.g., neuroinflammation) phenomena. These findings extend and strengthen the support for A1 and A2A receptors in brain as therapeutic targets in several neurologic and psychiatric diseases. However, they also emphasize the importance of considering the disease context-dependent effect when developing adenosine receptor-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Wei
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Cutuli D, Rossi S, Burello L, Laricchiuta D, De Chiara V, Foti F, De Bartolo P, Musella A, Gelfo F, Centonze D, Petrosini L. Before or after does it matter? Different protocols of environmental enrichment differently influence motor, synaptic and structural deficits of cerebellar origin. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 42:9-20. [PMID: 21182946 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar compensation is a reliable model of lesion-induced plasticity occurring through profound synaptic and neurochemical modifications in cortical and sub-cortical regions. As the recovery from cerebellar deficits progresses, the firstly enhanced glutamate striatal transmission is then normalized. The time course of cerebellar compensation and the concomitant striatal modifications might be influenced by protocols of environmental enrichment (EE) differently timed in respect to cerebellar lesion. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of different EE protocols on postural and locomotor behaviors (by means of a neurological rating scale), and on striatal synaptic activity (by means of recordings of spontaneous glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs)) and on morphological correlates (by means of density and dendritic length of Fast Spiking (FS) interneurons) following hemicerebellectomy (HCb) in rats. Cerebellar motor deficits were reduced faster in the enriched animals in comparison to standard housed HCbed rats. The beneficial influence of EE was higher in the animals enriched before the HCb than in rats enriched only after the lesion. In parallel, the HCb-induced increase in striatal sEPSCs was not observed in rats enriched before HCb and attenuated in rats enriched after HCb. Furthermore, the EE prevented the shrinkage of dendritic arborization of FS striatal interneurons. Also this effect was more marked in animals enriched before than after the HCb. The exposure to EE exerted either neuro-protective or therapeutic actions on the cerebellar deficits. The experience-dependent changes of the synaptic and neuronal connectivity observed in the striatal neurons may represent one of the mechanisms through which the enrichment facilitates functional compensation following the cerebellar damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Cutuli
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
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37
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Gomes CV, Kaster MP, Tomé AR, Agostinho PM, Cunha RA. Adenosine receptors and brain diseases: neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:1380-99. [PMID: 21145878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory A(1) receptors (A1R) and facilitatory A(2A) receptors (A2AR), mostly controlling excitatory glutamatergic synapses: A1R impose a tonic brake on excitatory transmission, whereas A2AR are selectively engaged to promote synaptic plasticity phenomena. This neuromodulatory role of adenosine is strikingly similar to the role of adenosine in the control of brain disorders; thus, A1R mostly act as a hurdle that needs to be overcame to begin neurodegeneration and, accordingly, A1R only effectively control neurodegeneration if activated in the temporal vicinity of brain insults; in contrast, the blockade of A2AR alleviates the long-term burden of brain disorders in different neurodegenerative conditions such as ischemia, epilepsy, Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease and also seem to afford benefits in some psychiatric conditions. In spite of this qualitative agreement between neuromodulation and neuroprotection by A1R and A2AR, it is still unclear if the role of A1R and A2AR in the control of neuroprotection is mostly due to the control of glutamatergic transmission, or if it is instead due to the different homeostatic roles of these receptors related with the control of metabolism, of neuron-glia communication, of neuroinflammation, of neurogenesis or of the control of action of growth factors. In spite of this current mechanistic uncertainty, it seems evident that targeting adenosine receptors might indeed constitute a novel strategy to control the demise of different neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina V Gomes
- Center for Neurosciences of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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38
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Mievis S, Blum D, Ledent C. A2A receptor knockout worsens survival and motor behaviour in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 41:570-6. [PMID: 21062644 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative genetic disorder that leads to motor, cognitive, and psychiatric disturbances. The primary neuropathological hallmark is atrophy of the striatum. HD preferentially affects efferent striato-pallidal neurons that express enkephalin as well as dopamine D2 and A(2A) adenosine receptors (A(2A)Rs). Expression and function of A(2A)Rs are altered in HD but, despite being an important modulator of the striato-pallidal function, the subsequent pathophysiological consequence of such changes remains unclear. Whether blockade of A(2A)Rs is of therapeutic interest in HD remains ill-defined. In the present work, we aimed to determine the pathophysiological consequences of genetic deletion of A(2A)Rs in HD by crossing A(2A)R knockout mice with the N171-82Q HD transgenic model. Our data demonstrate that knockout of A(2A)Rs moderately but significantly worsens motor performances and survival of N171-82Q mice and leads to a decrease in striatal enkephalin expression. These results support that early and chronic blockade of A(2A)Rs might not be beneficial in HD.
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Puerta E, Hervias I, Barros-Miñones L, Jordan J, Ricobaraza A, Cuadrado-Tejedor M, García-Osta A, Aguirre N. Sildenafil protects against 3-nitropropionic acid neurotoxicity through the modulation of calpain, CREB, and BDNF. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 38:237-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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40
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Dai SS, Li W, An JH, Wang H, Yang N, Chen XY, Zhao Y, Li P, Liu P, Chen JF, Zhou YG. Adenosine A2A receptors in both bone marrow cells and non-bone marrow cells contribute to traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2010; 113:1536-44. [PMID: 20367749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A(2A)Rs) in bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) are involved in regulation of inflammation and outcome in several CNS injuries; however their relative contribution to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unknown. In this study, we created a mouse cortical impact model, and BMDC A(2A)Rs were selectively inactivated in wild-type (WT) mice or reconstituted in global A(2A)R knockout (KO) mice (i.e. inactivation of non-BMDC A(2A)Rs) by bone marrow transplantation. When compared with WT mice, selective inactivation of BMDC A(2A)Rs significantly attenuated the neurological deficits, brain water content and cell apoptosis at 24 h post-TBI as global A(2A)R KO did. However, compared with the A(2A)R KO mice, selective reconstitution of BMDC A(2A)Rs failed to reinstate brain injury, indicating the contribution of the non-BMDC A(2A)R to TBI. Furthermore, the protective outcome by selective inactivation of BMDC A(2A)R or broad inactivation of non-BMDC A(2A)Rs was accompanied with reduced CSF glutamate level and suppression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1, or interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These findings demonstrate that inactivation of A(2A)Rs in either BMDCs or non-BMDCs is sufficient to confer the protective effect as global A(2A)R KO against TBI, indicating the A(2A)R involvement in TBI by multiple cellular mechanisms of A(2A)R involvement including inhibition of glutamate release and inflammatory cytokine expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Dai
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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41
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Ferrante A, Martire A, Armida M, Chiodi V, Pézzola A, Potenza RL, Domenici MR, Popoli P. Influence of CGS 21680, a selective adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist, on NMDA receptor function and expression in the brain of Huntington's disease mice. Brain Res 2010; 1323:184-91. [PMID: 20138162 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chronic treatment with the selective adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist CGS 21680 on N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor function and expression has been studied in the striatum and cortex of R6/2 mice, a genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD). Starting from 8weeks of age, R6/2 and wild type (WT) mice were treated daily with CGS 21680 (0.5mg/kg i.p.) for 3weeks and the expression levels of NMDA receptor subunits were then evaluated. In addition, to study CGS 21680-induced changes in NMDA receptor function, NMDA-induced toxicity in corticostriatal slices from both R6/2 and WT mice was investigated. We found that CGS 21680 increased NR2A subunit expression and the NR2A/NR2B ratio in the cortex of R6/2 mice, having no effect in WT mice. In the striatum, CGS 21680 reduced NR1 expression in both R6/2 and WT mice while the effect on NR2A and NR2/NR2B expression was genotype-dependent, reducing and increasing their expression in WT and R6/2 mice, respectively. On the contrary, NMDA-induced toxicity in corticostriatal slices was not modified by the treatment in WT or HD mice. These results demonstrate that in vivo activation of A(2A) receptors modulates the subunit composition of NMDA receptors in the brain of HD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Ferrante
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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42
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Carta AR, Kachroo A, Schintu N, Xu K, Schwarzschild MA, Wardas J, Morelli M. Inactivation of neuronal forebrain A receptors protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2009; 111:1478-89. [PMID: 19817968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A(2A) receptors antagonists produce neuroprotective effects in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). As neuroinflammation is involved in PD pathogenesis, both neuronal and glial A(2A) receptors might participate to neuroprotection. We employed complementary pharmacologic and genetic approaches to A(2A) receptor inactivation, in a multiple MPTP mouse model of PD, to investigate the cellular basis of neuroprotection by A(2A) antagonism. MPTP.HCl (20 mg/kg daily for 4 days) was administered in mice treated with the A(2A) antagonist SCH58261, or in conditional knockout mice lacking A(2A) receptors on forebrain neurons (fbnA(2A)KO mice). MPTP-induced partial loss of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and striatum (Str), associated with increased astroglial and microglial immunoreactivity in these areas. Astroglia was similarly activated 1, 3, and 7 days after MPTP administration, whereas maximal microglial reactivity was detected on day 1, returning to baseline 7 days after MPTP administration. SCH58261 attenuated dopamine cell loss and gliosis in SNc and Str. Selective depletion of A(2A) receptors in fbnA(2A)KO mice completely prevented MPTP-induced dopamine neuron degeneration and gliosis in SNc, and partially counteracted gliosis in Str. Results provide evidence of a primary role played by neuronal A(2A) receptors in neuroprotective effects of A(2A) antagonists in a multiple MPTP injections model of PD. With the symptomatic antiparkinsonian potential of several A(2A) receptor antagonists being pursued in clinical trials, this study adds to the rationale for broader clinical benefit and use of these drugs early in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Carta
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
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43
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Chiang MC, Chen HM, Lai HL, Chen HW, Chou SY, Chen CM, Tsai FJ, Chern Y. The A2A adenosine receptor rescues the urea cycle deficiency of Huntington's disease by enhancing the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:2929-42. [PMID: 19443488 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. The resultant mutant Htt protein (mHtt) forms aggregates in the brain and several peripheral tissues (e.g. the liver) and causes devastating neuronal degeneration. Metabolic defects resulting from Htt aggregates in peripheral tissues also contribute to HD pathogenesis. Simultaneous improvement of defects in both the CNS and peripheral tissues is thus the most effective therapeutic strategy and is highly desirable. We earlier showed that an agonist of the A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A) receptor), CGS21680 (CGS), attenuates neuronal symptoms of HD. We found herein that the A(2A) receptor also exists in the liver, and that CGS ameliorated the urea cycle deficiency by reducing mHtt aggregates in the liver. By suppressing aggregate formation, CGS slowed the hijacking of a crucial transcription factor (HSF1) and two protein chaperons (Hsp27 and Hsp70) into hepatic Htt aggregates. Moreover, the abnormally high levels of high-molecular-mass ubiquitin conjugates in the liver of an HD mouse model (R6/2) were also ameliorated by CGS. The protective effect of CGS against mHtt-induced aggregate formation was reproduced in two cells lines and was prevented by an antagonist of the A(2A) receptor and a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. Most importantly, the mHtt-induced suppression of proteasome activity was also normalized by CGS through PKA. Our findings reveal a novel therapeutic pathway of A(2A) receptors in HD and further strengthen the concept that the A(2A) receptor can be a drug target in treating HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
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44
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Abstract
The adenosine receptors (ARs) in the nervous system act as a kind of "go-between" to regulate the release of neurotransmitters (this includes all known neurotransmitters) and the action of neuromodulators (e.g., neuropeptides, neurotrophic factors). Receptor-receptor interactions and AR-transporter interplay occur as part of the adenosine's attempt to control synaptic transmission. A(2A)ARs are more abundant in the striatum and A(1)ARs in the hippocampus, but both receptors interfere with the efficiency and plasticity-regulated synaptic transmission in most brain areas. The omnipresence of adenosine and A(2A) and A(1) ARs in all nervous system cells (neurons and glia), together with the intensive release of adenosine following insults, makes adenosine a kind of "maestro" of the tripartite synapse in the homeostatic coordination of the brain function. Under physiological conditions, both A(2A) and A(1) ARs play an important role in sleep and arousal, cognition, memory and learning, whereas under pathological conditions (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy, drug addiction, pain, schizophrenia, depression), ARs operate a time/circumstance window where in some circumstances A(1)AR agonists may predominate as early neuroprotectors, and in other circumstances A(2A)AR antagonists may alter the outcomes of some of the pathological deficiencies. In some circumstances, and depending on the therapeutic window, the use of A(2A)AR agonists may be initially beneficial; however, at later time points, the use of A(2A)AR antagonists proved beneficial in several pathologies. Since selective ligands for A(1) and A(2A) ARs are now entering clinical trials, the time has come to determine the role of these receptors in neurological and psychiatric diseases and identify therapies that will alter the outcomes of these diseases, therefore providing a hopeful future for the patients who suffer from these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Sebastião
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.
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45
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Stone TW, Ceruti S, Abbracchio MP. Adenosine receptors and neurological disease: neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:535-87. [PMID: 19639293 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89615-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors modulate neuronal and synaptic function in a range of ways that may make them relevant to the occurrence, development and treatment of brain ischemic damage and degenerative disorders. A(1) adenosine receptors tend to suppress neural activity by a predominantly presynaptic action, while A(2A) adenosine receptors are more likely to promote transmitter release and postsynaptic depolarization. A variety of interactions have also been described in which adenosine A(1) or A(2) adenosine receptors can modify cellular responses to conventional neurotransmitters or receptor agonists such as glutamate, NMDA, nitric oxide and P2 purine receptors. Part of the role of adenosine receptors seems to be in the regulation of inflammatory processes that often occur in the aftermath of a major insult or disease process. All of the adenosine receptors can modulate the release of cytokines such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-alpha from immune-competent leukocytes and glia. When examined directly as modifiers of brain damage, A(1) adenosine receptor (AR) agonists, A(2A)AR agonists and antagonists, as well as A(3)AR antagonists, can protect against a range of insults, both in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, acute and chronic treatments with these ligands can often produce diametrically opposite effects on damage outcome, probably resulting from adaptational changes in receptor number or properties. In some cases molecular approaches have identified the involvement of ERK and GSK-3beta pathways in the protection from damage. Much evidence argues for a role of adenosine receptors in neurological disease. Receptor densities are altered in patients with Alzheimer's disease, while many studies have demonstrated effects of adenosine and its antagonists on synaptic plasticity in vitro, or on learning adequacy in vivo. The combined effects of adenosine on neuronal viability and inflammatory processes have also led to considerations of their roles in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis, as well as the brain damage associated with stroke. In addition to the potential pathological relevance of adenosine receptors, there are earnest attempts in progress to generate ligands that will target adenosine receptors as therapeutic agents to treat some of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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46
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Centonze D, Rossi S, De Bartolo P, De Chiara V, Foti F, Musella A, Mataluni G, Rossi S, Bernardi G, Koch G, Petrosini L. Adaptations of glutamatergic synapses in the striatum contribute to recovery from cerebellar damage. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:2188-96. [PMID: 18412636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings proposed that the cerebellum and the striatum, key structures in motor control, are more interconnected than commonly believed, and that the cerebellum may influence striatal activity. In the present study, the possible changes of synaptic transmission in the striatum of hemicerebellectomized rats have been investigated. Neurophysiological recordings showed a significant facilitation of glutamate transmission in the contralateral striatum occurring early following hemicerebellectomy. This process of synaptic adaptation appears to be relevant for the compensation of cerebellar deficits. Accordingly, pharmacological blockade of glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors with MK-801 prevented the rearrangement of excitatory synapses in the striatum and interfered with the recovery from motor disturbances in rats with cerebellar lesions. Hemicerebellectomy also perturbed gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission in contralateral but not ipsilateral striatum. The present findings advance the role of striatal excitatory transmission in the compensation of cerebellar deficits, providing support to the notion that adaptations of striatal function exert a role in the recovery of cerebellar symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Centonze
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Olsson IAS, Hansen AK, Sandøe P. Animal welfare and the refinement of neuroscience research methods – a case study of Huntington's disease models. Lab Anim 2008; 42:277-83. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2008.007147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of animals in biomedical and other research presents an ethical dilemma: we do not want to lose scientific benefits, nor do we want to cause laboratory animals to suffer. Scientists often refer to the potential human benefits of animal models to justify their use. However, even if this is accepted, it still needs to be argued that the same benefits could not have been achieved with a mitigated impact on animal welfare. Reducing the adverse effects of scientific protocols (‘refinement’) is therefore crucial in animal-based research. It is especially important that researchers share knowledge on how to avoid causing unnecessary suffering. We have previously demonstrated that even in studies in which animal use leads to spontaneous death, scientists often fail to report measures to minimize animal distress ( Olsson et al. 2007 ). In this paper, we present the full results of a case study examining reports, published in peer-reviewed journals between 2003 and 2004, of experiments employing animal models to study the neurodegenerative disorder Huntington's disease. In 51 references, experiments in which animals were expected to develop motor deficits so severe that they would have difficulty eating and drinking normally were conducted, yet only three references were made to housing adaptation to facilitate food and water intake. Experiments including end-stages of the disease were reported in 14 papers, yet of these only six referred to the euthanasia of moribund animals. If the reference in scientific publications reflects the actual application of refinement, researchers do not follow the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement) principle. While in some cases, it is clear that less-than-optimal techniques were used, we recognize that scientists may apply refinement without referring to it; however, if they do not include such information in publications, it suggests they find it less relevant. Journal publishing policy could play an important role: first, in ensuring that referees seriously consider whether submitted studies were indeed carried out with the smallest achievable negative impact on the animals and, secondly, in encouraging scientists to share refinements through the inclusion of a 3Rs section in papers publishing the results of animal-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Anna S Olsson
- Laboratory Animal Science, IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Danish Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Axel K Hansen
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Welfare, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 88, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Sandøe
- Danish Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Vollmann K, Qurishi R, Hockemeyer J, Müller CE. Synthesis and properties of a new water-soluble prodrug of the adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist MSX-2. Molecules 2008; 13:348-59. [PMID: 18305423 PMCID: PMC6244838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The compound L-valine-3-{8-[(E)-2-[3-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-7-methyl-1-propargylxanthine-3-yl}propyl ester hydrochloride (MSX-4) was synthesized as an amino acid ester prodrug of the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist MSX-2. It was found to be stable in artificial gastric acid, but readily cleaved by pig liver esterase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharma-Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; http://www.pharmazentrum.uni-bonn.de/ and http://www.pharma.uni-bonn.de/pharmchem/
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49
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Fuxe K, Marcellino D, Genedani S, Agnati L. Adenosine A(2A) receptors, dopamine D(2) receptors and their interactions in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2008; 22:1990-2017. [PMID: 17618524 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Future therapies in Parkinson's disease may substantially build on the existence of intra-membrane receptor-receptor interactions in DA receptor containing heteromeric receptor complexes. The A(2A)/D(2) heteromer is of substantial interest in view of its specific location in cortico-striatal glutamate terminals and in striato-pallidal GABA neurons. Antagonistic A(2A)/D(2) receptor interactions in this heteromer demonstrated at the cellular level, and at the level of the striato-pallidal GABA neuron and at the network level made it possible to suggest A(2A) antagonists as anti-parkinsonian drugs. The major mechanism is an enhancement of D(2) signaling leading to attenuation of hypokinesia, tremor, and rigidity in models of Parkinson's disease with inspiring results in two clinical trials. Other interactions are antagonism at the level of the adenylyl cyclase; heterologous sensitization at the A(2A) activated adenylyl cyclase by persistent D(2) activation and a compensatory up-regulation of A(2A) receptors in response to intermittent Levodopa treatment. An increased dominance of A(2A) homomers over D(2) homomers and A(2A)/D(2) heteromers after intermittent Levodopa treatment may therefore contribute to development of Levodopa induced dyskinesias and to the wearing off of the therapeutic actions of Levodopa giving additional therapeutic roles of A(2A) antagonists. Their neuroprotective actions may involve an increase in the retrograde trophic signaling in the nigro-striatal DA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Fuxe
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurochemistry, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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50
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Galluzzo M, Pintor A, Pèzzola A, Grieco R, Borsini F, Popoli P. Behavioural and neurochemical characterization of the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ST1535. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 579:149-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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