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Fredholm BB. Some reflections after a long life in science. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:207-208. [PMID: 36269528 PMCID: PMC10997562 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Emeritus Professor of Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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Fredholm BB, Svenningsson P. Why target brain adenosine receptors? A historical perspective. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 80 Suppl 1:S3-S6. [PMID: 33349578 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The quest for a non-dopaminergic approach to treating Parkinson's disease (PD) has been quietly progressing over the past several decades, and is now finding its momentum. Here, in what is more a memoir than a comprehensive review, we discuss work carried out over the past 50 years to show that adenosine acts as a critical signaling molecule via actions against a specific family of receptors. Importantly for PD, adenosine A2A receptors have a selective localization to the basal ganglia and specifically to the indirect output pathway, offering a targeted, non-dopaminergic opportunity to modulate basal ganglia output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fredholm BB, Frenguelli BG, Hills R, IJzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Klotz KN, Linden J, Müller CE, Schwabe U, Stiles GL. Adenosine receptors (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2218/gtopdb/f3/2019.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Adenosine Receptors [103]) are activated by the endogenous ligand adenosine (potentially inosine also at A3 receptors). Crystal structures for the antagonist-bound [146, 305, 213, 55], agonist-bound [362, 196, 198] and G protein-bound A2A adenosine receptors [43] have been described. The structures of an antagonist-bound A1 receptor [123] and an adenosine-bound A1 receptor-Gi complex [80] have been resolved by cryo-electronmicroscopy. Another structure of an antagonist-bound A1 receptor obtained with X-ray crystallography has also been reported [51].
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Yu NY, Bieder A, Raman A, Mileti E, Katayama S, Einarsdottir E, Fredholm BB, Falk A, Tapia-Páez I, Daub CO, Kere J. Acute doses of caffeine shift nervous system cell expression profiles toward promotion of neuronal projection growth. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11458. [PMID: 28904364 PMCID: PMC5597620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a widely consumed psychoactive substance, but little is known about the effects of caffeine stimulation on global gene expression changes in neurons. Here, we conducted gene expression profiling of human neuroepithelial stem cell-derived neurons, stimulated with normal consumption levels of caffeine (3 μM and 10 μM), over a period of 9 h. We found dosage-dependent activation of immediate early genes after 1 h. Neuronal projection development processes were up-regulated and negative regulation of axon extension processes were down-regulated at 3 h. In addition, genes involved in extracellular matrix organization, response for wound healing, and regulation of immune system processes were down-regulated by caffeine at 3 h. This study identified novel genes within the neuronal projection guidance pathways that respond to acute caffeine stimulation and suggests potential mechanisms for the effects of caffeine on neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Y Yu
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - Andrea Bieder
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - Amitha Raman
- Department of Medicine (MedH), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Enrichetta Mileti
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Isabel Tapia-Páez
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden.,Department of Medicine/Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, SE-171 76, Sweden
| | - Carsten O Daub
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden.,Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, #230-0045, Japan
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden. .,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland. .,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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Winerdal M, Urmaliya V, Winerdal ME, Fredholm BB, Winqvist O, Ådén U. Single Dose Caffeine Protects the Neonatal Mouse Brain against Hypoxia Ischemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170545. [PMID: 28129361 PMCID: PMC5271335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this randomized blinded study, we investigated caffeine 5 mg/kg treatment given directly after neonatal brain hypoxia ischemia. Brain morphology, behavior and key brain infiltrating immune populations were examined. Caffeine treatment significantly improves outcome when compared to phosphate buffered saline. Flow cytometric analysis of immune responses revealed no persistent immunological alterations. Given its safety caffeine emerges as a candidate for neuroprotective intervention after neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Winerdal
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Vijay Urmaliya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bertil B. Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Winqvist
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Ådén
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yang T, Zollbrecht C, Winerdal ME, Zhuge Z, Zhang XM, Terrando N, Checa A, Sällström J, Wheelock CE, Winqvist O, Harris RA, Larsson E, Persson AEG, Fredholm BB, Carlström M. Genetic Abrogation of Adenosine A3 Receptor Prevents Uninephrectomy and High Salt-Induced Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003868. [PMID: 27431647 PMCID: PMC5015411 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Early‐life reduction in nephron number (uninephrectomy [UNX]) and chronic high salt (HS) intake increase the risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Adenosine signaling via its different receptors has been implicated in modulating renal, cardiovascular, and metabolic functions as well as inflammatory processes; however, the specific role of the A3 receptor in cardiovascular diseases is not clear. In this study, gene‐modified mice were used to investigate the hypothesis that lack of A3 signaling prevents the development of hypertension and attenuates renal and cardiovascular injuries following UNX in combination with HS (UNX‐HS) in mice. Methods and Results Wild‐type (A3+/+) mice subjected to UNX‐HS developed hypertension compared with controls (mean arterial pressure 106±3 versus 82±3 mm Hg; P<0.05) and displayed an impaired metabolic phenotype (eg, increased adiposity, reduced glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia). These changes were associated with both cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis together with renal injuries and proteinuria. All of these pathological hallmarks were significantly attenuated in the A3−/− mice. Mechanistically, absence of A3 receptors protected from UNX‐HS–associated increase in renal NADPH oxidase activity and Nox2 expression. In addition, circulating cytokines including interleukins 1β, 6, 12, and 10 were increased in A3+/+ following UNX‐HS, but these cytokines were already elevated in naïve A3−/− mice and did not change following UNX‐HS. Conclusions Reduction in nephron number combined with chronic HS intake is associated with oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and development of hypertension in mice. Absence of adenosine A3 receptor signaling was strongly protective in this novel mouse model of renal and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Zollbrecht
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin E Winerdal
- Unit of Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhengbing Zhuge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xing-Mei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niccolo Terrando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Checa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Sällström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Winqvist
- Unit of Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Erik G Persson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Peleli M, Hezel M, Zollbrecht C, Persson AEG, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Fredholm BB, Carlström M. In adenosine A2B knockouts acute treatment with inorganic nitrate improves glucose disposal, oxidative stress, and AMPK signaling in the liver. Front Physiol 2015; 6:222. [PMID: 26300787 PMCID: PMC4528163 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Accumulating studies suggest that nitric oxide (NO) deficiency and oxidative stress are central pathological mechanisms in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent findings demonstrate therapeutic effects by boosting the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, which is an alternative pathway for NO formation. This study aimed at investigating the acute effects of inorganic nitrate on glucose and insulin signaling in adenosine A2B receptor knockout mice (A−/−2B), a genetic mouse model of impaired metabolic regulation. Methods: Acute effects of nitrate treatment were investigated in aged wild-type (WT) and A−/−2B mice. One hour after injection with nitrate (0.1 mmol/kg, i.p.) or placebo, metabolic regulation was evaluated by intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests. NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide production and AMPK phosphorylation were measured in livers obtained from non-treated or glucose-treated mice, with or without prior nitrate injection. Plasma was used to determine insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and NO signaling. Results: A−/−2B displayed increased body weight, reduced glucose clearance, and attenuated overall insulin responses compared with age-matched WT mice. Nitrate treatment increased circulating levels of nitrate, nitrite and cGMP in the A−/−2B, and improved glucose clearance. In WT mice, however, nitrate treatment did not influence glucose clearance. HOMA-IR increased following glucose injection in the A−/−2B, but remained at basal levels in mice pretreated with nitrate. NADPH oxidase activity in livers from A−/−2B, but not WT mice, was reduced by nitrate treatment. Livers from A−/−2B displayed reduced AMPK phosphorylation compared with WT mice, and this was increased by nitrate treatment. Finally, injection with the anti-diabetic agent metformin induced similar therapeutic effects in the A−/−2B as observed with nitrate. Conclusion: The A−/−2B mouse is a genetic mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Acute treatment with nitrate improved the metabolic profile in it, at least partly via reduction in oxidative stress and improved AMPK signaling in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Peleli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Hezel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Zollbrecht
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Erik G Persson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Yang T, Gao X, Sandberg M, Zollbrecht C, Zhang XM, Hezel M, Liu M, Peleli M, Lai EY, Harris RA, Persson AEG, Fredholm BB, Jansson L, Carlström M. Abrogation of adenosine A1 receptor signalling improves metabolic regulation in mice by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1610-20. [PMID: 25835725 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Adenosine is an important regulator of metabolism; however, the role of the A1 receptor during ageing and obesity is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of A1 signalling in modulating metabolic function during ageing. METHODS Age-matched young and aged A 1 (also known as Adora1)-knockout (A1(-/-)) and wild-type (A1(+/+)) mice were used. Metabolic regulation was evaluated by body composition, and glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Isolated islets and islet arterioles were used to detect islet endocrine and vascular function. Oxidative stress and inflammation status were measured in metabolic organs and systemically. RESULTS Advanced age was associated with both reduced glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity, as well as increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in A1(+/+) compared with A1(-/-) mice. Islet morphology and insulin content were similar between genotypes, but relative changes in in vitro insulin release following glucose stimulation were reduced in aged A1(+/+) compared with A1(-/-) mice. Islet arteriolar responses to angiotensin II were stronger in aged A1(+/+) mice, this being associated with increased NADPH oxidase activity. Ageing resulted in multiple changes in A1(+/+) compared with A1(-/-) mice, including enhanced NADPH oxidase-derived O2(-) formation and NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (Nox2) protein expression in pancreas and VAT; elevated levels of circulating insulin, leptin and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12); and accumulation of CD4(+) T cells in VAT. This was associated with impaired insulin signalling in VAT from aged A1(+/+) mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These studies emphasise that A1 receptors regulate metabolism and islet endocrine and vascular functions during ageing, including via the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, among other things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Nanna Svartz Väg 2, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Fredholm BB. Adenosine--a physiological or pathophysiological agent? J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 92:201-6. [PMID: 24362516 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This minireview briefly summarizes the evidence that adenosine, acting on four G-protein coupled receptors, can play physiological roles, but is also critically involved in pathological processes. The factors that decide which of these is the more important in a specific cell or organ are briefly summarized. The fact that drugs that target adenosine receptors in disease will also hit the physiological processes will make drug development more tricky.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Abstract
Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as caffeine have profound biological effects as antagonists at adenosine receptors. Moreover, drugs such as dipyridamole and methotrexate act by enhancing the activation of adenosine receptors. There is strong evidence that adenosine has a functional role in many diseases, and several pharmacological compounds specifically targeting individual adenosine receptors--either directly or indirectly--have now entered the clinic. However, only one adenosine receptor-specific agent--the adenosine A2A receptor agonist regadenoson (Lexiscan; Astellas Pharma)--has so far gained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Here, we focus on the biology of adenosine signalling to identify hurdles in the development of additional pharmacological compounds targeting adenosine receptors and discuss strategies to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Minelli A, Liguori L, Bellazza I, Mannucci R, Johansson B, Fredholm BB. Involvement of A1Adenosine Receptors in the Acquisition of Fertilizing Capacity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:286-92. [PMID: 14760015 DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ejaculated mammalian spermatozoa acquire competence to fertilize oocytes by a two-step process: capacitation followed by acrosome reaction. The biochemical and biophysical modifications occurring in vivo in the female reproductive tract can be reproduced in vitro, and previous studies have suggested a capacitative role for adenosine A(1) receptor (A(1)R). Mice with a targeted disruption of the Adora 1 gene (A(1)R-/- mice) provide a useful model for better understanding the role of the A(1)R in fertility. Murine spermatozoa express A(1)R in the head, neck, midpiece region, and tail. The number of capacitated spermatozoa incubated in human tubal fluid was significantly reduced in A(1)R-/- compared with A(1)R+/+ and A(1)R+/- spermatozoa. The difference between A(1) R+/+ and A(1)R-/- mouse spermatozoa was mainly in the time necessary to reach the maximum percentage of capacitation. A(1)R+/+ murine sperm obtained the full state of capacitation within 90 minutes whereas A(1)R-/- sperm required 240 minutes. Caffeine, a known antagonist of A(1) and A(2A) adenosine receptors, lowered the number of capacitated sperm and affected the time of capacitation in a dose-dependent manner, mimicking the effects of the lack of A(1) receptors. Although number, motility, and viability of A(1)R-/- murine sperm was not significantly different from A(1)R+/+ mouse spermatozoa, a significant reduction of the number of pups produced by A(1)R-/- male mice suggests that A(1) receptors must be fully operative to accomplish the optimal degree of capacitation and thereby fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Minelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Sezione Biochimica Cellulare, Perugia, Italy
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Fredholm BB. [The Nobel Prize to detailed studies of G protein-coupled receptors. This years Nobel Prize in chemistry provides important knowledge--but it might take a while before it can be practically applied]. Lakartidningen 2012; 109:2274-2275. [PMID: 23367861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- institutionen för fysiologi och farmakologi, Karolinska institutet, Stockholm.
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Yang GK, Fredholm BB, Kieffer TJ, Kwok YN. Improved blood glucose disposal and altered insulin secretion patterns in adenosine A(1) receptor knockout mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E180-90. [PMID: 22550063 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00050.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by the inability of the pancreatic β-cells to secrete enough insulin to meet the demands of the body. Therefore, research of potential therapeutic approaches to treat T2DM has focused on increasing insulin output from β-cells or improving systemic sensitivity to circulating insulin. In this study, we examined the role of the A(1) receptor in glucose homeostasis with the use of A(1) receptor knockout mice (A(1)R(-/-)). A(1)R(-/-) mice exhibited superior glucose tolerance compared with wild-type controls. However, glucose-stimulated insulin release, insulin sensitivity, weight gain, and food intake were comparable between the two genotypes. Following a glucose challenge, plasma glucagon levels in wild-type controls decreased, but this was not observed in A(1)R(-/-) mice. In addition, pancreas perfusion with oscillatory glucose levels of 10-min intervals produced a regular pattern of pulsatile insulin release with a 10-min cycling period in wild-type controls and 5 min in A(1)R(-/-) mice. When the mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), both genotypes exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Increased insulin release was observed in HFD-fed mice in both genotypes, but increased glucagon release was observed only in HFD-fed A(1)R(-/-) mice. In addition, the regular patterns of insulin release following oscillatory glucose perfusion were abolished in HFD-fed mice in both genotypes. In conclusion, A(1) receptors in the pancreas are involved in regulating the temporal patterns of insulin release, which could have implications in the development of glucose intolerance seen in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary K Yang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Gao X, Patzak A, Sendeski M, Scheffer PG, Teerlink T, Sällström J, Fredholm BB, Persson AEG, Carlström M. Adenosine A1-receptor deficiency diminishes afferent arteriolar and blood pressure responses during nitric oxide inhibition and angiotensin II treatment. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1669-81. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00268.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine mediates tubuloglomerular feedback responses via activation of A1-receptors on the renal afferent arteriole. Increased preglomerular reactivity, due to reduced nitric oxide (NO) production or increased levels of ANG II and reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been linked to hypertension. Using A1-receptor knockout (A1−/−) and wild-type (A1+/+) mice we investigated the hypothesis that A1-receptors modulate arteriolar and blood pressure responses during NO synthase (NOS) inhibition or ANG II treatment. Blood pressure and renal afferent arteriolar responses were measured in nontreated mice and in mice with prolonged Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME) or ANG II treatment. The hypertensive responses to l-NAME and ANG II were clearly attenuated in A1−/− mice. Arteriolar contractions to l-NAME (10−4 mol/l; 15 min) and cumulative ANG II application (10−12 to 10−6 mol/l) were lower in A1−/− mice. Simultaneous treatment with tempol (10−4 mol/l; 15 min) attenuated arteriolar responses in A1+/+ but not in A1−/− mice, suggesting differences in ROS formation. Chronic treatment with l-NAME or ANG II did not alter arteriolar responses in A1−/− mice, but enhanced maximal contractions in A1+/+ mice. In addition, chronic treatments were associated with higher plasma levels of dimethylarginines (asymmetrical and symmetrical) and oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde in A1+/+ mice, and gene expression analysis showed reduced upregulation of NOS-isoforms and greater upregulation of NADPH oxidases. In conclusion, adenosine A1-receptors enhance preglomerular responses during NO inhibition and ANG II treatment. Interruption of A1-receptor signaling blunts l-NAME and ANG II-induced hypertension and oxidative stress and is linked to reduced responsiveness of afferent arterioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Mauricio Sendeski
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter G. Scheffer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; and
| | - Tom Teerlink
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; and
| | - Johan Sällström
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bertil B. Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
There is a widespread presence of both adenosine (P1) and P2 nucleotide receptors in the brain on both neurones and glial cells. Adenosine receptors play a major role in presynaptic neuromodulation, while P2X receptors are involved in fast synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. P2Y receptors largely mediate presynaptic activities. Both P1 and P2 receptors participate in neurone-glia interactions. Purinergic signalling is involved in control of cerebral vascular tone and remodelling. Examples of the roles of purinoceptors in neuropathology involve: A(2A) receptors in Parkinson's disease and epilepsy, P2 receptors in trauma, ischaemia. Neuroinflammatory and neuropsychiatric disorders, and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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17
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Masino SA, Li T, Theofilas P, Sandau US, Ruskin DN, Fredholm BB, Geiger JD, Aronica E, Boison D. A ketogenic diet suppresses seizures in mice through adenosine A₁ receptors. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2679-83. [PMID: 21701065 DOI: 10.1172/jci57813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate metabolic regimen; its effectiveness in the treatment of refractory epilepsy suggests that the mechanisms underlying its anticonvulsive effects differ from those targeted by conventional antiepileptic drugs. Recently, KD and analogous metabolic strategies have shown therapeutic promise in other neurologic disorders, such as reducing brain injury, pain, and inflammation. Here, we have shown that KD can reduce seizures in mice by increasing activation of adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs). When transgenic mice with spontaneous seizures caused by deficiency in adenosine metabolism or signaling were fed KD, seizures were nearly abolished if mice had intact A1Rs, were reduced if mice expressed reduced A1Rs, and were unaltered if mice lacked A1Rs. Seizures were restored by injecting either glucose (metabolic reversal) or an A1R antagonist (pharmacologic reversal). Western blot analysis demonstrated that the KD reduced adenosine kinase, the major adenosine-metabolizing enzyme. Importantly, hippocampal tissue resected from patients with medically intractable epilepsy demonstrated increased adenosine kinase. We therefore conclude that adenosine deficiency may be relevant to human epilepsy and that KD can reduce seizures by increasing A1R-mediated inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Masino
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
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18
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Fredholm BB, IJzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Linden J, Müller CE. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXI. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors--an update. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:1-34. [PMID: 21303899 PMCID: PMC3061413 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1002] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 10 years since our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology report on the nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors, no developments have led to major changes in the recommendations. However, there have been so many other developments that an update is needed. The fact that the structure of one of the adenosine receptors has recently been solved has already led to new ways of in silico screening of ligands. The evidence that adenosine receptors can form homo- and heteromultimers has accumulated, but the functional significance of such complexes remains unclear. The availability of mice with genetic modification of all the adenosine receptors has led to a clarification of the functional roles of adenosine, and to excellent means to study the specificity of drugs. There are also interesting associations between disease and structural variants in one or more of the adenosine receptors. Several new selective agonists and antagonists have become available. They provide improved possibilities for receptor classification. There are also developments hinting at the usefulness of allosteric modulators. Many drugs targeting adenosine receptors are in clinical trials, but the established therapeutic use is still very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Yang GK, Yip L, Fredholm BB, Kieffer TJ, Kwok YN. WITHDRAWN: Involvement of Adenosine Signaling in Controlling the Release of Ghrelin from the Mouse Stomach. Regul Pept 2011:S0167-0115(11)00009-7. [PMID: 21256874 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary K Yang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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20
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Abstract
As behooves something so deeply entrenched in culture, the historical origins of the use of methylxanthines are unknown and dressed in myth. This is true for coffee as well as tea, and for both it is interesting to note that their common use is really very recent. For coffee we know that its use became more widespread in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and in Europe this occurred in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The use of tea became more common during the Ming Dynasty in China and during the eighteenth century in Britain. Coffee was mostly an upper-class drink in Arabia, and remained a relative luxury in Europe until quite recently. The use of other methylxanthine-containing beverages, such as maté, is even less well known. It is interesting to note that before these drinks were commonly used on a daily basis they were used for medicinal purposes, indicating that their pharmacological actions had long been noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Nanna Svartz väg 2, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sällström J, Carlström M, Olerud J, Fredholm BB, Kouzmine M, Sandler S, Persson AEG. High-protein-induced glomerular hyperfiltration is independent of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism and nitric oxide synthases. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1263-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00649.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A high protein intake is associated with increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which has been suggested to be mediated by reduced signaling of the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism. Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to contribute to high protein-induced glomerular hyperfiltration, but the specific NO synthase (NOS) isoform responsible is not clear. In this study, a model for high-protein-induced hyperfiltration in conscious mice was developed. Using this model, we investigated the role of TGF using adenosine A1-receptor knockout mice lacking the TGF mechanism. Furthermore, the role of the different NOS isoforms was studied using neuronal-, inducible-, and endothelial-NOS knockout mice, and furthermore, wild-type mice acutely administered with the unspecific NOS inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (100 mg/kg). GFR was measured consecutively in mice given a low-protein diet (8% casein) for 10 days, followed by a high-protein diet (50% casein) for 10 days. All mice developed high protein-induced hyperfiltration to a similar degree. These results demonstrate that high protein-induced glomerular hyperfiltration is independent of the TGF mechanism and NOS isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Sällström
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Johan Olerud
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Bertil B. Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Kouzmine
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Stellan Sandler
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - A. Erik G. Persson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
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23
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Yang GK, Yip L, Fredholm BB, Kieffer TJ, Kwok YN. Involvement of adenosine signaling in controlling the release of ghrelin from the mouse stomach. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:77-86. [PMID: 20876230 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.171280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a potent orexigenic hormone released from the stomach, is important in regulating energy metabolism. Abnormal ghrelin levels are associated with eating disorders and metabolic diseases. However, factors involved in the regulation of ghrelin release remain unclear. Here, we examined the involvement of adenosine signaling in the control of ghrelin release from the perfused mouse stomach. Adenosine stimulated ghrelin release concentration-dependently, and the A(2A) receptor-selective antagonists 4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)phenol (ZM 241385) and 2-(2-furanyl)-7-(2-phenylethyl)-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine (SCH 58261) abolished the increased release. The A(2A) receptor-selective agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine hydrochloride (CGS 21680) augmented ghrelin release concentration-dependently, whereas the A(1) receptor-selective agonist 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine inhibited ghrelin release. In A(2A) receptor knockout mice, adenosine inhibited ghrelin release, and the A(1) receptor-selective antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine blocked this inhibition. The adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine hydrochloride increased ghrelin release in wild-type and A(1) receptor knockout mice but not in A(2A) receptor knockout mice. Colocalization of ghrelin immunoreactivity with A(1) and A(2A) receptor immunoreactivities in the gastric nerve fibers were observed. Colocalization was also detected for ghrelin and A(1) receptor immunoreactivities in the gastric mucosa. Blockade of neural activities with tetrodotoxin abolished the stimulatory effect of adenosine on ghrelin release. In conclusion, adenosine exerts predominantly a tonic A(2A) receptor-mediated stimulatory action on gastric ghrelin release, whereas an A(1) receptor-mediated inhibitory action is also apparent when the tonic excitatory effect was removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary K Yang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
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24
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Li L, Hao JX, Fredholm BB, Schulte G, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu XJ. Peripheral adenosine A2A receptors are involved in carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. Neuroscience 2010; 170:923-8. [PMID: 20678550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we studied the role of peripheral adenosine A(2A) receptors in mechanical hyperalgesia during inflammation using mice lacking the A(2A) receptors. Unilateral s.c. administration of the local inflammatory agent λ-carrageenan induced profound mechanical hyperalgesia 24 h after administration in the ipsilateral hind paw in wild-type mice. In homozygous mice lacking the A(2A) receptors, carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia was significantly reduced compared to wild type controls. The reduction in inflammatory hyperalgesia seen in A(2A) receptor knock-out mice was not associated with changes in paw edema. CGS 21680, a selective A(2A) receptor agonist, produced significantly more mechanical hyperalgesia in wild type females than in wild type males upon direct s.c. injection into the hindpaw whereas it had no effect upon systemic administration. The hyperalgesic effect of CGS 21680 was markedly reduced in the A(2A) knock-out mice of both sexes. Subcutaneous ZM-241,385, a selective A(2A) receptor antagonist, injected into the hindpaw reduced the mechanical hyperalgesia following carrageenan in female mice, but not in males. The results indicate that activation of peripheral adenosine A(2A) receptors during inflammation is associated with mechanical hyperalgesia, and that this effect is more prominent in females than in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Nanna Svartz Väg 2, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Piccinin S, Di Angelantonio S, Piccioni A, Volpini R, Cristalli G, Fredholm BB, Limatola C, Eusebi F, Ragozzino D. CX3CL1-induced modulation at CA1 synapses reveals multiple mechanisms of EPSC modulation involving adenosine receptor subtypes. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 224:85-92. [PMID: 20570369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the role of adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes in the modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by the chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) in mouse hippocampal CA1 neurons. CX(3)CL1 causes a reversible depression of excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), which is abolished by the A(3)R antagonist MRS1523, but not by A(1)R (DPCPX) or A(2A)R (SCH58261) antagonists. Consistently, CX3CL1-induced EPSC depression is absent in slices from A(3)R(-/-) but not A(1)R(-/-) or A(2A)R(-/-) mice. Further, A(3)R stimulation causes similar EPSC depression. In cultured neurons, CX3CL1-induced depression of AMPA current shows A(1)R-A(3)R pharmacology. We conclude that glutamatergic depression induced by released adenosine requires the stimulation of different ARs.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists
- Animals
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/immunology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/ultrastructure
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CX3CL1/physiology
- Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/genetics
- Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neural Inhibition/genetics
- Neural Inhibition/immunology
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Presynaptic Terminals/immunology
- Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/deficiency
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/physiology
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/deficiency
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/physiology
- Receptors, Adenosine A2/deficiency
- Receptors, Adenosine A2/physiology
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/deficiency
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/physiology
- Synaptic Transmission/genetics
- Synaptic Transmission/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Piccinin
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti & Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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26
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Lauro C, Cipriani R, Catalano M, Trettel F, Chece G, Brusadin V, Antonilli L, van Rooijen N, Eusebi F, Fredholm BB, Limatola C. Adenosine A1 receptors and microglial cells mediate CX3CL1-induced protection of hippocampal neurons against Glu-induced death. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1550-9. [PMID: 20200508 PMCID: PMC3055460 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fractalkine/CX3CL1 is a neuron-associated chemokine, which modulates microglia-induced neurotoxicity activating the specific and unique receptor CX3CR1. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 interaction modulates the release of cytokines from microglia, reducing the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1-beta, and nitric oxide and induces the production of neurotrophic substances, both in vivo and in vitro. We have recently shown that blocking adenosine A(1) receptors (A(1)R) with the specific antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX) abolishes CX3CL1-mediated rescue of neuronal excitotoxic death and that CX3CL1 induces the release of adenosine from microglia. In this study, we show that the presence of extracellular adenosine is mandatory for the neurotrophic effect of CX3CL1 as reducing adenosine levels in hippocampal cultures, by adenosine deaminase treatment, strongly impairs CX3CL1-mediated neuroprotection. Furthermore, we confirm the predominant role of microglia in mediating the neuronal effects of CX3CL1, because the selective depletion of microglia from hippocampal cultures treated with clodronate-filled liposomes causes the complete loss of effect of CX3CL1. We also show that hippocampal neurons obtained from A(1)R(-/-) mice are not protected by CX3CL1 whereas A(2A)R(-/-) neurons are. The requirement of functional A(1)R for neuroprotection is not unique for CX3CL1 as A(1)R(-/-) hippocampal neurons are not rescued from Glu-induced cell death by other neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and erythropoietin, which are fully active on wt neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Lauro
- Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy,Centro di Eccellenza BEMM, Rome, Italy,Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaela Cipriani
- Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy,Centro di Eccellenza BEMM, Rome, Italy,Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Myriam Catalano
- Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy,Centro di Eccellenza BEMM, Rome, Italy,Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Trettel
- Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy,Centro di Eccellenza BEMM, Rome, Italy,Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chece
- Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy,Centro di Eccellenza BEMM, Rome, Italy,Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Brusadin
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Antonilli
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Eusebi
- Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy,Centro di Eccellenza BEMM, Rome, Italy,Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy,IRCSS NeuroMed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy,Centro di Eccellenza BEMM, Rome, Italy,Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy,IRCSS NeuroMed, Pozzilli, Italy,Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, Rome 00185, Italy. Tel: +39 06 49690243; Fax: +39 06 49910851; E-mail:
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Abstract
The purinergic signalling system is one of the most ancient and arguably the most widespread intercellular signalling system in living tissues. In this review we present a detailed account of the early developments and current status of purinergic signalling. We summarize the current knowledge on purinoceptors, their distribution and role in signal transduction in various tissues in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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Abstract
AIM To examine the phenotype of mice that lack the adenosine A(3) receptor (A(3)R). METHODS We examined the heart rate, body temperature and locomotion continuously by telemetry over several days. In addition, the effect of the adenosine analogue R-N(6)-phenylisopropyl-adenosine (R-PIA) was examined. We also examined heat production and food intake. RESULTS We found that the marked diurnal variation in activity, heart rate and body temperature, with markedly higher values at night than during day time, was reduced in the A(3)R knock-out mice. Surprisingly, the reduction in heart rate, activity and body temperature seen after injection of R-PIA in wild type mice was virtually eliminated in the A(3)R knock-out mice. The marked reduction in activity was associated with a decreased heat production, as expected. However, the A(3)R knock-out mice, surprisingly, had a higher food intake but no difference in body weight compared to wild type mice. CONCLUSIONS The mice lacking adenosine A(3) receptors exhibit a surprisingly clear phenotype with changes in diurnal rhythm and temperature regulation. Whether these effects are due to a physiological role of A(3) receptors in these processes or whether they represent a role in development remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Yang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Abstract
AIM Blood pressure is higher in A(1) receptor knock-out (A(1)R-/-) mice than in wild type litter mates (A(1)R+/+) and we have examined if this could be related to altered vascular functions. METHODS Contraction of aortic rings and mesenteric arteries were examined. To examine if the adenosine A(1) receptor-mediated contraction of aortic muscle was functionally important we examined pulse pressure (PP) and augmentation index (AIX) using a sensor that allows measurements of rapid pressure transients. RESULTS Contraction of aortic rings to phenylephrine and relaxation to acetylcholine were similar between genotypes. The non-selective adenosine receptor agonist N-ethyl carboxamido adenosine (NECA) enhanced the contractile response, and this was eliminated in aortas from A(1)R-/- mice. However, in mesenteric arteries no contractile response was seen and adenosine-mediated relaxation was identical between studied genotypes. A(2B) adenosine receptors, rather than A(2A) receptors, may be mainly responsible for the vasorelaxation induced by adenosine analogues in the examined mouse vessels. PP was higher in A(1)R-/- mice, but variability was unaltered. AIX was not different between genotypes, but the NECA-induced fall was larger in A(1)R-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS The role of adenosine A(1) receptors in regulating vessel tone differs between blood vessels. Furthermore, contractile effects on isolated vessels cannot explain the blood pressure in A(1) knock-out mice. The A(1) receptor modulation of blood pressure is therefore mainly related to extravascular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Kara FM, Doty SB, Boskey A, Goldring S, Zaidi M, Fredholm BB, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A(1) receptors regulate bone resorption in mice: adenosine A(1) receptor blockade or deletion increases bone density and prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss in adenosine A(1) receptor-knockout mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:534-41. [PMID: 20112380 DOI: 10.1002/art.27219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accelerated osteoclastic bone resorption plays a central role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and other bone diseases. Because identifying the molecular pathways that regulate osteoclast activity provides a key to understanding the causes of these diseases and developing new treatments, we studied the effect of adenosine A(1) receptor blockade or deletion on bone density. METHODS The bone mineral density (BMD) in adenosine A(1) receptor-knockout (A(1)R-knockout) mice was analyzed by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning, and the trabecular and cortical bone volume was determined by microfocal computed tomography (micro-CT). The mice were ovariectomized or sham-operated, and 5 weeks after surgery, when osteopenia had developed, several parameters were analyzed by DXA scanning and micro-CT. A histologic examination of bones obtained from A(1)R-knockout and wild-type mice was carried out. Visualization of osteoblast function (bone formation) after tetracycline double-labeling was performed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Micro-CT analysis of bones from A(1)R-knockout mice showed significantly increased bone volume. Electron microscopy of bones from A(1)R-knockout mice showed the absence of ruffled borders of osteoclasts and osteoclast bone resorption. Immunohistologic analysis demonstrated that although osteoclasts were present in the A(1)R-knockout mice, they were smaller and often not associated with bone. No morphologic changes in osteoblasts were observed, and bone-labeling studies revealed no change in the bone formation rates in A(1)R-knockout mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the adenosine A(1) receptor may be a useful target in treating diseases characterized by excessive bone turnover, such as osteoporosis and prosthetic joint loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas M Kara
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Kara FM, Chitu V, Sloane J, Axelrod M, Fredholm BB, Stanley ER, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs) play a critical role in osteoclast formation and function. FASEB J 2010; 24:2325-33. [PMID: 20181934 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-147447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine regulates a wide variety of physiological processes via interaction with one or more G-protein-coupled receptors (A(1)R, A(2A)R, A(2B)R, and A(3)R). Because A(1)R occupancy promotes fusion of human monocytes to form giant cells in vitro, we determined whether A(1)R occupancy similarly promotes osteoclast function and formation. Bone marrow cells (BMCs) were harvested from C57Bl/6 female mice or A(1)R-knockout mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates and differentiated into osteoclasts in the presence of colony stimulating factor-1 and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand in the presence or absence of the A(1)R antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentyl xanthine (DPCPX). Osteoclast morphology was analyzed in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase or F-actin-stained samples, and bone resorption was evaluated by toluidine blue staining of dentin. BMCs from A(1)R-knockout mice form fewer osteoclasts than BMCs from WT mice, and the A(1)R antagonist DPCPX inhibits osteoclast formation (IC(50)=1 nM), with altered morphology and reduced ability to resorb bone. A(1)R blockade increased ubiquitination and degradation of TRAF6 in RAW264.7 cells induced to differentiate into osteoclasts. These studies suggest a critical role for adenosine in bone homeostasis via interaction with adenosine A(1)R and further suggest that A(1)R may be a novel pharmacologic target to prevent the bone loss associated with inflammatory diseases and menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas M Kara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
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Abstract
There are four adenosine receptors, A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3), together forming a defined subgroup of G protein coupled receptors. They are well conserved and widely expressed. The endogenous agonist, adenosine, has a minimal concentration in body fluids (20-200 nM) that is sufficient to slightly activate the receptors where they are very highly expressed-as in the basal ganglia, on fat cells and in the kidney. Here adenosine can play a physiological role and here antagonists such as caffeine can have effects in healthy individuals. Adenosine levels rise in stress and distress (up to 30 microM in ischemia) and tend to minimize the risk for adverse outcomes by increasing energy supply and decreasing cellular work, by stimulating angiogenesis, mediating preconditioning and having multiple effects on immune competent cells. These pathophysiological roles of adenosine also offer some potential drug targets, but the fact that adenosine receptors are involved in so many processes does not simplify drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fredholm BB, Nordén B. Fuels for transportation. Ambio 2010; 39 Suppl 1:31-35. [PMID: 20873684 PMCID: PMC3357648 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-010-0062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to reduce the amount of fossil energy used for transport, both because of the easily available fossil fuel is becoming sparser and because of climate concerns. In this article, the concept of "peak oil" is briefly presented. Second, a practical approach to reduction of fossil fuel use for transport elaborated by two British commissions is presented. A key feature is the introduction of electric cars. This raises the third issue covered in this article: namely, how battery technology is going to meet the increasing needs posed by the transport sector.
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Maggi L, Trettel F, Scianni M, Bertollini C, Eusebi F, Fredholm BB, Limatola C. LTP impairment by fractalkine/CX3CL1 in mouse hippocampus is mediated through the activity of adenosine receptor type 3 (A3R). J Neuroimmunol 2009; 215:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Salehi A, Parandeh F, Fredholm BB, Grapengiesser E, Hellman B. Absence of adenosine A1 receptors unmasks pulses of insulin release and prolongs those of glucagon and somatostatin. Life Sci 2009; 85:470-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Conte C, Grottelli S, Prudenzi E, Bellezza I, Fredholm BB, Minelli A. A1and A3adenosine receptors alter glutathione status in an organ-specific manner and influence the changes after inhibition ofγ-glutamylcysteine ligase. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:304-11. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760802712616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yu L, Coelho JE, Zhang X, Fu Y, Tillman A, Karaoz U, Fredholm BB, Weng Z, Chen JF. Uncovering multiple molecular targets for caffeine using a drug target validation strategy combining A 2A receptor knockout mice with microarray profiling. Physiol Genomics 2009; 37:199-210. [PMID: 19258493 PMCID: PMC2685498 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90353.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance and has complex pharmacological actions in brain. In this study, we employed a novel drug target validation strategy to uncover the multiple molecular targets of caffeine using combined A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) knockouts (KO) and microarray profiling. Caffeine (10 mg/kg) elicited a distinct profile of striatal gene expression in WT mice compared with that by A(2A)R gene deletion or by administering caffeine into A(2A)R KO mice. Thus, A(2A)Rs are required but not sufficient to elicit the striatal gene expression by caffeine (10 mg/kg). Caffeine (50 mg/kg) induced complex expression patterns with three distinct sets of striatal genes: 1) one subset overlapped with those elicited by genetic deletion of A(2A)Rs; 2) the second subset elicited by caffeine in WT as well as A(2A)R KO mice; and 3) the third subset elicited by caffeine only in A(2A)R KO mice. Furthermore, striatal gene sets elicited by the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor rolipram and the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicucullin, overlapped with the distinct subsets of striatal genes elicited by caffeine (50 mg/kg) administered to A(2A)R KO mice. Finally, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis reveals that adipocyte differentiation/insulin signaling is highly enriched in the striatal gene sets elicited by both low and high doses of caffeine. The identification of these distinct striatal gene populations and their corresponding multiple molecular targets, including A(2A)R, non-A(2A)R (possibly A(1)Rs and pathways associated with PDE and GABA(A)R) and their interactions, and the cellular pathways affected by low and high doses of caffeine, provides molecular insights into the acute pharmacological effects of caffeine in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Abstract
Important developments in our understanding of the mechanism of action of methylxanthines have taken place in the last 10 years. A brief overview of these developments is provided below and the author concludes that the common view that theophylline (and caffeine) acts by raising the levels of cyclic AMP is generally untenable. Instead, many of the actions of the methylxanthines can be explained on the basis of their being antagonists of endogenous adenosine. However, the mechanism behind the antiasthmatic effects of xanthines still remains unknown and further research is necessary.
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Fredholm BB, Oberg B, Rosell S. Vascular reactions in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue following prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 2009; 25:Suppl 4:28. [PMID: 4230880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1967.tb03018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fredholm BB. Inhibition of free fatty acid mobilization by nicotinic acid in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ: combination of lipolysis inhibition and increased re-esterification. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 2009; 33:300-7. [PMID: 4800676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1973.tb01530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Yang JN, Chen JF, Fredholm BB. Physiological roles of A1 and A2A adenosine receptors in regulating heart rate, body temperature, and locomotion as revealed using knockout mice and caffeine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1141-9. [PMID: 19218506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00754.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate (HR), body temperature (Temp), locomotor activity (LA), and oxygen consumption (O(2)C) were studied in awake mice lacking one or both of the adenosine A(1) or A(2A) receptors (A(1)R or A(2A)R, respectively) using telemetry and respirometry, before and after caffeine administration. All parameters were lower during day than night and higher in females than males. When compared with wild-type (WT) littermates, HR was higher in male A(1)R knockout (A(1)RKO) mice but lower in A(2A)RKO mice and intermediate in A(1)-A(2A)R double KO mice. A single dose of an unselective beta-blocker (timolol; 1 mg/kg) abolished the HR differences between these genotypes. Deletion of A(1)Rs had little effect on Temp, whereas deletion of A(2A)Rs increased it in females and decreased it in males. A(1)-A(2A)RKO mice had lower Temp than WT mice. LA was unaltered in A(1)RKO mice and lower in A(2A)RKO and A(1)-A(2A)RKO mice than in WT mice. Caffeine injection increased LA but only in mice expressing A(2A)R. Caffeine ingestion also increased LA in an A(2A)R-dependent manner in male mice. Caffeine ingestion significantly increased O(2)C in WT mice, but less in the different KO mice. Injection of 30 mg/kg caffeine decreased Temp, especially in KO mice, and hence in a manner unrelated to A(1)R or A(2A)R blockade. Selective A(2B) antagonism had little or no effect. Thus A(1)R and A(2A)R influence HR, Temp, LA, and O(2)C in mice in a sex-dependent manner, indicating effects of endogenous adenosine. The A(2A)R plays an important role in the modulation of O(2)C and LA by acute and chronic caffeine administration. There is also evidence for effects of higher doses of caffeine being independent of both A(1)R and A(2A)R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ning Yang
- Karolinska Institutet, Nanna Svartz väg 2, Stockholm S-171 77 Sweden.
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Abstract
John Daly played an important role in defining adenosine receptors as an important target for drug discovery. His systematic work characterized the effects of adenosine analogues on cyclic AMP in the brain that were antagonized by methylxanthines. He also played a decisive role in establishing these receptors as bona fide biochemical entities and contributed to the discovery of receptor heterogeneity. This brief review will cover some of his important early discoveries in the pharmacology and medicinal chemistry of adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
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Björklund O, Kahlström J, Salmi P, Fredholm BB. Perinatal caffeine, acting on maternal adenosine A(1) receptors, causes long-lasting behavioral changes in mouse offspring. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3977. [PMID: 19092996 PMCID: PMC2597749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are lingering concerns about caffeine consumption during pregnancy or the early postnatal period, partly because there may be long-lasting behavioral changes after caffeine exposure early in life. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that pregnant wild type (WT) mice given modest doses of caffeine (0.3 g/l in drinking water) gave birth to offspring that as adults exhibited increased locomotor activity in an open field. The offspring also responded to cocaine challenge with greater locomotor activity than mice not perinatally exposed to caffeine. We performed the same behavioral experiments on mice heterozygous for adenosine A(1) receptor gene (A(1)RHz). In these mice signaling via adenosine A(1) receptors is reduced to about the same degree as after modest consumption of caffeine. A(1)RHz mice had a behavioral profile similar to WT mice perinatally exposed to caffeine. Furthermore, it appeared that the mother's genotype, not offspring's, was critical for behavioral changes in adult offspring. Thus, if the mother partially lacked A(1) receptors the offspring displayed more hyperactivity and responded more strongly to cocaine stimulation as adults than did mice of a WT mother, regardless of their genotype. This indicates that long-term behavioral alterations in the offspring result from the maternal effect of caffeine, and not a direct effect on fetus. WT offspring from WT mother but having a A(1)R Hz grandmother preserved higher locomotor response to cocaine. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We suggest that perinatal caffeine, by acting on adenosine A(1) receptors in the mother, causes long-lasting behavioral changes in the offspring that even manifest themselves in the second generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Björklund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Oishi Y, Huang ZL, Fredholm BB, Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Adenosine in the tuberomammillary nucleus inhibits the histaminergic system via A1 receptors and promotes non-rapid eye movement sleep. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:19992-7. [PMID: 19066225 PMCID: PMC2604968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810926105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine has been proposed to promote sleep through A(1) receptors (A(1)R's) and/or A(2A) receptors in the brain. We previously reported that A(2A) receptors mediate the sleep-promoting effect of prostaglandin D(2), an endogenous sleep-inducing substance, and that activation of these receptors induces sleep and blockade of them by caffeine results in wakefulness. On the other hand, A(1)R has been suggested to increase sleep by inhibition of the cholinergic region of the basal forebrain. However, the role and target sites of A(1)R in sleep-wake regulation remained controversial. In this study, immunohistochemistry revealed that A(1)R was expressed in histaminergic neurons of the rat tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN). In vivo microdialysis showed that the histamine release in the frontal cortex was decreased by microinjection into the TMN of N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), an A(1)R agonist, adenosine or coformycin, an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, which catabolizes adenosine to inosine. Bilateral injection of CPA into the rat TMN significantly increased the amount and the delta power density of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM; NREM) sleep but did not affect REM sleep. CPA-promoted sleep was observed in WT mice but not in KO mice for A(1)R or histamine H(1) receptor, indicating that the NREM sleep promoted by A(1)R-specific agonist depended on the histaminergic system. Furthermore, the bilateral injection of adenosine or coformycin into the rat TMN increased NREM sleep, which was completely abolished by coadministration of 1,3-dimethyl-8-cyclopenthylxanthine, a selective A(1)R antagonist. These results indicate that endogenous adenosine in the TMN suppresses the histaminergic system via A(1)R to promote NREM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Oishi
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- Department of Aging Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; and
| | - Bertil B. Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- Department of Aging Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Osamu Hayaishi
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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Yang JN, Björklund O, Lindström-Törnqvist K, Lindgren E, Eriksson TM, Kahlström J, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Tobler I, Fredholm BB. Mice heterozygous for both A1 and A(2A) adenosine receptor genes show similarities to mice given long-term caffeine. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 106:631-9. [PMID: 19036889 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90971.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is believed to exert its stimulant effects by blocking A(2A) and A(1) adenosine receptors (A(2A)R and A(1)R). Although a genetic knockout of A(2A)R eliminates effects of caffeine, the phenotype of the knockout animal does not resemble that of caffeine treatment. In this study we explored the possibility that a mere reduction of the number of A(1)Rs and A(2A)Rs, achieved by deleting one of the two copies of the A(1)R and A(2A)R genes, would mimic some aspects of long-term caffeine ingestion. The A(1)R and A(2A)R double heterozygous (A(1)R-A(2A)R dHz) mice indeed had approximately one-half the number of A(1)R and A(2A)R, and there were little compensatory changes in A(2B) or A(3) adenosine receptor (A(2B)R or A(3)R) expression. The ability of a stable adenosine analog to activate receptors was shifted to the right by caffeine and in A(1)R-A(2A)R dHz tissue. Caffeine (0.3 g/l in drinking water for 7-10 days) and A(1)R-A(2A)R dHz genotype increased locomotor activity (LA) and decreased heart rate without significantly influencing body temperature. The acute stimulatory effect of a single injection of caffeine was reduced in A(1)R-A(2A)R dHz mice and in mice treated long term with oral caffeine. Thus at least some aspects of long-term caffeine use can be mimicked by genetic manipulation of the A(1)R and A(2A)R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ning Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Roseti C, Martinello K, Fucile S, Piccari V, Mascia A, Di Gennaro G, Quarato PP, Manfredi M, Esposito V, Cantore G, Arcella A, Simonato M, Fredholm BB, Limatola C, Miledi R, Eusebi F. Adenosine receptor antagonists alter the stability of human epileptic GABAA receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:15118-23. [PMID: 18809912 PMCID: PMC2567502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807277105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined how the endogenous anticonvulsant adenosine might influence gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor stability and which adenosine receptors (ARs) were involved. Upon repetitive activation (GABA 500 microM), GABA(A) receptors, microtransplanted into Xenopus oocytes from neurosurgically resected epileptic human nervous tissues, exhibited an obvious GABA(A)-current (I(GABA)) run-down, which was consistently and significantly reduced by treatment with the nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist CGS15943 (100 nM) or with adenosine deaminase (ADA) (1 units/ml), that inactivates adenosine. It was also found that selective antagonists of A2B (MRS1706, 10 nM) or A3 (MRS1334, 30 nM) receptors reduced I(GABA) run-down, whereas treatment with the specific A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX (10 nM) was ineffective. The selective A2A receptor antagonist SCH58261 (10 nM) reduced or potentiated I(GABA) run-down in approximately 40% and approximately 20% of tested oocytes, respectively. The ADA-resistant, AR agonist 2-chloroadenosine (2-CA) (10 microM) potentiated I(GABA) run-down but only in approximately 20% of tested oocytes. CGS15943 administration again decreased I(GABA) run-down in patch-clamped neurons from either human or rat neocortex slices. I(GABA) run-down in pyramidal neurons was equivalent in A1 receptor-deficient and wt neurons but much larger in neurons from A2A receptor-deficient mice, indicating that, in mouse cortex, GABA(A)-receptor stability is tonically influenced by A2A but not by A1 receptors. I(GABA) run-down from wt mice was not affected by 2-CA, suggesting maximal ARs activity by endogenous adenosine. Our findings strongly suggest that cortical A2-A3 receptors alter the stability of GABA(A) receptors, which could offer therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Roseti
- *Istituto Pasteur–Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Centro di Eccellenza di Biologia e Medicina Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Fucile
- *Istituto Pasteur–Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Centro di Eccellenza di Biologia e Medicina Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
- Neuromed I.R.C.C.S., Via Atinese 18, I-86077 Isernia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Piccari
- *Istituto Pasteur–Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Centro di Eccellenza di Biologia e Medicina Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
- Neuromed I.R.C.C.S., Via Atinese 18, I-86077 Isernia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Mario Manfredi
- Neuromed I.R.C.C.S., Via Atinese 18, I-86077 Isernia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bertil B. Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Limatola
- *Istituto Pasteur–Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Centro di Eccellenza di Biologia e Medicina Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
- Neuromed I.R.C.C.S., Via Atinese 18, I-86077 Isernia, Italy
| | - Ricardo Miledi
- **Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP1-1141 Querétaro, Mexico; and
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4550
| | - Fabrizio Eusebi
- *Istituto Pasteur–Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Centro di Eccellenza di Biologia e Medicina Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
- Neuromed I.R.C.C.S., Via Atinese 18, I-86077 Isernia, Italy
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Johansson SM, Lindgren E, Yang JN, Herling AW, Fredholm BB. Adenosine A1 receptors regulate lipolysis and lipogenesis in mouse adipose tissue-interactions with insulin. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 597:92-101. [PMID: 18789919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine acting at adenosine A1 receptors is considered to be one major regulator of adipose tissue physiology. We have examined the role of adenosine and its interactions with insulin in adipose tissue by using A1R knock out (-/-) mice. Removal of endogenous adenosine with adenosine deaminase caused lipolysis in A1R (+/+), but not A1R (-/-) adipocytes. The adenosine analogue, 2-chloroadenosine, inhibited noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis and cAMP accumulation in A1R (+/+), but not in A1R (-/-) adipocytes. Insulin reduces lipolysis and cAMP via another mechanism than adenosine and acted additively, but not synergistically, with adenosine. Plasma levels of free fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides were significantly lower in A1R (+/+) than in A1R (-/-) mice after administration of an adenosine analogue. 2-chloroadenosine induced lipogenesis in presence of insulin in A1R (+/+), but not in A1R (-/-) adipocytes. There were no changes in mRNA levels for several genes involved in fat synthesis in adipose tissue between genotypes. Body weight was similar in young A1R (+/+) and A1R (-/-) mice, but old male A1R (-/-) mice were heavier than wild type controls. In conclusion, adenosine inhibits lipolysis via the adenosine A1 receptor and other adenosine receptors play no significant role. Adenosine and insulin mediate additive but not synergistic antilipolytic effects and 2-chloroadenosine stimulates lipogenesis via adenosine A1 receptors. Thus deletion of adenosine A1 receptors should increase lipolysis and decrease lipogenesis, but in fact an increased fat mass was observed, indicating that other actions of adenosine A1 receptors, possibly outside adipose tissue, are also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina M Johansson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Björklund O, Shang M, Tonazzini I, Daré E, Fredholm BB. Adenosine A1 and A3 receptors protect astrocytes from hypoxic damage. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 596:6-13. [PMID: 18727925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain levels of adenosine are elevated during hypoxia. Through effects on adenosine receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3)) on astrocytes, adenosine can influence functions such as glutamate uptake, reactive gliosis, swelling, as well as release of neurotrophic and neurotoxic factors having an impact on the outcome of metabolic stress. We have studied the roles of these receptors in astrocytes by evaluating their susceptibility to damage induced by oxygen deprivation or exposure to the hypoxia mimic cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)). Hypoxia caused ATP breakdown and purine release, whereas CoCl(2) (0.8 mM) mainly reduced ATP by causing cell death in human D384 astrocytoma cells. Further experiments were conducted in primary astrocytes prepared from specific adenosine receptor knock-out (KO) and wild type (WT) mice. In WT cells purine release following CoCl(2) exposure was mainly due to nucleotide release, whereas hypoxia-induced intracellular ATP breakdown followed by nucleoside efflux. N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), an unselective adenosine receptor agonist, protected from cell death following hypoxia. Cytotoxicity was more pronounced in A(1)R KO astrocytes and tended to be higher in WT cells in the presence of the A(1) receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX). Genetic deletion of A(2A) receptor resulted in less prominent effects. A(3)R KO glial cells were more affected by hypoxia than WT cells. Accordingly, the A(3) receptor agonist 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-N-methyl-5'-carbamoyladenosine (CL-IB-MECA) reduced ATP depletion caused by hypoxic conditions. It also reduced apoptosis in human astroglioma D384 cells after oxygen deprivation. In conclusion, the data point to a cytoprotective role of adenosine mediated by both A(1) and A(3) receptors in primary mouse astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Björklund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sawynok J, Reid AR, Fredholm BB. Caffeine reverses antinociception by amitriptyline in wild type mice but not in those lacking adenosine A1 receptors. Neurosci Lett 2008; 440:181-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Brand F, Klutz AM, Jacobson KA, Fredholm BB, Schulte G. Adenosine A(2A) receptor dynamics studied with the novel fluorescent agonist Alexa488-APEC. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 590:36-42. [PMID: 18603240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors, such as the adenosine A(2A) receptor, are dynamic proteins, which undergo agonist-dependent redistribution from the cell surface to intracellular membranous compartments, such as endosomes. In order to study the kinetics of adenosine A(2A) receptor redistribution in living cells, we synthesized a novel fluorescent agonist, Alexa488-APEC. Alexa488-APEC binds to adenosine A(2A) (K(i)=149+/-27 nM) as well as A(3) receptors (K(i)=240+/-160 nM) but not to adenosine A(1) receptors. Further, we characterized the dose-dependent increase in Alexa488-APEC-induced cAMP production as well as cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein phosphorylation, verifying the ligand's functionality at adenosine A(2A) but not A(2B) receptors. In live-cell imaging studies, Alexa488-APEC-induced adenosine A(2A) receptor internalization, which was blocked by the competitive reversible antagonist ZM 241385 and hyperosmolaric sucrose. Further, internalized adenosine A(2A) receptors co-localized with clathrin and Rab5, indicating that agonist stimulation promotes adenosine A(2A) receptor uptake through a clathrin-dependent mechanism to Rab5-positive endosomes. The basic characterization of Alexa488-APEC described here showed that it provides a useful tool for tracing adenosine A(2A) receptors in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Brand
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sect. Receptor Biology & Signaling, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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