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Rodríguez-Pérez LM, López-de-San-Sebastián J, de Diego I, Smith A, Roales-Buján R, Jiménez AJ, Paez-Gonzalez P. A selective defect in the glial wedge as part of the neuroepithelium disruption in hydrocephalus development in the mouse hyh model is associated with complete corpus callosum dysgenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1330412. [PMID: 38450283 PMCID: PMC10915275 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1330412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum is present in neurodevelopmental disorders and coexists with hydrocephalus in several human congenital syndromes. The mechanisms that underlie the etiology of congenital hydrocephalus and agenesis of the corpus callosum when they coappear during neurodevelopment persist unclear. In this work, the mechanistic relationship between both disorders is investigated in the hyh mouse model for congenital hydrocephalus, which also develops agenesis of the corpus callosum. In this model, hydrocephalus is generated by a defective program in the development of neuroepithelium during its differentiation into radial glial cells. Methods In this work, the populations implicated in the development of the corpus callosum (callosal neurons, pioneering axons, glial wedge cells, subcallosal sling and indusium griseum glial cells) were studied in wild-type and hyh mutant mice. Immunohistochemistry, mRNA in situ hybridization, axonal tracing experiments, and organotypic cultures from normal and hyh mouse embryos were used. Results Our results show that the defective program in the neuroepithelium/radial glial cell development in the hyh mutant mouse selectively affects the glial wedge cells. The glial wedge cells are necessary to guide the pioneering axons as they approach the corticoseptal boundary. Our results show that the pioneering callosal axons arising from neurons in the cingulate cortex can extend projections to the interhemispheric midline in normal and hyh mice. However, pioneering axons in the hyh mutant mouse, when approaching the area corresponding to the damaged glial wedge cell population, turned toward the ipsilateral lateral ventricle. This defect occurred before the appearance of ventriculomegaly. Discussion In conclusion, the abnormal development of the ventricular zone, which appears to be inherent to the etiology of several forms of congenital hydrocephalus, can explain, in some cases, the common association between hydrocephalus and corpus callosum dysgenesis. These results imply that further studies may be needed to understand the corpus callosum dysgenesis etiology when it concurs with hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Isabel de Diego
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Aníbal Smith
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ruth Roales-Buján
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Paez-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
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Gavrish M, Kustova A, Celis Suescún JC, Bessa P, Mitina N, Tarabykin V. Molecular mechanisms of corpus callosum development: a four-step journey. Front Neuroanat 2024; 17:1276325. [PMID: 38298831 PMCID: PMC10827913 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1276325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The Corpus Callosum (CC) is a bundle of axons connecting the cerebral hemispheres. It is the most recent structure to have appeared during evolution of placental mammals. Its development is controlled by a very complex interplay of many molecules. In humans it contains almost 80% of all commissural axons in the brain. The formation of the CC can be divided into four main stages, each controlled by numerous intracellular and extracellular molecular factors. First, a newborn neuron has to specify an axon, leave proliferative compartments, the Ventricular Zone (VZ) and Subventricular Zone (SVZ), migrate through the Intermediate Zone (IZ), and then settle at the Cortical Plate (CP). During the second stage, callosal axons navigate toward the midline within a compact bundle. Next stage is the midline crossing into contralateral hemisphere. The last step is targeting a defined area and synapse formation. This review provides an insight into these four phases of callosal axons development, as well as a description of the main molecular players involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gavrish
- Laboratory of Genetics of Brain Development, Research Institute of Neurosciences, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Angelina Kustova
- Laboratory of Genetics of Brain Development, Research Institute of Neurosciences, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Juan C. Celis Suescún
- Laboratory of Genetics of Brain Development, Research Institute of Neurosciences, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Paraskevi Bessa
- Charité Hospital, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Mitina
- Laboratory of Genetics of Brain Development, Research Institute of Neurosciences, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Charité Hospital, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
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Christoff RR, Quintanilha JH, Ferreira RO, Ferreira JCCG, Guimarães DM, Valério-Gomes B, Higa LM, Rossi ÁD, Bellio M, Tanuri A, Lent R, Garcez PP. Congenital Zika Virus Infection Impairs Corpus Callosum Development. Viruses 2023; 15:2336. [PMID: 38140578 PMCID: PMC10748342 DOI: 10.3390/v15122336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) is a set of birth defects caused by Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy. Microcephaly is its main feature, but other brain abnormalities are found in CZS patients, such as ventriculomegaly, brain calcifications, and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum. Many studies have focused on microcephaly, but it remains unknown how ZIKV infection leads to callosal malformation. To tackle this issue, we infected mouse embryos in utero with a Brazilian ZIKV isolate and found that they were born with a reduction in callosal area and density of callosal neurons. ZIKV infection also causes a density reduction in PH3+ cells, intermediate progenitor cells, and SATB2+ neurons. Moreover, axonal tracing revealed that callosal axons are reduced and misrouted. Also, ZIKV-infected cultures show a reduction in callosal axon length. GFAP labeling showed that an in utero infection compromises glial cells responsible for midline axon guidance. In sum, we showed that ZIKV infection impairs critical steps of corpus callosum formation by disrupting not only neurogenesis, but also axon guidance and growth across the midline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Rilo Christoff
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (R.R.C.); (J.C.C.G.F.); (D.M.G.)
| | - Jefferson H. Quintanilha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (R.R.C.); (J.C.C.G.F.); (D.M.G.)
| | - Raiane Oliveira Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (R.R.C.); (J.C.C.G.F.); (D.M.G.)
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica C. C. G. Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (R.R.C.); (J.C.C.G.F.); (D.M.G.)
| | - Daniel Menezes Guimarães
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (R.R.C.); (J.C.C.G.F.); (D.M.G.)
| | - Bruna Valério-Gomes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (R.R.C.); (J.C.C.G.F.); (D.M.G.)
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiza M. Higa
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Átila D. Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Bellio
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (R.R.C.); (J.C.C.G.F.); (D.M.G.)
- Institute D’Or for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro 2281-100, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pestana Garcez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (R.R.C.); (J.C.C.G.F.); (D.M.G.)
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A diffusion MRI-based spatiotemporal continuum of the embryonic mouse brain for probing gene-neuroanatomy connections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2111869119. [PMID: 35165149 PMCID: PMC8851557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111869119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We established an ultra high-resolution diffusion MRI atlas of the embryonic mouse brains from E10.5 to E15.5, which characterizes the continuous changes of brain morphology and microstructures at mesoscopic scale. By integrating gene-expression data into the spatiotemporal continuum, we can navigate the evolving landscape of gene expression and neuroanatomy across both spatial and temporal dimensions to visualize their interactions in normal and abnormal embryonic brain development. We also identified regional clusters with distinct developmental trajectories and identified gene-expression profiles that matched to these regional domains. The diffusion MRI–based continuum of the embryonic brain and the computational techniques presented in this study offer a valuable tool for systematic study of the genetic control of brain development. The embryonic mouse brain undergoes drastic changes in establishing basic anatomical compartments and laying out major axonal connections of the developing brain. Correlating anatomical changes with gene-expression patterns is an essential step toward understanding the mechanisms regulating brain development. Traditionally, this is done in a cross-sectional manner, but the dynamic nature of development calls for probing gene–neuroanatomy interactions in a combined spatiotemporal domain. Here, we present a four-dimensional (4D) spatiotemporal continuum of the embryonic mouse brain from E10.5 to E15.5 reconstructed from diffusion magnetic resonance microscopy (dMRM) data. This study achieved unprecedented high-definition dMRM at 30- to 35-µm isotropic resolution, and together with computational neuroanatomy techniques, we revealed both morphological and microscopic changes in the developing brain. We transformed selected gene-expression data to this continuum and correlated them with the dMRM-based neuroanatomical changes in embryonic brains. Within the continuum, we identified distinct developmental modes comprising regional clusters that shared developmental trajectories and similar gene-expression profiles. Our results demonstrate how this 4D continuum can be used to examine spatiotemporal gene–neuroanatomical interactions by connecting upstream genetic events with anatomical changes that emerge later in development. This approach would be useful for large-scale analysis of the cooperative roles of key genes in shaping the developing brain.
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Sun YC, Chen X, Fischer S, Lu S, Zhan H, Gillis J, Zador AM. Integrating barcoded neuroanatomy with spatial transcriptional profiling enables identification of gene correlates of projections. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:873-885. [PMID: 33972801 PMCID: PMC8178227 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional circuits consist of neurons with diverse axonal projections and gene expression. Understanding the molecular signature of projections requires high-throughput interrogation of both gene expression and projections to multiple targets in the same cells at cellular resolution, which is difficult to achieve using current technology. Here, we introduce BARseq2, a technique that simultaneously maps projections and detects multiplexed gene expression by in situ sequencing. We determined the expression of cadherins and cell-type markers in 29,933 cells and the projections of 3,164 cells in both the mouse motor cortex and auditory cortex. Associating gene expression and projections in 1,349 neurons revealed shared cadherin signatures of homologous projections across the two cortical areas. These cadherins were enriched across multiple branches of the transcriptomic taxonomy. By correlating multigene expression and projections to many targets in single neurons with high throughput, BARseq2 provides a potential path to uncovering the molecular logic underlying neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Sun
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoyin Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
| | | | - Shaina Lu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Huiqing Zhan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Jesse Gillis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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6
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Ku RY, Torii M. New Molecular Players in the Development of Callosal Projections. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010029. [PMID: 33375263 PMCID: PMC7824101 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical development in humans is a long and ongoing process that continuously modifies the neural circuitry into adolescence. This is well represented by the dynamic maturation of the corpus callosum, the largest white matter tract in the brain. Callosal projection neurons whose long-range axons form the main component of the corpus callosum are evolved relatively recently with a substantial, disproportionate increase in numbers in humans. Though the anatomy of the corpus callosum and cellular processes in its development have been intensively studied by experts in a variety of fields over several decades, the whole picture of its development, in particular, the molecular controls over the development of callosal projections, still has many missing pieces. This review highlights the most recent progress on the understanding of corpus callosum formation with a special emphasis on the novel molecular players in the development of axonal projections in the corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Yueh Ku
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Masaaki Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Lago-Baldaia I, Fernandes VM, Ackerman SD. More Than Mortar: Glia as Architects of Nervous System Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611269. [PMID: 33381506 PMCID: PMC7767919 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are an essential component of the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, glia are as numerous as neurons, yet the importance of glia to nearly every aspect of nervous system development has only been expounded over the last several decades. Glia are now known to regulate neural specification, synaptogenesis, synapse function, and even broad circuit function. Given their ubiquity, it is not surprising that the contribution of glia to neuronal disease pathogenesis is a growing area of research. In this review, we will summarize the accumulated evidence of glial participation in several distinct phases of nervous system development and organization-neural specification, circuit wiring, and circuit function. Finally, we will highlight how these early developmental roles of glia contribute to nervous system dysfunction in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Lago-Baldaia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M. Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D. Ackerman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Subramanian L, Calcagnotto ME, Paredes MF. Cortical Malformations: Lessons in Human Brain Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:576. [PMID: 32038172 PMCID: PMC6993122 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating a functional cerebral cortex requires a series of complex and well-coordinated developmental steps. These steps have evolved across species with the emergence of cortical gyrification and coincided with more complex behaviors. The presence of diverse progenitor cells, a protracted timeline for neuronal migration and maturation, and diverse neuronal types are developmental features that have emerged in the gyrated cortex. These factors could explain how the human brain has expanded in size and complexity. However, their complex nature also renders new avenues of vulnerability by providing additional cell types that could contribute to disease and longer time windows that could impact the composition and organization of the cortical circuit. We aim to discuss the unique developmental steps observed in human corticogenesis and propose how disruption of these species-unique processes could lead to malformations of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Subramanian
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mercedes F Paredes
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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9
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Mire E, Hocine M, Bazellières E, Jungas T, Davy A, Chauvet S, Mann F. Developmental Upregulation of Ephrin-B1 Silences Sema3C/Neuropilin-1 Signaling during Post-crossing Navigation of Corpus Callosum Axons. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1768-1782.e4. [PMID: 29779877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The corpus callosum is the largest commissure in the brain, whose main function is to ensure communication between homotopic regions of the cerebral cortex. During fetal development, corpus callosum axons (CCAs) grow toward and across the brain midline and then away on the contralateral hemisphere to their targets. A particular feature of this circuit, which raises a key developmental question, is that the outgoing trajectory of post-crossing CCAs is mirror-symmetric with the incoming trajectory of pre-crossing axons. Here, we show that post-crossing CCAs switch off their response to axon guidance cues, among which the secreted Semaphorin-3C (Sema3C), that act as attractants for pre-crossing axons on their way to the midline. This change is concomitant with an upregulation of the surface protein Ephrin-B1, which acts in CCAs to inhibit Sema3C signaling via interaction with the Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) receptor. This silencing activity is independent of Eph receptors and involves a N-glycosylation site (N-139) in the extracellular domain of Ephrin-B1. Together, our results reveal a molecular mechanism, involving interaction between the two unrelated guidance receptors Ephrin-B1 and Nrp1, that is used to control the navigation of post-crossing axons in the corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Mire
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | | | | | - Thomas Jungas
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Davy
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Fanny Mann
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France.
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Substance P receptor in the rat indusium griseum during postnatal development. Neurosci Res 2018; 130:23-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dominici C, Rappeneau Q, Zelina P, Fouquet S, Chédotal A. Non-cell autonomous control of precerebellar neuron migration by Slit and Robo proteins. Development 2018; 145:dev150375. [PMID: 29343636 DOI: 10.1242/dev.150375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During development, precerebellar neurons migrate tangentially from the dorsal hindbrain to the floor plate. Their axons cross it but their cell bodies stop their ventral migration upon reaching the midline. It has previously been shown that Slit chemorepellents and their receptors, Robo1 and Robo2, might control the migration of precerebellar neurons in a repulsive manner. Here, we have used a conditional knockout strategy in mice to test this hypothesis. We show that the targeted inactivation of the expression of Robo1 and Robo2 receptors in precerebellar neurons does not perturb their migration and that they still stop at the midline. The selective ablation of the expression of all three Slit proteins in floor-plate cells has no effect on pontine neurons and only induces the migration of a small subset of inferior olivary neurons across the floor plate. Likewise, we show that the expression of Slit proteins in the facial nucleus is dispensable for pontine neuron migration. Together, these results show that Robo1 and Robo2 receptors act non-cell autonomously in migrating precerebellar neurons and that floor-plate signals, other than Slit proteins, must exist to prevent midline crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Dominici
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision 75012, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Rappeneau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision 75012, Paris, France
| | - Pavol Zelina
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision 75012, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision 75012, Paris, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision 75012, Paris, France
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Minocha S, Valloton D, Arsenijevic Y, Cardinaux JR, Guidi R, Hornung JP, Lebrand C. Nkx2.1 regulates the generation of telencephalic astrocytes during embryonic development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43093. [PMID: 28266561 PMCID: PMC5339799 DOI: 10.1038/srep43093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.1 (NK2 homeobox 1) controls cell differentiation of telencephalic GABAergic interneurons and oligodendrocytes. Here we show that Nkx2.1 also regulates astrogliogenesis of the telencephalon from embryonic day (E) 14.5 to E16.5. Moreover we identify the different mechanisms by which Nkx2.1 controls the telencephalic astrogliogenesis. In Nkx2.1 knockout (Nkx2.1−/−) mice a drastic loss of astrocytes is observed that is not related to cell death. Further, in vivo analysis using BrdU incorporation reveals that Nkx2.1 affects the proliferation of the ventral neural stem cells that generate early astrocytes. Also, in vitro neurosphere assays showed reduced generation of astroglia upon loss of Nkx2.1, which could be due to decreased precursor proliferation and possibly defects in glial specification/differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and in vitro co-transfection studies with an Nkx2.1-expressing plasmid indicate that Nkx2.1 binds to the promoter of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), primarily expressed in astrocytes, to regulate its expression. Hence, Nkx2.1 controls astroglial production spatiotemporally in embryos by regulating proliferation of the contributing Nkx2.1-positive precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Minocha
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Valloton
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Arsenijevic
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Hôpital ophtalmique Jules-Gonin, Av. de France 15, CH-1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-René Cardinaux
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, CH-1008 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Guidi
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, CH-1008 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Hornung
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Lebrand
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Darki F, Massinen S, Salmela E, Matsson H, Peyrard-Janvid M, Klingberg T, Kere J. Human ROBO1 regulates white matter structure in corpus callosum. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:707-716. [PMID: 27240594 PMCID: PMC5334444 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The axon guidance receptor, Robo1, controls the pathfinding of callosal axons in mice. To determine whether the orthologous ROBO1 gene is involved in callosal development also in humans, we studied polymorphisms in the ROBO1 gene and variation in the white matter structure in the corpus callosum using both structural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. We found that five polymorphisms in the regulatory region of ROBO1 were associated with white matter density in the posterior part of the corpus callosum pathways. One of the polymorphisms, rs7631357, was also significantly associated with the probability of connections to the parietal cortical regions. Our results demonstrate that human ROBO1 may be involved in the regulation of the structure and connectivity of posterior part of corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Darki
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Satu Massinen
- Research Programs Unit, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Salmela
- Research Programs Unit, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Matsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 14183, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Myriam Peyrard-Janvid
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 14183, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Torkel Klingberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Research Programs Unit, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 14183, Huddinge, Sweden.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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14
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Carr L, Parkinson DB, Dun XP. Expression patterns of Slit and Robo family members in adult mouse spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172736. [PMID: 28234971 PMCID: PMC5325304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted glycoproteins, Slit1-3, are classic axon guidance molecules that act as repulsive cues through their well characterised receptors Robo1-2 to allow precise axon pathfinding and neuronal migration. The expression patterns of Slit1-3 and Robo1-2 have been most characterized in the rodent developing nervous system and the adult brain, but little is known about their expression patterns in the adult rodent peripheral nervous system. Here, we report a detailed expression analysis of Slit1-3 and Robo1-2 in the adult mouse sciatic nerve as well as their expression in the nerve cell bodies within the ventral spinal cord (motor neurons) and dorsal root ganglion (sensory neurons). Our results show that, in the adult mouse peripheral nervous system, Slit1-3 and Robo1-2 are expressed in the cell bodies and axons of both motor and sensory neurons. While Slit1 and Robo2 are only expressed in peripheral axons and their cell bodies, Slit2, Slit3 and Robo1 are also expressed in satellite cells of the dorsal root ganglion, Schwann cells and fibroblasts of peripheral nerves. In addition to these expression patterns, we also demonstrate the expression of Robo1 in blood vessels of the peripheral nerves. Our work gives important new data on the expression patterns of Slit and Robo family members within the peripheral nervous system that may relate both to nerve homeostasis and the reaction of the peripheral nerves to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Carr
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Parkinson
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Xin-peng Dun
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
- Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xian-Ning City, Hubei, China
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15
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Ke C, Gao F, Tian X, Li C, Shi D, He W, Tian Y. Slit2/Robo1 Mediation of Synaptic Plasticity Contributes to Bone Cancer Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:295-307. [PMID: 26738857 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is fundamental to spinal sensitivity of bone cancer pain. Here, we have shown that excitatory synaptogenesis contributes to bone cancer pain. New synapse formation requires neurite outgrowth and an interaction between axons and dendrites, accompanied by the appositional organization of presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations. We have shown that Slit2, Robo1, and RhoA act as such cues that promote neurite outgrowth and guide the axon for synapse formation. Sarcoma inoculation induces excitatory synaptogenesis and bone cancer pain which are reversed by Slit2 knockdown but aggravated by Robo1 knockdown. Synaptogenesis of cultured neurons are inhibited by Slit2 knockdown but enhanced by Robo1 knockdown. Sarcoma implantation induces an increase in Slit2 and decreases Robo1 and RhoA, while Slit2 knockdown results in an increase of Robo1 and RhoA. These results have demonstrated a molecular mechanism of synaptogenesis in bone cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbin Ke
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Pain (IAP) and Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, 442000, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xuebi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Caijuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dai Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wensheng He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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16
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Dragich JM, Kuwajima T, Hirose-Ikeda M, Yoon MS, Eenjes E, Bosco JR, Fox LM, Lystad AH, Oo TF, Yarygina O, Mita T, Waguri S, Ichimura Y, Komatsu M, Simonsen A, Burke RE, Mason CA, Yamamoto A. Autophagy linked FYVE (Alfy/WDFY3) is required for establishing neuronal connectivity in the mammalian brain. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27648578 PMCID: PMC5030082 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of protein degradation is essential for maintaining the appropriate environment to coordinate complex cell signaling events and to promote cellular remodeling. The Autophagy linked FYVE protein (Alfy), previously identified as a molecular scaffold between the ubiquitinated cargo and the autophagic machinery, is highly expressed in the developing central nervous system, indicating that this pathway may have yet unexplored roles in neurodevelopment. To examine this possibility, we used mouse genetics to eliminate Alfy expression. We report that this evolutionarily conserved protein is required for the formation of axonal tracts throughout the brain and spinal cord, including the formation of the major forebrain commissures. Consistent with a phenotype reflecting a failure in axon guidance, the loss of Alfy in mice disrupts localization of glial guidepost cells, and attenuates axon outgrowth in response to Netrin-1. These findings further support the growing indication that macroautophagy plays a key role in the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Dragich
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Takaaki Kuwajima
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Megumi Hirose-Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Michael S Yoon
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Evelien Eenjes
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Joan R Bosco
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Leora M Fox
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Alf H Lystad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tinmarla F Oo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Olga Yarygina
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Tomohiro Mita
- The Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Waguri
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ichimura
- The Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- The Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert E Burke
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Carol A Mason
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
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17
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Yoo SW, Motari MG, Schnaar RL. Agenesis of the corpus callosum in Nogo receptor deficient mice. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:291-301. [PMID: 27339102 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest fiber tract in the mammalian brain, linking the bilateral cerebral hemispheres. CC development depends on the proper balance of axon growth cone attractive and repellent cues leading axons to the midline and then directing them to the contralateral hemisphere. Imbalance of these cues results in CC agenesis or dysgenesis. Nogo receptors (NgR1, NgR2, and NgR3) are growth cone directive molecules known for inhibiting axon regeneration after injury. We report that mice lacking Nogo receptors (NgR123-null mice) display complete CC agenesis due to axon misdirection evidenced by ectopic axons including cortical Probst bundles. Because glia and glial-derived growth cone repellent factors (especially the diffusible factor Slit2) are required for CC development, their distribution was studied. Compared with wild-type mice, NgR123-null mice had a sharp increase in the glial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and in Slit2 at the glial wedge and indusium griseum, midline structures required for CC formation. NgR123-null mice displayed reduced motor coordination and hyperactivity. These data are consistent with the hypotheses that Nogo receptors are membrane-bound growth cone repellent factors required for migration of axons across the midline at the CC, and that their absence results directly or indirectly in midline gliosis, increased Slit2, and complete CC agenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:291-301, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Wan Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| | - Mary G Motari
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
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18
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Lim JWC, Donahoo ALS, Bunt J, Edwards TJ, Fenlon LR, Liu Y, Zhou J, Moldrich RX, Piper M, Gobius I, Bailey TL, Wray NR, Kessaris N, Poo MM, Rubenstein JLR, Richards LJ. EMX1 regulates NRP1-mediated wiring of the mouse anterior cingulate cortex. Development 2016; 142:3746-57. [PMID: 26534986 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors act during cortical development as master regulatory genes that specify cortical arealization and cellular identities. Although numerous transcription factors have been identified as being crucial for cortical development, little is known about their downstream targets and how they mediate the emergence of specific neuronal connections via selective axon guidance. The EMX transcription factors are essential for early patterning of the cerebral cortex, but whether EMX1 mediates interhemispheric connectivity by controlling corpus callosum formation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that in mice on the C57Bl/6 background EMX1 plays an essential role in the midline crossing of an axonal subpopulation of the corpus callosum derived from the anterior cingulate cortex. In the absence of EMX1, cingulate axons display reduced expression of the axon guidance receptor NRP1 and form aberrant axonal bundles within the rostral corpus callosum. EMX1 also functions as a transcriptional activator of Nrp1 expression in vitro, and overexpression of this protein in Emx1 knockout mice rescues the midline-crossing phenotype. These findings reveal a novel role for the EMX1 transcription factor in establishing cortical connectivity by regulating the interhemispheric wiring of a subpopulation of neurons within the mouse anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W C Lim
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Amber-Lee S Donahoo
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jens Bunt
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy J Edwards
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Laura R Fenlon
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Ying Liu
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Randal X Moldrich
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Michael Piper
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia The University of Queensland, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Ilan Gobius
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy L Bailey
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Nicoletta Kessaris
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mu-Ming Poo
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Linda J Richards
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia The University of Queensland, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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19
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Schiweck J, Beauchamp M, Humo M, Lelievre V. Old friends, new story: The role of Slit2C signaling through PlexinA1. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:417-21. [PMID: 26632339 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1106670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth cone guidance is driven by attractive and repulsive signaling cues. Until recently, repulsive signaling by semaphorins was thought to be mediated through Plexin receptors, whereas Slits-induced repulsion was solely mediated through Robo receptors. In a recent report published in Nature Neuroscience, Celine Delloye-Bourgeois and colleagues (2015) combined phenotypic analyses of transgenic mouse lines and in vitro biochemical experiments to identify PlexinA1 as a novel receptor for Slits. Strikingly, they uncovered for the very first time that the Slit2C-terminal fragment possesses some unique biological activity as binding partner for PlexinA1. Even more excitingly, the signaling cascade triggered by SlitC binding to PlexinA1 mediates growth cone collapse of commissural axons both in vivo and ex vivo and nicely complements Robo-Slit signaling in the developing spinal cord midline to prevent midline recrossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schiweck
- a Joint Master in Neuroscience; University of Strasbourg-France ; Strasbourg , France
| | - Marta Beauchamp
- a Joint Master in Neuroscience; University of Strasbourg-France ; Strasbourg , France
| | - Muris Humo
- a Joint Master in Neuroscience; University of Strasbourg-France ; Strasbourg , France
| | - Vincent Lelievre
- a Joint Master in Neuroscience; University of Strasbourg-France ; Strasbourg , France
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20
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Hakanen J, Salminen M. Defects in neural guidepost structures and failure to remove leptomeningeal cells from the septal midline behind the interhemispheric fusion defects in Netrin1 deficient mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 47:206-15. [PMID: 26397040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Corpus callosum (CC) is the largest commissural tract in mammalian brain and it acts to coordinate information between the two cerebral hemispheres. During brain development CC forms at the boundary area between the cortex and the septum and special transient neural and glial guidepost structures in this area are thought to be critical for CC formation. In addition, it is thought that the fusion of the two hemispheres in the septum area is a prerequisite for CC formation. However, very little is known of the molecular mechanisms behind the fusion of the two hemispheres. Netrin1 (NTN1) acts as an axon guidance molecule in the developing central nervous system and Ntn1 deficiency leads to the agenesis of CC in mouse. Here we have analyzed Ntn1 deficient mice to better understand the reasons behind the observed lack of CC. We show that Ntn1 deficiency leads to defects in neural, but not in glial guidepost structures that may contribute to the agenesis of CC. In addition, Nnt1 was expressed by the leptomeningeal cells bordering the two septal walls prior to fusion. Normally these cells are removed when the septal fusion occurs. At the same time, the Laminin containing basal lamina produced by the leptomeningeal cells is disrupted in the midline area to allow the cells to mix and the callosal axons to cross. In Ntn1 deficient embryos however, the leptomeninges and the basal lamina were not removed properly from the midline area and the septal fusion did not occur. Thus, NTN1 contributes to the formation of the CC by promoting the preceding removal of the midline leptomeningeal cells and interhemispheric fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hakanen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marjo Salminen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Tosa Y, Tsukano K, Itoyama T, Fukagawa M, Nii Y, Ishikawa R, Suzuki KIT, Fukui M, Kawaguchi M, Murakami Y. Involvement of Slit-Robo signaling in the development of the posterior commissure and concomitant swimming behavior in Xenopus laevis. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2015; 1:28. [PMID: 26605073 PMCID: PMC4657333 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-015-0029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During vertebrate development, the central nervous system (CNS) has stereotyped neuronal tracts (scaffolds) that include longitudinal and commissural axonal bundles, such as the medial longitudinal fascicle or the posterior commissure (PC). As these early tracts appear to guide later-developing neurons, they are thought to provide the basic framework of vertebrate neuronal circuitry. The proper construction of these neuronal circuits is thought to be a crucial step for eliciting coordinated behaviors, as these circuits transmit sensory information to the integrative center, which produces motor commands for the effective apparatus. However, the developmental plan underlying some commissures and the evolutionary transitions they have undergone remain to be elucidated. Little is known about the role of axon guidance molecules in the elicitation of early-hatched larval behavior as well. RESULTS Here, we report the developmentally regulated expression pattern of axon-guidance molecules Slit2 ligand and Robo2 receptor in Xenopus laevis and show that treatment of X. laevis larvae with a slit2- or robo2-morpholino resulted in abnormal swimming behavior. We also observed an abnormal morphology of the PC, which is part of the early axonal scaffold. CONCLUSION Our present findings suggest that expression patterns of Slit2 and Robo2 are conserved in tetrapods, and that their signaling contributes to the construction of the PC in Xenopus. Given that the PC also includes several types of neurons stemming from various parts of the CNS, it may represent a candidate prerequisite neuronal tract in the construction of subsequent complex neuronal circuits that trigger coordinated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Tosa
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Kiyohito Tsukano
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Itoyama
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Mai Fukagawa
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Yukako Nii
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Ryota Ishikawa
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi T. Suzuki
- />Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Makiko Fukui
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
| | - Masahumi Kawaguchi
- />Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
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22
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Wu H, Barik A, Lu Y, Shen C, Bowman A, Li L, Sathyamurthy A, Lin TW, Xiong WC, Mei L. Slit2 as a β-catenin/Ctnnb1-dependent retrograde signal for presynaptic differentiation. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26159615 PMCID: PMC4498096 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular junction formation requires proper interaction between motoneurons and muscle cells. β-Catenin (Ctnnb1) in muscle is critical for motoneuron differentiation; however, little is known about the relevant retrograde signal. In this paper, we dissected which functions of muscle Ctnnb1 are critical by an in vivo transgenic approach. We show that Ctnnb1 mutant without the transactivation domain was unable to rescue presynaptic deficits of Ctnnb1 mutation, indicating the involvement of transcription regulation. On the other hand, the cell-adhesion function of Ctnnb1 is dispensable. We screened for proteins that may serve as a Ctnnb1-directed retrograde factor and identified Slit2. Transgenic expression of Slit2 specifically in the muscle was able to diminish presynaptic deficits by Ctnnb1 mutation in mice. Slit2 immobilized on beads was able to induce synaptophysin puncta in axons of spinal cord explants. Together, these observations suggest that Slit2 serves as a factor utilized by muscle Ctnnb1 to direct presynaptic differentiation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07266.001 Motor nerves are like electrical wires that connect our spinal cord to the muscles in our body. These nerves communicate with muscles across a connection called the neuromuscular junction. To first form a neuromuscular junction, the motor nerves and muscles each produce molecular cues that tell each other to do their part to build a connection. Beta-catenin in the muscle is known to regulate motor nerve development. However, beta-catenin has two different roles: it helps to coordinate whether neighboring cells stick together, and it can regulate which genes are ‘transcribed’ to produce proteins. It was not known which of these roles is necessary for forming neuromuscular junctions. Wu, Barik et al. now investigate this question by creating mice with mutant forms of beta-catenin in their muscles. Some mice had muscle beta-catenin that could not help cells stick together, and others had beta-catenin that could not control gene transcription. Only mutations that affected the ability of beta-catenin to control transcription caused abnormalities in the neuromuscular junction. However, these problems could be fixed by adding either normal beta-catenin or the mutant form that cannot help cells stick together. Wu, Barik et al. then used molecular tools to explore which genes are turned on by beta-catenin. The experiments showed that beta-catenin causes muscle fibers to produce a protein called Slit2—a developmental cue that controls where neurons grow. Furthermore, the neuromuscular junction defects found in mice without beta-catenin in their muscles could be reduced by making the muscle fibers produce more Slit2. However, not all defects in beta-catenin mutant mice are rescued by Slit2. Future research is needed to identify other beta-catenin-controlled signals and to determine whether such a pathway is altered in neuromuscular disorders. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07266.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Arnab Barik
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, United States
| | - Yisheng Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, United States
| | - Chengyong Shen
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, United States
| | - Andrew Bowman
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, United States
| | - Anupama Sathyamurthy
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, United States
| | - Thiri W Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, United States
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, United States
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, United States
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Nkx2.1-derived astrocytes and neurons together with Slit2 are indispensable for anterior commissure formation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6887. [PMID: 25904499 PMCID: PMC4423212 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Guidepost cells present at and surrounding the midline provide guidance cues that orient the growing axons through commissures. Here we show that the transcription factor Nkx2.1 known to control the specification of GABAergic interneurons also regulates the differentiation of astroglia and polydendrocytes within the mouse anterior commissure (AC). Nkx2.1-positive glia were found to originate from three germinal regions of the ventral telencephalon. Nkx2.1-derived glia were observed in and around the AC region by E14.5. Thereafter, a selective cell ablation strategy showed a synergistic role of Nkx2.1-derived cells, both GABAergic interneurons and astroglia, towards the proper formation of the AC. Finally, our results reveal that the Nkx2.1-regulated cells mediate AC axon guidance through the expression of the repellent cue, Slit2. These results bring forth interesting insights about the spatial and temporal origin of midline telencephalic glia, and highlight the importance of neurons and astroglia towards the formation of midline commissures. Guidepost cells provide guidance cues that orient growing axons in the brain but little is known about the midline guidepost cells that populate the mouse anterior commissure (AC). Here, the authors show that the transcription factor Nkx2.1 regulates the differentiation of astroglia and neurons that cooperate to guide AC axons through the expression of Slit2.
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24
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O'Malley AM, Shanley DK, Kelly AT, Barry DS. Towards an understanding of semaphorin signalling in the spinal cord. Gene 2014; 553:69-74. [PMID: 25300255 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins are a large family of proteins that are classically associated with axon guidance. These proteins and their interacting partners, the neuropilins and plexins are now known to be key mediators in a variety of processes throughout the nervous system ranging from synaptic refinement to the correct positioning of neuronal and glial cell bodies. Recently, much attention has been given to the roles semaphorins play in other body tissues including the immune and vascular systems. This review wishes to draw attention back to the nervous system, specifically focusing on the role of semaphorins in the development of the spinal cord and their proposed roles in the adult. In addition, their functions in spinal cord injury at the glial scar are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling M O'Malley
- Department of Anatomy, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniel K Shanley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Albert T Kelly
- Department of Anatomy, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Denis S Barry
- Department of Anatomy, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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25
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Wu KY, He M, Hou QQ, Sheng AL, Yuan L, Liu F, Liu WW, Li G, Jiang XY, Luo ZG. Semaphorin 3A activates the guanosine triphosphatase Rab5 to promote growth cone collapse and organize callosal axon projections. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra81. [PMID: 25161316 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Axon guidance (pathfinding) wires the brain during development and is regulated by various attractive and repulsive cues. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a repulsive cue, inducing the collapse of axon growth cones. In the mammalian forebrain, the corpus callosum is the major commissure that transmits information flow between the two hemispheres, and contralateral axons assemble into well-defined tracts. We found that the patterning of callosal axon projections in rodent layer II and III (L2/3) cortical neurons in response to Sema3A was mediated by the activation of Rab5, a small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) that mediates endocytosis, through the membrane fusion protein Rabaptin-5 and the Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Rabex-5. Rabaptin-5 bound directly to Plexin-A1 in the Sema3A receptor complex [an obligate heterodimer formed by Plexin-A1 and neuropilin 1 (NP1)]; Sema3A enhanced this interaction in cultured neurons. Rabaptin-5 bridged the interaction between Rab5 and Plexin-A1. Sema3A stimulated endocytosis from the cell surface of callosal axon growth cones. In utero electroporation to reduce Rab5 or Rabaptin-5 impaired axon fasciculation or caused mistargeting of L2/3 callosal projections in rats. Overexpression of Rabaptin-5 or Rab5 rescued the defective callosal axon fasciculation or mistargeting of callosal axons caused by the loss of Sema3A-Plexin-A1 signaling in rats expressing dominant-negative Plexin-A1 or in NP1-deficient mice. Thus, our findings suggest that Rab5, its effector Rabaptin-5, and its regulator Rabex-5 mediate Sema3A-induced axon guidance during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong-Yan Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiong-Qiong Hou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ai-Li Sheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wen-Wen Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xing-Yu Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhen-Ge Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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26
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Fothergill T, Donahoo ALS, Douglass A, Zalucki O, Yuan J, Shu T, Goodhill GJ, Richards LJ. Netrin-DCC signaling regulates corpus callosum formation through attraction of pioneering axons and by modulating Slit2-mediated repulsion. Cereb Cortex 2014; 24:1138-51. [PMID: 23302812 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The left and right sides of the nervous system communicate via commissural axons that cross the midline during development using evolutionarily conserved molecules. These guidance cues have been particularly well studied in the mammalian spinal cord, but it remains unclear whether these guidance mechanisms for commissural axons are similar in the developing forebrain, in particular for the corpus callosum, the largest and most important commissure for cortical function. Here, we show that Netrin1 initially attracts callosal pioneering axons derived from the cingulate cortex, but surprisingly is not attractive for the neocortical callosal axons that make up the bulk of the projection. Instead, we show that Netrin-deleted in colorectal cancer signaling acts in a fundamentally different manner, to prevent the Slit2-mediated repulsion of precrossing axons thereby allowing them to approach and cross the midline. These results provide the first evidence for how callosal axons integrate multiple guidance cues to navigate the midline.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Axons/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Coculture Techniques
- Corpus Callosum/physiology
- DCC Receptor
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Female
- Functional Laterality/genetics
- Functional Laterality/physiology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Nerve Growth Factors/genetics
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Netrin-1
- Pregnancy
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Roundabout Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fothergill
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Qld., Australia
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27
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Chinn GA, Hirokawa KE, Chuang TM, Urbina C, Patel F, Fong J, Funatsu N, Monuki ES. Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum Due to Defective Glial Wedge Formation in Lhx2 Mutant Mice. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2707-18. [PMID: 24781987 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of the corpus callosum involves coordination between callosal projection neurons and multiple midline structures, including the glial wedge (GW) rostrally and hippocampal commissure caudally. GW defects have been associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). Here we show that conditional Lhx2 inactivation in cortical radial glia using Emx1-Cre or Nestin-Cre drivers results in ACC. The ACC phenotype was characterized by aberrant ventrally projecting callosal axons rather than Probst bundles, and was 100% penetrant on 2 different mouse strain backgrounds. Lhx2 inactivation in postmitotic cortical neurons using Nex-Cre mice did not result in ACC, suggesting that the mutant phenotype was not autonomous to the callosal projection neurons. Instead, ACC was associated with an absent hippocampal commissure and a markedly reduced to absent GW. Expression studies demonstrated strong Lhx2 expression in the normal GW and in its radial glial progenitors, with absence of Lhx2 resulting in normal Emx1 and Sox2 expression, but premature exit from the cell cycle based on EdU-Ki67 double labeling. These studies define essential roles for Lhx2 in GW, hippocampal commissure, and corpus callosum formation, and suggest that defects in radial GW progenitors can give rise to ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Chinn
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Karla E Hirokawa
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tony M Chuang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia Urbina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Fenil Patel
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jeanette Fong
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nobuo Funatsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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28
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Mizuno S, Tra DTH, Mizobuchi A, Iseki H, Mizuno-Iijima S, Kim JD, Ishida J, Matsuda Y, Kunita S, Fukamizu A, Sugiyama F, Yagami KI. Truncated Cables1 causes agenesis of the corpus callosum in mice. J Transl Med 2014; 94:321-30. [PMID: 24336072 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is a congenital abnormality of the brain structure. More than 60 genes are known to be involved in corpus callosum development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ACC are not fully understood. Previously, we produced a novel transgenic mouse strain, TAS, carrying genes of the tetracycline-inducible expression system that are not involved in brain development, and inherited ACC was observed in the brains of all homozygous TAS mice. Although ACC was probably induced by transgene insertion mutation, the causative gene and the molecular mechanism of its pathogenesis remain unclear. Here, we first performed interphase three-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis to determine the genomic insertion site. Transgenes were inserted into chromosome 18 ∼12.0 Mb from the centromere. Gene expression analysis and genomic PCR walking showed that the genomic region containing exon 4 of Cables1 was deleted by transgene insertion and the other exons of Cables1 were intact. The mutant allele was designated as Cables1(TAS). Interestingly, Cables1(TAS) mRNA consisted of exons 1-3 of Cables1 and part of the transgene that encoded a novel truncated Cables1 protein. Homozygous TAS mice exhibited mRNA expression of Cables1(TAS) in the fetal cerebrum, but not that of wild-type Cables1. To investigate whether a dominant negative effect of Cables1(TAS) or complete loss of function of Cables1 gives rise to ACC, we produced Cables1-null mutant mice. ACC was not observed in Cables1-null mutant mice, suggesting that a dominant negative effect of Cables1(TAS) impairs callosal formation. Moreover, ACC frequency in Cables1(+/TAS) mice was significantly lower than that in Cables1(-/TAS) mice, indicating that wild-type Cables1 interfered with the dominant negative effect of Cables1(TAS). This study indicated that truncated Cables1 causes ACC and wild-type Cables1 contributes to callosal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Dinh T H Tra
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizobuchi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Iseki
- 1] Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan [2] Project Research Division, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Jun-Dal Kim
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Junji Ishida
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kunita
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Fukamizu
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yagami
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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29
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Abstract
Roundabout receptors (Robo) and their Slit ligands were discovered in the 1990s and found to be key players in axon guidance. Slit was initially described s an extracellular matrix protein that was expressed by midline glia in Drosophila. A few years later, it was shown that, in vertebrates and invertebrates, Slits acted as chemorepellents for axons crossing the midline. Robo proteins were originally discovered in Drosophila in a mutant screen for genes involved in the regulation of midline crossing. This ligand-receptor pair has since been implicated in a variety of other neuronal and non-neuronal processes ranging from cell migration to angiogenesis, tumourigenesis and even organogenesis of tissues such as kidneys, lungs and breasts.
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30
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Leyva-Díaz E, López-Bendito G. In and out from the cortex: development of major forebrain connections. Neuroscience 2013; 254:26-44. [PMID: 24042037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the development of forebrain projections attending to their origin, fate determination, and axon guidance. Major forebrain connections include callosal, corticospinal, corticothalamic and thalamocortical projections. Although distinct transcriptional programs specify these subpopulations of projecting neurons, the mechanisms involved in their axonal development are similar. Guidance by short- and long-range molecular cues, interaction with intermediate target populations and activity-dependent mechanisms contribute to their development. Moreover, some of these connections interact with each other showing that the development of these axonal tracts is a well-orchestrated event. Finally, we will recapitulate recent discoveries that challenge the field of neural wiring that show that these forebrain connections can be changed once formed. The field of reprogramming has arrived to postmitotic cortical neurons and has showed us that forebrain connectivity is not immutable and might be changed by manipulations in the transcriptional program of matured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leyva-Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC & Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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31
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Niquille M, Minocha S, Hornung JP, Rufer N, Valloton D, Kessaris N, Alfonsi F, Vitalis T, Yanagawa Y, Devenoges C, Dayer A, Lebrand C. Two specific populations of GABAergic neurons originating from the medial and the caudal ganglionic eminences aid in proper navigation of callosal axons. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:647-72. [PMID: 23420573 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) plays a crucial role in interhemispheric communication. It has been shown that CC formation relies on the guidepost cells located in the midline region that include glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons as well as glial cells. However, the origin of these guidepost GABAergic neurons and their precise function in callosal axon pathfinding remain to be investigated. Here, we show that two distinct GABAergic neuronal subpopulations converge toward the midline prior to the arrival of callosal axons. Using in vivo and ex vivo fate mapping we show that CC GABAergic neurons originate in the caudal and medial ganglionic eminences (CGE and MGE) but not in the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE). Time lapse imaging on organotypic slices and in vivo analyses further revealed that CC GABAergic neurons contribute to the normal navigation of callosal axons. The use of Nkx2.1 knockout (KO) mice confirmed a role of these neurons in the maintenance of proper behavior of callosal axons while growing through the CC. Indeed, using in vitro transplantation assays, we demonstrated that both MGE- and CGE-derived GABAergic neurons exert an attractive activity on callosal axons. Furthermore, by combining a sensitive RT-PCR technique with in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that CC neurons express multiple short and long range guidance cues. This study strongly suggests that MGE- and CGE-derived interneurons may guide CC axons by multiple guidance mechanisms and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Niquille
- Département des neurosciences fondamentales, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Abstract
Commissural circuits are brain and spinal cord connections which interconnect the two sides of the central nervous system (CNS). They play essential roles in brain and spinal cord processing, ensuring left-right coordination and synchronization of information and commands. During the formation of neuronal circuits, all commissural neurons of the central nervous system must accomplish a common task, which is to project their axon onto the other side of the nervous system, across the midline that delineates the two halves of the CNS. How this task is accomplished has been the topic of extensive studies over the last past 20 years and remains one of the best models to investigate axon guidance mechanisms. In the first part of this review, I will introduce the commissural circuits, their general role in the physiology of the nervous system, and their recognized or suspected pathogenic properties in human diseases. In the second part of the review, I will concentrate on two commissural circuits, the spinal commissures and the corpus callosum, to detail the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing their formation, mostly during their navigation at the midline.
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33
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The combinatorial guidance activities of draxin and Tsukushi are essential for forebrain commissure formation. Dev Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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34
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Activity-dependent callosal axon projections in neonatal mouse cerebral cortex. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:797295. [PMID: 23213574 PMCID: PMC3507157 DOI: 10.1155/2012/797295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Callosal axon projections are among the major long-range axonal projections in the mammalian brain. They are formed during the prenatal and early postnatal periods in the mouse, and their development relies on both activity-independent and -dependent mechanisms. In this paper, we review recent findings about the roles of neuronal activity in callosal axon projections. In addition to the well-documented role of sensory-driven neuronal activity, recent studies using in utero electroporation demonstrated an essential role of spontaneous neuronal activity generated in neonatal cortical circuits. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic neuronal activities are critically involved in the axon development. Studies have begun to reveal intracellular signaling pathway which works downstream of neuronal activity. We also review several distinct patterns of neuronal activity observed in the developing cerebral cortex, which might play roles in activity-dependent circuit construction. Such neuronal activity during the neonatal period can be disrupted by genetic factors, such as mutations in ion channels. It has been speculated that abnormal activity caused by such factors may affect activity-dependent circuit construction, leading to some developmental disorders. We discuss a possibility that genetic mutation in ion channels may impair callosal axon projections through an activity-dependent mechanism.
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35
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Grondona JM, Hoyo-Becerra C, Visser R, Fernández-Llebrez P, López-Ávalos MD. The subcommissural organ and the development of the posterior commissure. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 296:63-137. [PMID: 22559938 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394307-1.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Growing axons navigate through the developing brain by means of axon guidance molecules. Intermediate targets producing such signal molecules are used as guideposts to find distal targets. Glial, and sometimes neuronal, midline structures represent intermediate targets when axons cross the midline to reach the contralateral hemisphere. The subcommissural organ (SCO), a specialized neuroepithelium located at the dorsal midline underneath the posterior commissure, releases SCO-spondin, a large glycoprotein belonging to the thrombospondin superfamily that shares molecular domains with axonal pathfinding molecules. Several evidences suggest that the SCO could be involved in the development of the PC. First, both structures display a close spatiotemporal relationship. Second, certain mutants lacking an SCO present an abnormal PC. Third, some axonal guidance molecules are expressed by SCO cells. Finally, SCO cells, the Reissner's fiber (the aggregated form of SCO-spondin), or synthetic peptides from SCO-spondin affect the neurite outgrowth or neuronal aggregation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Grondona
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain.
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36
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Unni DK, Piper M, Moldrich RX, Gobius I, Liu S, Fothergill T, Donahoo ALS, Baisden JM, Cooper HM, Richards LJ. Multiple Slits regulate the development of midline glial populations and the corpus callosum. Dev Biol 2012; 365:36-49. [PMID: 22349628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Slit molecules are chemorepulsive ligands that regulate axon guidance at the midline of both vertebrates and invertebrates. In mammals, there are three Slit genes, but only Slit2 has been studied in any detail with regard to mammalian brain commissure formation. Here, we sought to understand the relative contributions that Slit proteins make to the formation of the largest brain commissure, the corpus callosum. Slit ligands bind Robo receptors, and previous studies have shown that Robo1(-/-) mice have defects in corpus callosum development. However, whether the Slit genes signal exclusively through Robo1 during callosal formation is unclear. To investigate this, we compared the development of the corpus callosum in both Slit2(-/-) and Robo1(-/-) mice using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. This analysis demonstrated similarities in the phenotypes of these mice, but crucially also highlighted subtle differences, particularly with regard to the guidance of post-crossing axons. Analysis of single mutations in Slit family members revealed corpus callosum defects (but not complete agenesis) in 100% of Slit2(-/-) mice and 30% of Slit3(-/-) mice, whereas 100% of Slit1(-/-); Slit2(-/-) mice displayed complete agenesis of the corpus callosum. These results revealed a role for Slit1 in corpus callosum development, and demonstrated that Slit2 was necessary but not sufficient for midline crossing in vivo. However, co-culture experiments utilising Robo1(-/-) tissue versus Slit2 expressing cell blocks demonstrated that Slit2 was sufficient for the guidance activity mediated by Robo1 in pre-crossing neocortical axons. This suggested that Slit1 and Slit3 might also be involved in regulating other mechanisms that allow the corpus callosum to form, such as the establishment of midline glial populations. Investigation of this revealed defects in the development and dorso-ventral positioning of the indusium griseum glia in multiple Slit mutants. These findings indicate that Slits regulate callosal development via both classical chemorepulsive mechanisms, and via a novel role in mediating the correct positioning of midline glial populations. Finally, our data also indicate that some of the roles of Slit proteins at the midline may be independent of Robo signalling, suggestive of additional receptors regulating Slit signalling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya K Unni
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Benadiba C, Magnani D, Niquille M, Morlé L, Valloton D, Nawabi H, Ait-Lounis A, Otsmane B, Reith W, Theil T, Hornung JP, Lebrand C, Durand B. The ciliogenic transcription factor RFX3 regulates early midline distribution of guidepost neurons required for corpus callosum development. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002606. [PMID: 22479201 PMCID: PMC3315471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the major commissure that bridges the cerebral hemispheres. Agenesis of the CC is associated with human ciliopathies, but the origin of this default is unclear. Regulatory Factor X3 (RFX3) is a transcription factor involved in the control of ciliogenesis, and Rfx3-deficient mice show several hallmarks of ciliopathies including left-right asymmetry defects and hydrocephalus. Here we show that Rfx3-deficient mice suffer from CC agenesis associated with a marked disorganisation of guidepost neurons required for axon pathfinding across the midline. Using transplantation assays, we demonstrate that abnormalities of the mutant midline region are primarily responsible for the CC malformation. Conditional genetic inactivation shows that RFX3 is not required in guidepost cells for proper CC formation, but is required before E12.5 for proper patterning of the cortical septal boundary and hence accurate distribution of guidepost neurons at later stages. We observe focused but consistent ectopic expression of Fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) at the rostro commissural plate associated with a reduced ratio of GLIoma-associated oncogene family zinc finger 3 (GLI3) repressor to activator forms. We demonstrate on brain explant cultures that ectopic FGF8 reproduces the guidepost neuronal defects observed in Rfx3 mutants. This study unravels a crucial role of RFX3 during early brain development by indirectly regulating GLI3 activity, which leads to FGF8 upregulation and ultimately to disturbed distribution of guidepost neurons required for CC morphogenesis. Hence, the RFX3 mutant mouse model brings novel understandings of the mechanisms that underlie CC agenesis in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Benadiba
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Dario Magnani
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Niquille
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurette Morlé
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Delphine Valloton
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Homaira Nawabi
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Belkacem Otsmane
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Hornung
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Lebrand
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research Robotics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Hutchins BI, Li L, Kalil K. Wnt/calcium signaling mediates axon growth and guidance in the developing corpus callosum. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 71:269-83. [PMID: 20936661 PMCID: PMC3099647 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown in vivo that Wnt5a gradients surround the corpus callosum and guide callosal axons after the midline (postcrossing) by Wnt5a-induced repulsion via Ryk receptors. In dissociated cortical cultures we showed that Wnt5a simultaneously promotes axon outgrowth and repulsion by calcium signaling. Here to test the role of Wnt5a/calcium signaling in a complex in vivo environment we used sensorimotor cortical slices containing the developing corpus callosum. Plasmids encoding the cytoplasmic marker DsRed and the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP2 were electroporated into one cortical hemisphere. Postcrossing callosal axons grew 50% faster than pre-crossing axons and higher frequencies of calcium transients in axons and growth cones correlated well with outgrowth. Application of pharmacological inhibitors to the slices showed that signaling pathways involving calcium release through IP3 receptors and calcium entry through TRP channels regulate post-crossing axon outgrowth and guidance. Co-electroporation of Ryk siRNA and DsRed revealed that knock down of the Ryk receptor reduced outgrowth rates of postcrossing but not precrossing axons by 50% and caused axon misrouting. Guidance errors in axons with Ryk knockdown resulted from reduced calcium activity. In the corpus callosum CaMKII inhibition reduced the outgrowth rate of postcrossing (but not precrossing) axons and caused severe guidance errors which resulted from reduced CaMKII-dependent repulsion downstream of Wnt/calcium. We show for the first time that Wnt/Ryk calcium signaling mechanisms regulating axon outgrowth and repulsion in cortical cultures are also essential for the proper growth and guidance of postcrossing callosal axons which involve axon repulsion through CaMKII.
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Hutchins BI, Li L, Kalil K. Wnt-induced calcium signaling mediates axon growth and guidance in the developing corpus callosum. Sci Signal 2012; 5:pt1. [PMID: 22234611 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Wnt5a gradients guide callosal axons by repulsion through Ryk receptors in vivo. We recently found that Wnt5a repels cortical axons and promotes axon outgrowth through calcium signaling in vitro. Here, using cortical slices, we show that Wnt5a signals through Ryk to guide and promote outgrowth of callosal axons after they cross the midline. Calcium transient frequencies in callosal growth cones positively correlate with axon outgrowth rates in vitro. In cortical slices, calcium release through inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptors and calcium entry through transient receptor potential channels modulate axon growth and guidance. Knocking down Ryk inhibits calcium signaling in cortical axons, reduces rates of axon outgrowth subsequent to midline crossing, and causes axon guidance defects. Calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is required downstream of Wnt-induced calcium signaling for postcrossing callosal axon growth and guidance. Taken together, these results suggest that growth and guidance of postcrossing callosal axons by Wnt-Ryk-calcium signaling involves axon repulsion through CaMKII.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ian Hutchins
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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40
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Sánchez-Camacho C, Ortega JA, Ocaña I, Alcántara S, Bovolenta P. Appropriate Bmp7 levels are required for the differentiation of midline guidepost cells involved in corpus callosum formation. Dev Neurobiol 2011; 71:337-50. [PMID: 21485009 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Guidepost cells are essential structures for the establishment of major axonal tracts. How these structures are specified and acquire their axon guidance properties is still poorly understood. Here, we show that in mouse embryos appropriate levels of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (Bmp7), a member of the TGF-β superfamily of secreted proteins, are required for the correct development of the glial wedge, the indusium griseum, and the subcallosal sling, three groups of cells that act as guidepost cells for growing callosal axons. Bmp7 is expressed in the region occupied by these structures and its genetic inactivation in mouse embryos caused a marked reduction and disorganization of these cell populations. On the contrary, infusion of recombinant Bmp7 in the developing forebrain induced their premature differentiation. In both cases, changes were associated with the disruption of callosal axon growth and, in most animals fibers did not cross the midline forming typical Probst bundles. Addition of Bmp7 to cortical explants did not modify the extent of their outgrowth nor their directionality, when explants were exposed to a focalized source of the protein. Together, these results indicate that Bmp7 is indirectly required for corpus callosum formation by controlling the timely differentiation of its guidepost cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-Camacho
- Departamento de Neurobiología Molecular, Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto Cajal (CSIC) and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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Gobius I, Richards L. Creating Connections in the Developing Brain: Mechanisms Regulating Corpus Callosum Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4199/c00038ed1v01y201107dbr002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Gobius
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Linda Richards
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Australia
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Slit2 Activity in the Migration of Guidepost Neurons Shapes Thalamic Projections during Development and Evolution. Neuron 2011; 69:1085-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhao H, Maruyama T, Hattori Y, Sugo N, Takamatsu H, Kumanogoh A, Shirasaki R, Yamamoto N. A molecular mechanism that regulates medially oriented axonal growth of upper layer neurons in the developing neocortex. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:834-48. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Fame RM, MacDonald JL, Macklis JD. Development, specification, and diversity of callosal projection neurons. Trends Neurosci 2010; 34:41-50. [PMID: 21129791 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Callosal projection neurons (CPN) are a diverse population of neocortical projection neurons that connect the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex via the corpus callosum. They play key roles in high-level associative connectivity, and have been implicated in cognitive syndromes of high-level associative dysfunction, such as autism spectrum disorders. CPN evolved relatively recently compared to other cortical neuron populations, and have undergone disproportionately large expansion from mouse to human. While much is known about the anatomical trajectory of developing CPN axons, and progress has been made in identifying cellular and molecular controls over midline crossing, only recently have molecular-genetic controls been identified that specify CPN populations, and help define CPN subpopulations. In this review, we discuss the development, diversity and evolution of CPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- MGH-HMS Center for Nervous System Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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A novel locus on proximal chromosome 18 associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum in mice. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:525-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Further tales of the midline. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010; 21:68-75. [PMID: 20724139 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), specialized glial and neuronal cells positioned at the dorsal and ventral midline act as intermediate targets for commissural axons by secreting a variety of attractants and repellents. Despite the diversity of commissural projections, recent findings suggest that the same basic set of molecules controls midline crossing at all level of the CNS. Midline crossing is associated with an important switch of the combinatorial expression of several axon guidance receptors on the growth cone of commissural axons. I will review here novel studies that reveal how the expression of these receptors and the activity of their ligands are modulated by transcriptional, translational, and post-translational modifications. This also uncovers extensive cross talks between axon guidance pathways.
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Fang M, Liu GW, Pan YM, Shen L, Li CS, Xi ZQ, Xiao F, Wang L, Chen D, Wang XF. Abnormal expression and spatiotemporal change of Slit2 in neurons and astrocytes in temporal lobe epileptic foci: A study of epileptic patients and experimental animals. Brain Res 2010; 1324:14-23. [PMID: 20153733 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Repellent guidance molecules provide targeting information to outgrowing axons along predetermined pathways during development. These molecules may also play a role in synaptic reorganization in the adult brain and thereby promote epileptogenesis. Our aim was to investigate the expression of Slit2, one of repellent guidance molecules, in temporal lobe epileptic foci from epileptic patients and experimental animals. Thirty-five temporal neocortex tissue samples from patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and fifteen histological normal temporal lobes from controls were selected. Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into six groups, including five groups with epilepsy induced by lithium-pilocarpine administration and one control group. Temporal lobe tissue samples were taken from rats at 1, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days post-seizure and from controls. Expression of Slit2 was assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis. Slit2 was mainly expressed in neurons in human controls and in both neurons and astrocytes in TLE patients. Slit2 expression was significantly higher in TLE patients as compared with the controls. Slit2-positive cells were mainly neurons in the rat temporal lobe tissues of the control group, the acute period group, and the latent period group, while the Slit2-positive cells were mainly astrocytes in chronic phase. Compared with controls, Slit2 expression in animals in the TLE group gradually decreased from days 1 to 14 post-seizure, but then increased over the levels seen in controls, to peak levels at days 30 and 60. These results suggest that Slit2 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 You Yi Road, Chongqing, China
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Transient neuronal populations are required to guide callosal axons: a role for semaphorin 3C. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000230. [PMID: 19859539 PMCID: PMC2762166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the main pathway responsible for interhemispheric communication. CC agenesis is associated with numerous human pathologies, suggesting that a range of developmental defects can result in abnormalities in this structure. Midline glial cells are known to play a role in CC development, but we here show that two transient populations of midline neurons also make major contributions to the formation of this commissure. We report that these two neuronal populations enter the CC midline prior to the arrival of callosal pioneer axons. Using a combination of mutant analysis and in vitro assays, we demonstrate that CC neurons are necessary for normal callosal axon navigation. They exert an attractive influence on callosal axons, in part via Semaphorin 3C and its receptor Neuropilin-1. By revealing a novel and essential role for these neuronal populations in the pathfinding of a major cerebral commissure, our study brings new perspectives to pathophysiological mechanisms altering CC formation.
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Understanding the mechanisms of callosal development through the use of transgenic mouse models. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2009; 16:127-42. [PMID: 19778710 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is the area of the brain where higher-order cognitive processing occurs. The 2 hemispheres of the cerebral cortex communicate through one of the largest fiber tracts in the brain, the corpus callosum. Malformation of the corpus callosum in human beings occurs in 1 in 4000 live births, and those afflicted experience an extensive range of neurologic disorders, from relatively mild to severe cognitive deficits. Understanding the molecular and cellular processes involved in these disorders would therefore assist in the development of prognostic tools and therapies. During the past 3 decades, mouse models have been used extensively to determine which molecules play a role in the complex regulation of corpus callosum development. This review provides an update on these studies, as well as highlights the value of using mouse models with the goal of developing therapies for human acallosal syndromes.
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50
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Barber M, Di Meglio T, Andrews WD, Hernández-Miranda LR, Murakami F, Chédotal A, Parnavelas JG. The role of Robo3 in the development of cortical interneurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 19 Suppl 1:i22-31. [PMID: 19366869 PMCID: PMC2693537 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies in recent years have shown that members of the Roundabout (Robo) receptor family, Robo1 and Robo2, play significant roles in the formation of axonal tracks in the developing forebrain and in the migration and morphological differentiation of cortical interneurons. Here, we investigated the expression and function of Robo3 in the developing cortex. We found that this receptor is strongly expressed in the preplate layer and cortical hem of the early cortex where it colocalizes with markers of Cajal–Retzius cells and interneurons. Analysis of Robo3 mutant mice at early (embryonic day [E] 13.5) and late (E18.5) stages of corticogenesis revealed no significant change in the number of interneurons, but a change in their morphology at E13.5. However, preliminary analysis on a small number of mice that lacked all 3 Robo receptors indicated a marked reduction in the number of cortical interneurons, but only a limited effect on their morphology. These observations and the results of other recent studies suggest a complex interplay between the 3 Robo receptors in regulating the number, migration and morphological differentiation of cortical interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barber
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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