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Paola N, Lauriane U, François R, Hélène H. Limited contribution of the of P2X4 receptor to LPS-induced microglial reaction in mice. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:521-532. [PMID: 38159160 PMCID: PMC11377396 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is life-threatening condition that can trigger long-term neurological sequelae, including cognitive impairment in survivors. The pathogenesis of the so-called sickness behavior is poorly understood, but sepsis-driven neuroinflammation is thought to play a key role. Microglia are the central nervous system resident immune cells and play major roles in the induction and the control of neuroinflammatory processes. Accordingly, we recently demonstrated important microglia reaction, characterized by dramatic microglia transcriptome remodeling, in an experimental model of sepsis. Interfering with microglia pathways thus represents an interesting opportunity to tune microglia reaction towards beneficial outcomes. Purinergic signaling is central to microglia biology and controls key microglia functions. In particular, P2X4 receptors, which are highly permeable to calcium and de novo expressed in reactive microglia, seem to be an interesting target to modulate microglia reaction. Here, we investigated the impact of P2X4 receptors on the LPS-driven microglia transcriptome remodeling. Although we used complementary and sensitive biostatistical approaches, we did not measure significant impact of P2X4 deficiency onto microglia transcriptome either in homeostatic nor reactive condition. Overall, our results revealed that microglia reaction elicited by LPS-mediated sepsis is P2X4 independent and highlights the functional diversity of microglia reaction. These results also promote for the search of disease-specific targets to tune microglia reaction towards beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobili Paola
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Ulmann Lauriane
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Rassendren François
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Hirbec Hélène
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- Labex ICST, Montpellier, France.
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Juvenal G, Higa GSV, Bonfim Marques L, Tessari Zampieri T, Costa Viana FJ, Britto LR, Tang Y, Illes P, di Virgilio F, Ulrich H, de Pasquale R. Regulation of GABAergic neurotransmission by purinergic receptors in brain physiology and disease. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10034-x. [PMID: 39046648 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors regulate the processing of neural information in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, structures related to cognitive functions. These receptors are activated when astrocytic and neuronal populations release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in an autocrine and paracrine manner, following sustained patterns of neuronal activity. The modulation by these receptors of GABAergic transmission has only recently been studied. Through their ramifications, astrocytes and GABAergic interneurons reach large groups of excitatory pyramidal neurons. Their inhibitory effect establishes different synchronization patterns that determine gamma frequency rhythms, which characterize neural activities related to cognitive processes. During early life, GABAergic-mediated synchronization of excitatory signals directs the experience-driven maturation of cognitive development, and dysfunctions concerning this process have been associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Purinergic receptors timely modulate GABAergic control over ongoing neural activity and deeply affect neural processing in the hippocampal and neocortical circuitry. Stimulation of A2 receptors increases GABA release from presynaptic terminals, leading to a considerable reduction in neuronal firing of pyramidal neurons. A1 receptors inhibit GABAergic activity but only act in the early postnatal period when GABA produces excitatory signals. P2X and P2Y receptors expressed in pyramidal neurons reduce the inhibitory tone by blocking GABAA receptors. Finally, P2Y receptor activation elicits depolarization of GABAergic neurons and increases GABA release, thus favoring the emergence of gamma oscillations. The present review provides an overall picture of purinergic influence on GABAergic transmission and its consequences on neural processing, extending the discussion to receptor subtypes and their involvement in the onset of brain disorders, including epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Juvenal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Shigueto Vilar Higa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bonfim Marques
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Tessari Zampieri
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe José Costa Viana
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Britto
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Centre On Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Peter Illes
- International Joint Research Centre On Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- International Joint Research Centre On Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
| | - Roberto de Pasquale
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Wildner F, Neuhäusel TS, Klemz A, Kovács R, Ulmann L, Geiger JRP, Gerevich Z. Extracellular ATP inhibits excitatory synaptic input on parvalbumin positive interneurons and attenuates gamma oscillations via P2X4 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1635-1653. [PMID: 38073073 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE P2X4 receptors (P2X4R) are ligand gated cation channels that are activated by extracellular ATP released by neurons and glia. The receptors are widely expressed in the brain and have fractional calcium currents comparable with NMDA receptors. Although P2X4Rs have been reported to modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity, their involvement in shaping neuronal network activity remains to be elucidated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the effects of P2X receptors at network and synaptic level using local field potential electrophysiology, whole cell patch clamp recordings and calcium imaging in fast spiking parvalbumin positive interneurons (PVINs) in rat and mouse hippocampal slices. The stable ATP analogue ATPγS, selective antagonists and P2X4R knockout mice were used. KEY RESULTS The P2XR agonist ATPγS reversibly decreased the power of gamma oscillations. This inhibition could be antagonized by the selective P2X4R antagonist PSB-12062 and was not observed in P2X4-/- mice. The phasic excitatory inputs of CA3 PVINs were one of the main regulators of the gamma power. Associational fibre compound excitatory postsynaptic currents (cEPSCs) in CA3 PVINs were inhibited by P2X4R activation. This effect was reversible, dependent on intracellular calcium and dynamin-dependent internalization of AMPA receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results indicate that P2X4Rs are an important source of dendritic calcium in CA3 PVINs, thereby regulating excitatory synaptic inputs onto the cells and presumably the state of gamma oscillations in the hippocampus. P2X4Rs represent an effective target to modulate hippocampal network activity in pathophysiological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wildner
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim S Neuhäusel
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Klemz
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Kovács
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jörg R P Geiger
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoltan Gerevich
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Jiao L, Junfang Z, Yanna L, Caixia J, Chen Z, Song J, Jie X, Xiaoli Y, Xin G, Libo X, Feng W, lixia L, Chunli X, Lei X. miR-153 promotes neural differentiation by activating the cell adhesion/Ca 2+ signaling pathway and targeting ion channel activity in HT-22 cells by bioinformatic analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30204. [PMID: 38694121 PMCID: PMC11061740 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been studied extensively in neurodegenerative diseases. In a previous study, miR-153 promoted neural differentiation and projection formation in mouse hippocampal HT-22 cells. However, the pathways and molecular mechanism underlying miR-153-induced neural differentiation remain unclear. To explore the molecular mechanism of miR-153 on neural differentiation, we performed RNA sequencing on miR-153-overexpressed HT-22 cells. Based on RNA sequencing, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways in miR-153-overexpressed cells were identified. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis were used to perform functional annotation and enrichment analysis of DEGs. Targetscan predicted the targets of miR-153. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes and Cytoscape, were used to construct protein-protein interaction networks and identify hub genes. Q-PCR was used to detect mRNA expression of the identified genes. The expression profiles of the identified genes were compared between embryonic days 9.5 (E9.5) and E11.5 in the embryotic mouse brain of the GDS3442 dataset. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to determine cell proliferation and cellular susceptibility to amyloid β-protein (Aβ) toxicity in miR-153-overexpressed cells. The results indicated that miR-153 increased cell adhesion/Ca2+ (Cdh5, Nrcam, and P2rx4) and Bdnf/Ntrk2 neurotrophic signaling pathway, and decreased ion channel activity (Kcnc3, Kcna4, Clcn5, and Scn5a). The changes in the expression of the identified genes in miR-153-overexpressed cells were consistent with the expression profile of GDS3442 during neural differentiation. In addition, miR-153 overexpression decreased cellular susceptibility to Aβ toxicity in HT-22 cells. In conclusion, miR-153 overexpression may promote neural differentiation by inducing cell adhesion and the Bdnf/Ntrk2 pathway, and regulating electrophysiological maturity by targeting ion channels. MiR-153 may play an important role in neural differentiation; the findings provide a useful therapeutic direction for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiao
- Teaching Laboratory Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Junfang
- Teaching Laboratory Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yanna
- Teaching Laboratory Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Caixia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Research Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Song
- Teaching Laboratory Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Jie
- Teaching Laboratory Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xiaoli
- Teaching Laboratory Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gui Xin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Libo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu lixia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Chunli
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Chen YH, Lin S, Jin SY, Gao TM. Extracellular ATP Is a Homeostatic Messenger That Mediates Cell-Cell Communication in Physiological Processes and Psychiatric Diseases. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01261-7. [PMID: 38679359 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is the basis of information encoding and processing in the brain. During neuronal activation, intracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is generated to meet the high-energy demands. Simultaneously, ATP is secreted, increasing the extracellular ATP concentration and acting as a homeostatic messenger that mediates cell-cell communication to prevent aberrant hyperexcitability of the nervous system. In addition to the confined release and fast synaptic signaling of classic neurotransmitters within synaptic clefts, ATP can be released by all brain cells, diffuses widely, and targets different types of purinergic receptors on neurons and glial cells, making it possible to orchestrate brain neuronal activity and participate in various physiological processes, such as sleep and wakefulness, learning and memory, and feeding. Dysregulation of extracellular ATP leads to a destabilizing effect on the neural network, as found in the etiopathology of many psychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder. In this review, we summarize advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which extracellular ATP serves as an intercellular signaling molecule to regulate neural activity, with a focus on how it maintains the homeostasis of neural networks. In particular, we also focus on neural activity issues that result from dysregulation of extracellular ATP and propose that aberrant levels of extracellular ATP may play a role in the etiopathology of some psychiatric diseases, highlighting the potential therapeutic targets of ATP signaling in the treatment of these psychiatric diseases. Finally, we suggest potential avenues to further elucidate the role of extracellular ATP in intercellular communication and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Wang K, Huang S, Fu D, Yang X, Ma L, Zhang T, Zhao W, Deng D, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Huang L, Chen X. The neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic prospect of extracellular ATP in depression. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14536. [PMID: 38375982 PMCID: PMC10877668 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with high long-term morbidities, recurrences, and mortalities. Despite extensive research efforts spanning decades, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of depression remain largely unknown. What's more, about one third of patients do not have effective anti-depressant therapies, so there is an urgent need to uncover more mechanisms to guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays an important role in maintaining ion gradients essential for neuronal activities, as well as in the transport and release of neurotransmitters. Additionally, ATP could also participate in signaling pathways following the activation of postsynaptic receptors. By searching the website PubMed for articles about "ATP and depression" especially focusing on the role of extracellular ATP (eATP) in depression in the last 5 years, we found that numerous studies have implied that the insufficient ATP release from astrocytes could lead to depression and exogenous supply of eATP or endogenously stimulating the release of ATP from astrocytes could alleviate depression, highlighting the potential therapeutic role of eATP in alleviating depression. AIM Currently, there are few reviews discussing the relationship between eATP and depression. Therefore, the aim of our review is to conclude the role of eATP in depression, especially focusing on the evidence and mechanisms of eATP in alleviating depression. CONCLUSION We will provide insights into the prospects of leveraging eATP as a novel avenue for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Shiqian Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Daan Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Lulin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Daling Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of EducationWuhanChina
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7
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Bou Sader Nehme S, Sanchez-Sarasua S, Adel R, Tuifua M, Ali A, Essawy AE, Abdel Salam S, Hleihel W, Boué-Grabot E, Landry M. P2X4 signalling contributes to hyperactivity but not pain sensitization comorbidity in a mouse model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1288994. [PMID: 38239187 PMCID: PMC10794506 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1288994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that often persist until adulthood. Frequent comorbid disorders accompany ADHD and two thirds of children diagnosed with ADHD also suffer from behavioural disorders and from alteration of sensory processing. We recently characterized the comorbidity between ADHD-like symptoms and pain sensitisation in a pharmacological mouse model of ADHD, and we demonstrated the implication of the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior insula. However, few studies have explored the causal mechanisms underlying the interactions between ADHD and pain. The implication of inflammatory mechanisms has been suggested but the signalling pathways involved have not been explored. Methods: We investigated the roles of purinergic signalling, at the crossroad of pain and neuroinflammatory pathways, by using a transgenic mouse line that carries a total deletion of the P2X4 receptor. Results: We demonstrated that P2X4 deletion prevents hyperactivity in the mouse model of ADHD. In contrast, the absence of P2X4 lowered thermal pain thresholds in sham conditions and did not affect pain sensitization in ADHD-like conditions. We further analysed microglia reactivity and the expression of inflammatory markers in wild type and P2X4KO mice. Our results revealed that P2X4 deletion limits microglia reactivity but at the same time exerts proinflammatory effects in the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior insula. Conclusion: This dual role of P2X4 could be responsible for the differential effects noted on ADHD-like symptoms and pain sensitization and calls for further studies to investigate the therapeutic benefit of targeting the P2X4 receptor in ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bou Sader Nehme
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Sarasua
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaume I, Castellon, Spain
| | - Ramy Adel
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marie Tuifua
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Awatef Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amina E. Essawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sherine Abdel Salam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walid Hleihel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Landry
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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8
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Gilabert D, Duveau A, Carracedo S, Linck N, Langla A, Muramatsu R, Koch-Nolte F, Rassendren F, Grutter T, Fossat P, Boué-Grabot E, Ulmann L. Microglial P2X4 receptors are essential for spinal neurons hyperexcitability and tactile allodynia in male and female neuropathic mice. iScience 2023; 26:108110. [PMID: 37860691 PMCID: PMC10583052 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In neuropathic pain, recent evidence has highlighted a sex-dependent role of the P2X4 receptor in spinal microglia in the development of tactile allodynia following nerve injury. Here, using internalization-defective P2X4mCherryIN knockin mice (P2X4KI), we demonstrate that increased cell surface expression of P2X4 induces hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulations and hyperexcitability in spinal cord neurons of both male and female naive mice. During neuropathy, both wild-type (WT) and P2X4KI mice of both sexes develop tactile allodynia accompanied by spinal neuron hyperexcitability. These responses are selectively associated with P2X4, as they are absent in global P2X4KO or myeloid-specific P2X4KO mice. We show that P2X4 is de novo expressed in reactive microglia in neuropathic WT and P2X4KI mice of both sexes and that tactile allodynia is relieved by pharmacological blockade of P2X4 or TrkB. These results show that the upregulation of P2X4 in microglia is crucial for neuropathic pain, regardless of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Gilabert
- IGF, University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexia Duveau
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sara Carracedo
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Linck
- IGF, University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Langla
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Rieko Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - François Rassendren
- IGF, University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Grutter
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Fossat
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- IGF, University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France
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9
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Huang L, Mut-Arbona P, Varga B, Török B, Brunner J, Arszovszki A, Iring A, Kisfali M, Vizi ES, Sperlágh B. P2X7 purinergic receptor modulates dentate gyrus excitatory neurotransmission and alleviates schizophrenia-like symptoms in mouse. iScience 2023; 26:107560. [PMID: 37649698 PMCID: PMC10462828 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-gated P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) play a crucial role in brain disorders. However, how they affect normal and pathological synaptic transmission is still largely unclear. Here, by using whole-cell patch-clamp technique to record AMPA- and NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (s/mEPSCs) in dentate gyrus granule cells (DG GCs), we revealed a modulation by P2X7Rs of presynaptic sites, especially originated from entorhinal cortex (EC)-GC path but not the mossy cell (MC)-GC path. The involvement of P2X7Rs was confirmed using a pharmacological approach. Additionally, the acute activation of P2X7Rs directly elevated calcium influx from EC-GC terminals. In postnatal phencyclidine (PCP)-induced mouse model of schizophrenia, we observed that P2X7R deficiency restored the EC-GC synapse alteration and alleviated PCP-induced symptoms. To summarize, P2X7Rs participate in the modulation of GC excitatory neurotransmission in the DG via EC-GC pathway, contributing to pathological alterations of neuronal functions leading to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumei Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Varga
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiana Török
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Brunner
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonia Arszovszki
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Iring
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Kisfali
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - E. Sylvester Vizi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Lalo U, Pankratov Y. ATP-mediated signalling in the central synapses. Neuropharmacology 2023; 229:109477. [PMID: 36841527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
ATP released from the synaptic terminals and astrocytes can activate neuronal P2 receptors at a variety of locations across the CNS. Although the postsynaptic ATP-mediated signalling does not bring a major contribution into the excitatory transmission, it is instrumental for slow and diffuse modulation of synaptic dynamics and neuronal firing in many CNS areas. Neuronal P2X and P2Y receptors can be activated by ATP released from the synaptic terminals, astrocytes and microglia and thereby can participate in the regulation of synaptic homeostasis and plasticity. There is growing evidence of importance of purinergic regulation of synaptic transmission in different physiological and pathological contexts. Here, we review the main mechanisms underlying the complexity and diversity of purinergic signalling and purinergic modulation in central neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana Lalo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Yuriy Pankratov
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.
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11
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Hua J, Garcia de Paco E, Linck N, Maurice T, Desrumaux C, Manoury B, Rassendren F, Ulmann L. Microglial P2X4 receptors promote ApoE degradation and contribute to memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:138. [PMID: 37145189 PMCID: PMC10163120 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous evidences support that microglia contributes to the progression of Alzheimer's disease. P2X4 receptors are ATP-gated channels with high calcium permeability, which are de novo expressed in a subset of reactive microglia associated with various pathological contexts, contributing to microglial functions. P2X4 receptors are mainly localized in lysosomes and trafficking to the plasma membrane is tightly regulated. Here, we investigated the role of P2X4 in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using proteomics, we identified Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) as a specific P2X4 interacting protein. We found that P2X4 regulates lysosomal cathepsin B (CatB) activity promoting ApoE degradation; P2rX4 deletion results in higher amounts of intracellular and secreted ApoE in both bone-marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) and microglia from APPswe/PSEN1dE9 brain. In both human AD brain and APP/PS1 mice, P2X4 and ApoE are almost exclusively expressed in plaque-associated microglia. In 12-month-old APP/PS1 mice, genetic deletion of P2rX4 reverses topographical and spatial memory impairment and reduces amount of soluble small aggregates of Aß1-42 peptide, while no obvious alteration of plaque-associated microglia characteristics is observed. Our results support that microglial P2X4 promotes lysosomal ApoE degradation, indirectly altering Aß peptide clearance, which in turn might promotes synaptic dysfunctions and cognitive deficits. Our findings uncover a specific interplay between purinergic signaling, microglial ApoE, soluble Aß (sAß) species and cognitive deficits associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hua
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France
| | - Elvira Garcia de Paco
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Linck
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - François Rassendren
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France.
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12
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Mut-Arbona P, Sperlágh B. P2 receptor-mediated signaling in the physiological and pathological brain: From development to aging and disease. Neuropharmacology 2023; 233:109541. [PMID: 37062423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic pathway mediates both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, whereas the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is in a critical equilibrium. Under physiological conditions, extracellular ATP is maintained at a nanomolar concentration. Whether released into the medium following tissue damage, inflammation, or hypoxia, ATP is considered a clear indicator of cell damage and a marker of pathological conditions. In this overview, we provide an update on the participation of P2 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling in normal and pathological brain development, with special emphasis on neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Since purinergic signaling is ubiquitous, it is not surprising that it plays a prominent role in developmental processes and pathological alterations. The main aim of this review is to conceptualize the time-dependent dynamic changes in the participation of different players in the purinome in shaping the normal and aberrant developmental patterns and diseases of the central nervous system over one's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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13
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Sivcev S, Kudova E, Zemkova H. Neurosteroids as positive and negative allosteric modulators of ligand-gated ion channels: P2X receptor perspective. Neuropharmacology 2023; 234:109542. [PMID: 37040816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are steroids synthesized de novo in the brain from cholesterol in an independent manner from peripheral steroid sources. The term "neuroactive steroid" includes all steroids independent of their origin, and newly synthesized analogs of neurosteroids that modify neuronal activities. In vivo application of neuroactive steroids induces potent anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic and amnesic effects, mainly through interaction with the γ-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor (GABAAR). However, neuroactive steroids also act as positive or negative allosteric regulators on several ligand-gated channels including N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and ATP-gated purinergic P2X receptors. Seven different P2X subunits (P2X1-7) can assemble to form homotrimeric or heterotrimeric ion channels permeable for monovalent cations and calcium. Among them, P2X2, P2X4, and P2X7 are the most abundant within the brain and can be regulated by neurosteroids. Transmembrane domains are necessary for neurosteroid binding, however, no generic motif of amino acids can accurately predict the neurosteroid binding site for any of the ligand-gated ion channels including P2X. Here, we will review what is currently known about the modulation of rat and human P2X by neuroactive steroids and the possible structural determinants underlying neurosteroid-induced potentiation and inhibition of the P2X2 and P2X4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Sivcev
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Zemkova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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14
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Schädlich IS, Winzer R, Stabernack J, Tolosa E, Magnus T, Rissiek B. The role of the ATP-adenosine axis in ischemic stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2023:10.1007/s00281-023-00987-3. [PMID: 36917241 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
In ischemic stroke, the primary neuronal injury caused by the disruption of energy supply is further exacerbated by secondary sterile inflammation. The inflammatory cascade is largely initiated by the purine adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is extensively released to the interstitial space during brain ischemia and functions as an extracellular danger signaling molecule. By engaging P2 receptors, extracellular ATP activates microglia leading to cytokine and chemokine production and subsequent immune cell recruitment from the periphery which further amplifies post-stroke inflammation. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 shape and balance the inflammatory environment by stepwise degrading extracellular ATP to adenosine which itself has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory signaling properties. The neuroprotective effects of adenosine are mainly mediated through A1 receptors and inhibition of glutamatergic excitotoxicity, while the anti-inflammatory capacities of adenosine have been primarily attributed to A2A receptor activation on infiltrating immune cells in the subacute phase after stroke. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the ATP-adenosine axis in ischemic stroke, discuss contradictory results, and point out potential pitfalls towards translating therapeutic approaches from rodent stroke models to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Sophie Schädlich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Riekje Winzer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joschi Stabernack
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Gonçalves FQ, Matheus FC, Silva HB, Real JI, Rial D, Rodrigues RJ, Oses JP, Silva AC, Gonçalves N, Prediger RD, Tomé ÂR, Cunha RA. Increased ATP Release and Higher Impact of Adenosine A 2A Receptors on Corticostriatal Plasticity in a Rat Model of Presymptomatic Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1659-1674. [PMID: 36547848 PMCID: PMC9899190 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP can be a danger signal, but its role in striatal circuits afflicted in Parkinson's disease (PD) is unclear and was now investigated. ATP was particularly released at high stimulation intensities from purified striatal nerve terminals of mice, which were endowed with different ATP-P2 receptors (P2R), although P2R antagonists did not alter corticostriatal transmission or plasticity. Instead, ATP was extracellularly catabolized into adenosine through CD73 to activate adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) modulating corticostriatal long-term potentiation (LTP) in mice. In the presymptomatic phase of a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of PD, ATP release from striatal nerve terminals was increased and was responsible for a greater impact of CD73 and A2AR on corticostriatal LTP. These observations identify increased ATP release and ATP-derived formation of extracellular adenosine bolstering A2AR activation as a key pathway responsible for abnormal synaptic plasticity in circuits involved in the onset of PD motor symptoms. The translation of these findings to humans prompts extending the use of A2AR antagonists from only co-adjuvants of motor control in Parkinsonian patients to neuroprotective drugs delaying the onset of motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filipe C. Matheus
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal ,Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC Brazil
| | - Henrique B. Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana I. Real
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniel Rial
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. Rodrigues
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jean-Pierre Oses
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António C. Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nélio Gonçalves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui D. Prediger
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC Brazil
| | - Ângelo R. Tomé
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal ,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A. Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal ,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Liu D, Zinski A, Mishra A, Noh H, Park GH, Qin Y, Olorife O, Park JM, Abani CP, Park JS, Fung J, Sawaqed F, Coyle JT, Stahl E, Bendl J, Fullard JF, Roussos P, Zhang X, Stanton PK, Yin C, Huang W, Kim HY, Won H, Cho JH, Chung S. Impact of schizophrenia GWAS loci converge onto distinct pathways in cortical interneurons vs glutamatergic neurons during development. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4218-4233. [PMID: 35701597 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable advances have been made in schizophrenia (SCZ) GWAS, but gleaning biological insight from these loci is challenging. Genetic influences on gene expression (e.g., eQTLs) are cell type-specific, but most studies that attempt to clarify GWAS loci's influence on gene expression have employed tissues with mixed cell compositions that can obscure cell-specific effects. Furthermore, enriched SCZ heritability in the fetal brain underscores the need to study the impact of SCZ risk loci in specific developing neurons. MGE-derived cortical interneurons (cINs) are consistently affected in SCZ brains and show enriched SCZ heritability in human fetal brains. We identified SCZ GWAS risk genes that are dysregulated in iPSC-derived homogeneous populations of developing SCZ cINs. These SCZ GWAS loci differential expression (DE) genes converge on the PKC pathway. Their disruption results in PKC hyperactivity in developing cINs, leading to arborization deficits. We show that the fine-mapped GWAS locus in the ATP2A2 gene of the PKC pathway harbors enhancer marks by ATACseq and ChIPseq, and regulates ATP2A2 expression. We also generated developing glutamatergic neurons (GNs), another population with enriched SCZ heritability, and confirmed their functionality after transplantation into the mouse brain. Then, we identified SCZ GWAS risk genes that are dysregulated in developing SCZ GNs. GN-specific SCZ GWAS loci DE genes converge on the ion transporter pathway, distinct from those for cINs. Disruption of the pathway gene CACNA1D resulted in deficits of Ca2+ currents in developing GNs, suggesting compromised neuronal function by GWAS loci pathway deficits during development. This study allows us to identify cell type-specific and developmental stage-specific mechanisms of SCZ risk gene function, and may aid in identifying mechanism-based novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Liu
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Amy Zinski
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Akanksha Mishra
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Haneul Noh
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Gun-Hoo Park
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Yiren Qin
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Oshoname Olorife
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - James M Park
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Chiderah P Abani
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Joy S Park
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Janice Fung
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Farah Sawaqed
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Joseph T Coyle
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Eli Stahl
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jaroslav Bendl
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - John F Fullard
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Patric K Stanton
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Changhong Yin
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Weihua Huang
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Hae-Young Kim
- Department of Public Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Hyejung Won
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jun-Hyeong Cho
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Sangmi Chung
- Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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17
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Zhu C, Tian M, Liu N, Ma L, Lan X, Yang J, Du J, Ma H, Li Y, Zheng P, Yu J, Peng X. Analgesic effect of nobiletin against neuropathic pain induced by the chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in mice. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3644-3661. [PMID: 35976195 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is chronic pain resulting from central or peripheral nerve damage that remains difficult to treat. Current evidence suggests that nobiletin, isolated from Citrus reticulata Blanco, possesses analgesic and neuroprotective effects. However, its effect on neuropathic pain has not been reported. This study evaluated the analgesic effect of nobiletin on neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in mice. In vivo, mice were intragastrically administered with nobiletin (30, 60, 120 mg/kg) for eight consecutive days, respectively. Our study indicated that nobiletin ameliorated mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia on CCI mice at doses that do not induce significant sedation. Moreover, nobiletin could ameliorate axonal and myelin injury of the sciatic nerve and further restore abnormal sciatic nerve electrical activity on CCI mice. In vitro studies indicated that nobiletin could suppress the proteins and mRNA expression of the IRF5/P2X4R/BDNF signalling pathway in fibronectin-induced BV2 cells. Overall, our results indicated that nobiletin might exert an analgesic effect on CCI-induced neuropathic pain in mice by inhibiting the IRF5/P2X4R/BDNF signalling pathway in spinal microglia. This study provided a novel potential therapeutic drug for neuropathic pain and new insights into the pharmacological action of nobiletin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lin Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiamei Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juan Du
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hanxiang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- School of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaodong Peng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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18
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Orriss IR, Davies BK, Bourne LE, Arnett TR. Modulation of osteoblast differentiation and function by the P2X4 receptor. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09887-x. [PMID: 35976527 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cells are known to express multiple P2 receptor subtypes, and the functional effects of receptor activation have been described for many of these. One exception is the P2X4 receptor, which despite strong expression in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, has no defined functional activity. This study used the selective P2X4 receptor antagonists, 5-BDBD and PSB-12062, to investigate the role of this receptor in bone. Both antagonists (≥ 0.1 μM) dose-dependently decreased bone formation by 60-100%. This was accompanied by a ≤ 70% decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity, a ≤ 40% reduction in cell number, and a ≤ 80% increase in the number of adipocytes present in the culture. The analysis of gene expression showed that levels of osteoblast marker genes (e.g. Alpl, Bglap) were decreased in 5-BDBD treated cells. Conversely, expression of the adipogenic transcription factor PPARG was increased 10-fold. In osteoclasts, high doses of both antagonists were associated with a reduction in osteoclast formation and resorptive activity by ≤ 95% and ≤ 90%, respectively. Taken together, these data suggest that the P2X4 receptor plays a role in modulating bone cell function. In particular, it appears to influence osteoblast differentiation favouring the osteogenic lineage over the adipogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Bethan K Davies
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Lucie E Bourne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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19
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Ballout J, Claßen R, Richter K, Grau V, Diener M. Ionotropic P2X
4
and P2X
7
receptors in the regulation of ion transport across rat colon. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4992-5011. [DOI: 10.1111/bph.15928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Ballout
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Rebecca Claßen
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Katrin Richter
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Departement of General Surgery, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL) Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Veronika Grau
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Departement of General Surgery, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL) Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Martin Diener
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
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20
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Bertin E, Martinez A, Fayoux A, Carvalho K, Carracedo S, Fernagut PO, Koch-Nolte F, Blum D, Bertrand SS, Boué-Grabot E. Increased surface P2X4 receptors by mutant SOD1 proteins contribute to ALS pathogenesis in SOD1-G93A mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:431. [PMID: 35852606 PMCID: PMC9296432 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motoneuron (MN) disease characterized by protein misfolding and aggregation leading to cellular degeneration. So far neither biomarker, nor effective treatment has been found. ATP signaling and P2X4 receptors (P2X4) are upregulated in various neurodegenerative diseases. Here we show that several ALS-related misfolded proteins including mutants of SOD1 or TDP-43 lead to a significant increase in surface P2X4 receptor density and function in vitro. In addition, we demonstrate in the spinal the cord of SOD1-G93A (SOD1) mice that misfolded SOD1-G93A proteins directly interact with endocytic adaptor protein-2 (AP2); thus, acting as negative competitors for the interaction between AP2 and P2X4, impairing constitutive P2X4 endocytosis. The higher P2X4 surface density was particularly observed in peripheral macrophages of SOD1 mice before the onset and during the progression of ALS symptoms positioning P2X4 as a potential early biomarker for ALS. P2X4 expression was also upregulated in spinal microglia of SOD1 mice during ALS and affect microglial inflammatory responses. Importantly, we report using double transgenic SOD1 mice expressing internalization-defective P2X4mCherryIN knock-in gene or invalidated for the P2X4 gene that P2X4 is instrumental for motor symptoms, ALS progression and survival. This study highlights the role of P2X4 in the pathophysiology of ALS and thus its potential for the development of biomarkers and treatments. We also decipher the molecular mechanism by which misfolded proteins related to ALS impact P2X4 trafficking at early pathological stage in cells expressing-P2X4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Bertin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Audrey Martinez
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Fayoux
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kevin Carvalho
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172, LilNCog, Lille, France.,"Alzheimer & Tauopathies", LabEx DISTALZ, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Sara Carracedo
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Blum
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172, LilNCog, Lille, France.,"Alzheimer & Tauopathies", LabEx DISTALZ, 59000, Lille, France
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21
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Schneider S, Merfort I, Idzko M, Zech A. Blocking P2X purinoceptor 4 signalling alleviates cigarette smoke induced pulmonary inflammation. Respir Res 2022; 23:148. [PMID: 35676684 PMCID: PMC9175376 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with elevated ATP levels in the extracellular space. Once released, ATP serves as danger signal modulating immune responses by activating purinergic receptors. Accordingly, purinergic signalling has been implicated in respiratory inflammation associated with cigarette smoke exposure. However, the role of P2X4-signalling has not been fully elucidated yet.
Methods Here, we analysed the P2X4 mRNA expression in COPD patients as well as cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Furthermore, P2X4-signalling was blocked by either using a specific antagonist or genetic depletion of P2rx4 in mice applied to an acute and prolonged model of cigarette smoke exposure. Finally, we inhibited P2X4-signalling in macrophages derived from THP-1 before stimulation with cigarette smoke extract. Results COPD patients exhibited an increased P2X4 mRNA expression in cells isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral mononuclear cells. Similarly, P2rx4 expression was elevated in lung tissue of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Blocking P2X4-signalling in mice alleviated cigarette smoke induced airway inflammation as well as lung parenchyma destruction. Additionally, human macrophages derived from THP-1 cells released reduced concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in response to cigarette smoke extract stimulation when P2X4 was inhibited. Conclusion Taken together, we provide evidence that P2X4-signalling promotes innate immunity in the immunopathologic responses induced by cigarette smoke exposure. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-02072-z.
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22
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Sophocleous RA, Ooi L, Sluyter R. The P2X4 Receptor: Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of a Promising Neuroinflammatory Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105739. [PMID: 35628550 PMCID: PMC9147237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine 5′-triphosphate-gated P2X4 receptor channel is a promising target in neuroinflammatory disorders, but the ability to effectively target these receptors in models of neuroinflammation has presented a constant challenge. As such, the exact role of P2X4 receptors and their cell signalling mechanisms in human physiology and pathophysiology still requires further elucidation. To this end, research into the molecular mechanisms of P2X4 receptor activation, modulation, and inhibition has continued to gain momentum in an attempt to further describe the role of P2X4 receptors in neuroinflammation and other disease settings. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the P2X4 receptor, including its expression and function in cells involved in neuroinflammatory signalling. We discuss the pharmacology of P2X4 receptors and provide an overview of P2X4-targeting molecules, including agonists, positive allosteric modulators, and antagonists. Finally, we discuss the use of P2X4 receptor modulators and antagonists in models of neuroinflammatory cell signalling and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Andrew Sophocleous
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-4221-5508
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23
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Tozaki-Saitoh H, Takeda H, Inoue K. The Role of Microglial Purinergic Receptors in Pain Signaling. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061919. [PMID: 35335282 PMCID: PMC8949888 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an essential modality of sensation in the body. Purinergic signaling plays an important role in nociceptive pain transmission, under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and is important for communication between both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Microglia and astrocytes express a variety of purinergic effectors, and a variety of receptors play critical roles in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of purinergic signaling and of the compounds that modulate purinergic transmission, with the aim of highlighting the importance of purinergic pathways as targets for the treatment of persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa 831-8501, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-944-32-6137
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa 831-8501, Japan;
| | - Kazuhide Inoue
- Institute for Advanced Study, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
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24
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P2X4 Receptors Mediate Ca 2+ Release from Lysosomes in Response to Stimulation of P2X7 and H 1 Histamine Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910492. [PMID: 34638832 PMCID: PMC8508626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X4 purinergic receptor is targeted to endolysosomes, where it mediates an inward current dependent on luminal ATP and pH. Activation of P2X4 receptors was previously shown to trigger lysosome fusion, but the regulation of P2X4 receptors and their role in lysosomal Ca2+ signaling are poorly understood. We show that lysosomal P2X4 receptors are activated downstream of plasma membrane P2X7 and H1 histamine receptor stimulation. When P2X4 receptors are expressed, the increase in near-lysosome cytosolic [Ca2+] is exaggerated, as detected with a low-affinity targeted Ca2+ sensor. P2X4-dependent changes in lysosome properties were triggered downstream of P2X7 receptor activation, including an enlargement of lysosomes indicative of homotypic fusion and a redistribution of lysosomes towards the periphery of the cell. Lysosomal P2X4 receptors, therefore, have a role in regulating lysosomal Ca2+ release and the regulation of lysosomal membrane trafficking.
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25
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Khir NAM, Noh ASM, Shafin N, Ismail CAN. Contribution of P2X4 receptor in pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:201-213. [PMID: 33594635 PMCID: PMC8155137 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is the most common symptom reported by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) even after the resolution of chronic joint inflammation. It is believed that RA-associated pain is not solely due to inflammation, but could also be attributed to aberrant modifications to the central nervous system. The P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) is an ATP-activated purinergic receptor that plays a significant role in the transmission of information in the nervous system and pain. The involvement of P2X4R during the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain is well-established. The attenuation of this receptor alleviates disease pathogenesis and related symptoms, including hyperalgesia and allodynia. Although some studies have revealed the contribution of P2X4R in promoting joint inflammation in RA, how it implicates pain associated with RA at peripheral and central nervous systems is still lacking. In this review, the possible contributions of P2X4R in the nervous system and how it implicates pain transmission and responses were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Ajilah Mohamed Khir
- International Medical School, Management and Science University, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Ain’ Sabreena Mohd Noh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Nazlahshaniza Shafin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Che Aishah Nazariah Ismail
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
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26
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Petit-Pedrol M, Groc L. Regulation of membrane NMDA receptors by dynamics and protein interactions. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211609. [PMID: 33337489 PMCID: PMC7754687 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding neurotransmitter system crosstalk in the brain is a major challenge in neurobiology. Several intracellular and genomic cascades have been identified in this crosstalk. However, the discovery that neurotransmitter receptors are highly diffusive in the plasma membrane of neurons, where they form heterocomplexes with other proteins, has profoundly changed our view of neurotransmitter signaling. Here, we review new insights into neurotransmitter crosstalk at the plasma membrane. We focus on the membrane organization and interactome of the ionotropic glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) that plays a central role in excitatory synaptic and network physiology and is involved in the etiology of several major neuropsychiatric disorders. The nanoscale organization and dynamics of NMDAR is a key regulatory process for glutamate synapse transmission, plasticity, and crosstalk with other neurotransmitter systems, such as the monoaminergic ones. The plasma membrane appears to be a prime regulatory compartment for spatial and temporal crosstalk between neurotransmitter systems in the healthy and diseased brain. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating membrane neurotransmitter receptor crosstalk will likely open research avenues for innovative therapeutical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Petit-Pedrol
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Groc
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, Bordeaux, France
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27
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Ellegaard M, Hegner T, Ding M, Ulmann L, Jørgensen NR. Bone phenotype of P2X4 receptor knockout mice: implication of a P2X7 receptor mutation? Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:241-246. [PMID: 33856623 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic and knockout animal models are widely used to investigate the role of receptors, signaling pathways, and other peptides and proteins. Varying results are often published on the same model from different groups, and much effort has been put into understanding the underlying causes of these sometimes conflicting results. Recently, it has been shown that a P2X4R knockout model carries a so-called passenger mutation in the P2X7R gene, potentially affecting the interpretation of results from studies using this animal model. We therefore report this case to raise awareness about the potential pitfalls using genetically modified animal models, especially within P2 receptor research. Although purinergic signaling has been recognized as an important contributor to the regulation of bone remodeling, the process that maintains the bone quality during life, little is known about the role of the P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) in regulation of bone remodeling in health and disease. To address this, we analyzed the bone phenotype of P2rx4tm1Rass (C57BL/6J) knockout mice and corresponding wildtype using microCT and biomechanical testing. Overall, we found that the P2X4R knockout mice displayed improved bone microstructure and stronger bones in an age- and gender-dependent manner. While cortical BMD, trabecular BMD, and bone volume were higher in the 6-month-old females and 3-month-old males, this was not the case for the 3-month-old females and the 6-month-old males. Bone strength was only affected in the females. Moreover, we found that P2X4R KO mice carried the P2X7 receptor 451P wildtype allele, whereas the wildtype mice carried the 451L mutant allele. In conclusion, this study suggests that P2X4R could play a role in bone remodeling, but more importantly, it underlines the potential pitfalls when using knockout models and highlights the importance of interpreting results with great caution. Further studies are needed to verify any specific effects of P2X4R on bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ellegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tanja Hegner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ming Ding
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- LabEx ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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28
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Increased surface P2X4 receptor regulates anxiety and memory in P2X4 internalization-defective knock-in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:629-644. [PMID: 31911635 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ATP signaling and surface P2X4 receptors are upregulated selectively in neurons and/or glia in various CNS disorders including anxiety, chronic pain, epilepsy, ischemia, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the cell-specific functions of P2X4 in pathological contexts remain elusive. To elucidate P2X4 functions, we created a conditional transgenic knock-in P2X4 mouse line (Floxed P2X4mCherryIN) allowing the Cre activity-dependent genetic swapping of the internalization motif of P2X4 by the fluorescent mCherry protein to prevent constitutive endocytosis of P2X4. By combining molecular, cellular, electrophysiological, and behavioral approaches, we characterized two distinct knock-in mouse lines expressing noninternalized P2X4mCherryIN either exclusively in excitatory forebrain neurons or in all cells natively expressing P2X4. The genetic substitution of wild-type P2X4 by noninternalized P2X4mCherryIN in both knock-in mouse models did not alter the sparse distribution and subcellular localization of P2X4 but increased the number of P2X4 receptors at the surface of the targeted cells mimicking the pathological increased surface P2X4 state. Increased surface P2X4 density in the hippocampus of knock-in mice altered LTP and LTD plasticity phenomena at CA1 synapses without affecting basal excitatory transmission. Moreover, these cellular events translated into anxiolytic effects and deficits in spatial memory. Our results show that increased surface density of neuronal P2X4 contributes to synaptic deficits and alterations in anxiety and memory functions consistent with the implication of P2X4 in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, these conditional P2X4mCherryIN knock-in mice will allow exploring the cell-specific roles of P2X4 in various physiological and pathological contexts.
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29
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Er-Lukowiak M, Duan Y, Rassendren F, Ulmann L, Nicke A, Ufer F, Friese MA, Koch-Nolte F, Magnus T, Rissiek B. A P2rx7 Passenger Mutation Affects the Vitality and Function of T cells in Congenic Mice. iScience 2020; 23:101870. [PMID: 33336163 PMCID: PMC7733020 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among laboratory mouse strains many genes are differentially expressed in the same cell population. As consequence, gene targeting in 129-derived embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and backcrossing the modified mice onto the C57BL/6 background can introduce passenger mutations in the close proximity of the targeted gene. Here, we demonstrate that several transgenic mice carry a P2rx7 passenger mutation that affects the function of T cells. By the example of P2rx4tm1Rass we demonstrate that P2X4ko T cells express higher levels of P2X7 and are more sensitive toward the P2X7 activators ATP and NAD+, rendering these cells more vulnerable toward NAD-induced cell death (NICD) compared with wild type (WT). The enhanced NICD sensitivity confounded functional assays e.g. cytokine production and cell migration. Our results need to be considered when working with P2rx4tm1Rass mice or other 129-based transgenic strains that target P2rx7 neighboring genes. T cells from 129 mice express higher level of P2X7 compared with T cells from B6 mice P2rx4tm1Rass T cells express high level of P2X7 due to a P2rx7 passenger mutation P2rx4tm1Rass T cells are highly susceptible to NAD-induced cell death (NICD) NICD susceptibility of P2rx4tm1Rass T cells confounds the outcome of functional assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Er-Lukowiak
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Yinghui Duan
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Francois Rassendren
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France.,LabEx ICST, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France.,LabEx ICST, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Ufer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology und Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology und Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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30
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He J, Zhou Y, Arredondo Carrera HM, Sprules A, Neagu R, Zarkesh SA, Eaton C, Luo J, Gartland A, Wang N. Inhibiting the P2X4 Receptor Suppresses Prostate Cancer Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, Suggesting a Potential Clinical Target. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112511. [PMID: 33233569 PMCID: PMC7699771 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. The P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) is the most ubiquitously expressed P2X receptor in mammals and is positively associated with tumorigenesis in many cancer types. However, its involvement in PCa progression is less understood. We hypothesized that P2X4R activity enhanced tumour formation by PCa cells. We showed that P2X4R was the most highly expressed, functional P2 receptor in these cells using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and a calcium influx assay. The effect of inhibiting P2X4R on PCa (PC3 and C4-2B4 cells) viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were examined using the selective P2XR4 antagonists 5-BDBD and PSB-12062. The results demonstrated that inhibiting P2X4R impaired the growth and mobility of PCa cells but not apoptosis. In BALB/c immunocompromised nude mice inoculated with human PC3 cells subcutaneously, 5-BDBD showed anti-tumourigenic effects. Finally, a retrospective analysis of P2RX4 expression in clinical datasets (GDS1439, GDS1746, and GDS3289) suggested that P2X4R was positively associated with PCa malignancy. These studies suggest that P2X4R has a role in enhancing PCa tumour formation and is a clinically targetable candidate for which inhibitors are already available and have the potential to suppress disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiepei He
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Hector M. Arredondo Carrera
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Alexandria Sprules
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Ramona Neagu
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Sayyed Amin Zarkesh
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Colby Eaton
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Alison Gartland
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Ning Wang
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-114-2159216
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Purinergic signaling orchestrating neuron-glia communication. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105253. [PMID: 33080321 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P2X and P2Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A1 and A2A receptors) in the crosstalk between neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. An initial emphasis will be given to the cooperation between adenosine receptors to sharpen information salience encoding across synapses. The interplay between ATP and adenosine signaling in the communication between astrocytes and neurons will then be presented in context of the integrative properties of the astrocytic syncytium, allowing to implement heterosynaptic depression processes in neuronal networks. The process of microglia 'activation' and its control by astrocytes and neurons will then be analyzed under the perspective of an interplay between different P2 receptors and adenosine A2A receptors. In spite of these indications of a prominent role of purinergic signaling in the bidirectional communication between neurons and glia, its therapeutical exploitation still awaits obtaining an integrated view of the spatio-temporal action of ATP signaling and adenosine signaling, clearly distinguishing the involvement of both purinergic signaling systems in the regulation of physiological processes and in the control of pathogenic-like responses upon brain dysfunction or damage.
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32
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Jovanovic S, Milenkovic I. Purinergic Modulation of Activity in the Developing Auditory Pathway. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1285-1298. [PMID: 33040238 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic P2 receptors, activated by endogenous ATP, are prominently expressed on neuronal and non-neuronal cells during development of the auditory periphery and central auditory neurons. In the mature cochlea, extracellular ATP contributes to ion homeostasis, and has a protective function against noise exposure. Here, we focus on the modulation of activity by extracellular ATP during early postnatal development of the lower auditory pathway. In mammals, spontaneous patterned activity is conveyed along afferent auditory pathways before the onset of acoustically evoked signal processing. During this critical developmental period, inner hair cells fire bursts of action potentials that are believed to provide a developmental code for synaptic maturation and refinement of auditory circuits, thereby establishing a precise tonotopic organization. Endogenous ATP-release triggers such patterned activity by raising the extracellular K+ concentration and contributes to firing by increasing the excitability of auditory nerve fibers, spiral ganglion neurons, and specific neuron types within the auditory brainstem, through the activation of diverse P2 receptors. We review recent studies that provide new models on the contribution of purinergic signaling to early development of the afferent auditory pathway. Further, we discuss potential future directions of purinergic research in the auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Jovanovic
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ivan Milenkovic
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
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33
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Cross-Talk between P2X and NMDA Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197187. [PMID: 33003406 PMCID: PMC7582700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic P2X receptors (P2X) are ATP-gated ion channels widely expressed in the CNS. While the direct contribution of P2X to synaptic transmission is uncertain, P2X reportedly affect N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activity, which has given rise to competing theories on the role of P2X in the modulation of synapses. However, P2X have also been shown to participate in receptor cross-talk: an interaction where one receptor (e.g., P2X2) directly influences the activity of another (e.g., nicotinic, 5-HT3 or GABA receptors). In this study, we tested for interactions between P2X2 or P2X4 and NMDARs. Using two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology experiments in Xenopus laevis oocytes, we demonstrate that both P2X2 and P2X4 interact with NMDARs in an inhibited manner. When investigating the molecular domains responsible for this phenomenon, we found that the P2X2 c-terminus (CT) could interfere with both P2X2 and P2X4 interactions with NMDARs. We also report that 11 distal CT residues on the P2X4 facilitate the P2X4–NMDAR interaction, and that a peptide consisting of these P2X4 CT residues (11C) can disrupt the interaction between NMDARs and P2X2 or P2X4. Collectively, these results provide new evidence for the modulatory nature of P2X2 and P2X4, suggesting they might play a more nuanced role in the CNS.
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34
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Implication of Neuronal Versus Microglial P2X4 Receptors in Central Nervous System Disorders. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1327-1343. [PMID: 32889635 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X4 receptor (P2X4) is an ATP-gated cation channel that is highly permeable to Ca2+ and widely expressed in neuronal and glial cell types throughout the central nervous system (CNS). A growing body of evidence indicates that P2X4 plays key roles in numerous central disorders. P2X4 trafficking is highly regulated and consequently in normal situations, P2X4 is present on the plasma membrane at low density and found mostly within intracellular endosomal/lysosomal compartments. An increase in the de novo expression and/or surface density of P2X4 has been observed in microglia and/or neurons during pathological states. This review aims to summarize knowledge on P2X4 functions in CNS disorders and provide some insights into the relative contributions of neuronal and glial P2X4 in pathological contexts. However, determination of the cell-specific functions of P2X4 along with its intracellular and cell surface roles remain to be elucidated before its potential as a therapeutic target in multiple disorders can be defined.
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35
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Montilla A, Mata GP, Matute C, Domercq M. Contribution of P2X4 Receptors to CNS Function and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5562. [PMID: 32756482 PMCID: PMC7432758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The release and extracellular action of ATP are a widespread mechanism for cell-to-cell communication in living organisms through activation of P2X and P2Y receptors expressed at the cell surface of most tissues, including the nervous system. Among ionototropic receptors, P2X4 receptors have emerged in the last decade as a potential target for CNS disorders such as epilepsy, ischemia, chronic pain, anxiety, multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of P2X4 receptor in each pathology ranges from beneficial to detrimental, although the mechanisms are still mostly unknown. P2X4 is expressed at low levels in CNS cells including neurons and glial cells. In normal conditions, P2X4 activation contributes to synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Importantly, one of the genes present in the transcriptional program of myeloid cell activation is P2X4. Microglial P2X4 upregulation, the P2X4+ state of microglia, seems to be common in most acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases associated with inflammation. In this review, we summarize knowledge about the role of P2X4 receptors in the CNS physiology and discuss potential pitfalls and open questions about the therapeutic potential of blocking or potentiation of P2X4 for different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Montilla
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Gilda Paloma Mata
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Maria Domercq
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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36
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Resolving the Ionotropic P2X4 Receptor Mystery Points Towards a New Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145005. [PMID: 32679900 PMCID: PMC7404342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a primordial versatile autacoid that changes its role from an intracellular energy saver to a signaling molecule once released to the extracellular milieu. Extracellular ATP and its adenosine metabolite are the main activators of the P2 and P1 purinoceptor families, respectively. Mounting evidence suggests that the ionotropic P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) plays pivotal roles in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, yet further therapeutic advances have been hampered by the lack of selective P2X4R agonists. In this review, we provide the state of the art of the P2X4R activity in the cardiovascular system. We also discuss the role of P2X4R activation in kidney and lungs vis a vis their interplay to control cardiovascular functions and dysfunctions, including putative adverse effects emerging from P2X4R activation. Gathering this information may prompt further development of selective P2X4R agonists and its translation to the clinical practice.
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37
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Stokes L, Bidula S, Bibič L, Allum E. To Inhibit or Enhance? Is There a Benefit to Positive Allosteric Modulation of P2X Receptors? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:627. [PMID: 32477120 PMCID: PMC7235284 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of ligand-gated ion channels known as P2X receptors were discovered several decades ago. Since the cloning of the seven P2X receptors (P2X1-P2X7), a huge research effort has elucidated their roles in regulating a range of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Transgenic animals have been influential in understanding which P2X receptors could be new therapeutic targets for disease. Furthermore, understanding how inherited mutations can increase susceptibility to disorders and diseases has advanced this knowledge base. There has been an emphasis on the discovery and development of pharmacological tools to help dissect the individual roles of P2X receptors and the pharmaceutical industry has been involved in pushing forward clinical development of several lead compounds. During the discovery phase, a number of positive allosteric modulators have been described for P2X receptors and these have been useful in assigning physiological roles to receptors. This review will consider the major physiological roles of P2X1-P2X7 and discuss whether enhancement of P2X receptor activity would offer any therapeutic benefit. We will review what is known about identified compounds acting as positive allosteric modulators and the recent identification of drug binding pockets for such modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Bidula
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lučka Bibič
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Allum
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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38
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Han SJ, Lovaszi M, Kim M, D’Agati V, Haskó G, Lee HT. P2X4 receptor exacerbates ischemic AKI and induces renal proximal tubular NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:5465-5482. [PMID: 32086866 PMCID: PMC7136150 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903287r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the P2X4 purinergic receptor (P2X4) exacerbates ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) by promoting renal tubular inflammation after ischemia and reperfusion (IR). Supporting this, P2X4-deficient (KO) mice were protected against ischemic AKI with significantly attenuated renal tubular necrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis when compared to P2X4 wild-type (WT) mice subjected to renal IR. Furthermore, WT mice treated with P2X4 allosteric agonist ivermectin had exacerbated renal IR injury whereas P2X4 WT mice treated with a selective P2X4 antagonist (5-BDBD) were protected against ischemic AKI. Mechanistically, induction of kidney NLRP3 inflammasome signaling after renal IR was significantly attenuated in P2X4 KO mice. A P2 agonist ATPγS increased NLRP3 inflammasome signaling (NLRP3 and caspase 1 induction and IL-1β processing) in isolated renal proximal tubule cells from WT mice whereas these increases were absent in renal proximal tubules isolated from P2X4 KO mice. Moreover, 5-BDBD attenuated ATPγS induced NLRP3 inflammasome induction in renal proximal tubules from WT mice. Finally, P2X4 agonist ivermectin induced NLRP3 inflammasome and pro-inflammatory cytokines in cultured human proximal tubule cells. Taken together, our studies suggest that renal proximal tubular P2X4 activation exacerbates ischemic AKI and promotes NLRP3 inflammasome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Anesthesiology,College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Marianna Lovaszi
- Department of Anesthesiology,College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Mihwa Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology,College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Vivette D’Agati
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology,College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - H. Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology,College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
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39
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Overexpression of Purinergic P2X4 Receptors in Hippocampus Rescues Memory Impairment in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:719-732. [PMID: 32198702 PMCID: PMC7340685 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors have been reported to be involved in brain disorders. In this study, we explored their roles and mechanisms underlying the memory impairment in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM rats exhibited a worse performance in the T-maze and Morris water maze (MWM) than controls. Microglia positive for P2X purinoceptor 4 (P2X4R) in the hippocampus were reduced and activated microglia were increased in T2DM rats. Long Amplicon PCR (LA-PCR) showed that DNA amplification of the p2x4r gene in the hippocampus was lower in T2DM rats. Minocycline significantly reduced the number of activated microglia and the mean distance traveled by T2DM rats in the MWM. Most importantly, P2X4R overexpression suppressed the activated microglia and rescued the memory impairment of T2DM rats. Overall, T2DM led to excessive activation of microglia in the hippocampus, partly through the DNA damage-mediated downregulation of P2X4Rs, thus contributing to memory impairment.
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40
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Abstract
Purinergic signaling involves extracellular purines and pyrimidines acting upon specific cell surface purinoceptors classified into the P1, P2X, and P2Y families for nucleosides and nucleotides. This widespread signaling mechanism is active in all major tissues and influences a range of functions in health and disease. Orthologs to all but one of the human purinoceptors have been found in mouse, making this laboratory animal a useful model to study their function. Indeed, analyses of purinoceptors via knock-in or knockout approaches to produce gain or loss of function phenotypes have revealed several important therapeutic targets. None of the homozygous purinoceptor knockouts proved to be developmentally lethal, which suggest that either these receptors are not involved in key developmental processes or that the large number of receptors in each family allowed for functional compensation. Different models for the same purinoceptor often show compatible phenotypes but there have been examples of significant discrepancies. These revealed unexpected differences in the structure of human and mouse genes and emphasized the importance of the genetic background of different mouse strains. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and new trends in the modifications of purinoceptor genes in vivo. We discuss the resulting phenotypes, their applications and relative merits and limitations of mouse models available to study purinoceptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M H Rumney
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Dariusz C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland.
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41
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Bergmann P, Garcia de Paco E, Rissiek B, Menzel S, Dubberke G, Hua J, Rassendren F, Ulmann L, Koch-Nolte F. Generation and Characterization of Specific Monoclonal Antibodies and Nanobodies Directed Against the ATP-Gated Channel P2X4. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:498. [PMID: 31798414 PMCID: PMC6861843 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X4 channel is involved in different physiological and pathological conditions and functions in the nervous system. Despite the existence of several mouse models for which the expression of the gene was manipulated, there is still little information on the expression of the protein at the cellular level. In particular, supposedly specific available antibodies have often proved to recognize unrelated proteins in P2X4-deficient mice. Here, we used an in vivo DNA vaccine approach to generate a series of monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies specific for human, mouse, and rat P2X4 channels. We further characterized these antibodies and show that they solely recognize the native form of the proteins both in biochemical and cytometric applications. Some of these antibodies prove to specifically recognize P2X4 channels by immunostaining in brain or sensory ganglia slices, as well as at the cellular and subcellular levels. Due to their clonality, these different antibodies should represent versatile tools for further characterizing the cellular functions of P2X4 in the nervous system as well as at the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philine Bergmann
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elvira Garcia de Paco
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Dubberke
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hua
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
| | - François Rassendren
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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42
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Ribeiro DE, Casarotto PC, Staquini L, Pinto E Silva MA, Biojone C, Wegener G, Joca S. Reduced P2X receptor levels are associated with antidepressant effect in the learned helplessness model. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7834. [PMID: 31656696 PMCID: PMC6812674 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors, especially P2RX, are associated to the severity of symptoms in patients suffering from depressive and bipolar disorders, and genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of P2RX7 induces antidepressant-like effect in preclinical models. However, there is scarce evidence about the alterations in P2RX7 or P2RX4 levels and in behavioral consequences induced by previous exposure to stress, a major risk factor for depression in humans. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of imipramine (IMI) on P2RX7 and P2RX4 levels in dorsal and ventral hippocampus as well as in the frontal cortex of rats submitted to the pretest session of learned helplessness (LH) paradigm. Repeated, but not acute administration of IMI (15 mg/kg ip) reduced the levels of both P2RX7 and P2RX4 in the ventral, but not in dorsal hippocampus or frontal cortex. In addition, we tested the effect of P2RX7/P2RX4 antagonist brilliant blue G (BBG: 25 or 50 mg/kg ip) on the LH paradigm. We observed that repeated (7 days) but not acute (1 day) treatment with BBG (50 mg) reduced the number of failures to escape the shocks in the test session, a parameter mimicked by the same regimen of IMI treatment. Taken together, our data indicates that pharmacological blockade or decrease in the expression of P2RX7 is associated to the antidepressant-like behavior observed in the LH paradigm after repeated drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Laura Staquini
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta Pinto E Silva
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Caroline Biojone
- Neuroscience Center-HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Samia Joca
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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43
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Paalme V, Rump A, Mädo K, Teras M, Truumees B, Aitai H, Ratas K, Bourge M, Chiang CS, Ghalali A, Tordjmann T, Teras J, Boudinot P, Kanellopoulos JM, Rüütel Boudinot S. Human Peripheral Blood Eosinophils Express High Levels of the Purinergic Receptor P2X4. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2074. [PMID: 31552031 PMCID: PMC6746186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are important mediators of cell activation and trigger multiple responses via membrane receptors known as purinergic receptors (P2). P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, activated by extracellular ATP. P2X4 is one of the most sensitive purinergic receptors, that is typically expressed by neurons, microglia, and some epithelial and endothelial cells. P2X4 mediates neuropathic pain via brain-derived neurotrophic factor and is also involved in inflammation in response to high ATP release. It is therefore involved in multiple inflammatory pathologies as well as neurodegenerative diseases. We have produced monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against this important human P2X4 receptor. Focusing on two mAbs, we showed that they also recognize mouse and rat P2X4. We demonstrated that these mAbs can be used in flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry, but not in Western blot assays, indicating that they target conformational epitopes. We also characterized the expression of P2X4 receptor on mouse and human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). We showed that P2X4 is expressed at the surface of several leukocyte cell types, with the highest expression level on eosinophils, making them potentially sensitive to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). P2X4 is expressed by leucocytes, in human and mouse, with a significant gender difference, males having higher surface expression levels than females. Our findings reveal that PBL express significant levels of P2X4 receptor, and suggest an important role of this receptor in leukocyte activation by ATP, particularly in P2X4high expressing eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viiu Paalme
- Immunology Unit, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Airi Rump
- Immunology Unit, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kati Mädo
- North Estonia Medical Centre Foundation, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marina Teras
- North Estonia Medical Centre Foundation, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Helen Aitai
- Immunology Unit, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristel Ratas
- Immunology Unit, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mickael Bourge
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chi-Shiun Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Aram Ghalali
- Institute of Environment Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jüri Teras
- North Estonia Medical Centre Foundation, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Jean M Kanellopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Structural Biology, I2BC-CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Immunology Unit, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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44
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Westerlund E, Valfridsson C, Yi DX, Persson JJ. The Secreted Virulence Factor NADase of Group A Streptococcus Inhibits P2X7 Receptor-Mediated Release of IL-1β. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1385. [PMID: 31275321 PMCID: PMC6591467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The common human pathogen Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes superficial as well as invasive, life-threatening diseases. An increase in the occurrence of invasive GAS infection by strains of the M1 and M89 serotypes has been correlated with increased expression of the genetically and functionally linked virulence factors streptolysin O (SLO) and β-NAD+-glycohydrolase (NADase). NADase affects host cells differently depending on its location: its SLO-dependent translocation into the cytosol can lead to cell death through β-NAD+ depletion, while extracellularly located NADase inhibits IL-1β release downstream of Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. In this study, we use a macrophage infection model to investigate the NADase-dependent inhibition of IL-1β release. We show that bacteria expressing a functional NADase evade P2X7 activation, while infection with a NADase-deficient GAS strain leads to a P2X7-mediated increase in IL-1β. Further, our data indicate that in the absence of NADase, IL-1β is released through both P2X7-dependent and -independent pathways, although the precise mechanisms of how this occur are still unclear. This study adds information about the mechanism by which NADase regulates inflammasome-dependent IL-1β release, which may in part explain why increased NADase expression correlates with bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Westerlund
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine Valfridsson
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daisy X Yi
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jenny J Persson
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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45
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Zabala A, Vazquez-Villoldo N, Rissiek B, Gejo J, Martin A, Palomino A, Perez-Samartín A, Pulagam KR, Lukowiak M, Capetillo-Zarate E, Llop J, Magnus T, Koch-Nolte F, Rassendren F, Matute C, Domercq M. P2X4 receptor controls microglia activation and favors remyelination in autoimmune encephalitis. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708743. [PMID: 29973381 PMCID: PMC6079537 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia survey the brain microenvironment for signals of injury or infection and are essential for the initiation and resolution of pathogen‐ or tissue damage‐induced inflammation. Understanding the mechanism of microglia responses during pathology is hence vital to promote regenerative responses. Here, we analyzed the role of purinergic receptor P2X4 (P2X4R) in microglia/macrophages during autoimmune inflammation. Blockade of P2X4R signaling exacerbated clinical signs in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model and also favored microglia activation to a pro‐inflammatory phenotype and inhibited myelin phagocytosis. Moreover, P2X4R blockade in microglia halted oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro and remyelination after lysolecithin‐induced demyelination. Conversely, potentiation of P2X4R signaling by the allosteric modulator ivermectin (IVM) favored a switch in microglia to an anti‐inflammatory phenotype, potentiated myelin phagocytosis, promoted the remyelination response, and ameliorated clinical signs of EAE. Our results provide evidence that P2X4Rs modulate microglia/macrophage inflammatory responses and identify IVM as a potential candidate among currently used drugs to promote the repair of myelin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alazne Zabala
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Nuria Vazquez-Villoldo
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jon Gejo
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Abraham Martin
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Aitor Palomino
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Alberto Perez-Samartín
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Marco Lukowiak
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Estibaliz Capetillo-Zarate
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jordi Llop
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Carlos Matute
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - María Domercq
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
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46
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Domercq M, Matute C. Targeting P2X4 and P2X7 receptors in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:119-125. [PMID: 31015145 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by massive infiltration of immune cells, demyelination, and axonal loss. However, spontaneous myelin repair can occur during the course of the disease. A major component of this regenerative process is a robust innate immune response consisting of infiltrating macrophages and brain microgliosis. Therefore, specifically targeting myeloid cells could be an attractive therapeutic approach. Purinergic receptors control not only immune cell function together with the activation of microglia and astrocytes, but also neuronal and oligodendroglial survival in the pathology. Thus, targeting these receptors can modulate a whole variety of responses. In this review, we will summarize recent findings highlighting the potential of P2X4 and P2X7 as therapeutic targets for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Domercq
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience-UPV/EHU, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - C Matute
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience-UPV/EHU, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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47
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Dhuna K, Felgate M, Bidula SM, Walpole S, Bibic L, Cromer BA, Angulo J, Sanderson J, Stebbing MJ, Stokes L. Ginsenosides Act As Positive Modulators of P2X4 Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 95:210-221. [PMID: 30545933 PMCID: PMC6334005 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the selectivity of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides from Panax ginseng acting as positive allosteric modulators on P2X receptors. ATP-induced responses were measured in stable cell lines overexpressing human P2X4 using a YOPRO-1 dye uptake assay, intracellular calcium measurements, and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Ginsenosides CK and Rd were demonstrated to enhance ATP responses at P2X4 by ∼twofold, similar to potentiation by the known positive modulator ivermectin. Investigations into the role of P2X4 in mediating a cytotoxic effect showed that only P2X7 expression in HEK-293 cells induces cell death in response to high concentrations of ATP, and that ginsenosides can enhance this process. Generation of a P2X7-deficient clone of BV-2 microglial cells using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing enabled an investigation of endogenous P2X4 in a microglial cell line. Compared with parental BV-2 cells, P2X7-deficient BV-2 cells showed minor potentiation of ATP responses by ginsenosides, and insensitivity to ATP− or ATP+ ginsenoside-induced cell death, indicating a primary role for P2X7 receptors in both of these effects. Computational docking to a homology model of human P2X4, based on the open state of zfP2X4, yielded evidence of a putative ginsenoside binding site in P2X4 in the central vestibule region of the large ectodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitija Dhuna
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Matthew Felgate
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Stefan M Bidula
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Samuel Walpole
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Lucka Bibic
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Brett A Cromer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Jesus Angulo
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Julie Sanderson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Martin J Stebbing
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
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48
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Purinergic receptors in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Brain Res Bull 2018; 151:38-45. [PMID: 30500565 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, characterized by the presence of focal lesions in white and grey matter with peripheral immune cells infiltration. Purinergic receptors control immune cell function as well as neuronal and oligodendroglial survival, and the activation of astrocytes and microglia, the endogenous brain immune cells. In particular, ionotropic purinergic receptors P2X4 and P2X7 and metabotropic receptor P2Y12 are differently expressed along the disease and their activation or blockage modifies the course of texperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the dominant animal model of MS. In this review, we will summarize emerging evidence of the role of these three receptor types as potential MS biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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49
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Coddou C, Sandoval R, Hevia MJ, Stojilkovic SS. Characterization of the antagonist actions of 5-BDBD at the rat P2X4 receptor. Neurosci Lett 2018; 690:219-224. [PMID: 30366010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
P2X receptors (P2XRs) are a family of ATP-gated ionic channels that are expressed in numerous excitable and non-excitable cells. Despite the great advance on the structure and function of these receptors in the last decades, there is still lack of specific and potent antagonists for P2XRs subtypes, especially for the P2X4R. Here, we studied in detail the effect of the P2X4R antagonist 5-(3-bromophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzofuro[3,2-e]-1,4-diazepin-2-one (5-BDBD) on ATP-induced currents mediated by the rat P2X4R and compared its specificity among another rat P2XRs. We found that 5-BDBD is a potent P2X4R antagonist, with an IC50 of 0.75 μM when applied for 2 min prior and during ATP stimulation. Moreover, at 10 μM concentration, 5-BDBD did not affect the ATP-induced P2X2aR, P2X2bR, and P2X7R current amplitude or the pattern of receptor desensitization. However, at 10 μM concentration but not 0.75 μM 5-BDBD inhibited the P2X1R and P2X3R-gated currents by 13 and 35% respectively. Moreover, we studied the effects of 5-BDBD in long-term potentiation experiments performed in rat hippocampal slices, finding this antagonist can partially decrease LTP, a response that is believed to be mediated in part by endogenous P2X4Rs. These results indicate that 5-BDBD could be used to study the endogenous effects of the P2X4R in the central nervous system and this antagonist can discriminate between P2X4R and other P2XRs, when they are co-expressed in the same tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Coddou
- Departmento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Section on Cellular Signaling, TheEunice Kennedy ShiverNational Institute of Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Rodrigo Sandoval
- Departmento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - María José Hevia
- Departmento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Stanko S Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, TheEunice Kennedy ShiverNational Institute of Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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50
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Su WF, Wu F, Jin ZH, Gu Y, Chen YT, Fei Y, Chen H, Wang YX, Xing LY, Zhao YY, Yuan Y, Tang X, Chen G. Overexpression of P2X4 receptor in Schwann cells promotes motor and sensory functional recovery and remyelination via BDNF secretion after nerve injury. Glia 2018; 67:78-90. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Su
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Fan Wu
- Medical School of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Zi-Han Jin
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Yun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Ying-Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Ying Fei
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Ling-Yan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Ya-Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong China
- Department of Anesthesiology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
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