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Activation of the hedgehog signaling pathway is associated with the promotion of cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:1241-1251. [PMID: 36190554 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the pathogenesis of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway activated by inflammation in the development of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). METHODS The 82 people including CRSwNP patients (case group) and nasal septal deviation patients (control group) were recruited. The samples in the case group were collected and classified into two groups: mucosal tissue of nasal polyps (NP group) and mucosal tissue adjacent to nasal polyps (NM group), the samples were collected from the control group as CM group. Clinical characteristics were assessed. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were performed to detect eosinophils (EOS), the expression of the key genes of the pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in the samples. RESULTS There were significant differences in the nasal obstruction visual analog scale (VAS) score, rhinorrhea VAS score, percentage of blood EOS, blood EOS absolute counts and tissue EOS counts in the case group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The EOS level and expression levels of PTCH1, SMO, Gli1, Gli2, Ki67 and vimentin were higher in NP group than in the other two groups (P < 0.05). E-cadherin expression was decreased in NP group (P < 0.05). A positive correlation between PTCH1 expression and CRSwNP Lund-Mackay score in NP group. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the activation of Hh signaling pathway might promote cell proliferation and EMT occurrence, ultimately leading to the development of CRSwNP, which might provide a new target for treatment.
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2
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Zheng G, Ren J, Shang L, Bao Y. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway: A Role in Pain Processing. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1611-1630. [PMID: 36738366 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pain, as one of the most prevalent clinical symptoms, is a complex physiological and psychological activity. Long-term severe pain can become unbearable to the body. However, existing treatments do not provide satisfactory results. Therefore, new mechanisms and therapeutic targets need to be urgently explored for pain management. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is crucial in embryonic development, cell differentiation and proliferation, and nervous system regulation. Here, we review the recent studies on the Shh signaling pathway and its action in multiple pain-related diseases. The Shh signaling pathway is dysregulated under various pain conditions, such as pancreatic cancer pain, bone cancer pain, chronic post-thoracotomy pain, pain caused by degenerative lumbar disc disease, and toothache. Further studies on the Shh signaling pathway may provide new therapeutic options for pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beixiange 5, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Juanxia Ren
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lu Shang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beixiange 5, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
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3
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Role of Running-Activated Neural Stem Cells in the Anatomical and Functional Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury in p21 Knock-Out Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032911. [PMID: 36769236 PMCID: PMC9918280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents one of the most common worldwide causes of death and disability. Clinical and animal model studies have evidenced that TBI is characterized by the loss of both gray and white matter, resulting in brain atrophy and in a decrease in neurological function. Nowadays, no effective treatments to counteract TBI-induced neurological damage are available. Due to its complex and multifactorial pathophysiology (neuro-inflammation, cytotoxicity and astroglial scar formation), cell regeneration and survival in injured brain areas are strongly hampered. Recently, it has been proposed that adult neurogenesis may represent a new approach to counteract the post-traumatic neurodegeneration. In our laboratory, we have recently shown that physical exercise induces the long-lasting enhancement of subventricular (SVZ) adult neurogenesis in a p21 (negative regulator of neural progenitor proliferation)-null mice model, with a concomitant improvement of olfactory behavioral paradigms that are strictly dependent on SVZ neurogenesis. On the basis of this evidence, we have investigated the effect of running on SVZ neurogenesis and neurorepair processes in p21 knock-out mice that were subject to TBI at the end of a 12-day session of running. Our data indicate that runner p21 ko mice show an improvement in numerous post-trauma neuro-regenerative processes, including the following: (i) an increase in neuroblasts in the SVZ; (ii) an increase in the migration stream of new neurons from the SVZ to the damaged cortical region; (iii) an enhancement of new differentiating neurons in the peri-lesioned area; (iv) an improvement in functional recovery at various times following TBI. All together, these results suggest that a running-dependent increase in subventricular neural stem cells could represent a promising tool to improve the endogenous neuro-regenerative responses following brain trauma.
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4
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Costa MR, Dos Santos AYI, de Miranda TB, Aires R, de Camargo Coque A, Hurtado ECP, Bernardi MM, Pecorari VGA, Andia DC, Birbrair A, Guillemin GJ, Latini A, da Silva RA. Impact of neuroinflammation on epigenetic transcriptional control of Sonic Hedgehog members in the central nervous system. Brain Res 2023; 1799:148180. [PMID: 36463954 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays a critical role during central nervous system (CNS) development, and its dysregulation leads to neurological disorders. Nevertheless, little is known about Shh signaling regulation in the adult brain. Here, we investigated the contribution of DNA methylation on the transcriptional control of Shh signaling pathway members and its basal distribution impact on the brain, as well as its modulation by inflammation. The methylation status of the promoter regions of these members and the transcriptional profile of DNA-modifying enzymes (DNA Methyltransferases - DNMTs and Tet Methylcytosine Dioxygenase - TETs) were investigated in a murine model of neuroinflammation by qPCR. We showed that, in the adult brain, methylation in the CpG promoter regions of the Shh signaling pathway members was critical to determine the endogenous differential transcriptional pattern observed between distinct brain regions. We also found that neuroinflammation differentially modulates gene expression of DNA-modifying enzymes. This study reveals the basal transcriptional profile of DNMTs and TETs enzymes in the CNS and demonstrates the effect of neuroinflammation on the transcriptional control of members of the Shh Signaling pathway in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rogério Aires
- Epigenetic Study Center and Gene Regulation - CEEpiRG, Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo 04026-002, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex de Camargo Coque
- Epigenetic Study Center and Gene Regulation - CEEpiRG, Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo 04026-002, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Cristina Perez Hurtado
- Epigenetic Study Center and Gene Regulation - CEEpiRG, Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo 04026-002, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria Martha Bernardi
- Epigenetic Study Center and Gene Regulation - CEEpiRG, Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo 04026-002, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Carleto Andia
- School of Dentistry, Health Science Institute, Paulista University, São Paulo 04026-002, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Alexandra Latini
- Bioenergetics and Oxidative Stress Lab - LABOX, Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A da Silva
- School of Dentistry, University of Taubaté, 12020-3400 Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil; Epigenetic Study Center and Gene Regulation - CEEpiRG, Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo 04026-002, São Paulo, Brazil.
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5
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Douceau S, Deutsch Guerrero T, Ferent J. Establishing Hedgehog Gradients during Neural Development. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020225. [PMID: 36672161 PMCID: PMC9856818 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A morphogen is a signaling molecule that induces specific cellular responses depending on its local concentration. The concept of morphogenic gradients has been a central paradigm of developmental biology for decades. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is one of the most important morphogens that displays pleiotropic functions during embryonic development, ranging from neuronal patterning to axon guidance. It is commonly accepted that Shh is distributed in a gradient in several tissues from different origins during development; however, how these gradients are formed and maintained at the cellular and molecular levels is still the center of a great deal of research. In this review, we first explored all of the different sources of Shh during the development of the nervous system. Then, we detailed how these sources can distribute Shh in the surrounding tissues via a variety of mechanisms. Finally, we addressed how disrupting Shh distribution and gradients can induce severe neurodevelopmental disorders and cancers. Although the concept of gradient has been central in the field of neurodevelopment since the fifties, we also describe how contemporary leading-edge techniques, such as organoids, can revisit this classical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Douceau
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tanya Deutsch Guerrero
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Ferent
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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6
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Abstract
Inflammation is a biological process that dynamically alters the surrounding microenvironment, including participating immune cells. As a well-protected organ surrounded by specialized barriers and with immune privilege properties, the central nervous system (CNS) tightly regulates immune responses. Yet in neuroinflammatory conditions, pathogenic immunity can disrupt CNS structure and function. T cells in particular play a key role in promoting and restricting neuroinflammatory responses, while the inflamed CNS microenvironment can influence and reshape T cell function and identity. Still, the contraction of aberrant T cell responses within the CNS is not well understood. Using autoimmunity as a model, here we address the contribution of CD4 T helper (Th) cell subsets in promoting neuropathology and disease. To address the mechanisms antagonizing neuroinflammation, we focus on the control of the immune response by regulatory T cells (Tregs) and describe the counteracting processes that preserve their identity under inflammatory challenges. Finally, given the influence of the local microenvironment on immune regulation, we address how CNS-intrinsic signals reshape T cell function to mitigate abnormal immune T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Benallegue
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Hania Kebir
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jorge I. Alvarez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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7
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Madalena KM, Brennan FH, Popovich PG. Genetic deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor in Cx 3cr1 + myeloid cells is neuroprotective and improves motor recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114114. [PMID: 35568187 PMCID: PMC10034962 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), part of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors (TFs), are ubiquitously expressed in all cell types and regulate cellular responses to glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol in humans; corticosterone in rodents). In myeloid cells, glucocorticoids binding to GRs can enhance or repress gene transcription, thereby imparting distinct and context-dependent functions in macrophages at sites of inflammation. In experimental models and in humans, glucocorticoids are widely used as anti-inflammatory treatments to promote recovery of function after SCI. Thus, we predicted that deleting GR in mouse myeloid lineage cells (i.e., microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages) would enhance inflammation at the site of injury and worsen functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Contrary to our prediction, the intraspinal macrophage response to a moderate (75 kdyne) spinal contusion SCI was reduced in Cx3cr1-Cre;GRf/f conditional knockout mice (with GR specifically deleted in myeloid cells). This phenotype was associated with improvements in hindlimb motor recovery, myelin sparing, axon sparing/regeneration, and microvascular protection/plasticity relative to SCI mice with normal myeloid cell GR expression. Further analysis revealed that macrophage GR deletion impaired lipid and myelin phagocytosis and foamy macrophage formation. Together, these data reveal endogenous GR signaling as a key pathway that normally inhibits mechanisms of macrophage-mediated repair after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Madalena
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Faith H Brennan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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8
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Aubin RG, Troisi EC, Montelongo J, Alghalith AN, Nasrallah MP, Santi M, Camara PG. Pro-inflammatory cytokines mediate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transition of pediatric posterior fossa ependymoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3936. [PMID: 35803925 PMCID: PMC9270322 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric ependymoma is a devastating brain cancer marked by its relapsing pattern and lack of effective chemotherapies. This shortage of treatments is due to limited knowledge about ependymoma tumorigenic mechanisms. By means of single-nucleus chromatin accessibility and gene expression profiling of posterior fossa primary tumors and distal metastases, we reveal key transcription factors and enhancers associated with the differentiation of ependymoma tumor cells into tumor-derived cell lineages and their transition into a mesenchymal-like state. We identify NFκB, AP-1, and MYC as mediators of this transition, and show that the gene expression profiles of tumor cells and infiltrating microglia are consistent with abundant pro-inflammatory signaling between these populations. In line with these results, both TGF-β1 and TNF-α induce the expression of mesenchymal genes on a patient-derived cell model, and TGF-β1 leads to an invasive phenotype. Altogether, these data suggest that tumor gliosis induced by inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress underlies the mesenchymal phenotype of posterior fossa ependymoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael G Aubin
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Emma C Troisi
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Javier Montelongo
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Adam N Alghalith
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Maclean P Nasrallah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mariarita Santi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Pablo G Camara
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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9
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Methacrylic Acid-Based Regenerative Biomaterials: Explorations into the MAAgic. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-022-00263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Promoting Oligodendrocyte Differentiation from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Activating Endocannabinoid Signaling for Treating Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:3033-3049. [PMID: 35725998 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) at the injury site is being developed as a potential therapeutic strategy for promoting remyelination and locomotor function recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). To this end, the development of expandable and functional human OPCs is crucial for testing their efficacy in SCI. In mice and rats, the endocannabinoid signaling system is crucial for the survival, differentiation, and maturation of OPCs. Similar studies in humans are lacking currently. Endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids exert their effects mainly via cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R). We demonstrated that these receptors were differentially expressed in iPSC-derived human NSCs and OPCs, and they could be activated by WIN55212-2 (WIN), a potent CB1R/CB2R agonist to upregulate the endocannabinoid signaling during glial induction. WIN primed NSCs generated more OLIG2 + glial progenitors and migratory PDGFRα + OPC in a CB1/CB2 dependent manner compared to unprimed NSCs. Furthermore, WIN-induced OPCs (WIN-OPCs) robustly differentiated into functional oligodendrocytes and myelinate in vitro and in vivo in a mouse spinal cord injury model. RNA-Seq revealed that WIN upregulated the biological process of positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mechanistically, WIN could act as a partial smoothed (SMO) inhibitor or activate CB1/CB2 to form heteromeric complexes with SMO leading to the inhibition of GLI1 in the Sonic hedgehog pathway. The partial and temporal inhibition of GLI1 during glial induction is shown to promote OPCs that differentiate faster than control's. Thus, CB1R/CB2R activation results in more efficient generation of OPCs that can mature and efficiently myelinate.
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11
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Kaminska A, Radoszkiewicz K, Rybkowska P, Wedzinska A, Sarnowska A. Interaction of Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) as a Promising Approach in Brain Study and Nerve Regeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091464. [PMID: 35563770 PMCID: PMC9105617 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid developments in stem cell research in recent years have provided a solid foundation for their use in medicine. Over the last few years, hundreds of clinical trials have been initiated in a wide panel of indications. Disorders and injuries of the nervous system still remain a challenge for the regenerative medicine. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are the optimal cells for the central nervous system restoration as they can differentiate into mature cells and, most importantly, functional neurons and glial cells. However, their application is limited by multiple factors such as difficult access to source material, limited cells number, problematic, long and expensive cultivation in vitro, and ethical considerations. On the other hand, according to the available clinical databases, most of the registered clinical trials involving cell therapies were carried out with the use of mesenchymal stem/stromal/signalling cells (MSCs) obtained from afterbirth or adult human somatic tissues. MSCs are the multipotent cells which can also differentiate into neuron-like and glia-like cells under proper conditions in vitro; however, their main therapeutic effect is more associated with secretory and supportive properties. MSCs, as a natural component of cell niche, affect the environment through immunomodulation as well as through the secretion of the trophic factors. In this review, we discuss various therapeutic strategies and activated mechanisms related to bilateral MSC–NSC interactions, differentiation of MSCs towards the neural cells (subpopulation of crest-derived cells) under the environmental conditions, bioscaffolds, or co-culture with NSCs by recreating the conditions of the neural cell niche.
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12
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The Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Modulates Survival, Proliferation, and Differentiation of Neural Progenitor Cells under Inflammatory Stress In Vitro. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040736. [PMID: 35203385 PMCID: PMC8869809 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sonic Hedgehog protein (Shh) has been extensively researched since its discovery in 1980. Its crucial role in early neurogenesis and endogenous stem cells of mature brains, as well as its recently described neuroprotective features, implicate further important effects on neuronal homeostasis. Here, we investigate its potential role in the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neural precursors cells (NPCs) under inflammatory stress as a potential adjunct for NPC-transplantation strategies in spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment. To this end, we simulated an inflammatory environment in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and induced the Shh-pathway using recombinant Shh or blocked it using Cyclopamine, a potent Smo inhibitor. We found that Shh mediates the proliferation and neuronal differentiation potential of NPCs in vitro, even in an inflammatory stress environment mimicking the subacute phase after SCI. At the same time, our results indicate that a reduction of the Shh-pathway activation by blockage with Cyclopamine is associated with reduced NPC-survival, reduced neuronal differentiation and increased astroglial differentiation. Shh might thus, play a role in endogenous NPC-mediated neuroregeneration or even be a potent conjunct to NPC-based therapies in the inflammatory environment after SCI.
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13
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Ding LLQ, Hu SF, He XW, Zhang P, Zhao FF, Liu TP, Zhang Q, He F, Yu Y, Xiong P, Wang CK. Acupuncture combined with moxibustion promote the recovery of spinal cord injury in correlation with Shh/Gli-1 signaling pathway. J Spinal Cord Med 2022; 45:106-116. [PMID: 32441569 PMCID: PMC8890527 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2020.1766900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Acupuncture combined with moxibustion (AM) therapy has been applied to treat spinal cord injury (SCI), but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The present study aimed to confirm the effect and mechanism of AM treatment on the recovery of SCI.Design: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish the SCI model by impact method. SCI rat models were subjected to AM treatment at Dazhui (GV14) and Jiaji points (T7-T12), Yaoyangguan (GV3), Zusanli (ST36) and Ciliao (BL32).Outcome measures: Motor function and cell apoptosis in rats after SCI. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Shh and Gli-1 were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemistry.Results: After AM treatment, the hindlimb motor function of SCI rats was significantly increased than the SCI group at 7, 9, 11, 14 days (P < 0.05). AM treatment 7 d and 14 d significantly preserved the nissl-stained positive neurons and significantly decreased number of apoptotic cells, compared to that of SCI 7 and 14 d groups (P < 0.05). AM treatment improved the mRNA protein levels of Shh and Gli-1 after 7 and 14 days treatment compared to the SCI group (P < 0.05).Conclusion: AM could improve the expression of Shh and Gli-1 in injured spinal cord of rats. That could be part of underlying mechanisms of AM treatment including recover motor function and preserve the neuron cells and alleviate the apoptosis of nerve cells in rats after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li-Qiang Ding
- Department of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song-Feng Hu
- Fourth Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Wei He
- Fourth Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence to: Xing-Wei He, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fusheng road 666, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China; Ph: 86 13970062508.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen-Fen Zhao
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ping Liu
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan He
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Xiong
- Fourth Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-Kang Wang
- Fourth Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
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Prophylactic Activation of Shh Signaling Attenuates TBI-Induced Seizures in Zebrafish by Modulating Glutamate Excitotoxicity through Eaat2a. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010032. [PMID: 35052712 PMCID: PMC8773121 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 2 million individuals experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year in the United States. Secondary injury begins within minutes after TBI, with alterations in cellular function and chemical signaling that contribute to excitotoxicity. Post-traumatic seizures (PTS) are experienced in an increasing number of TBI individuals that also display resistance to traditional anti-seizure medications (ASMs). Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a signaling pathway that is upregulated following central nervous system damage in zebrafish and aids injury-induced regeneration. Using a modified Marmarou weight drop on adult zebrafish, we examined PTS following TBI and Shh modulation. We found that inhibiting Shh signaling by cyclopamine significantly increased PTS in TBI fish, prolonged the timeframe PTS was observed, and decreased survival across all TBI severities. Shh-inhibited TBI fish failed to respond to traditional ASMs, but were attenuated when treated with CNQX, which blocks ionotropic glutamate receptors. We found that the Smoothened agonist, purmorphamine, increased Eaat2a expression in undamaged brains compared to untreated controls, and purmorphamine treatment reduced glutamate excitotoxicity following TBI. Similarly, purmorphamine reduced PTS, edema, and cognitive deficits in TBI fish, while these pathologies were increased and/or prolonged in cyclopamine-treated TBI fish. However, the increased severity of TBI phenotypes with cyclopamine was reduced by cotreating fish with ceftriaxone, which induces Eaat2a expression. Collectively, these data suggest that Shh signaling induces Eaat2a expression and plays a role in regulating TBI-induced glutamate excitotoxicity and TBI sequelae.
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Ki SM, Jeong HS, Lee JE. Primary Cilia in Glial Cells: An Oasis in the Journey to Overcoming Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:736888. [PMID: 34658775 PMCID: PMC8514955 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.736888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with defects in primary cilia, which are cellular organelles involved in diverse cellular processes and homeostasis. Several types of glial cells in both the central and peripheral nervous systems not only support the development and function of neurons but also play significant roles in the mechanisms of neurological disease. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on investigating the role of primary cilia in neurons. Accordingly, the interest of recent studies has expanded to elucidate the role of primary cilia in glial cells. Correspondingly, several reports have added to the growing evidence that most glial cells have primary cilia and that impairment of cilia leads to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to understand the regulatory mechanisms of cilia formation and the disease-related functions of cilia, which are common or specific to each glial cell. Moreover, we have paid close attention to the signal transduction and pathological mechanisms mediated by glia cilia in representative neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we expect that this field of research will clarify the mechanisms involved in the formation and function of glial cilia to provide novel insights and ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Mi Ki
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Su Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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Zhao H, Gao XY, Wu XJ, Zhang YB, Wang XF. The Shh/Gli1 signaling pathway regulates regeneration via transcription factor Olig1 expression after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurol Res 2021; 44:318-330. [PMID: 34592910 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1981106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death in the global population, with a high disability and mortality rate. Lack of regenerative ability is considered to be the fundamental cause. This study aims to determine the effect of Shh pathway, which mediates regenerative signaling in response to CNS injury, on myelin repair and Olig1 expression in focal ischemic lesions in the rat. METHODS A model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established using the intraluminal suture method where the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was restricted for 120 min. Cyclopamine, a specific inhibitor of Shh, or saline was administered 12 h after MCAO surgery and lasted for 7 days. After MCA occlusion, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to cyclopamine- or saline-treated groups. A group of no-injection animals after MCAO were used as controls. The Shh signaling pathway, myelinogenesis-related factor MBP and Olig1 were testedby immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR assay. RESULTS The levels of Shh and its component Gli1 were elevated from 1 d up to 14 d following ischemia, indicating that the Shh-Gli1 axis was broadly reactivated. Treatment with cyclopamine can partially block the Shh signaling pathway, prevent myelin repair, and decrease the Olig1 expression following ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION That blockade of Shh signaling concurrently with the creation of a lesion aggravated ischemic myelin damage, probably via its downstream effects on Olig1 transcription. Shh plays a contributory role during regeneration in the CNS, thereby providing promising new therapeutic strategies to assist in recovery from ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian
| | - Xiao-Yu Gao
- Department of Neurology, Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai
| | - Xiao-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Anshan Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Anshan
| | - Yong-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
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Decoding the Roles of Astrocytes and Hedgehog Signaling in Medulloblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:3058-3070. [PMID: 34436033 PMCID: PMC8395412 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The molecular evolution of medulloblastoma is more complex than previously imagined, as emerging evidence suggests that multiple interactions between the tumor cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are important for tumor promotion and progression. The identification of several molecular networks within the TME, which interact with tumoral cells, has provided new clues to understand the tumorigenic roles of many TME components as well as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the most recent studies regarding the roles of astrocytes in supporting sonic hedgehog (SHH) subgroup medulloblastoma (MB) and provide an overview of MB progression through SHH expression and signal transduction mechanisms into the complex tumor microenvironment. In addition, we highlight the associations between tumor and stromal cells as possible prognostic markers that could be targeted with new therapeutic strategies.
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Henao-Restrepo J, Caro-Urrego YA, Barrera-Arenas LM, Arango-Viana JC, Bermudez-Munoz M. Expression of activator proteins of SHH/GLI and PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathways in human gliomas is associated with high grade tumors. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 122:104673. [PMID: 34371011 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings have demonstrated a synergic crosstalk between SHH/GLI and PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling in glioblastoma progression cells in vitro and in tumors in mice, but it is not known if this also occurs in human gliomas. We then aimed to investigate the expression of key proteins of these pathways in different human gliomas. The expression of PTEN, phospho-Akt (Ser473), phospho-S6K1 (Thr389), SHH, GLI1, GLI2 and GLI3 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in gliomas and in control brain tissues. The pattern of expression of each protein was established according to glioma type, glioma grade and to cell type; the relative expression of each protein was used to perform statistical analyses. We found that the expression of proteins of both signaling pathways differs between normal brain and glioma tissues. For instance, normal astrocytes had a different protein expression pattern compared with reactive and tumoral astrocytes. Interestingly, we detected a recurrent pattern of expression of GLI3 in oligodendrocytes and of phospho-S6K1 in mitotic neoplastic cells. We also identified differences of cell signaling according to glioma type: oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas are related with the expression of SHH/GLI proteins. Finally, we detected that high grade gliomas statistically correlate with the expression of GLI1 and GLI2, and that GLI1, GLI2, phospho-Akt and phospho-S6K1 are more expressed in patients with less survival, suggesting that activation of these cell signaling influences glioma outcome and patient survival. In summary, our results show that proteins of PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and SHH/GLI pathways are differentially expressed in human gliomas according to tumor type and grade, and suggest that the activation of these signaling networks is associated with glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Henao-Restrepo
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Calle 67 #53-108, 050010 Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Yudys Anggelly Caro-Urrego
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cra. 51d #62-29, 050010 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina Marcela Barrera-Arenas
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Health Sciences Faculty, University Corporation Remington, Calle 51 #51-27, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Juan Carlos Arango-Viana
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cra. 51d #62-29, 050010 Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Maria Bermudez-Munoz
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Calle 67 #53-108, 050010 Medellín, Colombia.
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Milich LM, Choi JS, Ryan C, Cerqueira SR, Benavides S, Yahn SL, Tsoulfas P, Lee JK. Single-cell analysis of the cellular heterogeneity and interactions in the injured mouse spinal cord. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210040. [PMID: 34132743 PMCID: PMC8212781 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The wound healing process that occurs after spinal cord injury is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis and limiting tissue damage, but eventually results in a scar-like environment that is not conducive to regeneration and repair. A better understanding of this dichotomy is critical to developing effective therapeutics that target the appropriate pathobiology, but a major challenge has been the large cellular heterogeneity that results in immensely complex cellular interactions. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to assess virtually all cell types that comprise the mouse spinal cord injury site. In addition to discovering novel subpopulations, we used expression values of receptor-ligand pairs to identify signaling pathways that are predicted to regulate specific cellular interactions during angiogenesis, gliosis, and fibrosis. Our dataset is a valuable resource that provides novel mechanistic insight into the pathobiology of not only spinal cord injury but also other traumatic disorders of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Milich
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- University of Miami Neuroscience Graduate Program, Miami, FL
| | - James S. Choi
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Christine Ryan
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- University of Miami Neuroscience Graduate Program, Miami, FL
| | - Susana R. Cerqueira
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Sofia Benavides
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Stephanie L. Yahn
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- University of Miami Neuroscience Graduate Program, Miami, FL
| | - Pantelis Tsoulfas
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Jae K. Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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New Tricks for an Old (Hedge)Hog: Sonic Hedgehog Regulation of Astrocyte Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061353. [PMID: 34070740 PMCID: PMC8228508 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) molecular signaling pathway is well established as a key regulator of neurodevelopment. It regulates diverse cellular behaviors, and its functions vary with respect to cell type, region, and developmental stage, reflecting the incredible pleiotropy of this molecular signaling pathway. Although it is best understood for its roles in development, Shh signaling persists into adulthood and is emerging as an important regulator of astrocyte function. Astrocytes play central roles in a broad array of nervous system functions, including synapse formation and function as well as coordination and orchestration of CNS inflammatory responses in pathological states. Neurons are the source of Shh in the adult, suggesting that Shh signaling mediates neuron-astrocyte communication, a novel role for this multifaceted pathway. Multiple roles for Shh signaling in astrocytes are increasingly being identified, including regulation of astrocyte identity, modulation of synaptic organization, and limitation of inflammation. This review discusses these novel roles for Shh signaling in regulating diverse astrocyte functions in the healthy brain and in pathology.
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21
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Micewicz ED, Damoiseaux RD, Deng G, Gomez A, Iwamoto KS, Jung ME, Nguyen C, Norris AJ, Ratikan JA, Ruchala P, Sayre JW, Schaue D, Whitelegge JP, McBride WH. Classes of Drugs that Mitigate Radiation Syndromes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666776. [PMID: 34084139 PMCID: PMC8167044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported several vignettes on types and classes of drugs able to mitigate acute and, in at least one case, late radiation syndromes in mice. Most of these had emerged from high throughput screening (HTS) of bioactive and chemical drug libraries using ionizing radiation-induced lymphocytic apoptosis as a readout. Here we report the full analysis of the HTS screen of libraries with 85,000 small molecule chemicals that identified 220 "hits." Most of these hits could be allocated by maximal common substructure analysis to one of 11 clusters each containing at least three active compounds. Further screening validated 23 compounds as being most active; 15 of these were cherry-picked based on drug availability and tested for their ability to mitigate acute hematopoietic radiation syndrome (H-ARS) in mice. Of these, five bore a 4-nitrophenylsulfonamide motif while 4 had a quinoline scaffold. All but two of the 15 significantly (p < 0.05) mitigated H-ARS in mice. We had previously reported that the lead 4-(nitrophenylsulfonyl)-4-phenylpiperazine compound (NPSP512), was active in mitigating multiple acute and late radiation syndromes in mice of more than one sex and strain. Unfortunately, the formulation of this drug had to be changed for regulatory reasons and we report here on the synthesis and testing of active analogs of NPSP512 (QS1 and 52A1) that have increased solubility in water and in vivo bioavailability while retaining mitigator activity against H-ARS (p < 0.0001) and other radiation syndromes. The lead quinoline 057 was also active in multiple murine models of radiation damage. Taken together, HTS of a total of 150,000 bioactive or chemical substances, combined with maximal common substructure analysis has resulted in the discovery of diverse groups of compounds that can mitigate H-ARS and at least some of which can mitigate multiple radiation syndromes when given starting 24 h after exposure. We discuss what is known about how these agents might work, and the importance of formulation and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D. Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Robert D. Damoiseaux
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adrian Gomez
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keisuke S. Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael E. Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Josephine A. Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James W. Sayre
- Department of Biostatistics and Radiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Szu J, Wojcinski A, Jiang P, Kesari S. Impact of the Olig Family on Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:659601. [PMID: 33859549 PMCID: PMC8042229 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.659601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Olig genes encode members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors. Olig1, Olig2, and Olig3 are expressed in both the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS) and strictly regulate cellular specification and differentiation. Extensive studies have established functional roles of Olig1 and Olig2 in directing neuronal and glial formation during different stages in development. Recently, Olig2 overexpression was implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders down syndrome (DS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but its influence on cognitive and intellectual defects remains unknown. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of the Olig family and how it uniquely promotes cellular diversity in the CNS. This is followed up with a discussion on how abnormal Olig2 expression impacts brain development and function in DS and ASD. Collectively, the studies described here emphasize vital features of the Olig members and their distinctive potential roles in neurodevelopmental disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Szu
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Saint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Alexandre Wojcinski
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Saint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Saint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States.,Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
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23
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Hedgehog Signaling Modulates Glial Proteostasis and Lifespan. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2627-2643.e5. [PMID: 32101741 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved Hedgehog signaling pathway has well-established roles in development. However, its function during adulthood remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether the Hedgehog signaling pathway is active during adult life in Drosophila melanogaster, and we uncovered a protective function for Hedgehog signaling in coordinating correct proteostasis in glial cells. Adult-specific depletion of Hedgehog reduces lifespan, locomotor activity, and dopaminergic neuron integrity. Conversely, increased expression of Hedgehog extends lifespan and improves fitness. Moreover, Hedgehog pathway activation in glia rescues the lifespan and age-associated defects of hedgehog mutants. The Hedgehog pathway regulates downstream chaperones, whose overexpression in glial cells was sufficient to rescue the shortened lifespan and proteostasis defects of hedgehog mutants. Finally, we demonstrate the protective ability of Hedgehog signaling in a Drosophila Alzheimer's disease model expressing human amyloid beta in the glia. Overall, we propose that Hedgehog signaling is requisite for lifespan determination and correct proteostasis in glial cells.
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Zhang H, Younsi A, Zheng G, Tail M, Harms AK, Roth J, Hatami M, Skutella T, Unterberg A, Zweckberger K. Sonic Hedgehog modulates the inflammatory response and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury in a thoracic contusion-compression model. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2021; 30:1509-1520. [PMID: 33704579 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-021-06796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway has been associated with a protective role after injury to the central nervous system (CNS). We, therefore, investigated the effects of intrathecal Shh-administration in the subacute phase after thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) on secondary injury processes in rats. METHODS Twenty-one Wistar rats were subjected to thoracic clip-contusion/compression SCI at T9. Animals were randomized into three treatment groups (Shh, Vehicle, Sham). Seven days after SCI, osmotic pumps were implanted for seven-day continuous intrathecal administration of Shh. Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) score, Gridwalk test and bodyweight were weekly assessed. Animals were sacrificed six weeks after SCI and immunohistological analyses were conducted. The results were compared between groups and statistical analysis was performed (p < 0.05 was considered significant). RESULTS The intrathecal administration of Shh led to significantly increased polarization of macrophages toward the anti-inflammatory M2-phenotype, significantly decreased T-lymphocytic invasion and significantly reduced resident microglia six weeks after the injury. Reactive astrogliosis was also significantly reduced while changes in size of the posttraumatic cyst as well as the overall macrophagic infiltration, although reduced, remained insignificant. Finally, with the administration of Shh, gain of bodyweight (216.6 ± 3.65 g vs. 230.4 ± 5.477 g; p = 0.0111) and BBB score (8.2 ± 0.2 vs. 5.9 ± 0.7 points; p = 0.0365) were significantly improved compared to untreated animals six weeks after SCI as well. CONCLUSION Intrathecal Shh-administration showed neuroprotective effects with attenuated neuroinflammation, reduced astrogliosis and improved functional recovery six weeks after severe contusion/compression SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Younsi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Guoli Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohamed Tail
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Kathrin Harms
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith Roth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maryam Hatami
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, INF 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Skutella
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, INF 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Zweckberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Liu W, Ge X, Zhou Z, Jiang D, Rong Y, Wang J, Ji C, Fan J, Yin G, Cai W. Deubiquitinase USP18 regulates reactive astrogliosis by stabilizing SOX9. Glia 2021; 69:1782-1798. [PMID: 33694203 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis is a pathological feature of spinal cord injury (SCI). The ubiquitin-proteasome system plays a crucial role in maintaining protein homeostasis and has been widely studied in neuroscience. Little, however, is known about the underlying function of deubiquitinating enzymes in reactive astrogliosis following SCI. Here, we found that ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18) was significantly upregulated in astrocytes following scratch injury, and in the injured spinal cord in mice. Knockdown of USP18 in vitro and conditional knockout of USP18 in astrocytes (USP18 CKO) in vivo significantly attenuated reactive astrogliosis. In mice, this led to widespread inflammation and poor functional recovery following SCI. In contrast, overexpression of USP18 in mice injected with adeno-associated virus (AAV)-USP18 had beneficial effects following SCI. We showed that USP18 binds, deubiquitinates, and thus, stabilizes SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), thereby regulating reactive astrogliosis. We also showed that the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway induces expression of USP18 through Gli2-mediated transcriptional activation after SCI. Administration of the Hh pathway activator SAG significantly increased reactive astrogliosis, reduced lesion area and promoted functional recovery in mice following SCI. Our results demonstrate that USP18 positively regulates reactive astrogliosis by stabilizing SOX9 and identify USP18 as a promising target for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuhui Ge
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongdong Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuluo Rong
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengyue Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihua Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Pringle AK, Solomon E, Coles BJ, Desousa BR, Shtaya A, Gajavelli S, Dabab N, Zaben MJ, Bulters DO, Bullock MR, Ahmed AI. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Promotes Peri-Lesion Cell Proliferation and Functional Improvement after Cortical Contusion Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:27-38. [PMID: 33748811 PMCID: PMC7962778 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability globally. No drug treatments are available, so interest has turned to endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) as alternative strategies for treatment. We hypothesized that regulation of cell proliferation through modulation of the sonic hedgehog pathway, a key NSC regulatory pathway, could lead to functional improvement. We assessed sonic hedgehog (Shh) protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with TBI. Using the cortical contusion injury (CCI) model in rodents, we used pharmacological modulators of Shh signaling to assess cell proliferation within the injured cortex using the marker 5-Ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU); 50mg/mL. The phenotype of proliferating cells was determined and quantified. Motor function was assessed using the rotarod test. In patients with TBI there is a reduction of Shh protein in CSF compared with control patients. In rodents, following a severe CCI, quiescent cells become activated. Pharmacologically modulating the Shh signaling pathway leads to changes in the number of newly proliferating injury-induced cells. Upregulation of Shh signaling with Smoothened agonist (SAG) results in an increase of newly proliferating cells expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), whereas the Shh signaling inhibitor cyclopamine leads to a reduction. Some cells expressed doublecortin (DCX) but did not mature into neurons. The SAG-induced increase in proliferation is associated with improved recovery of motor function. Localized restoration of Shh in the injured rodent brain, via increased Shh signaling, has the potential to sustain endogenous cell proliferation and the mitigation of TBI-induced motor deficits albeit without the neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Pringle
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Elshadaie Solomon
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Coles
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon R Desousa
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anan Shtaya
- Neurosciences Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shyam Gajavelli
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nedal Dabab
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Malik J Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Diederik O Bulters
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - M Ross Bullock
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Aminul I Ahmed
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Hill SA, Fu M, Garcia ADR. Sonic hedgehog signaling in astrocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1393-1403. [PMID: 33079226 PMCID: PMC7904711 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are complex cells that perform a broad array of essential functions in the healthy and injured nervous system. The recognition that these cells are integral components of various processes, including synapse formation, modulation of synaptic activity, and response to injury, underscores the need to identify the molecular signaling programs orchestrating these diverse functional properties. Emerging studies have identified the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway as an essential regulator of the molecular identity and functional properties of astrocytes. Well established as a powerful regulator of diverse neurodevelopmental processes in the embryonic nervous system, its functional significance in astrocytes is only beginning to be revealed. Notably, Shh signaling is active only in discrete subpopulations of astrocytes distributed throughout the brain, a feature that has potential to yield novel insights into functional specialization of astrocytes. Here, we discuss Shh signaling and emerging data that point to essential roles for this pleiotropic signaling pathway in regulating various functional properties of astrocytes in the healthy and injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Hill
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Marissa Fu
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - A Denise R Garcia
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
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28
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Giarretta I, Pola R. Arteriovenous malformations: the newest Sonic hedgehog game in the postnatal brain. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:996-998. [PMID: 33229750 PMCID: PMC8178779 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Giarretta
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Pola
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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29
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Xing G, Zhao T, Zhang X, Li H, Li X, Cui P, Li M, Li D, Zhang N, Jiang W. Astrocytic Sonic Hedgehog Alleviates Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Brain Injury via Modulation of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:575690. [PMID: 33343302 PMCID: PMC7747855 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.575690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a fatal subtype of stroke that lacks effective therapy. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage is a hallmark of ICH-induced brain injury that leads to edema formation, leukocytes infiltration, influx of blood components into the perihematomal (PHE) region, and eventually brain injury. Astrocytes are essential for the formation and maintenance of the BBB by providing secreted molecules that contribute to the association between these cells. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) derived from astrocytes promotes the maturity and integrity of the BBB by upregulating tight junctions (TJs) in brain capillary endothelial cells (ECs). However, the effect of SHH on BBB in ICH has not been investigated. Methods: Cyclopamine (CYC) is a potent, selective inhibitor that specifically blocks the SHH signaling pathway. Here, we used pharmacological inhibitions (CYC and its derivatives) to determine a critical role of the SHH signaling pathway in promoting BBB integrity after ICH by mechanisms of regulating the TJ proteins in vivo and in vitro. Results: The expression of astrocytic SHH was upregulated in mouse brains after ICH. Compared with the vehicle-treated group, inhibition of the SHH signaling pathway with CYC and its derivatives treatments aggravated neurological function deficits, brain edema, hematoma volume, and BBB impairment by downregulating TJs in ECs through the SHH-Gli-1 axis in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions: SHH signaling pathway at the level of the BBB provides a barrier-promoting effect, suggesting that the SHH signaling pathway may function as a potential therapeutic target for restoring BBB function in ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebeili Xing
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Tianman Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiyue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuping Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Cui
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Minshu Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Daojing Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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30
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La Sala G, Di Pietro C, Matteoni R, Bolasco G, Marazziti D, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Gpr37l1/prosaposin receptor regulates Ptch1 trafficking, Shh production, and cell proliferation in cerebellar primary astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:1064-1083. [PMID: 33350496 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian cerebellar astrocytes critically regulate the differentiation and maturation of neuronal Purkinje cells and granule precursors. The G protein-coupled receptor 37-like 1 (Gpr37l1) is expressed by Bergmann astrocytes and interacts with patched 1 (Ptch1) at peri-ciliary membranes. Cerebellar primary astrocyte cultures from wild-type and Gpr37l1 null mutant mouse pups were established and studied. Primary cilia were produced by cultures of both genotypes, as well as Ptch1 and smoothened (Smo) components of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) mitogenic pathway. Compared to wild-type cells, Gpr37l1-/- astrocytes displayed striking increases in proliferative activity, Ptch1 protein expression and internalization, intracellular cholesterol content, ciliary localization of Smo, as well as a marked production of active Shh. Similar effects were reproduced by treating wild-type astrocytes with a putative prosaptide ligand of Gpr37l1. These findings indicate that Gpr37l1-Ptch1 interactions specifically regulate Ptch1 internalization and trafficking, with consequent stimulation of Shh production and activation of proliferative signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina La Sala
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pietro
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Rafaele Matteoni
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Bolasco
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Marazziti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Glauco P Tocchini-Valentini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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31
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Malla RR, Kiran P. Tumor microenvironment pathways: Cross regulation in breast cancer metastasis. Genes Dis 2020; 9:310-324. [PMID: 35224148 PMCID: PMC8843880 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is heterogeneous and contains a multiple cell population with surrounded immune cells, which plays a major role in regulating metastasis. The multifunctional pathways, Hedgehog (Hh), Wnt, Notch, and NF-kB, cross-regulates metastasis in breast cancer. This review presents substantial evidence for cross-regulation of TME components and signaling pathways, which makes breast TME more heterogeneous and complex, promoting breast cancer progression and metastasis as a highly aggressive form. We discoursed the importance of stromal and immune cells as well as their crosstalk in bridging the metastasis. We also discussed the role of Hh and Notch pathways in the intervention between breast cancer cells and macrophages to support TME; Notch signaling in the bidirectional communication between cancer cells and components of TME; Wnt signal pathway in controlling the factors responsible for EMT and NF-κB pathway in the regulation of genes controlling the inflammatory response. We also present the role of exosomes and their miRNAs in the cross-regulation of TME cells as well as pathways in the reprogramming of breast TME to support metastasis. Finally, we examined and discussed the targeted small molecule inhibitors and natural compounds targeting developmental pathways and proposed small molecule natural compounds as potential therapeutics of TME based on the multitargeting ability. In conclusion, the understanding of the molecular basis of the cross-regulation of TME pathways and their inhibitors helps identify molecular targets for rational drug discovery to treat breast cancers.
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32
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Freitas RD, Dias RB, Vidal MTA, Valverde LDF, Gomes Alves Costa R, Damasceno AKA, Sales CBS, Siquara da Rocha LDO, Dos Reis MG, Soares MBP, Coletta RD, Pereira TA, Bezerra DP, Gurgel Rocha CA. Inhibition of CAL27 Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell by Targeting Hedgehog Pathway With Vismodegib or Itraconazole. Front Oncol 2020; 10:563838. [PMID: 33312948 PMCID: PMC7703359 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.563838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) presents an important challenge for the health systems worldwide. Thus, unraveling the biological mechanisms involved in OSCC pathogenesis is essential to the discovery of new drugs with anticancer potential. The Hedgehog (HH) pathway has shown promising results as a therapeutic target both in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vismodegib and itraconazole on the expression of Hedgehog (HH) genes (PTCH1, SMO, and GLI1), cell cycle and cell death in OSCC cells. Alamar Blue assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of vismodegib and itraconazole in a panel of oral cancer cell lines, including CAL27. The expression of HH signaling components after treatment with vismodegib and itraconazole, at concentrations of 25 or 50 μg/ml was evaluated by qPCR. Cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry after 72 h treatment with 50 μg/ml of vismodegib or itraconazole. HH signaling was activated in OSCC cell lines CAL27, SCC4, SCC9, and HSC3. Vismodegib and itraconazole significantly reduced CAL27 cell viability after 48 h of treatment. Gene expression of PTCH1, SMO, and GLI1 decreased in response to 24 h of treatment with vismodegib or itraconazole. Furthermore, CAL27 cells exhibited alterations in morphology, cell size, and cellular granularity. An increase in the DNA fragmentation was observed after treatment and both inhibitors induced apoptosis after 72 h. In conclusion, SMO inhibitors vismodegib and itraconazole demonstrably reduced the expression of HH genes in CAL27 OSCC cell line. In addition, treatment with vismodegib and itraconazole reduced cellular viability and altered the morphology of CAL27 cells, and also induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíza Dias Freitas
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rosane Borges Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Propaedeutics, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manuela Torres Andion Vidal
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ludmila de Faro Valverde
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Mitermayer Galvão Dos Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Della Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Thiago Almeida Pereira
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Clarissa Araújo Gurgel Rocha
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Propaedeutics, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
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33
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Chen KY, Chen YJ, Cheng CJ, Jhan KY, Chiu CH, Wang LC. 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde enhance survival of mouse astrocytes treated with Angiostrongylus cantonensis young adults excretory/secretory products. Biomed J 2020; 44:S258-S266. [PMID: 35300947 PMCID: PMC9068576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusions
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Neuroprotective Effects of the Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Ischemic Injury through Promotion of Synaptic and Neuronal Health. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8815195. [PMID: 32802036 PMCID: PMC7416279 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8815195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a common cerebrovascular condition which often induces neuronal apoptosis, leading to brain damage. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway has been reported to be involved in ischemic stroke, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated that expressions of Shh, Ptch, and Gli-1 were significantly downregulated at 24 h following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury in neurons in vitro, effects which were associated with increasing numbers of apoptotic cells and reactive oxygen species generation. In addition, expressions of synaptic proteins (neuroligin and neurexin) were significantly downregulated at 8 h following OGD, also associated with concomitant neuronal apoptosis. Treatment with purmorphamine, a Shh agonist, increased Gli-1 in the nucleus of neurons and protected against OGD injury, whereas the Shh inhibitor, cyclopamine, produced the opposite effects. Activation of Shh signals promoted CREB and Akt phosphorylation; upregulated the expressions of BDNF, neuroligin, and neurexin; and decreased NF-κB phosphorylation following OGD. Notably, this activation of Shh signals was accompanied by improved neurobehavioral responses along with attenuations in edema and apoptosis at 48 h postischemic insult in rats. Taken together, these results demonstrate that activation of the Shh signaling pathway played a neuroprotective role in response to ischemic exposure via promotion of synaptic and neuronal health.
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35
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Das S, Li Z, Noori A, Hyman BT, Serrano-Pozo A. Meta-analysis of mouse transcriptomic studies supports a context-dependent astrocyte reaction in acute CNS injury versus neurodegeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:227. [PMID: 32736565 PMCID: PMC7393869 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal damage in acute CNS injuries and chronic neurodegenerative diseases is invariably accompanied by an astrocyte reaction in both mice and humans. However, whether and how the nature of the CNS insult—acute versus chronic—influences the astrocyte response, and whether astrocyte transcriptomic changes in these mouse models faithfully recapitulate the astrocyte reaction in human diseases remains to be elucidated. We hypothesized that astrocytes set off different transcriptomic programs in response to acute versus chronic insults, besides a shared “pan-injury” signature common to both types of conditions, and investigated the presence of these mouse astrocyte signatures in transcriptomic studies from human neurodegenerative diseases. Methods We performed a meta-analysis of 15 published astrocyte transcriptomic datasets from mouse models of acute injury (n = 6) and chronic neurodegeneration (n = 9) and identified pan-injury, acute, and chronic signatures, with both upregulated (UP) and downregulated (DOWN) genes. Next, we investigated these signatures in 7 transcriptomic datasets from various human neurodegenerative diseases. Results In mouse models, the number of UP/DOWN genes per signature was 64/21 for pan-injury and 109/79 for acute injury, whereas only 13/27 for chronic neurodegeneration. The pan-injury-UP signature was represented by the classic cytoskeletal hallmarks of astrocyte reaction (Gfap and Vim), plus extracellular matrix (i.e., Cd44, Lgals1, Lgals3, Timp1), and immune response (i.e., C3, Serping1, Fas, Stat1, Stat2, Stat3). The acute injury-UP signature was enriched in protein synthesis and degradation (both ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy systems), intracellular trafficking, and anti-oxidant defense genes, whereas the acute injury-DOWN signature included genes that regulate chromatin structure and transcriptional activity, many of which are transcriptional repressors. The chronic neurodegeneration-UP signature was further enriched in astrocyte-secreted extracellular matrix proteins (Lama4, Cyr61, Thbs4), while the DOWN signature included relevant genes such as Agl (glycogenolysis), S1pr1 (immune modulation), and Sod2 (anti-oxidant). Only the pan-injury-UP mouse signature was clearly present in some human neurodegenerative transcriptomic datasets. Conclusions Acute and chronic CNS injuries lead to distinct astrocyte gene expression programs beyond their common astrocyte reaction signature. However, caution should be taken when extrapolating astrocyte transcriptomic findings from mouse models to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Das
- MGH BioMedical Informatics Core (BMIC), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 114 16th street, Suite 2012, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Zhaozhi Li
- MGH BioMedical Informatics Core (BMIC), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ayush Noori
- MGH BioMedical Informatics Core (BMIC), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 114 16th street, Suite 2012, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 114 16th street, Suite 2012, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02116, USA.
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36
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Chen KY, Chen YJ, Cheng CJ, Jhan KY, Wang LC. Excretory/secretory products of Angiostrongylus cantonensis fifth-stage larvae induce endoplasmic reticulum stress via the Sonic hedgehog pathway in mouse astrocytes. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:317. [PMID: 32552877 PMCID: PMC7301976 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04189-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiostrongylus cantonensis is an important food-borne zoonotic parasite. Humans are non-permissive hosts, and this parasite develops into fifth-stage larvae (L5) in the brain and subarachnoid cavity and then induces eosinophilic meningitis and eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Excretory/secretory products (ESPs) are valuable targets for the investigation of host-parasite interactions. These products contain a wide range of molecules for penetrating defensive barriers and avoiding the immune response of the host. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been found to be associated with a wide range of parasitic infections and inflammation. ER stress can increase cell survival via the activation of downstream signalling. However, the mechanisms of ER stress in A. cantonensis infection have not yet been clarified. This study was designed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of ER stress in astrocytes after treatment with the ESPs of A. cantonensis L5. RESULTS The results demonstrated that A. cantonensis infection activated astrocytes in the mouse hippocampus and induced the expression of ER stress-related molecules. Next, the data showed that the expression of ER stress-related molecules and the Ca2+ concentration were significantly increased in activated astrocytes after treatment with the ESPs of L5 of A. cantonensis. Ultimately, we found that ESPs induced GRP78 expression via the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that in astrocytes, the ESPs of A. cantonensis L5 induce ER stress and that the Shh signalling pathway plays an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ju Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Jhan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Chen Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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37
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Yue Y, Zhao J, Li X, Zhang L, Su Y, Fan H. Involvement of Shh/Gli1 signaling in the permeability of blood-spinal cord barrier and locomotion recovery after spinal cord contusion. Neurosci Lett 2020; 728:134947. [PMID: 32276104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Shh/Gli1 signaling plays important roles in development of spinal cord. How it is involved in spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unclear. In this study, we explored the roles of Shh/Gli1 signaling in SCI by using Shh signaling reporter Gli1lz mice and Gli1 mutant Gli1lz/lz mice. For detecting the Shh/Gli1 signaling after SCI, X-gal staining and double-immunostaining of Shh/PDGFR-β, Shh/GFAP and LacZ/GFAP was conducted at 3 days post injury (dpi) on Gli1lz mice. To investigate the effects of Gli1 mutation on pathological changes after SCI, astrocytic proliferation and the content of intra-parenchymal Evans Blue were evaluated at 7dpi in wild-type and Gli1lz/lz mice. Furthermore, locomotor recovery was assessed by BMS scoring at 1, 3, 5 and 7dpi. The results of X-gal staining and immunohistochemistry showed that Shh/Gli1 signaling was mainly activated in reactive astrocytes after SCI. The 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay showed that mutation of Gli1 did not affect the proliferation of astrocytes. However, the leakage of Evans Blue was significantly increased in the injured cord of Gli1lz/lz mice compared to wild-type mice. In addition, locomotor recovery was significantly impaired in the Gli1lz/lz mice. The findings demonstrated that Shh/Gli1 signaling could be induced in reactive astrocytes by SCI, and plays important role in permeability of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) and locomotor recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Yue
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China.
| | - Jiqian Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 051330, China.
| | - Xiaoji Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, No. 1 Xin Wang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
| | - Yuhong Su
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 051330, China.
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China.
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38
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Yang BB, Zheng YX, Yan BX, Cao HL, Landeck L, Chen JQ, Li W, Min M, Wang P, Cai SQ, Zheng M, Man XY. Suppressor of Fused Inhibits Skin Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2020; 9:233-244. [PMID: 32226648 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2018.0890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the effect of suppressor of fused (Sufu) on epidermal and dermal cellular properties and in wound healing. Approach: Transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing human Sufu (hSufu) in the epidermis were applied to investigate the effects of Sufu on epidermal and dermal cellular properties and in wound healing. Results: Histological staining revealed a reduction of epidermal and dermal thickness and an increase of hypodermal adipose tissue in homozygous K14-hSufu TG mice when compared with wild-type (WT) controls. TG mice exhibited significantly delayed skin wound healing. Moreover, the migratory and proliferative capabilities of cultured keratinocytes were decreased in K14-hSufuTG mice. Transforming growth factor-β treatment increased the expression of α-smooth muscle actin more in WT than in TG fibroblasts. Sufu overexpression significantly decreased the expression of β-catenin, glioma transcription factor 1 (Gli1), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 in wounds of K14-hSufu TG mice when compared with controls, probably indicating a delaying effect of Sufu on wound healing via blocking the hedgehog (Hh)/Gli and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Innovation: Our results indicate a new property of Sufu in the process of skin wound healing. It provides an important basis for Sufu as a potential target for skin wound healing. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Sufu overexpression in the epidermis impairs wound healing via dampening the Hh/Gli and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These data provide an important basis for further analyses of Sufu in skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Bei Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xin Zheng
- Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Xi Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Li Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lilla Landeck
- Ernst von Bergmann General Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Charité–Humboldt University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jia-Qi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Min
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sui-Qing Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Man
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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39
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Liu D, Bai X, Ma W, Xin D, Chu X, Yuan H, Qiu J, Ke H, Yin S, Chen W, Wang Z. Purmorphamine Attenuates Neuro-Inflammation and Synaptic Impairments After Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Neonatal Mice via Shh Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:204. [PMID: 32194421 PMCID: PMC7064623 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purmorphamine (PUR), an agonist of the Smoothened (Smo) receptor, has been shown to function as a neuroprotectant in acute experimental ischemic stroke. Its role in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in neonatal mice remains unknown. Here we show that PUR attenuated acute brain injury, with a decrease in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio as well as inhibition of caspase-3 activation. These beneficial effects of PUR were associated with suppressing neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress. PUR exerted long-term protective effects upon tissue loss and improved neurobehavioral outcomes as determined at 14 and 28 days post-HI insult. Moreover, PUR increased synaptophysin (Syn) and postsynaptic density (PSD) protein 95 expression in HI-treated mice and attenuated synaptic loss. PUR upregulated the expression of Shh pathway mediators, while suppression of the Shh signaling pathway with cyclopamine (Cyc) reversed these beneficial effects of PUR on HI insult. Our study suggests a therapeutic potential for short-term PUR administration in HI-induced injury as a result of its capacity to exert multiple protective actions upon acute brain injury, long-term memory deficits, and impaired synapses. Moreover, we provide evidence indicating that one of the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects of PUR involves activation of the Shh signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Danqing Xin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xili Chu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongtao Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - HongFei Ke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sen Yin
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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40
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Sterpka A, Yang J, Strobel M, Zhou Y, Pauplis C, Chen X. Diverged morphology changes of astrocytic and neuronal primary cilia under reactive insults. Mol Brain 2020; 13:28. [PMID: 32122360 PMCID: PMC7053156 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are centriole-derived sensory organelles that are present in most mammalian cells, including astrocytes and neurons. Evidence is emerging that astrocyte and neuronal primary cilia demonstrate a dichotomy in the mature mouse brain. However, it is unknown how astrocytic and neuronal primary cilia change their morphology and ciliary proteins when exposed to reactive insults including epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. We used a double transgenic mouse strain (Arl13b-mCherry; Centrin2-GFP), in which we found spontaneous seizures, and a cortical injury model to examine the morphological changes of astrocytic and neuronal primary cilia under reactive conditions. Transgenic overexpression of Arl13b drastically increases the length of astrocytic and neuronal primary cilia in the hippocampus, as well as the cilia lengths of cultured astrocytes and neurons. Spontaneous seizures shorten Arl13b-positive astrocytic cilia and AC3-positive neuronal cilia in the hippocampus. In a cortical injury model, Arl13b is not detectable in primary cilia, but Arl13b protein relocates to the cell body and has robust expression in the proximity of injured tissues. In contrast, the number of AC3-positive cilia near injured tissues remains unchanged, but their lengths become shorter. These results on astrocytic cilia implicate Arl13b in regulating astrocyte proliferation and tissue regeneration, while the shortening of AC3-positive cilia suggests adaptive changes of neuronal primary cilia under excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sterpka
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 389 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 389 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Matthew Strobel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 389 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 389 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Connor Pauplis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 389 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Xuanmao Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 389 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
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41
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Giarretta I, Gaetani E, Bigossi M, Tondi P, Asahara T, Pola R. The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Ischemic Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215270. [PMID: 31652910 PMCID: PMC6862352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are prototypical morphogens known to regulate epithelial/mesenchymal interactions during embryonic development. In addition to its pivotal role in embryogenesis, the Hh signaling pathway may be recapitulated in post-natal life in a number of physiological and pathological conditions, including ischemia. This review highlights the involvement of Hh signaling in ischemic tissue regeneration and angiogenesis, with particular attention to the heart, the brain, and the skeletal muscle. Updated information on the potential role of the Hh pathway as a therapeutic target in the ischemic condition is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Giarretta
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Gaetani
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Margherita Bigossi
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tondi
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Takayuki Asahara
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Roberto Pola
- Department of Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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42
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Bhuria V, Xing J, Scholta T, Bui KC, Nguyen MLT, Malek NP, Bozko P, Plentz RR. Hypoxia induced Sonic Hedgehog signaling regulates cancer stemness, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and invasion in cholangiocarcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2019; 385:111671. [PMID: 31634481 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway has been implicated in a variety of cancers including cholangiocarcinoma (CC); however, the influencing factors are still unknown. Additionally, intratumoral hypoxia is known to contribute towards therapeutic resistance through modulatory effects on various pathways. In this study, we investigated the relationship between hypoxia and SHH pathway activation and the effect of this interplay on cancer stemness and epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition (EMT) during cholangiocarcinogenesis. Hypoxia promoted SHH pathway activation, evidenced by upregulated SHH and SMO levels, and enhanced glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) nuclear translocation; whereas silencing of HIF-1α impaired SHH upregulation. Hypoxia also enhanced the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) transcription factors (NANOG, Oct4, SOX2), CD133 and EMT markers (N-cadherin, Vimentin), thereby supporting invasion. Cyclopamine treatment suppressed hypoxia induced SHH pathway activation, consequently reducing invasiveness by downregulating the expression of CSC transcription factors, CD133 and EMT. Cyclopamine induced apoptosis in CC cells under hypoxia, suggesting that hypoxia induced activation of SHH pathway has modulatory effects on CC progression. Therefore, SHH signaling is proposed as a target for CC treatment, which is refractory to standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Bhuria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jun Xing
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim Scholta
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Khac Cuong Bui
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mai Ly Thi Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Przemyslaw Bozko
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Ruben R Plentz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Bremen-Nord Hospital, Bremen, Germany.
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43
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The Elegance of Sonic Hedgehog: Emerging Novel Functions for a Classic Morphogen. J Neurosci 2019; 38:9338-9345. [PMID: 30381425 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1662-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling has been most widely known for its role in specifying region and cell-type identity during embryonic morphogenesis. This mini-review accompanies a 2018 SFN mini-symposium that addresses an emerging body of research focused on understanding the diverse roles for Shh signaling in a wide range of contexts in neurodevelopment and, more recently, in the mature CNS. Such research shows that Shh affects the function of brain circuits, including the production and maintenance of diverse cell types and the establishment of wiring specificity. Here, we review these novel and unexpected functions and the unanswered questions regarding the role of SHH and its signaling pathway members in these cases.
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44
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Reyes-Ramos AM, Ramos-Cruz KP, Rodríguez-Merced NJ, Martínez-Montemayor MM, Franqui-Ríos ND, Ríos-Grant JP, Flores A, Maldonado-Martínez G, Torres-García W, Domenech M. Mesenchymal Cells Support the Oncogenicity and Therapeutic Response of the Hedgehog Pathway in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101522. [PMID: 31658643 PMCID: PMC6826628 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paracrine interaction between tumor cells and adjacent stroma has been associated with the oncogenic activity of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in triple-negative breast tumors. The present study developed a model of paracrine Hh signaling and examined the impact of mesenchymal cell sources and culture modalities in the oncogenicity of the Hh pathway in breast tumor cells. Studies consisted of tumor cell monocultures and co-cultures with cancer-associated and normal fibroblasts, tumor cells that undergo epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), or adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). Hh ligand and pathway inhibitors, GANT61 and NVP-LDE225 (NVP), were evaluated in both cell cultures and a mouse xenograft model. Results in monocultures show that tumor cell viability and Hh transcriptional activity were not affected by Hh inhibitors. In co-cultures, down-regulation of GLI1, SMO, and PTCH1 in the stroma correlated with reduced tumor growth rates in xenografted tumors and cell cultures, confirming a paracrine interaction. Fibroblasts and EMT cells supported Hh transcriptional activity and enhanced tumor cell growth. Mixed and adjacent culture modalities indicate that tumor growth is supported via fibroblast-secreted soluble factors, whereas enriched tumor stemness requires close proximity between tumor and fibroblasts. Overall this study provides a tumor–mesenchymal model of Hh signaling and highlights the therapeutic value of mesenchymal cells in the oncogenic activity of the Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Reyes-Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA.
| | - Karla P Ramos-Cruz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA.
| | | | | | - Nelson D Franqui-Ríos
- Industrial Biotechnology Program, Universidad de Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA.
| | - Jan P Ríos-Grant
- Industrial Biotechnology Program, Universidad de Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA.
| | - Andrea Flores
- Industrial Biotechnology Program, Universidad de Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA.
| | - Gerónimo Maldonado-Martínez
- Data Management and Statistical Research Support Unit, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine-Bayamón, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA.
- School of Chiropractic, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine-Bayamón, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA.
| | - Wandaliz Torres-García
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad de Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA.
| | - Maribella Domenech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA.
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45
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Adachi C, Kakinuma N, Jo SH, Ishii T, Arai Y, Arai S, Kitaguchi T, Takeda S, Inoue T. Sonic hedgehog enhances calcium oscillations in hippocampal astrocytes. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16034-16048. [PMID: 31506300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is important for organogenesis during development. Recent studies have indicated that SHH is also involved in the proliferation and transformation of astrocytes to the reactive phenotype. However, the mechanisms underlying these are unknown. Involvement of SHH signaling in calcium (Ca) signaling has not been extensively studied. Here, we report that SHH and Smoothened agonist (SAG), an activator of the signaling receptor Smoothened (SMO) in the SHH pathway, activate Ca oscillations in cultured murine hippocampal astrocytes. The response was rapid, on a minute time scale, indicating a noncanonical pathway activity. Pertussis toxin blocked the SAG effect, indicating an involvement of a Gi coupled to SMO. Depletion of extracellular ATP by apyrase, an ATP-degrading enzyme, inhibited the SAG-mediated activation of Ca oscillations. These results indicate that SAG increases extracellular ATP levels by activating ATP release from astrocytes, resulting in Ca oscillation activation. We hypothesize that SHH activates SMO-coupled Gi in astrocytes, causing ATP release and activation of Gq/11-coupled P2 receptors on the same cell or surrounding astrocytes. Transcription factor activities are often modulated by Ca patterns; therefore, SHH signaling may trigger changes in astrocytes by activating Ca oscillations. This enhancement of Ca oscillations by SHH signaling may occur in astrocytes in the brain in vivo because we also observed it in hippocampal brain slices. In summary, SHH and SAG enhance Ca oscillations in hippocampal astrocytes, Gi mediates SAG-induced Ca oscillations downstream of SMO, and ATP-permeable channels may promote the ATP release that activates Ca oscillations in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Adachi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1628480, Japan
| | - Naoto Kakinuma
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary School of Medicine & Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 4093898, Japan
| | - Soo Hyun Jo
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1628480, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishii
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1628480, Japan
| | - Yusuke Arai
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1628480, Japan
| | - Satoshi Arai
- Cell Signaling Group, Waseda Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore (WABIOS), Singapore 138667.,Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1698555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Cell Signaling Group, Waseda Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore (WABIOS), Singapore 138667.,Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 2268503, Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary School of Medicine & Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 4093898, Japan
| | - Takafumi Inoue
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1628480, Japan
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46
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Ceci M, Mariano V, Romano N. Zebrafish as a translational regeneration model to study the activation of neural stem cells and role of their environment. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:45-66. [PMID: 30067512 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The review is an overview of the current knowledge of neuronal regeneration properties in mammals and fish. The ability to regenerate the damaged parts of the nervous tissue has been demonstrated in all vertebrates. Notably, fish and amphibians have the highest capacity for neurogenesis, whereas reptiles and birds are able to only regenerate specific regions of the brain, while mammals have reduced capacity for neurogenesis. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a promising model of study because lesions in the brain or complete cross-section of the spinal cord are followed by an effective neuro-regeneration that successfully restores the motor function. In the brain and the spinal cord of zebrafish, stem cell activity is always able to re-activate the molecular programs required for central nervous system regeneration. In mammals, traumatic brain injuries are followed by reduced neurogenesis and poor axonal regeneration, often insufficient to functionally restore the nervous tissue, while spinal injuries are not repaired at all. The environment that surrounds the stem cell niche constituted by connective tissue and stimulating factors, including pro-inflammation molecules, seems to be a determinant in triggering stem cell proliferation and/or the trans-differentiation of connective elements (mainly fibroblasts). Investigating and comparing the neuronal regeneration in zebrafish and mammals may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind neurogenesis, and the failure of the regenerative response in mammals, first of all, the role of inflammation, considered the main inhibitor of the neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Ceci
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, largo dell'Università, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Vittoria Mariano
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicla Romano
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, largo dell'Università, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
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47
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Li PJ, Guo YQ, Ding PY, Liu RB, Deng F, Feng XX, Yan WJ. Neuroprotective effects of a Smoothened receptor agonist against postoperative cognitive dysfunction by promoting autophagy in the dentate gyrus of aged rats. Neurol Res 2019; 41:867-874. [PMID: 31221056 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1628411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the effect of purmorphamine (PUR), a Shh co-receptor Smoothened (Smo) agonist, on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) rat models. Methods: Eighteen-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to intramedullary fixation of a tibial fracture with 7% chloral hydrate anesthesia to mimic human clinical surgery. PUR was administered via an intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 15mg/kg/day for 3 consecutive days at 6 h after surgery. The aged rats were sacrificed after performing a Morris water maze test 1, 3, and 7 days postoperatively to evaluate the expression of related proteins at the appointed time. Results: Compared to the POCD + vehicle group and sham + PUR group, the POCD + PUR group restored neurological deficit (P = 0.01). PUR administration induced upregulation of Shh expression on postoperative day 1 (P = 0.02), which continued on the third day (P = 0.008) but dropped by the 7th day (P = 0.03). Immunofluorescent analysis, similar to western blot analysis, showed a significant increase in the autophagy-marker LC3 (P = 0.006) as well as p62 degradation (P = 0.000) in the dentate gyrus of the aged rats (P = 0.000) after PUR treatment. Importantly, LC3 was mainly found in the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes of the hippocampus. Conclusions: These results indicate a link between Shh and autophagy in the rat model of POCD, providing new insights into Shh signaling pathway-mediated mechanisms of neuroprotection and cognitive repair after POCD. It also provides a potential entry point for the development of clinical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Province People's Hospital , LanZhou , China
| | - Ying-Qiang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Province People's Hospital , LanZhou , China
| | - Pei-Yan Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Province People's Hospital , LanZhou , China
| | - Ruo-Bing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Province People's Hospital , LanZhou , China
| | - Fei Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Province People's Hospital , LanZhou , China
| | - Xiao-Xue Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Province People's Hospital , LanZhou , China
| | - Wen-Jun Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Province People's Hospital , LanZhou , China.,Lanzhou University , LanZhou , China
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Hill SA, Blaeser AS, Coley AA, Xie Y, Shepard KA, Harwell CC, Gao WJ, Garcia ADR. Sonic hedgehog signaling in astrocytes mediates cell type-specific synaptic organization. eLife 2019; 8:45545. [PMID: 31194676 PMCID: PMC6629371 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have emerged as integral partners with neurons in regulating synapse formation and function, but the mechanisms that mediate these interactions are not well understood. Here, we show that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in mature astrocytes is required for establishing structural organization and remodeling of cortical synapses in a cell type-specific manner. In the postnatal cortex, Shh signaling is active in a subpopulation of mature astrocytes localized primarily in deep cortical layers. Selective disruption of Shh signaling in astrocytes produces a dramatic increase in synapse number specifically on layer V apical dendrites that emerges during adolescence and persists into adulthood. Dynamic turnover of dendritic spines is impaired in mutant mice and is accompanied by an increase in neuronal excitability and a reduction of the glial-specific, inward-rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1. These data identify a critical role for Shh signaling in astrocyte-mediated modulation of neuronal activity required for sculpting synapses. A central system of neurons in the spinal cord and brain coordinate most of our body’s actions, ranging from regulating our heart rate to controlling our movement and thoughts. As the brain develops, neurons form specialized contacts with one another known as synapses. If the number of synapses is not properly regulated this can disrupt communication between the neurons, leading to diseases like schizophrenia and autism. As the brain develops, it first forms an excess of synapses and later eliminates unnecessary or weak connections. Various factors, such gene expression or a neuron’s level of activity, regulate this turnover process. However, neurons cannot do this alone, and rely on other types of cells to help regulate their behavior. In the central nervous system, for example, a cell called an astrocyte is known to support the formation and activity of synapses. Now, Hill and Blaeser et al. show that astrocytes also exert influence over synaptic turnover during development, leading to long lasting changes in the number of synapses. Hill, Blaeser et al. revealed that disrupting activity of the signaling pathway known as Sonic hedgehog, or Shh for short, in the astrocytes of mice led to disordered synaptic connections. Notably, neurons produce Shh, suggesting that neurons use this signaling pathway to communicate to specific astrocyte partners. Further experiments showed that reducing astrocyte’s ability to respond to Shh impaired synaptic turnover as the brain developed, leading to an overabundance of synapses. Importantly, these effects were only found to influence neuron populations associated with astrocytes that actively use Shh signaling. This suggests that distinct populations of neurons and astrocytes interact in specialized ways to build the connections within the nervous system. To address how astrocytes use Shh signaling to regulate synaptic turnover, Hill, Blaeser et al. examined gene expression changes in astrocytes that lack Shh signaling. Astrocytes with a reduced capacity to respond to Shh were found to have lower levels of a protein responsible for transporting potassium ions into and out of the cell. This impairs astrocyte’s ability to regulate neuronal activity, which may lead to a failure in eliminating unnecessary synapses. Understanding how synapses are controlled and organized by astrocytes could help identify new ways to treat diseases of the developing nervous system. However, further studies would be needed to improve our understanding of how this process works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Hill
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Andrew S Blaeser
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Austin A Coley
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Yajun Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Corey C Harwell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Wen-Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - A Denise R Garcia
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
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Kong YL, Wang YF, Zhu ZS, Deng ZW, Chen J, Zhang D, Jiang QH, Zhao SC, Zhang YD. Silencing of the MEKK2/MEKK3 Pathway Protects against Spinal Cord Injury via the Hedgehog Pathway and the JNK Pathway. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:578-589. [PMID: 31382189 PMCID: PMC6682310 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating medical condition, often accompanied by motor and sensory dysfunction. The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has a protective role in pathological injury after SCI. However, the specific mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to confirm the effects of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-2 (MEKK2)/MEKK3/JNK/Hh pathway on SCI. SCI rat models were established and then inoculated with plasmids overexpressing MEKK2/MEKK3 or with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against MEKK2/MEKK3. The expression of MEKK2 and -3 was detected in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cells. The motor function of hindlimbs, the expression of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)- and Hh-pathway-related genes, and the level of neurofilament-200 (NF-200) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were measured. MEKK2 and -3 were expressed at a high level in DRG cells. The silencing of MEKK2/MEKK3 in rats caused an increase in the expression of glioma-associated oncogene homolog-1 (Gli-1), Nestin, smoothened (Smo), and Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) rating and the level of NF-200 protein also increased. However, the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), MIP-3α, p-JNK/JNK, and p-c-Jun/c-Jun and the level of GFAP were reduced. Downregulation of MEKK2/MEKK3 ameliorated the symptoms of SCI by promoting neural progenitor cell differentiation via activating the Hh pathway and disrupting the JNK pathway. The findings in this study reveal a potential biomarker for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Long Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Science and Technology, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 201499, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 201499, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 201499, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Wei Deng
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 201499, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun-Hua Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 201499, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author: Qun-Hua Jiang, Department of Orthopaedics, Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 201499, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Shi-Chang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author: Shi-Chang Zhao, Dr., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Ya-Dong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Science and Technology, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 201499, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 201499, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author: Ya-Dong Zhang, Dr., Department of Orthopaedics, Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Science and Technology, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 201499, People’s Republic of China.
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Bohannon DG, Ko A, Filipowicz AR, Kuroda MJ, Kim WK. Dysregulation of sonic hedgehog pathway and pericytes in the brain after lentiviral infection. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:86. [PMID: 30981282 PMCID: PMC6461821 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been associated with cognitive decline in many CNS diseases, including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Recent research suggests an important role for the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway in the maintenance of BBB integrity under both physiological and pathological conditions. METHODS In the present study, we sought to examine the expression of Shh and its downstream effectors in relation to brain pericytes and BBB integrity in HIV-infected humans and rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), an animal model of HIV infection and CNS disease. Cortical brain tissues from uninfected (n = 4) and SIV-infected macaques with (SIVE, n = 6) or without encephalitis (SIVnoE, n = 4) were examined using multi-label, semi-quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy of Shh, netrin-1, tight junction protein zona occludens 1 (ZO1), glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD163, platelet-derived growth factor receptor b (PDGFRB), glucose transporter 1, fibrinogen, and SIV Gag p28. RESULTS While Shh presence in the brain persisted during HIV/SIV infection, both netrin-1 immunoreactivity and the size of PDGFRB+ pericytes, a cellular source of netrin-1, were increased around non-lesion-associated vessels in encephalitis compared to uninfected brain or brain without encephalitis, but were completely absent in encephalitic lesions. Hypertrophied pericytes were strongly localized in areas of fibrinogen extravasation and showed the presence of intracellular SIVp28 and HIVp24 by immunofluorescence in all SIV and HIV encephalitis cases examined, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The lack of pericytes and netrin-1 in encephalitic lesions, in line with downregulation of ZO1 on the fenestrated endothelium, suggests that pericyte loss, despite the strong presence of Shh, contributes to HIV/SIV-induced BBB disruption and neuropathogenesis in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G. Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall 3174, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA
| | - Allen Ko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall 3174, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA
| | - Adam R. Filipowicz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall 3174, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA
| | - Marcelo J. Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall 3174, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA
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