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Barbee S, Radecki KC, Lorenson MY, Walker AM. A cautionary tale: Alien prolactins may induce lesser, no, or opposite effects to homologous hormone! J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13225. [PMID: 36577545 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cost and availability have often dictated the use of heterologous/alien prolactins in experiments, particularly in vivo. The assumption has been that what is initiated in the target cell is representative of the homologous hormone since many heterologous mammalian prolactins bind to and activate rodent receptors. Here, we examined gene expression in mouse liver in response to a 7-day treatment with recombinant mouse prolactin (mRecPRL), recombinant ovine prolactin (oRecPRL) and pituitary extract ovine prolactin (oPitPRL). Having established mouse ribosomal protein S9 as the most stable reference gene in the liver in the absence and presence of prolactin treatment, we examined expression of the two most highly expressed prolactin receptors (PRLRs) and three members of the Cyp3a group of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes by qRTPCR. For short form (SF) 3 PRLR, mRecPRL doubled expression while for oRecPRL and oPitPRL expression was only 1.3-fold control. For the long form (LF) PRLR, changes were similar to those seen for SF 3 PRLR, such that the SF3:LF PRLR ratio remained the same. Expression of the Cyp3as was also dependent on the prolactin origin and, although mRecPRL always stimulated, the other PRLs caused varying results. Compared to control, Cyp3a16 was stimulated 12-fold by mRecPRL, 3-fold by oRecPRL, and 6-fold by oPitPRL. For Cyp3a41, mRecPRL was 3.7-fold control, oRecPRL was without effect, and oPitPRL was 2-fold control. Importantly, for Cyp3a44, mRecPRL stimulated 2-fold, whereas both oRecPRL and oPitPRL had an opposite, inhibitory effect, with expression at 0.5-fold control. We conclude that homologous hormone had the largest stimulatory effect on expression of all measured genes and that by contrast heterologous hormone showed reduced activity, no activity, or opposite activity, depending on the gene being analyzed. Thus, experimentation using alien heterologous PRL may lead to inaccurate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie Barbee
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Kelly C Radecki
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Mary Y Lorenson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ameae M Walker
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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Tóth A, Keserű D, Pethő M, Détári L, Bencsik N, Dobolyi Á, Hajnik T. Sleep and local field potential effect of the D2 receptor agonist bromocriptine during the estrus cycle and postpartum period in female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 239:173754. [PMID: 38537873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary lactotrophs are under tonic dopaminergic inhibitory control and bromocriptine treatment blocks prolactin secretion. METHODS Sleep and local field potential were addressed for 72 h after bromocriptine treatments applied during the different stages of the estrus cycle and for 24 h in the early- and middle postpartum period characterized by spontaneously different dynamics of prolactin release in female rats. RESULTS Sleep changes showed strong dependency on the estrus cycle phase of the drug application. Strongest increase of wakefulness and reduction of slow wave sleep- and rapid eye movements sleep appeared during diestrus-proestrus and middle postpartum treatments. Stronger sleep-wake effects appeared in the dark phase in case of the estrus cycle treatments, but in the light phase in postpartum treatments. Slow wave sleep and REM sleep loss in case of estrus cycle treatments was not compensated at all and sleep loss seen in the first day post-injection was gained further later. In opposition, slow wave sleep loss in the light phase after bromocriptine injections showed compensation in the postpartum period treatments. Bromocriptine treatments resulted in a depression of local field potential delta power during slow wave sleep while an enhancement in beta and gamma power during wakefulness regardless of the treatment timing. CONCLUSIONS These results can be explained by the interplay of dopamine D2 receptor agonism, lack of prolactin release and the spontaneous homeostatic sleep drive being altered in the different stages of the estrus cycle and the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Tóth
- In vivo Electrophysiology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Keserű
- In vivo Electrophysiology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
| | - Máté Pethő
- In vivo Electrophysiology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
| | - László Détári
- In vivo Electrophysiology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
| | - Norbert Bencsik
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
| | - Tünde Hajnik
- In vivo Electrophysiology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
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3
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Smith DM, Terhune DB. Pedunculopontine-induced cortical decoupling as the neurophysiological locus of dissociation. Psychol Rev 2023; 130:183-210. [PMID: 35084921 PMCID: PMC10511303 DOI: 10.1037/rev0000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests an association between aberrant sleep phenomena and dissociative experiences. However, no wake-sleep boundary theory provides a compelling explanation of dissociation or specifies its physiological substrates. We present a theoretical account of dissociation that integrates theories and empirical results from multiple lines of research concerning the domain of dissociation and the regulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. This theory posits that individual differences in the circuitry governing the REM sleep promoting Pedunculopontine Nucleus and Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus determine the degree of similarity in the cortical connectivity profiles of wakefulness and REM sleep. We propose that a latent trait characterized by elevated dissociative experiences emerges from the decoupling of frontal executive regions due to a REM sleep-like aminergic/cholinergic balance. The Pedunculopontine-Induced Cortical Decoupling Account of Dissociation (PICDAD) suggests multiple fruitful lines of inquiry and provides novel insights. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neurology/Neuropsychology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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Cabrera-Reyes EA, Vanoye-Carlo A, Rodríguez-Dorantes M, Vázquez-Martínez ER, Rivero-Segura NA, Collazo-Navarrete O, Cerbón M. Transcriptomic analysis reveals new hippocampal gene networks induced by prolactin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13765. [PMID: 31551509 PMCID: PMC6760160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (Prl) is a pleiotropic hormone with multiple functions in several tissues and organs, including the brain. In the hippocampus, Prl has been implicated in several functions, including neuroprotection against excitotoxicity in lactating rats and in Prl-treated ovariectomized animals. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in Prl actions in the hippocampus have not been completely elucidated. The aim of this study was to analyse the hippocampal transcriptome of female Prl-treated ovariectomized rats. Transcriptomic analysis by RNASeq revealed 162 differentially expressed genes throughout 24 h of Prl treatment. Gene Ontology analysis of those genes showed that 37.65% were involved in brain processes that are regulated by the hippocampus, such as learning, memory and behaviour, as well as new processes that we did not foresee, such as glial differentiation, axogenesis, synaptic transmission, postsynaptic potential, and neuronal and glial migration. Immunodetection analysis demonstrated that Prl significantly modified microglial morphology, reduced the expression of Cd11b/c protein, and altered the content and location of the neuronal proteins Tau, Map2 and Syp, which are involved in axogenic and synaptic functions. This novel delineation of Prl activity in the hippocampus highlights its importance as a neuroactive hormone, opens a new avenue for understanding its actions and supports its participation in neuronal plasticity of this brain area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Alejandra Cabrera-Reyes
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. CDMX, México, 04510, Mexico
| | - América Vanoye-Carlo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SS. CDMX, México, 04530, Mexico
| | | | - Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. CDMX, México, 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Omar Collazo-Navarrete
- Laboratorio Nacional de Recursos Genómicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. CDMX, México, 04510, Mexico.
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Nguyen J, Gibbons CM, Dykstra-Aiello C, Ellingsen R, Koh KMS, Taishi P, Krueger JM. Interleukin-1 receptor accessory proteins are required for normal homeostatic responses to sleep deprivation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:770-780. [PMID: 31295066 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00366.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL1) is a sleep regulatory substance. The IL1/IL1 type 1 receptor complex requires a receptor accessory protein (AcP) to signal. There are three isoforms of AcP. In the current experiments, mice lacking a neuron-specific isoform, called AcPb knockout (AcPb KO), or mice lacking AcP + AcPb isoforms (AcP KO) or wild-type (WT) mice were used. Spontaneous sleep and sleep responses to sleep deprivation (SD) between zeitgeber time (ZT) 20-ZT4 and ZT8-ZT16 were characterized. Furthermore, somatosensory cortical protein extracts were examined for phosphorylated (p) proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase sarcoma (Src) and p38MAPK levels at ZT4 and ZT16 and after SD. Spontaneous sleep was similar in the three strains, except rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) duration between ZT12-ZT16 was greater in AcP KO than WT mice. After SD at ZT4, only WT mice had non-REMS (NREMS) rebounds. All mouse strains lacked an NREMS rebound after SD at ZT16. All strains after both SD periods had REMS rebounds. AcPb KO mice, but not AcP KO mice, had greater EEG delta wave (0.5-4 Hz) power during NREMS than WT mice. p-Src was very low at ZT16 but high at ZT4, whereas p-p38MAPK was low at ZT4 and high at ZT16. p-p38MAPK levels were not sensitive to SD. In contrast, p-Src levels were less after SD at the P = 0.08 level of significance in the strains lacking AcPb. We conclude that AcPb is required for NREMS responses to sleep loss, but not for SD-induced EEG delta wave or REMS responses.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Interleukin-1β (IL1), a well-characterized sleep regulatory substance, requires an IL1 receptor accessory protein (AcP); one of its isoforms is neuron-specific (called AcPb). We showed that in mice, AcPb is required for nonrapid eye movement sleep responses following 8 h of sleep loss ending 4 h after daybreak but did not affect rapid eye movement sleep rebound. Sleep loss reduced phosphorylation of proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase sarcoma but not of the less sensitive p38MAPK, downstream IL1 signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Nguyen
- Department Integrative Physiology and Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Cody M Gibbons
- School of Medicine University of Washington, Spokane, Washington
| | - Cheryl Dykstra-Aiello
- Department Integrative Physiology and Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | | | - Khia Min Sabrina Koh
- Department Integrative Physiology and Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Ping Taishi
- Department Integrative Physiology and Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - James M Krueger
- Department Integrative Physiology and Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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Iovino M, Messana T, De Pergola G, Iovino E, Guastamacchia E, Giagulli VA, Triggiani V. Vigilance States: Central Neural Pathways, Neurotransmitters and Neurohormones. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:26-37. [PMID: 30113008 DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666180816115720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The sleep-wake cycle is characterized by a circadian rhythm involving neurotransmitters and neurohormones that are released from brainstem nuclei and hypothalamus. The aim of this review is to analyze the role played by central neural pathways, neurotransmitters and neurohormones in the regulation of vigilance states. METHOD We analyzed the literature identifying relevant articles dealing with central neural pathways, neurotransmitters and neurohormones involved in the control of wakefulness and sleep. RESULTS The reticular activating system is the key center in the control of the states of wakefulness and sleep via alertness and hypnogenic centers. Neurotransmitters and neurohormones interplay during the dark-light cycle in order to maintain a normal plasmatic concentration of ions, proteins and peripheral hormones, and behavioral state control. CONCLUSION An updated description of pathways, neurotransmitters and neurohormones involved in the regulation of vigilance states has been depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iovino
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Tullio Messana
- Infantile Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS - Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Iovino
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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7
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Léger D, Debellemaniere E, Rabat A, Bayon V, Benchenane K, Chennaoui M. Slow-wave sleep: From the cell to the clinic. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 41:113-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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DiCarlo LM, Vied C, Nowakowski RS. The stability of the transcriptome during the estrous cycle in four regions of the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3360-3387. [PMID: 28685836 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the transcriptome of the C57BL/6J mouse hypothalamus, hippocampus, neocortex, and cerebellum to determine estrous cycle-specific changes in these four brain regions. We found almost 16,000 genes are present in one or more of the brain areas but only 210 genes, ∼1.3%, are significantly changed as a result of the estrous cycle. The hippocampus has the largest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (82), followed by the neocortex (76), hypothalamus (63), and cerebellum (26). Most of these DEGs (186/210) are differentially expressed in only one of the four brain regions. A key finding is the unique expression pattern of growth hormone (Gh) and prolactin (Prl). Gh and Prl are the only DEGs to be expressed during only one stage of the estrous cycle (metestrus). To gain insight into the function of the DEGs, we examined gene ontology and phenotype enrichment and found significant enrichment for genes associated with myelination, hormone stimulus, and abnormal hormone levels. Additionally, 61 of the 210 DEGs are known to change in response to estrogen in the brain. 50 of the 210 genes differentially expressed as a result of the estrous cycle are related to myelin and oligodendrocytes and 12 of the 63 DEGs in the hypothalamus are oligodendrocyte- and myelin-specific genes. This transcriptomic analysis reveals that gene expression in the female mouse brain is remarkably stable during the estrous cycle and demonstrates that the genes that do fluctuate are functionally related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M DiCarlo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Cynthia Vied
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida.,Translational Science Laboratory, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Richard S Nowakowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
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Machado RB, Rocha MR, Suchecki D. Brain prolactin is involved in stress-induced REM sleep rebound. Horm Behav 2017; 89:38-47. [PMID: 28017595 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
REM sleep rebound is a common behavioural response to some stressors and represents an adaptive coping strategy. Animals submitted to multiple, intermittent, footshock stress (FS) sessions during 96h of REM sleep deprivation (REMSD) display increased REM sleep rebound (when compared to the only REMSD ones, without FS), which is correlated to high plasma prolactin levels. To investigate whether brain prolactin plays a role in stress-induced REM sleep rebound two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, rats were either not sleep-deprived (NSD) or submitted to 96h of REMSD associated or not to FS and brains were evaluated for PRL immunoreactivity (PRL-ir) and determination of PRL concentrations in the lateral hypothalamus and dorsal raphe nucleus. In experiment 2, rats were implanted with cannulas in the dorsal raphe nucleus for prolactin infusion and were sleep-recorded. REMSD associated with FS increased PRL-ir and content in the lateral hypothalamus and all manipulations increased prolactin content in the dorsal raphe nucleus compared to the NSD group. Prolactin infusion in the dorsal raphe nucleus increased the time and length of REM sleep episodes 3h after the infusion until the end of the light phase of the day cycle. Based on these results we concluded that brain prolactin is a major mediator of stress-induced REMS. The effect of PRL infusion in the dorsal raphe nucleus is discussed in light of the existence of a bidirectional relationship between this hormone and serotonin as regulators of stress-induced REM sleep rebound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Borges Machado
- Universidade Ibirapuera, Psychosomatic Research Group, Department of Psychology, Brazil; Universidade Ibirapuera, Department of Pharmacy, Brazil.
| | - Murilo Ramos Rocha
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
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Sivadas N, Radhakrishnan A, Aswathy B, Kumar VM, Gulia KK. Dynamic changes in sleep pattern during post-partum in normal pregnancy in rat model. Behav Brain Res 2017; 320:264-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Machado RB, Suchecki D. Neuroendocrine and Peptidergic Regulation of Stress-Induced REM Sleep Rebound. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:163. [PMID: 28066328 PMCID: PMC5179577 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep homeostasis depends on the length and quality (occurrence of stressful events, for instance) of the preceding waking time. Forced wakefulness (sleep deprivation or sleep restriction) is one of the main tools used for the understanding of mechanisms that play a role in homeostatic processes involved in sleep regulation and their interrelations. Interestingly, forced wakefulness for periods longer than 24 h activates stress response systems, whereas stressful events impact on sleep pattern. Hypothalamic peptides (corticotropin-releasing hormone, prolactin, and the CLIP/ACTH18-39) play an important role in the expression of stress-induced sleep effects, essentially by modulating rapid eye movement sleep, which has been claimed to affect the organism resilience to the deleterious effects of stress. Some of the mechanisms involved in the generation and regulation of sleep and the main peptides/hypothalamic hormones involved in these responses will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Borges Machado
- Department of Psychology, Psychosomatic Research Group, Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Psychosomatic Research Group, Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pardo GVE, Goularte JF, Hoefel AL, de Castro AL, Kucharski LC, da Rosa Araujo AS, Lucion AB. Effects of sleep restriction during pregnancy on the mother and fetuses in rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 155:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Schmidt EM, Linz B, Diekelmann S, Besedovsky L, Lange T, Born J. Effects of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on human sleep, sleep-associated memory consolidation, and blood monocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:178-85. [PMID: 25535859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) are major players in the interaction between the immune system and the central nervous system. Various animal studies report a sleep-promoting effect of IL-1 leading to enhanced slow wave sleep (SWS). Moreover, this cytokine was shown to affect hippocampus-dependent memory. However, the role of IL-1 in human sleep and memory is not yet understood. We administered the synthetic IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (IL-1ra) in healthy humans (100mg, subcutaneously, before sleep; n=16) to investigate the role of IL-1 signaling in sleep regulation and sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation. Inasmuch monocytes have been considered a model for central nervous microglia, we monitored cytokine production in classical and non-classical blood monocytes to gain clues about how central nervous effects of IL-1ra are conveyed. Contrary to our expectation, IL-1ra increased EEG slow wave activity during SWS and non-rapid eye movement (NonREM) sleep, indicating a deepening of sleep, while sleep-associated memory consolidation remained unchanged. Moreover, IL-1ra slightly increased prolactin and reduced cortisol levels during sleep. Production of IL-1 by classical monocytes was diminished after IL-1ra. The discrepancy to findings in animal studies might reflect species differences and underlines the importance of studying cytokine effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Schmidt
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Linz
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luciana Besedovsky
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) and Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Stress is considered to be an important cause of disrupted sleep and insomnia. However, controlled and experimental studies in rodents indicate that effects of stress on sleep-wake regulation are complex and may strongly depend on the nature of the stressor. While most stressors are associated with at least a brief period of arousal and wakefulness, the subsequent amount and architecture of recovery sleep can vary dramatically across conditions even though classical markers of acute stress such as corticosterone are virtually the same. Sleep after stress appears to be highly influenced by situational variables including whether the stressor was controllable and/or predictable, whether the individual had the possibility to learn and adapt, and by the relative resilience and vulnerability of the individual experiencing stress. There are multiple brain regions and neurochemical systems linking stress and sleep, and the specific balance and interactions between these systems may ultimately determine the alterations in sleep-wake architecture. Factors that appear to play an important role in stress-induced wakefulness and sleep changes include various monominergic neurotransmitters, hypocretins, corticotropin releasing factor, and prolactin. In addition to the brain regions directly involved in stress responses such as the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus, and the amygdala, differential effects of stressor controllability on behavior and sleep may be mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex. These various brain regions interact and influence each other and in turn affect the activity of sleep-wake controlling centers in the brain. Also, these regions likely play significant roles in memory processes and participate in the way stressful memories may affect arousal and sleep. Finally, stress-induced changes in sleep-architecture may affect sleep-related neuronal plasticity processes and thereby contribute to cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry D Sanford
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, P.O. Box 1980, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA,
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Jefferson F, Ehlen JC, Williams NS, Montemarano JJ, Paul KN. A dopamine receptor d2-type agonist attenuates the ability of stress to alter sleep in mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4411-21. [PMID: 25157453 PMCID: PMC4197983 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although sleep disruptions that accompany stress reduce quality of life and deteriorate health, the mechanisms through which stress alters sleep remain obscure. Psychological stress can alter sleep in a variety of ways, but it has been shown to be particularly influential on rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Prolactin (PRL), a sexually dimorphic, stress-sensitive hormone whose basal levels are higher in females, has somnogenic effects on REM sleep. In the current study, we examined the relationship between PRL secretion and REM sleep after restraint stress to determine whether: 1) the ability of stress to increase REM sleep is PRL-dependent, and 2) fluctuating PRL levels underlie sex differences in sleep responses to stress. Because dopamine D2 receptors in the pituitary gland are the primary regulator of PRL secretion, D2 receptor agonist, 1-[(6-allylergolin-8β-yl)-carbonyl]-1-[3-(dimethylamino) propyl]-3-ethylurea (cabergoline), was used to attenuate PRL levels in mice before 1 hour of restraint stress. Mice were implanted with electroencephalographic/electromyographic recording electrodes and received an ip injection of either 0.3-mg/kg cabergoline or vehicle before a control procedure of 1 hour of sleep deprivation by gentle handling during the light phase. Six days after the control procedure, mice received cabergoline or vehicle 15 minutes before 1 hour of restraint stress. Cabergoline blocked the ability of restraint stress to increase REM sleep amount in males but did not alter REM sleep amount after stress in females even though it reduced basal REM sleep amount in female controls. These data provide evidence that the ability for restraint stress to increase REM sleep is dependent on PRL and that sex differences in REM sleep amount may be driven by PRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jefferson
- Neuroscience Institute (F.J., J.C.E., N.S.W., K.N.P.), Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310; and Biology Department (J.J.M.), Armstrong State University, Savannah, Georgia 31419
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Hasan S, van der Veen DR, Winsky-Sommerer R, Hogben A, Laing EE, Koentgen F, Dijk DJ, Archer SN. A human sleep homeostasis phenotype in mice expressing a primate-specific PER3 variable-number tandem-repeat coding-region polymorphism. FASEB J 2014; 28:2441-54. [PMID: 24577121 PMCID: PMC4046067 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-240135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In humans, a primate-specific variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) polymorphism (4 or 5 repeats 54 nt in length) in the circadian gene PER3 is associated with differences in sleep timing and homeostatic responses to sleep loss. We investigated the effects of this polymorphism on circadian rhythmicity and sleep homeostasis by introducing the polymorphism into mice and assessing circadian and sleep parameters at baseline and during and after 12 h of sleep deprivation (SD). Microarray analysis was used to measure hypothalamic and cortical gene expression. Circadian behavior and sleep were normal at baseline. The response to SD of 2 electrophysiological markers of sleep homeostasis, electroencephalography (EEG) θ power during wakefulness and δ power during sleep, were greater in the Per35/5 mice. During recovery, the Per35/5 mice fully compensated for the SD-induced deficit in δ power, but the Per34/4 and wild-type mice did not. Sleep homeostasis-related transcripts (e.g., Homer1, Ptgs2, and Kcna2) were differentially expressed between the humanized mice, but circadian clock genes were not. These data are in accordance with the hypothesis derived from human data that the PER3 VNTR polymorphism modifies the sleep homeostatic response without significantly influencing circadian parameters.—Hasan, S., van der Veen, D. R., Winsky-Sommerer, R., Hogben, A., Laing, E. E., Koentgen, F., Dijk, D.-J., Archer, S. N. A human sleep homeostasis phenotype in mice expressing a primate-specific PER3 variable-number tandem-repeat coding-region polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibah Hasan
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; and
| | - Daan R van der Veen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; and
| | | | - Alexandra Hogben
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; and
| | - Emma E Laing
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; and
| | | | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; and
| | - Simon N Archer
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; and
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17
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Abstract
Previous studies of differential gene expression in sleep and wake pooled transcripts from all brain cells and showed that several genes expressed at higher levels during sleep are involved in the synthesis/maintenance of membranes in general and of myelin in particular, a surprising finding given the reported slow turnover of many myelin components. Other studies showed that oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are responsible for the formation of new myelin in both the injured and the normal adult brain, and that glutamate released from neurons, via neuron-OPC synapses, can inhibit OPC proliferation and affect their differentiation into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. Because glutamatergic transmission is higher in wake than in sleep, we asked whether sleep and wake can affect oligodendrocytes and OPCs. Using the translating ribosome affinity purification technology combined with microarray analysis in mice, we obtained a genome-wide profiling of oligodendrocytes after sleep, spontaneous wake, and forced wake (acute sleep deprivation). We found that hundreds of transcripts being translated in oligodendrocytes are differentially expressed in sleep and wake: genes involved in phospholipid synthesis and myelination or promoting OPC proliferation are transcribed preferentially during sleep, while genes implicated in apoptosis, cellular stress response, and OPC differentiation are enriched in wake. We then confirmed through BrdU and other experiments that OPC proliferation doubles during sleep and positively correlates with time spent in REM sleep, whereas OPC differentiation is higher during wake. Thus, OPC proliferation and differentiation are not perfectly matched at any given circadian time but preferentially occur during sleep and wake, respectively.
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18
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Alt JA, Smith TL. Chronic rhinosinusitis and sleep: a contemporary review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2013; 3:941-9. [PMID: 24039230 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) exhibit centrally mediated behavioral changes commonly referred to as "sickness behavior." Sleep alteration is a component of sickness behavior which is estimated to affect up to 70 million patients annually. Patients with CRS have poor sleep quality, and little is known about the underlying etiology and pathophysiology. This narrative review aims to further organize and present the current knowledge associating sleep and CRS. METHODS A literature search was conducted of the OVID MEDLINE database using key search words including: "chronic rhinosinusitis," "sleep," "sleep disorders," and "sleep dysfunction." Additional keywords "nasal obstruction," "nasal polyp," and "fatigue" were identified and used to further delineate relevant articles. RESULTS The articles that specifically addressed sleep and CRS were dissected and presented as follows: (1) chronic rhinosinusitis and sleep; (2) chronic rhinosinusitis and fatigue; (3) chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal obstruction, and sleep; and (4) pathophysiology of sleep in chronic rhinosinusitis (cytokines in both sleep and chronic rhinosinusitis and their association to the neuroimmune biology of chronic rhinosinusitis). CONCLUSION Patients with CRS have sleep dysfunction that is associated with their disease severity and overall quality of life. The etiology of sleep dysfunction in CRS is most likely multifactorial. Increasing evidence suggests sleep dysfunction in patients with CRS is partly due to the inflammatory disease process, and sleep physiology in patients with CRS may be actively regulated by the inflammatory component of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah A Alt
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Oregon Sinus Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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19
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Kelly JM, Bianchi MT. Mammalian sleep genetics. Neurogenetics 2012; 13:287-326. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-012-0341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Suchecki D, Tiba PA, Machado RB. REM Sleep Rebound as an Adaptive Response to Stressful Situations. Front Neurol 2012; 3:41. [PMID: 22485105 PMCID: PMC3317042 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress and sleep are related to each other in a bidirectional way. If on one hand poor or inadequate sleep exacerbates emotional, behavioral, and stress-related responses, on the other hand acute stress induces sleep rebound, most likely as a way to cope with the adverse stimuli. Chronic, as opposed to acute, stress impairs sleep and has been claimed to be one of the triggering factors of emotional-related sleep disorders, such as insomnia, depressive- and anxiety-disorders. These outcomes are dependent on individual psychobiological characteristics, conferring even more complexity to the stress-sleep relationship. Its neurobiology has only recently begun to be explored, through animal models, which are also valuable for the development of potential therapeutic agents and preventive actions. This review seeks to present data on the effects of stress on sleep and the different approaches used to study this relationship as well as possible neurobiological underpinnings and mechanisms involved. The results of numerous studies in humans and animals indicate that increased sleep, especially the rapid eye movement phase, following a stressful situation is an important adaptive behavior for recovery. However, this endogenous advantage appears to be impaired in human beings and rodent strains that exhibit high levels of anxiety and anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Davis CJ, Clinton JM, Taishi P, Bohnet SG, Honn KA, Krueger JM. MicroRNA 132 alters sleep and varies with time in brain. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:665-72. [PMID: 21719725 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00517.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) levels in brain are altered by sleep deprivation; however, the direct effects of any miRNA on sleep have not heretofore been described. We report herein that intracerebroventricular application of a miRNA-132 mimetic (preMIR-132) decreased duration of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) while simultaneously increasing duration of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) during the light phase. Further, preMIR-132 decreased electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA) during NREMS, an index of sleep intensity. In separate experiments unilateral supracortical application of preMIR-132 ipsilaterally decreased EEG SWA during NREMS but did not alter global sleep duration. In addition, after ventricular or supracortical injections of preMIR-132, the mimetic-induced effects were state specific, occurring only during NREMS. After local supracortical injections of the mimetic, cortical miRNA-132 levels were higher at the time sleep-related EEG effects were manifest. We also report that spontaneous cortical levels of miRNA-132 were lower at the end of the sleep-dominant light period compared with at the end of the dark period in rats. Results suggest that miRNAs play a regulatory role in sleep and provide a new tool for investigating sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Davis
- Washington State University-Spokane, Health Sciences Bldg. 280E, 412 E Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA.
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22
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Hu WP, Li JD, Colwell CS, Zhou QY. Decreased REM sleep and altered circadian sleep regulation in mice lacking vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Sleep 2011; 34:49-56. [PMID: 21203371 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/34.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has been implicated in sleep regulation as a promoter of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Previous work has shown that the amount of time spent in REM sleep is increased by intracerebroventricular administration of VIP, and reduced by treatment with VIP antagonists or antibodies against VIP. A variety of evidence suggests that VIP is critical for normal expression of circadian rhythmicity of diverse physiological and behavioral parameters. In the present study, we investigated the role of this peptide in sleep regulation using VIP-deficient (VIP-/-) mice. METHODS EEG/EMG sleep-wake patterns were recorded in VIP-/- mice and their wild-type littermate controls under normal light-dark (LD), constant darkness (DD) and sleep deprivation conditions. RESULTS VIP-/- mice exhibited reduced REM sleep time over the 24-h cycle while total daily amounts of NREM sleep and wakefulness were not altered significantly. The reduced REM sleep time in VIP-/- mice occurred entirely during the day due to a reduction in the duration, but not the frequency, of REM sleep bouts. In response to sleep deprivation, compensatory rebounds in NREM sleep and REM sleep were also attenuated in VIP-/- mice. Finally, the loss of VIP altered the temporal distribution of sleep in that the VIP -/- mice exhibited smaller amplitude rhythms in total sleep, NREM sleep, and REM sleep under both LD and DD. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that VIP regulates the duration of REM sleep, sleep homeostatic mechanisms as well as the temporal patterning of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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23
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Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic neurons are important for controlling sleep and wakefulness but are difficult to identify, limiting their study. Knock-in mice with GABAergic neurons labeled by expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) promoter are now extensively used in neuroscience. However, it is unknown whether these mice have a normal sleep phenotype. Compared with wild-type control mice, GAD67-GFP knock-in mice had the same amount of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, a similar diurnal distribution of sleep, no NREM or REM sleep differences in electroencephalogram power, and normal sleep rebound following 6-h sleep deprivation. Our results suggest GAD67-GFP knock-in mice are an excellent tool for study of GABAergic neurons involved in sleep-wake regulation.
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Paul KN, Losee-Olson S, Pinckney L, Turek FW. The ability of stress to alter sleep in mice is sensitive to reproductive hormones. Brain Res 2009; 1305:74-85. [PMID: 19769952 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Though stress causes complex sleep disruptions that are different in females and males, little is known about how sex influences the ability of stress to alter sleep. To date there have been no comprehensive examinations of whether effects of stress on sleep are sensitive to determinants of sex, such as reproductive hormones. Since restraint stress produces a sexually dimorphic increase in rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) amount in mice that is greater in males than females, in the current study we sought to determine whether estrogens and androgens influence the ability of restraint stress to alter sleep states. We removed the gonads from adult female and male C57BL/6J mice and implanted the mice with recording electrodes to monitor sleep-wake states. Gonadectomized females and males exhibited similar amounts of REMS in response to restraint stress. Mice were then implanted with continuous release hormone pellets. Females received 17beta-estradiol and males received testosterone. Hormone replacement (HR) in females decreased the REMS response to restraint stress while HR in males increased the REMS response to restraint stress. The combined effects of HR in females and males restored the sex difference in the ability of restraint stress to alter REMS. These results demonstrate that sex differences in the effects of stress on REMS are dependent on reproductive hormones and support the view that endogenous or exogenous changes in the reproductive hormone environment influence sleep responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketema N Paul
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310-1495, USA.
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25
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Machado RB, Tufik S, Suchecki D. Chronic stress during paradoxical sleep deprivation increases paradoxical sleep rebound: association with prolactin plasma levels and brain serotonin content. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:1211-24. [PMID: 18674865 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that stress associated to sleep deprivation methods can affect the expression of sleep rebound. In order to examine this association and possible mechanisms, rats were exposed to footshock stress during or immediately after a 96-h period of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and their sleep and heart rate were recorded. Control rats (maintained in individual home cages) and paradoxical sleep-deprived (PS-deprived) rats were distributed in three conditions (1) no footshock--NF; (2) single footshock--SFS: one single footshock session at the end of the PSD period (6-8 shocks per minute; 100 ms; 2 mA; for 40 min); and (3) multiple footshock--MFS: footshock sessions with the same characteristics as described above, twice a day throughout PSD (at 7:00 h and 19:00 h) and one extra session before the recovery period. After PSD, animals were allowed to sleep freely for 72 h. Additional groups were sacrificed at the end of the sleep deprivation period for blood sampling (ACTH, corticosterone, prolactin and catecholamine levels) and brain harvesting (monoamines and metabolites). Neither SFS nor MFS produced significant alterations in the sleep patterns of control rats. All PS-deprived groups exhibited increased heart rate which could be explained by increased dopaminergic activity in the medulla. As expected, PS deprivation induced rebound of paradoxical sleep in the first day of recovery; however, PSD+MFS group showed the highest rebound (327.3% above the baseline). This group also showed intermediate levels of corticosterone and the highest levels of prolactin, which were positively correlated with the length of PS episodes. Moreover, paradoxical sleep deprivation resulted in elevation of the serotonergic turnover in the hypothalamus, which partly explained the hormonal results, and in the hippocampus, which appears to be related to adaptive responses to stress. The data are discussed in the realm of a prospective importance of paradoxical sleep for processing of traumatic events.
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Kapás L, Bohnet SG, Traynor TR, Majde JA, Szentirmai E, Magrath P, Taishi P, Krueger JM. Spontaneous and influenza virus-induced sleep are altered in TNF-alpha double-receptor deficient mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1187-98. [PMID: 18687977 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90388.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is associated with sleep regulation in health and disease. Previous studies assessed sleep in mice genetically deficient in the TNF-alpha 55-kDa receptor. In this study, spontaneous and influenza virus-induced sleep profiles were assessed in mice deficient in both the 55-kDa and 75-kDa TNF-alpha receptors [TNF-2R knockouts (KO)] and wild-type (WT) strain controls. Under baseline conditions the TNF-2R KO mice had less non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) than WTs during the nighttime and more rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) than controls during the daytime. The differences between nighttime maximum and daytime minimum values of electroencephalogram (EEG) delta power during NREMS were greater in the TNF-2R KO mice than in WTs. Viral challenge (mouse-adapted influenza X-31) enhanced NREMS and decreased REMS in both strains roughly to the same extent. EEG delta power responses to viral challenge differed substantially between strains; the WT animals increased, whereas the TNF-2R KO mice decreased their EEG delta wave power during NREMS. There were no differences between strains in body temperatures or locomotor activity in uninfected mice or after viral challenge. Analyses of cortical mRNAs confirmed that the TNF-2R KO mice lacked both TNF-alpha receptors; these mice also had higher levels of orexin mRNA and reduced levels of the purine P2X7 receptor compared with WTs. Results reinforce the hypothesis that TNF-alpha is involved in physiological sleep regulation but plays a limited role in the acute-phase response induced by influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Kapás
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA.
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27
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Jhaveri KA, Trammell RA, Toth LA. Effect of environmental temperature on sleep, locomotor activity, core body temperature and immune responses of C57BL/6J mice. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:975-87. [PMID: 17467232 PMCID: PMC2034754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient temperature exerts a prominent influence on sleep. In rats and humans, low ambient temperatures generally impair sleep, whereas higher temperatures tend to promote sleep. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate sleep patterns and core body temperatures of C57BL/6J mice at ambient temperatures of 22, 26 and 30 degrees C under baseline conditions, after sleep deprivation (SD), and after infection with influenza virus. C57BL/6J mice were surgically implanted with electrodes for recording electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) and with intraperitoneal transmitters for recording core body temperature (T(c)) and locomotor activity. The data indicate that higher ambient temperatures (26 and 30 degrees C) promote spontaneous slow wave sleep (SWS) in association with reduced delta wave amplitude during SWS in C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, higher ambient temperatures also promote recuperative sleep after SD. Thus, in mice, higher ambient temperatures reduced sleep depth under normal conditions, but augmented the recuperative response to sleep loss. Mice infected with influenza virus while maintained at 22 or 26 degrees C developed more SWS, less rapid eye movement sleep, lower locomotor activity and greater hypothermia than did mice maintained at 30 degrees C during infection. In addition, despite equivalent viral titers, mice infected with influenza virus at 30 degrees C showed less leucopenia and lower cytokine induction as compared with 22 and 26 degrees C, respectively, suggesting that less inflammation develops at the higher ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jhaveri
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University and Medical Institution, Meyer-222, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Pannain S, Van Cauter E. Modulation of Endocrine Function by Sleep-Wake Homeostasis and Circadian Rhythmicity. Sleep Med Clin 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Hnasko TS, Hnasko RM, Sotak BN, Kapur RP, Palmiter RD. Genetic disruption of dopamine production results in pituitary adenomas and severe prolactinemia. Neuroendocrinology 2007; 86:48-57. [PMID: 17622754 DOI: 10.1159/000105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine release from tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons into the median eminence activates dopamine-D2 receptors in the pituitary gland where it inhibits lactotroph function. METHODS We have previously described genetic dopamine-deficient mouse models which lack the ability to synthesize dopamine. Because these animals require daily treatment with 3,4-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) to survive, it has not been possible to examine the consequences of chronic loss of dopamine on pituitary physiology. We use viral-mediated gene transfer to selectively restore dopamine to the dorsal striatum of dopamine-deficient mice which allows the mice to survive without L-dopa. RESULTS We find that mice chronically lacking tuberoinfundibular dopamine secrete large amounts of prolactin due to the development of severely enlarged pituitaries composed principally of hyperplastic hypertrophic lactotrophs and multifocal prolactinomas. In addition, these mice have elevated serum growth hormone levels and aged males develop hypertrophy of the seminal vesicles. CONCLUSION Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that hypothalamic dopamine is a critical inhibitor of lactotroph proliferation and suggest additional roles for dopamine in the regulation of pituitary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Hnasko
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Peterfi Z, Obal F, Taishi P, Gardi J, Kacsoh B, Unterman T, Krueger JM. Sleep in spontaneous dwarf rats. Brain Res 2006; 1108:133-46. [PMID: 16859658 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous dwarf rats (SDRs) display growth hormone (GH) deficiency due to a mutation in the GH gene. This study investigated sleep in SDRs and their somatotropic axis and compared to Sprague-Dawley rats. SDRs had almost undetectable levels of plasma GH. Hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) mRNA was increased, whereas GHRH-receptor (GHRH-R) and somatostatin mRNAs were decreased in SDRs. Hypothalamic GHRH and somatostatin peptide content decreased in SDRs. Quantitative immunohistochemistry for GHRH and GHRH-R corroborated and extended these findings. In the arcuate nucleus, the number of GHRH-positive cells was significantly higher, whereas GHRH-R-positive perikarya were diminished in SDRs. Cortical GHRH and GHRH-R measurements showed similar expression characteristics as those found in the hypothalamus. SDRs had less rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and more non-REMS (NREMS) than the control rats during the light period. The electroencephalogram (EEG) delta and theta power decreased during NREMS in the SDRs. After 4-h of sleep deprivation, SDRs had a significantly reduced REMS rebound compared to the controls, whereas NREMS rebound was normal in SDRs. The enhancement in delta power was significantly less than in the control group during recovery sleep. Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of GHRH promoted NREMS in both strains of rats; however, increased REMS and EEG delta activity was observed only in control rats. Icv injection of insulin-like growth factor 1 increased NREMS in control rats, but not in the SDRs. These results support the ideas that GHRH is involved in NREMS regulation and that GH is involved in the regulation of REMS and in EEG slow wave activity regulation during NREMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Peterfi
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, A. Szent-Györgyi Medical Center, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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