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Shen Y, You Z, Li L, Tang X, Shan X. The interaction of PRDX1 with Cofilin promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. Int J Cancer 2024; 155:1290-1302. [PMID: 38738971 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) is an important member of the peroxiredoxin family (PRDX) and is upregulated in a variety of tumors. Previous studies have found that high PRDX1 expression is closely related to the metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but the specific molecular mechanism is elusive. To elucidate the role of PRDX1 in the metastasis process of OSCC, we evaluated the expression of PRDX1 in OSCC clinical specimens and its impact on the prognosis of OSCC patients. Then, the effect of PRDX1 on OSCC metastasis and cytoskeletal reconstruction was explored in vitro and in nude mouse tongue cancer models, and the molecular mechanisms were also investigated. PRDX1 can directly interact with the actin-binding protein Cofilin, inhibiting the phosphorylation of its Ser3 site, accelerating the depolymerization and turnover of actin, promoting OSCC cell movement, and aggravating the invasion and metastasis of OSCC. In clinical samples and mouse tongue cancer models, PRDX1 also increased lymph node metastasis of OSCC and was negatively correlated with the phosphorylation of Cofilin; PRDX1 also reduced the overall survival rate of OSCC patients. In summary, our study identified that PRDX1 may be a potential therapeutic target to inhibit OSCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Zixuan You
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Tang
- Division of Oral Pathology, Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
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González Maciel A, Rosas López LE, Romero-Velázquez RM, Ramos-Morales A, Ponce-Macotela M, Calderón-Guzmán D, Trujillo-Jiménez F, Alfaro-Rodríguez A, Reynoso-Robles R. Postnatal zinc deficiency due to giardiasis disrupts hippocampal and cerebellar development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012302. [PMID: 38950061 PMCID: PMC11244800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardiasis and zinc deficiency have been identified as serious health problems worldwide. Although Zn depletion is known to occur in giardiasis, no work has investigated whether changes occur in brain structures. METHODS Three groups of gerbils were used: control (1), orogastrically inoculated on day 3 after birth with trophozoites of two isolates of Giardia intestinalis (HGINV/WB) group (2 and 3). Estimates were made at five ages covering: establishment of infection, Giardia population growth, natural parasite clearance and a post-infection age. QuantiChrome zinc assay kit, cresyl violet staining and TUNEL technique were used. RESULTS A significant decrease (p<0.01) in tissue zinc was observed and persisted after infection. Cytoarchitectural changes were observed in 75% of gerbils in the HGINV or WB groups. Ectopic pyramidal neurons were found in the cornus ammonis (CA1-CA3). At 60 and 90 days of age loss of lamination was clearly visible in CA1. In the dentate gyrus (DG), thinning of the dorsal lamina and abnormal thickening of the ventral lamina were observed from 30 days of age. In the cerebellum, we found an increase (p<0.01) in the thickness of the external granular layer (EGL) at 14 days of age that persisted until day 21 (C 3 ± 0.3 μm; HGINV 37 ± 5 μm; WB 28 ± 3 μm); Purkinje cell population estimation showed a significant decrease; a large number of apoptotic somas were observed scattered in the molecular layer; in 60 and 90 days old gerbils we found granular cell heterotopia and Purkinje cell ectopia. The pattern of apoptosis was different in the cerebellum and hippocampus of parasitized gerbils. CONCLUSION The morphological changes found suggest that neuronal migration is affected by zinc depletion caused by giardiasis in early postnatal life; for the first time, the link between giardiasis-zinc depletion and damaged brain structures is shown. This damage may explain the psychomotor/cognitive delay associated with giardiasis. These findings are alarming. Alterations in zinc metabolism and signalling are known to be involved in many brain disorders, including autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica González Maciel
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Elizabeth Rosas López
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Romero-Velázquez
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Ramos-Morales
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Ponce-Macotela
- Laboratory of Experimental Parasitology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Calderón-Guzmán
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Alfonso Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Reynoso-Robles
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
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Calvier L, Alexander A, Marckx AT, Kounnas MZ, Durakoglugil M, Herz J. Safety of Anti-Reelin Therapeutic Approaches for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:583. [PMID: 38607022 PMCID: PMC11011630 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Reelin, a large extracellular glycoprotein, plays critical roles in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies have revealed non-neuronal functions of plasma Reelin in inflammation by promoting endothelial-leukocyte adhesion through its canonical pathway in endothelial cells (via ApoER2 acting on NF-κB), as well as in vascular tone regulation and thrombosis. In this study, we have investigated the safety and efficacy of selectively depleting plasma Reelin as a potential therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory diseases. We found that Reelin expression remains stable throughout adulthood and that peripheral anti-Reelin antibody treatment with CR-50 efficiently depletes plasma Reelin without affecting its levels or functionality within the CNS. Notably, this approach preserves essential neuronal functions and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, in mice induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), selective modulation of endothelial responses by anti-Reelin antibodies reduces pathological leukocyte infiltration without completely abolishing diapedesis. Finally, long-term Reelin depletion under metabolic stress induced by a Western diet did not negatively impact the heart, kidney, or liver, suggesting a favorable safety profile. These findings underscore the promising role of peripheral anti-Reelin therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases and conditions where endothelial function is compromised, offering a novel approach that may avoid the immunosuppressive side effects associated with conventional anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anna Alexander
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Austin T. Marckx
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Murat Durakoglugil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Lagani GD, Lin W, Natarajan S, Lampl N, Harper ER, Emili A, Beffert U, Ho A. Beyond Glycolysis: Aldolase A is a Novel Effector in Reelin Mediated Dendritic Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.12.575269. [PMID: 38260505 PMCID: PMC10802565 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.575269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Reelin, a secreted glycoprotein, plays a crucial role in guiding neocortical neuronal migration, dendritic outgrowth and arborization, and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. Reelin primarily operates through the canonical lipoprotein receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (Apoer2) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr). Reelin also engages with non-canonical receptors and unidentified co-receptors; however, the effects of which are less understood. Using high-throughput tandem mass tag LC-MS/MS-based proteomics and gene set enrichment analysis, we identified both shared and unique intracellular pathways activated by Reelin through its canonical and non-canonical signaling in primary murine neurons during dendritic growth and arborization. We observed pathway crosstalk related to regulation of cytoskeleton, neuron projection development, protein transport, and actin filament-based process. We also found enriched gene sets exclusively by the non-canonical Reelin pathway including protein translation, mRNA metabolic process and ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis suggesting Reelin fine-tunes neuronal structure through distinct signaling pathways. A key discovery is the identification of aldolase A, a glycolytic enzyme and actin binding protein, as a novel effector of Reelin signaling. Reelin induced de novo translation and mobilization of aldolase A from the actin cytoskeleton. We demonstrated that aldolase A is necessary for Reelin-mediated dendrite growth and arborization in primary murine neurons and mouse brain cortical neurons. Interestingly, the function of aldolase A in dendrite development is independent of its known role in glycolysis. Altogether, our findings provide new insights into the Reelin-dependent signaling pathways and effector proteins that are crucial for actin remodeling and dendritic development. Significance Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein and exerts its function primarily by binding to the canonical lipoprotein receptors Apoer2 and Vldlr. Reelin is best known for its role in neuronal migration during prenatal brain development. Reelin also signals through a non-canonical pathway outside of Apoer2/Vldlr; however, these receptors and signal transduction pathways are less defined. Here, we examined Reelin's role during dendritic outgrowth in primary murine neurons and identified shared and distinct pathways activated by canonical and non-canonical Reelin signaling. We also found aldolase A as a novel effector of Reelin signaling, that functions independently of its known metabolic role, highlighting Reelin's influence on actin dynamics and neuronal structure and growth.
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Reive BS, Lau V, Sánchez-Lafuente CL, Henri-Bhargava A, Kalynchuk LE, Tremblay MÈ, Caruncho HJ. The Inflammation-Induced Dysregulation of Reelin Homeostasis Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:1099-1119. [PMID: 38995785 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for most dementia cases, but we lack a complete understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the core pathology associated with the disease (e.g., amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles). Inflammation has been identified as a key contributor of AD pathology, with recent evidence pointing towards Reelin dysregulation as being associated with inflammation. Here we describe Reelin signaling and outline existing research involving Reelin signaling in AD and inflammation. Research is described pertaining to the inflammatory and immunological functions of Reelin before we propose a mechanism through which inflammation renders Reelin susceptible to dysregulation resulting in the induction and exacerbation of AD pathology. Based on this hypothesis, it is predicted that disorders of both inflammation (including peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation) and Reelin dysregulation (including disorders associated with upregulated Reelin expression and disorders of Reelin downregulation) have elevated risk of developing AD. We conclude with a description of AD risk in various disorders involving Reelin dysregulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady S Reive
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Victor Lau
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Henri-Bhargava
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Mental Health Research Cluster, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Mental Health Research Cluster, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Horowitz MS, Jahanipour J, Calzada E, Li X, Keyes GS, Murray HC, Curtis MA, Faull RM, Sedlock A, Maric D. ApoER2-Dab1 disruption as the origin of pTau-associated neurodegeneration in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:197. [PMID: 38093390 PMCID: PMC10720169 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) specific regions, layers and neurons accumulate hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau) and degenerate early while others remain unaffected even in advanced disease. ApoER2-Dab1 signaling suppresses Tau phosphorylation as part of a four-arm pathway that regulates lipoprotein internalization and the integrity of actin, microtubules, and synapses; however, the role of this pathway in sAD pathogenesis is not fully understood. We previously showed that multiple ApoER2-Dab1 pathway components including ApoE, Reelin, ApoER2, Dab1, pP85αTyr607, pLIMK1Thr508, pTauSer202/Thr205 and pPSD95Thr19 accumulate together within entorhinal-hippocampal terminal zones in sAD, and proposed a unifying hypothesis wherein disruption of this pathway underlies multiple aspects of sAD pathogenesis. However, it is not yet known whether ApoER2-Dab1 disruption can help explain the origin(s) and early progression of pTau pathology in sAD. In the present study, we applied in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to characterize ApoER2 expression and accumulation of ApoER2-Dab1 pathway components in five regions known to develop early pTau pathology in 64 rapidly autopsied cases spanning the clinicopathological spectrum of sAD. We found that (1) these selectively vulnerable neuron populations strongly express ApoER2; and (2) multiple ApoER2-Dab1 components representing all four arms of this pathway accumulate in abnormal neurons and neuritic plaques in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and sAD cases and correlate with histological progression and cognitive deficits. Multiplex-IHC revealed that Dab1, pP85αTyr607, pLIMK1Thr508, pTauSer202/Thr205 and pPSD95Thr19 accumulate together within many of the same ApoER2-expressing neurons and in the immediate vicinity of ApoE/ApoJ-enriched extracellular plaques. Collective findings reveal that pTau is only one of many ApoER2-Dab1 pathway components that accumulate in multiple neuroanatomical sites in the earliest stages of sAD and provide support for the concept that ApoER2-Dab1 disruption drives pTau-associated neurodegeneration in human sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Ramsden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH (NIA/NIH), 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Daisy Zamora
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH (NIA/NIH), 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mark S Horowitz
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH (NIA/NIH), 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jahandar Jahanipour
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Calzada
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH (NIA/NIH), 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH (NIA/NIH), 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Gregory S Keyes
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH (NIA/NIH), 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Richard M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Sedlock
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Gupta T, Kaur M, Gupta M, Singla N, Kharbanda PS, Bansal YS, Radotra BD, Gupta SK. Analysis of distribution and localization of proteins of the reelin signalling pathway in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-15. [PMID: 38060511 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2292957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Granule cell dispersion (GCD) is pathognomonic of hippocampal sclerosis seen in the mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Current animal studies indicate deficiency of Reelin is associated with abnormal granule cell migration leading to GCD. The present study aimed to evaluate complete Reelin signalling pathway to assess whether Reelin deficiency is related to MTLE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hippocampal sclerosis was confirmed by H and E stain. To explore the amount and cellular location of the Reelin cascade molecules, the hippocampal tissues from MTLE surgery and controls (n = 15 each) were studied using Immuno-histochemistry (IHC). Additionally, confocal imaging was used to validate the IHC findings by co-localization of different proteins. Quantification of IHC images was performed using histo-score and confocal images by Image J software. RESULTS Immune expression of active Reelin was significantly reduced in patients. Reelin receptors were deranged, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 was increased while very low-density lipoprotein receptor was reduced. Disabled-1, a downstream molecule was significantly reduced in MTLE. Its ultimate target, cofilin was thus disinhibited and expressed more in MTLE. Reelin cleaving protease, matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) and MMP-9 inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of matrix protease-1, showed reduced expression in extracellular matrix. Semi-quantification of immunohistochemistry was done using Histo (H) score. H score of Reelin in diseased patients was 15 against 125 for control patients. These results were validated by confocal fluorescence microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Reelin signalling cascade was deranged in chronic MTLE. Pharmacological manipulation of Reelin cascade can be done at various levels and it may provide novel treatment options for MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mili Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Singla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parampreet S Kharbanda
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogender S Bansal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - B D Radotra
- Department of Histopathology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - S K Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Horowitz M, Jahanipour J, Keyes G, Li X, Murray HC, Curtis MA, Faull RM, Sedlock A, Maric D. ApoER2-Dab1 disruption as the origin of pTau-related neurodegeneration in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2968020. [PMID: 37461602 PMCID: PMC10350181 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2968020/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is not a global brain disease. Specific regions, layers and neurons degenerate early while others remain untouched even in advanced disease. The prevailing model used to explain this selective neurodegeneration-prion-like Tau spread-has key limitations and is not easily integrated with other defining sAD features. Instead, we propose that in humans Tau hyperphosphorylation occurs locally via disruption in ApoER2-Dab1 signaling and thus the presence of ApoER2 in neuronal membranes confers vulnerability to degeneration. Further, we propose that disruption of the Reelin/ApoE/ApoJ-ApoER2-Dab1-P85α-LIMK1-Tau-PSD95 (RAAAD-P-LTP) pathway induces deficits in memory and cognition by impeding neuronal lipoprotein internalization and destabilizing actin, microtubules, and synapses. This new model is based in part on our recent finding that ApoER2-Dab1 disruption is evident in entorhinal-hippocampal terminal zones in sAD. Here, we hypothesized that neurons that degenerate in the earliest stages of sAD (1) strongly express ApoER2 and (2) show evidence of ApoER2-Dab1 disruption through co-accumulation of multiple RAAAD-P-LTP components. METHODS We applied in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to characterize ApoER2 expression and accumulation of RAAAD-P-LTP components in five regions that are prone to early pTau pathology in 64 rapidly autopsied cases spanning the clinicopathological spectrum of sAD. RESULTS We found that: (1) selectively vulnerable neuron populations strongly express ApoER2; (2) numerous RAAAD-P-LTP pathway components accumulate in neuritic plaques and abnormal neurons; and (3) RAAAD-P-LTP components were higher in MCI and sAD cases and correlated with histological progression and cognitive deficits. Multiplex-IHC revealed that Dab1, pP85αTyr607, pLIMK1Thr508, pTau and pPSD95Thr19 accumulated together within dystrophic dendrites and soma of ApoER2-expressing neurons in the vicinity of ApoE/ApoJ-enriched extracellular plaques. These observations provide evidence for molecular derangements that can be traced back to ApoER2-Dab1 disruption, in each of the sampled regions, layers, and neuron populations that are prone to early pTau pathology. CONCLUSION Findings support the RAAAD-P-LTP hypothesis, a unifying model that implicates dendritic ApoER2-Dab1 disruption as the major driver of both pTau accumulation and neurodegeneration in sAD. This model provides a new conceptual framework to explain why specific neurons degenerate and identifies RAAAD-P-LTP pathway components as potential mechanism-based biomarkers and therapeutic targets for sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisy Zamora
- National Institute on Aging Laboratory of Clinical Investigation
| | - Mark Horowitz
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program
| | | | - Gregory Keyes
- National Institute on Aging Laboratory of Clinical Investigation
| | - Xiufeng Li
- National Institute on Aging Laboratory of Clinical Investigation
| | - Helen C Murray
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences
| | - Richard M Faull
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences
| | - Andrea Sedlock
- NINDS: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | - Dragan Maric
- NINDS: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
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Alexander A, Herz J, Calvier L. Reelin through the years: From brain development to inflammation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112669. [PMID: 37339050 PMCID: PMC10592530 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin was originally identified as a regulator of neuronal migration and synaptic function, but its non-neuronal functions have received far less attention. Reelin participates in organ development and physiological functions in various tissues, but it is also dysregulated in some diseases. In the cardiovascular system, Reelin is abundant in the blood, where it contributes to platelet adhesion and coagulation, as well as vascular adhesion and permeability of leukocytes. It is a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic factor with important implications for autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis, or cancer. Mechanistically, Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that binds to several membrane receptors, including ApoER2, VLDLR, integrins, and ephrins. Reelin signaling depends on the cell type but mostly involves phosphorylation of NF-κB, PI3K, AKT, or JAK/STAT. This review focuses on non-neuronal functions and the therapeutic potential of Reelin, while highlighting secretion, signaling, and functional similarities between cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alexander
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Horowitz MS, Jahanipour J, Keyes GS, Li X, Murray HC, Curtis MA, Faull RM, Sedlock A, Maric D. ApoER2-Dab1 disruption as the origin of pTau-related neurodegeneration in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.19.23290250. [PMID: 37333406 PMCID: PMC10274982 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.19.23290250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is not a global brain disease. Specific regions, layers and neurons degenerate early while others remain untouched even in advanced disease. The prevailing model used to explain this selective neurodegeneration-prion-like Tau spread-has key limitations and is not easily integrated with other defining sAD features. Instead, we propose that in humans Tau hyperphosphorylation occurs locally via disruption in ApoER2-Dab1 signaling and thus the presence of ApoER2 in neuronal membranes confers vulnerability to degeneration. Further, we propose that disruption of the Reelin/ApoE/ApoJ-ApoER2-Dab1-P85α-LIMK1-Tau-PSD95 (RAAAD-P-LTP) pathway induces deficits in memory and cognition by impeding neuronal lipoprotein internalization and destabilizing actin, microtubules, and synapses. This new model is based in part on our recent finding that ApoER2-Dab1 disruption is evident in entorhinal-hippocampal terminal zones in sAD. Here, we hypothesized that neurons that degenerate in the earliest stages of sAD (1) strongly express ApoER2 and (2) show evidence of ApoER2-Dab1 disruption through co-accumulation of multiple RAAAD-P-LTP components. METHODS We applied in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to characterize ApoER2 expression and accumulation of RAAAD-P-LTP components in five regions that are prone to early pTau pathology in 64 rapidly autopsied cases spanning the clinicopathological spectrum of sAD. RESULTS We found that: (1) selectively vulnerable neuron populations strongly express ApoER2; (2) numerous RAAAD-P-LTP pathway components accumulate in neuritic plaques and abnormal neurons; and (3) RAAAD-P-LTP components were higher in MCI and sAD cases and correlated with histological progression and cognitive deficits. Multiplex-IHC revealed that Dab1, pP85αTyr607, pLIMK1Thr508, pTau and pPSD95Thr19 accumulated together within dystrophic dendrites and soma of ApoER2-expressing neurons in the vicinity of ApoE/ApoJ-enriched extracellular plaques. These observations provide evidence for molecular derangements that can be traced back to ApoER2-Dab1 disruption, in each of the sampled regions, layers, and neuron populations that are prone to early pTau pathology. CONCLUSION Findings support the RAAAD-P-LTP hypothesis, a unifying model that implicates dendritic ApoER2-Dab1 disruption as the major driver of both pTau accumulation and neurodegeneration in sAD. This model provides a new conceptual framework to explain why specific neurons degenerate and identifies RAAAD-P-LTP pathway components as potential mechanism-based biomarkers and therapeutic targets for sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Ramsden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daisy Zamora
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mark S. Horowitz
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jahandar Jahanipour
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gregory S. Keyes
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Helen C. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Richard M. Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Sedlock
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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11
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Ishii K, Kohno T, Sakai K, Hattori M. Reelin regulates the migration of late-born hippocampal CA1 neurons via cofilin phosphorylation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 124:103794. [PMID: 36435394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin, a large secreted glycoprotein, plays an important role in neuronal migration during brain development. The C-terminal region (CTR) of Reelin is involved in the efficient activation of downstream signaling and its loss leads to abnormal hippocampal layer formation. However, the molecular mechanism by which Reelin CTR regulates hippocampal development remains unknown. Here, we showed that the migration of late-born, but not early-born, neurons is impaired in the knock-in mice in which Reelin CTR is deleted (ΔC-KI mice). The phosphorylation of cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing protein, was remarkably decreased in the hippocampus of the ΔC-KI mice. Exogenous expression of pseudo-phosphorylated cofilin rescued the ectopic positioning of neurons in the hippocampus of ΔC-KI mice. These results suggest that Reelin CTR is required for the migration of late-born neurons in the hippocampus and that this event involves appropriate phosphorylation of cofilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ishii
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Kaori Sakai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
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12
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Lee HJ, Park JH, Trotter JH, Maher JN, Keenoy KE, Jang YM, Lee Y, Kim JI, Weeber EJ, Hoe HS. Reelin and APP Cooperatively Modulate Dendritic Spine Formation In Vitro and In Vivo. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:42-55. [PMID: 36919335 PMCID: PMC10017845 DOI: 10.5607/en22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the normal function of APP at synapses is poorly understood. We and others have found that APP interacts with Reelin and that each protein is individually important for dendritic spine formation, which is associated with learning and memory, in vitro. However, whether Reelin acts through APP to modulate dendritic spine formation or synaptic function remains unknown. In the present study, we found that Reelin treatment significantly increased dendritic spine density and PSD-95 puncta number in primary hippocampal neurons. An examination of the molecular mechanisms by which Reelin regulates dendritic spinogenesis revealed that Reelin enhanced hippocampal dendritic spine formation in a Ras/ERK/CREB signaling-dependent manner. Interestingly, Reelin did not increase dendritic spine number in primary hippocampal neurons when APP expression was reduced or in vivo in APP knockout (KO) mice. Taken together, our data are the first to demonstrate that Reelin acts cooperatively with APP to modulate dendritic spine formation and suggest that normal APP function is critical for Reelin-mediated dendritic spinogenesis at synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Park
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Justin H Trotter
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - James N Maher
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kathleen E Keenoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - You Mi Jang
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Youngeun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Edwin J Weeber
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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13
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The Biological Behaviors of Neural Stem Cell Affected by Microenvironment from Host Organotypic Brain Slices under Different Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044182. [PMID: 36835592 PMCID: PMC9964775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies based on neural stem cells (NSCs) transplantation bring new hope for neural degenerative disorders, while the biological behaviors of NSCs after being grafted that were affected by the host tissue are still largely unknown. In this study, we engrafted NSCs that were isolated from a rat embryonic cerebral cortex onto organotypic brain slices to examine the interaction between grafts and the host tissue both in normal and pathological conditions, including oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and traumatic injury. Our data showed that the survival and differentiation of NSCs were strongly influenced by the microenvironment of the host tissue. Enhanced neuronal differentiation was observed in normal conditions, while significantly more glial differentiation was observed in injured brain slices. The process growth of grafted NSCs was guided by the cytoarchitecture of host brain slices and showed the distinct difference between the cerebral cortex, corpus callosum and striatum. These findings provided a powerful resource for unraveling how the host environment determines the fate of grafted NSCs, and raise the prospect of NSCs transplantation therapy for neurological diseases.
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14
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Powers RM, Hevner RF, Halpain S. The Neuron Navigators: Structure, function, and evolutionary history. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1099554. [PMID: 36710926 PMCID: PMC9877351 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1099554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron navigators (Navigators) are cytoskeletal-associated proteins important for neuron migration, neurite growth, and axon guidance, but they also function more widely in other tissues. Recent studies have revealed novel cellular functions of Navigators such as macropinocytosis, and have implicated Navigators in human disorders of axon growth. Navigators are present in most or all bilaterian animals: vertebrates have three Navigators (NAV1-3), Drosophila has one (Sickie), and Caenorhabditis elegans has one (Unc-53). Structurally, Navigators have conserved N- and C-terminal regions each containing specific domains. The N-terminal region contains a calponin homology (CH) domain and one or more SxIP motifs, thought to interact with the actin cytoskeleton and mediate localization to microtubule plus-end binding proteins, respectively. The C-terminal region contains two coiled-coil domains, followed by a AAA+ family nucleoside triphosphatase domain of unknown activity. The Navigators appear to have evolved by fusion of N- and C-terminal region homologs present in simpler organisms. Overall, Navigators participate in the cytoskeletal response to extracellular cues via microtubules and actin filaments, in conjunction with membrane trafficking. We propose that uptake of fluid-phase cues and nutrients and/or downregulation of cell surface receptors could represent general mechanisms that explain Navigator functions. Future studies developing new models, such as conditional knockout mice or human cerebral organoids may reveal new insights into Navigator function. Importantly, further biochemical studies are needed to define the activities of the Navigator AAA+ domain, and to study potential interactions among different Navigators and their binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M. Powers
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States,Department of Pathology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shelley Halpain
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Shelley Halpain, ✉
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15
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László ZI, Lele Z. Flying under the radar: CDH2 (N-cadherin), an important hub molecule in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:972059. [PMID: 36213737 PMCID: PMC9539934 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.972059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CDH2 belongs to the classic cadherin family of Ca2+-dependent cell adhesion molecules with a meticulously described dual role in cell adhesion and β-catenin signaling. During CNS development, CDH2 is involved in a wide range of processes including maintenance of neuroepithelial integrity, neural tube closure (neurulation), confinement of radial glia progenitor cells (RGPCs) to the ventricular zone and maintaining their proliferation-differentiation balance, postmitotic neural precursor migration, axon guidance, synaptic development and maintenance. In the past few years, direct and indirect evidence linked CDH2 to various neurological diseases, and in this review, we summarize recent developments regarding CDH2 function and its involvement in pathological alterations of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia I. László
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Lele
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Zsolt Lele,
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16
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Specific contribution of Reelin expressed by Cajal-Retzius cells or GABAergic interneurons to cortical lamination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120079119. [PMID: 36067316 PMCID: PMC9477240 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120079119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular protein Reelin, expressed by Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells at early stages of cortical development and at late stages by GABAergic interneurons, regulates radial migration and the "inside-out" pattern of positioning. Current models of Reelin functions in corticogenesis focus on early CR cell-derived Reelin in layer I. However, developmental disorders linked to Reelin deficits, such as schizophrenia and autism, are related to GABAergic interneuron-derived Reelin, although its role in migration has not been established. Here we selectively inactivated the Reln gene in CR cells or GABAergic interneurons. We show that CR cells have a major role in the inside-out order of migration, while CR and GABAergic cells sequentially cooperate to prevent invasion of cortical neurons into layer I. Furthermore, GABAergic cell-derived Reelin compensates some features of the reeler phenotype and is needed for the fine tuning of the layer-specific distribution of cortical neurons. In the hippocampus, the inactivation of Reelin in CR cells causes dramatic alterations in the dentate gyrus and mild defects in the hippocampus proper. These findings lead to a model in which both CR and GABAergic cell-derived Reelin cooperate to build the inside-out order of corticogenesis, which might provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders linked to abnormal migration and Reelin deficits.
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17
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Sertoli cell survival and barrier function are regulated by miR-181c/d-Pafah1b1 axis during mammalian spermatogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:498. [PMID: 36008729 PMCID: PMC9411099 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells contribute to the formation of the blood-testis barrier (BTB), which is necessary for normal spermatogenesis. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as posttranscriptional regulatory elements in BTB function during spermatogenesis. Our previous study has shown that miR-181c or miR-181d (miR-181c/d) is highly expressed in testes from boars at 60 days old compared with at 180 days old. Herein, we found that overexpression of miR-181c/d via miR-181c/d mimics in murine Sertoli cells (SCs) or through injecting miR-181c/d-overexpressing lentivirus in murine testes perturbs BTB function by altering BTB-associated protein distribution at the Sertoli cell-cell interface and F-actin organization, but this in vivo perturbation disappears approximately 6 weeks after the final treatment. We also found that miR-181c/d represses Sertoli cell proliferation and promotes its apoptosis. Moreover, miR-181c/d regulates Sertoli cell survival and barrier function by targeting platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b regulatory subunit 1 (Pafah1b1) gene. Furthermore, miR-181c/d suppresses PAFAH1B1 expression, reduces the complex of PAFAH1B1 with IQ motif-containing GTPase activating protein 1, and inhibits CDC42/PAK1/LIMK1/Cofilin pathway which is required for F-actin stabilization. In total, our results reveal the regulatory axis of miR-181c/d-Pafah1b1 in cell survival and barrier function of Sertoli cells and provide additional insights into miRNA functions in mammalian spermatogenesis.
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18
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Ahrari A, Meseke M, Förster E. Tetrodotoxin prevents heat-shock induced granule cell dispersion in hippocampal slice cultures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:906262. [PMID: 36092698 PMCID: PMC9452958 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.906262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Granule cell dispersion (GCD) has been associated as a pathological feature of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Early-life epileptiform activity such as febrile seizures has been proposed to have a causal link to developing chronic TLE. During postnatal development, the hippocampus may be particularly vulnerable to hyperexcitability-induced insults since neuronal migration and differentiation are still ongoing in the hippocampus. Further, the extracellular matrix (ECM), here in particular the protein reelin, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of GCD. Thus, loss of reelin-expressing cells, Cajal-Retzius cells and subsets of interneurons, may be related to GCD. To study the possible role of febrile seizures, we previously induced GCD in vitro by subjecting hippocampal slice cultures to a transient heat-shock, which was not accompanied by loss of Cajal-Retzius cells. In order to examine the mechanisms involved in heat-shock induced GCD, the present study aimed to determine whether such dispersion could be prevented by blocking cellular electrical activity. Here we show that the extent of heat-shock induced GCD could be significantly reduced by treatment with the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX), suggesting that electrical activity is an important factor involved in heat-shock induced GCD.
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19
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Stanton-Turcotte D, Hsu K, Moore SA, Yamada M, Fawcett JP, Iulianella A. Mllt11 Regulates Migration and Neurite Outgrowth of Cortical Projection Neurons during Development. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3931-3948. [PMID: 35379703 PMCID: PMC9097781 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0124-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of connections within the mammalian neocortex is highly regulated by both extracellular guidance mechanisms and intrinsic gene expression programs. There are two types of cortical projection neurons (CPNs): those that project locally and interhemispherically and those that project to subcerebral structures such as the thalamus, hindbrain, and spinal cord. The regulation of cortical projection morphologies is not yet fully understood at the molecular level. Here, we report a role for Mllt11 (Myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia; translocated to chromosome 11/All1 Fused Gene From Chromosome 1q) in the migration and neurite outgrowth of callosal projection neurons during mouse brain formation. We show that Mllt11 expression is exclusive to developing neurons and is enriched in the developing cortical plate (CP) during the formation of the superficial cortical layers. In cultured primary cortical neurons, Mllt11 is detected in varicosities and growth cones as well as the soma. Using conditional loss-of-function and gain-of-function analysis we show that Mllt11 is required for neuritogenesis and proper migration of upper layer CPNs. Loss of Mllt11 in the superficial cortex of male and female neonates leads to a severe reduction in fibers crossing the corpus callosum (CC), a progressive loss in the maintenance of upper layer projection neuron gene expression, and reduced complexity of dendritic arborization. Proteomic analysis revealed that Mllt11 associates with stabilized microtubules, and Mllt11 loss affected microtubule staining in callosal axons. Taken together, our findings support a role for Mllt11 in promoting the formation of mature upper-layer neuron morphologies and connectivity in the cerebral cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The regulation of cortical projection neuron (CPN) morphologies is an area of active investigation since the time of Cajal. Yet the molecular mechanisms of how the complex dendritic and axonal morphologies of projection neurons are formed remains incompletely understood. Although conditional mutagenesis analysis in the mouse, coupled with overexpression assays in the developing fetal brain, we show that a novel protein called Mllt11 is sufficient and necessary to regulate the dendritic and axonal characteristics of callosal projection neurons in the developing mammalian neocortex. Furthermore, we show that Mllt11 interacts with microtubules, likely accounting for its role in neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Stanton-Turcotte
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Karolynn Hsu
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Samantha A Moore
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Makiko Yamada
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - James P Fawcett
- Departments of Phamacology, Surgery, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
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20
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Ramsden CE, Keyes GS, Calzada E, Horowitz MS, Zamora D, Jahanipour J, Sedlock A, Indig FE, Moaddel R, Kapogiannis D, Maric D. Lipid Peroxidation Induced ApoE Receptor-Ligand Disruption as a Unifying Hypothesis Underlying Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Humans. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1251-1290. [PMID: 35466940 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) lacks a unifying hypothesis that can account for the lipid peroxidation observed early in the disease, enrichment of ApoE in the core of neuritic plaques, hallmark plaques and tangles, and selective vulnerability of entorhinal-hippocampal structures. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that 1) high expression of ApoER2 (receptor for ApoE and Reelin) helps explain this anatomical vulnerability; 2) lipid peroxidation of ApoE and ApoER2 contributes to sAD pathogenesis, by disrupting neuronal ApoE delivery and Reelin-ApoER2-Dab1 signaling cascades. METHODS In vitro biochemical experiments; Single-marker and multiplex fluorescence-immunohistochemistry (IHC) in postmortem specimens from 26 individuals who died cognitively normal, with mild cognitive impairment or with sAD. RESULTS ApoE and ApoER2 peptides and proteins were susceptible to attack by reactive lipid aldehydes, generating lipid-protein adducts and crosslinked ApoE-ApoER2 complexes. Using in situ hybridization alongside IHC, we observed that: 1) ApoER2 is strongly expressed in terminal zones of the entorhinal-hippocampal 'perforant path' projections that underlie memory; 2) ApoE, lipid aldehyde-modified ApoE, Reelin, ApoER2, and the downstream Reelin-ApoER2 cascade components Dab1 and Thr19-phosphorylated PSD95 accumulated in the vicinity of neuritic plaques in perforant path terminal zones in sAD cases; 3) several ApoE/Reelin-ApoER2-Dab1 pathway markers were higher in sAD cases and positively correlated with histological progression and cognitive deficits. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate derangements in multiple ApoE/Reelin-ApoER2-Dab1 axis components in perforant path terminal zones in sAD and provide proof-of-concept that ApoE and ApoER2 are vulnerable to aldehyde-induced adduction and crosslinking. Findings provide the foundation for a unifying hypothesis implicating lipid peroxidation of ApoE and ApoE receptors in sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Ramsden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory S Keyes
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Calzada
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark S Horowitz
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daisy Zamora
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jahandar Jahanipour
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Sedlock
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fred E Indig
- Confocal Imaging Facility, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Human Neuroscience Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Phosphorylation of Focal Adhesion Kinase at Y925: Role in Glia-Dependent and Independent Migration through Regulating Cofilin and N-Cadherin. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3467-3484. [PMID: 35325397 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The adult neocortex is a six-layered structure, consisting of nearly continuous layers of neurons that are generated in a temporally strictly coordinated order. During development, cortical neurons originating from the ventricular zone migrate toward the Reelin-containing marginal zone in an inside-out arrangement. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), one tyrosine kinase localizing to focal adhesions, has been shown to be phosphorylated at tyrosine 925 (Y925) by Src, an important downstream molecule of Reelin signaling. Up to date, the precise molecular mechanisms of FAK and its phosphorylation at Y925 during neuronal migration are still unclear. Combining in utero electroporation with immunohistochemistry and live imaging, we examined the function of FAK in regulating neuronal migration. We show that phosphorylated FAK is colocalized with Reelin positive Cajal-Retzius cells in the developing neocortex and hippocampus. Phosphorylation of FAK at Y925 is significantly reduced in reeler mice. Overexpression and dephosphorylation of FAK impair locomotion and translocation, resulting in migration inhibition and dislocation of both late-born and early-born neurons. These migration defects are highly correlated to the function of FAK in regulating cofilin phosphorylation and N-Cadherin expression, both are involved in Reelin signaling pathway. Thus, fine-tuned phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase at Y925 is crucial for both glia-dependent and independent neuronal migration.
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22
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Mohanraj N, Joshi NS, Poulose R, Patil RR, Santhoshkumar R, Kumar A, Waghmare GP, Saha AK, Haider SZ, Markandeya YS, Dey G, Rao LT, Govindaraj P, Mehta B. A proteomic study to unveil lead toxicity-induced memory impairments invoked by synaptic dysregulation. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1501-1513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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23
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Namme JN, Bepari AK, Takebayashi H. Cofilin Signaling in the CNS Physiology and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910727. [PMID: 34639067 PMCID: PMC8509315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotic cells are composed of the cytoskeleton, which plays crucial roles in coordinating diverse cellular functions such as cell division, morphology, migration, macromolecular stabilization, and protein trafficking. The cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments. Cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing protein, is indispensable for regulating actin dynamics in the central nervous system (CNS) development and function. Cofilin activities are spatiotemporally orchestrated by numerous extra- and intra-cellular factors. Phosphorylation at Ser-3 by kinases attenuate cofilin’s actin-binding activity. In contrast, dephosphorylation at Ser-3 enhances cofilin-induced actin depolymerization. Cofilin functions are also modulated by various binding partners or reactive oxygen species. Although the mechanism of cofilin-mediated actin dynamics has been known for decades, recent research works are unveiling the profound impacts of cofilin dysregulation in neurodegenerative pathophysiology. For instance, oxidative stress-induced increase in cofilin dephosphorylation is linked to the accumulation of tau tangles and amyloid-beta plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. In Parkinson’s disease, cofilin activation by silencing its upstream kinases increases α-synuclein-fibril entry into the cell. This review describes the molecular mechanism of cofilin-mediated actin dynamics and provides an overview of cofilin’s importance in CNS physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatun Nayem Namme
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh;
| | - Asim Kumar Bepari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh;
- Correspondence: (A.K.B.); (H.T.)
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.K.B.); (H.T.)
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24
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Orcinha C, Kilias A, Paschen E, Follo M, Haas CA. Reelin Is Required for Maintenance of Granule Cell Lamination in the Healthy and Epileptic Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:730811. [PMID: 34483838 PMCID: PMC8414139 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.730811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One characteristic feature of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is granule cell dispersion (GCD), a pathological widening of the granule cell layer in the dentate gyrus. The loss of the extracellular matrix protein Reelin, an important positional cue for neurons, correlates with GCD formation in MTLE patients and in rodent epilepsy models. Here, we used organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) from transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in differentiated granule cells (GCs) to monitor GCD formation dynamically by live cell video microscopy and to investigate the role of Reelin in this process. We present evidence that following treatment with the glutamate receptor agonist kainate (KA), eGFP-positive GCs migrated mainly toward the hilar region. In the hilus, Reelin-producing neurons were rapidly lost following KA treatment as shown in a detailed time series. Addition of recombinant Reelin fragments to the medium effectively prevented the KA-triggered movement of eGFP-positive GCs. Placement of Reelin-coated beads into the hilus of KA-treated cultures stopped the migration of GCs in a distance-dependent manner. In addition, quantitative Western blot analysis revealed that KA treatment affects the Reelin signal transduction pathway by increasing intracellular adaptor protein Disabled-1 synthesis and reducing the phosphorylation of cofilin, a downstream target of the Reelin pathway. Both events were normalized by addition of recombinant Reelin fragments. Finally, following neutralization of Reelin in healthy OHSC by incubation with the function-blocking CR-50 Reelin antibody, GCs started to migrate without any direction preference. Together, our findings demonstrate that normotopic position of Reelin is essential for the maintenance of GC lamination in the dentate gyrus and that GCD is the result of a local Reelin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Orcinha
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Antje Kilias
- Biomicrotechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Enya Paschen
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Lighthouse Core Facility, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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25
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Durakoglugil MS, Wasser CR, Wong CH, Pohlkamp T, Xian X, Lane-Donovan C, Fritschle K, Naestle L, Herz J. Reelin Regulates Neuronal Excitability through Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP 61) and Calcium Permeable AMPARs in an NMDAR-Dependent Manner. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7340-7349. [PMID: 34290083 PMCID: PMC8412985 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0388-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Aβ oligomers cause synaptic dysfunction early in AD by enhancing long-term depression (LTD; a paradigm for forgetfulness) via metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-dependent regulation of striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase (STEP61). Reelin is a neuromodulator that signals through ApoE (apolipoprotein E) receptors to protect the synapse against Aβ toxicity (Durakoglugil et al., 2009) Reelin signaling is impaired by ApoE4, the most important genetic risk factor for AD, and Aβ-oligomers activate metabotropic glutamate receptors (Renner et al., 2010). We therefore asked whether Reelin might also affect mGluR-LTD. To this end, we induced chemical mGluR-LTD using DHPG (Dihydroxyphenylglycine), a selective mGluR5 agonist. We found that exogenous Reelin reduces the DHPG-induced increase in STEP61, prevents the dephosphorylation of GluA2, and concomitantly blocks mGluR-mediated LTD. By contrast, Reelin deficiency increased expression of Ca2+-permeable GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors along with higher STEP61 levels, resulting in occlusion of DHPG-induced LTD in hippocampal CA1 neurons. We propose a model in which Reelin modulates local protein synthesis as well as AMPA receptor subunit composition through modulation of mGluR-mediated signaling with implications for memory consolidation or neurodegeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reelin is an important neuromodulator, which in the adult brain controls synaptic plasticity and protects against neurodegeneration. Amyloid-β has been shown to use mGluRs to induce synaptic depression through endocytosis of NMDA and AMPA receptors, a mechanism referred to as LTD, a paradigm of forgetfulness. Our results show that Reelin regulates the phosphatase STEP, which plays an important role in neurodegeneration, as well as the expression of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors, which play a role in memory formation. These data suggest that Reelin uses mGluR LTD pathways to regulate memory formation as well as neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat S Durakoglugil
- Department of Molecular Genetics
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research
| | - Catherine R Wasser
- Department of Molecular Genetics
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research
| | - Connie H Wong
- Department of Molecular Genetics
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research
| | - Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Courtney Lane-Donovan
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | | | - Lea Naestle
- Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research
- Departments of Neuroscience and
- Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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26
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Hamad MIK, Petrova P, Daoud S, Rabaya O, Jbara A, Melliti N, Leifeld J, Jakovčevski I, Reiss G, Herz J, Förster E. Reelin restricts dendritic growth of interneurons in the neocortex. Development 2021; 148:272055. [PMID: 34414407 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that regulates neuronal migration, lamination and establishment of dendritic architecture in the embryonic brain. Reelin expression switches postnatally from Cajal-Retzius cells to interneurons. However, reelin function in interneuron development is still poorly understood. Here, we have investigated the role of reelin in interneuron development in the postnatal neocortex. To preclude early cortical migration defects caused by reelin deficiency, we employed a conditional reelin knockout (RelncKO) mouse to induce postnatal reelin deficiency. Induced reelin deficiency caused dendritic hypertrophy in distal dendritic segments of neuropeptide Y-positive (NPY+) and calretinin-positive (Calr+) interneurons, and in proximal dendritic segments of parvalbumin-positive (Parv+) interneurons. Chronic recombinant Reelin treatment rescued dendritic hypertrophy in Relncko interneurons. Moreover, we provide evidence that RelncKO interneuron hypertrophy is due to presynaptic GABABR dysfunction. Thus, GABABRs in RelncKO interneurons were unable to block N-type (Cav2.2) Ca2+ channels that control neurotransmitter release. Consequently, the excessive Ca2+ influx through AMPA receptors, but not NMDA receptors, caused interneuron dendritic hypertrophy. These findings suggest that reelin acts as a 'stop-growth-signal' for postnatal interneuron maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad I K Hamad
- Institute for Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten 58455, Germany.,Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Petya Petrova
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Solieman Daoud
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Obada Rabaya
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Abdalrahim Jbara
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Nesrine Melliti
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Jennifer Leifeld
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Igor Jakovčevski
- Institute for Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten 58455, Germany
| | - Gebhard Reiss
- Institute for Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten 58455, Germany
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
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27
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Nishibe M, Toyoda H, Hiraga SI, Yamashita T, Katsuyama Y. Synaptic and Genetic Bases of Impaired Motor Learning Associated with Modified Experience-Dependent Cortical Plasticity in Heterozygous Reeler Mutants. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:504-519. [PMID: 34339488 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with neurodevelopmental disorders show impaired motor skill learning. It is unclear how the effect of genetic variation on synaptic function and transcriptome profile may underlie experience-dependent cortical plasticity, which supports the development of fine motor skills. RELN (reelin) is one of the genes implicated in neurodevelopmental psychiatric vulnerability. Heterozygous reeler mutant (HRM) mice displayed impairments in reach-to-grasp learning, accompanied by less extensive cortical map reorganization compared with wild-type mice, examined after 10 days of training by intracortical microstimulation. Assessed by patch-clamp recordings after 3 days of training, the training induced synaptic potentiation and increased glutamatergic-transmission of cortical layer III pyramidal neurons in wild-type mice. In contrast, the basal excitatory and inhibitory synaptic functions were depressed, affected both by presynaptic and postsynaptic impairments in HRM mice; and thus, no further training-induced synaptic plasticity occurred. HRM exhibited downregulations of cortical synaptophysin, immediate-early gene expressions, and gene enrichment, in response to 3 days of training compared with trained wild-type mice, shown using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemisty, and RNA-sequencing. We demonstrated that motor learning impairments associated with modified experience-dependent cortical plasticity are at least partially attributed by the basal synaptic alternation as well as the aberrant early experience-induced gene enrichment in HRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nishibe
- Office of Strategic Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hiraga
- Department of Neuromedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Neuromedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Katsuyama
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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28
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Maternal Ethanol Exposure Acutely Elevates Src Family Kinase Activity in the Fetal Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5210-5223. [PMID: 34272687 PMCID: PMC8497457 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is characterized by disrupted fetal brain development and postnatal cognitive impairment. The targets of alcohol are diverse, and it is not clear whether there are common underlying molecular mechanisms producing these disruptions. Prior work established that acute ethanol exposure causes a transient increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins in cultured embryonic cortical cells. In this study, we show that a similar tyrosine phosphorylation transient occurs in the fetal brain after maternal dosing with ethanol. Using phospho-specific antibodies and immunohistochemistry, we mapped regions of highest tyrosine phosphorylation in the fetal cerebral cortex and found that areas of dendritic and axonal growth showed elevated tyrosine phosphorylation 10 min after maternal ethanol exposure. These were also areas of Src expression and Src family kinase (SFK) activation loop phosphorylation (pY416) expression. Importantly, maternal pretreatment with the SFK inhibitor dasatinib completely prevents both the pY416 increase and the tyrosine phosphorylation response. The phosphorylation response was observed in the perisomatic region and neurites of immature migrating and differentiating primary neurons. Importantly, the initial phosphotyrosine transient (~ 30 min) targets both Src and Dab1, two critical elements in Reelin signaling, a pathway required for normal cortical development. This initial phosphorylation response is followed by sustained reduction in Ser3 phosphorylation of n-cofilin, a critical actin severing protein and an identified downstream effector of Reelin signaling. This biochemical disruption is associated with sustained reduction of F-actin content and disrupted Golgi apparatus morphology in developing cortical neurons. The finding outlines a model in which the initial activation of SFKs by ethanol has the potential to disrupt multiple developmentally important signaling systems for several hours after maternal exposure.
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29
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Perveen N, Ashraf W, Alqahtani F, Fawad Rasool M, Samad N, Imran I. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: What do we understand about protein alterations? Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:377-394. [PMID: 34132061 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During neuronal diseases, neuronal proteins get disturbed due to changes in the connections of neurons. As a result, neuronal proteins get disturbed and cause epilepsy. At the genetic level, many mutations may take place in proteins like axon guidance proteins, leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 protein, microtubular protein, pore-forming, chromatin remodeling, and chemokine proteins which may lead toward temporal lobe epilepsy. These proteins can be targeted in the future for the treatment purpose of epilepsy. Novel avenues can be developed for therapeutic interventions by these new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Perveen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Samad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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30
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Moore SA, Iulianella A. Development of the mammalian cortical hem and its derivatives: the choroid plexus, Cajal-Retzius cells and hippocampus. Open Biol 2021; 11:210042. [PMID: 33947245 PMCID: PMC8097212 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal medial region of the developing mammalian telencephalon plays a central role in the patterning of the adjacent brain regions. This review describes the development of this specialized region of the vertebrate brain, called the cortical hem, and the formation of the various cells and structures it gives rise to, including the choroid plexus, Cajal–Retzius cells and the hippocampus. We highlight the ontogenic processes that create these different forebrain derivatives from their shared embryonic origin and discuss the key signalling pathways and molecules that influence the patterning of the cortical hem. These include BMP, Wnt, FGF and Shh signalling pathways acting with Homeobox factors to carve the medial telencephalon into district progenitor regions, which in turn give rise to the choroid plexus, dentate gyrus and hippocampus. We then link the formation of the lateral ventricle choroid plexus with embryonic and postnatal neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Moore
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H4R2
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H4R2
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31
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Kobro-Flatmoen A, Lagartos-Donate MJ, Aman Y, Edison P, Witter MP, Fang EF. Re-emphasizing early Alzheimer's disease pathology starting in select entorhinal neurons, with a special focus on mitophagy. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101307. [PMID: 33621703 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The entorhinal-hippocampal system contains distinct networks subserving declarative memory. This system is selectively vulnerable to changes of ageing and pathological processes. The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a pivotal component of this memory system since it serves as the interface between the neocortex and the hippocampus. EC is heavily affected by the proteinopathies of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These appear in a stereotypical spatiotemporal manner and include increased levels of intracellular amyloid-beta Aβ (iAβ), parenchymal deposition of Aβ plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) containing abnormally processed Tau. Increased levels of iAβ and the formation of NFTs are seen very early on in a population of neurons belonging to EC layer II (EC LII), and recent evidence leads us to believe that this population is made up of highly energy-demanding reelin-positive (RE+) projection neurons. Mitochondria are fundamental to the energy supply, metabolism, and plasticity of neurons. Evidence from AD postmortem brain tissues supports the notion that mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the initial pathological events in AD, and this is likely to take place in the vulnerable RE + EC LII neurons. Here we review and discuss these notions, anchored to the anatomy of AD, and formulate a hypothesis attempting to explain the vulnerability of RE + EC LII neurons to the formation of NFTs. We attempt to link impaired mitochondrial clearance to iAβ and signaling involving both apolipoprotein 4 and reelin, and argue for their relevance to the formation of NFTs specifically in RE + EC LII neurons during the prodromal stages of AD. We believe future studies on these interactions holds promise to advance our understanding of AD etiology and provide new ideas for drug development.
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32
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Dubey T, Chinnathambi S. Photodynamic sensitizers modulate cytoskeleton structural dynamics in neuronal cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:232-248. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Dubey
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
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33
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Jausoro I, Marzolo MP. Reelin activates the small GTPase TC10 and VAMP7 to promote neurite outgrowth and regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:392-406. [PMID: 32652719 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Axonal outgrowth is a fundamental process during the development of central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous system as well as in nerve regeneration and requires accurate axonal navigation and extension to the correct target. These events need proper coordination between membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal rearrangements and are under the control of the small GTPases of the Rho family, among other molecules. Reelin, a relevant protein for CNS development and synaptic function in the adult, is also present in the PNS. Upon sciatic nerve damage, Reelin expression increases and, on the other hand, mice deficient in Reelin exhibit an impaired nerve regeneration. However, the mechanism(s) involved the Reelin-dependent axonal growth is still poorly understood. In this work, we present evidence showing that Reelin stimulates dorsal root ganglia (DRG) regeneration after axotomy. Moreover, dissociated DRG neurons express the Reelin receptor Apolipoprotein E-receptor 2 and also require the presence of TC10 to develop their axons. TC10 is a Rho GTPase that promotes neurite outgrowth through the exocytic fusion of vesicles at the growth cone. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that Reelin controls TC10 activation in DRG neurons. Besides, we confirmed that the known CNS Reelin target Cdc42 is also activated in DRG and controls TC10 activity. Finally, in the process of membrane addition, we found that Reelin stimulates the fusion of membrane carriers containing the v-SNARE protein VAMP7 in vesicles that contain TC10. Altogether, our work shows a new role of Reelin in PNS, opening the option of therapeutic interventions to improve the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Jausoro
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria-Paz Marzolo
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Xue Y, Huang S, Huang J, Li S, Zhang C, Zhou X. Identification of Apolipoprotein E as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:8943-8950. [PMID: 33061590 PMCID: PMC7522425 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s239479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Apo-E, a secreted protein, is closely related to the migration and invasion of tumor cells. In this study, we aimed to analyze the expression of Apo-E in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients and cell lines, as well as its effects on NPC cell behavior. Patients and Methods Our study included 35 patients with NPC from Zhongnan Hospital. Expression levels of Apo-E in patients with NPC were examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed using the SPSS 22 software to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the Apo-E protein in diagnosing NPC. Additionally, the level of Apo-E in NPC cell lines (NP69, 6–10B, and 5–8F) was investigated by Western blotting and IHC. Results Levels of Apo-E were higher in NPC patients than in controls. Moreover, ROC analysis revealed that increased Apo-E in the serum of NPC patients may act as a potential biomarker for NPC diagnosis (Area under the curve 0.917). Furthermore, similar results were also identified in NPC cancer cell lines. RNA interference technology was used to overexpress the endogenous Apo-E in the NPC cell line 6–10B. Wound healing and transwell assays indicated that the overexpression of Apo-E increased the number of cell colonies and migration ability, respectively. Conclusion In this study, we found that Apo-E was elevated in NPC patients and may act as a potential biomarker for NPC diagnosis. In addition, Apo-E was upregulated in NPC cell lines and promoted cell growth, migration, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- The Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Huang
- The Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- The Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Li
- The Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Cen Zhang
- The Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhong Zhou
- The Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Reelin-Nrp1 Interaction Regulates Neocortical Dendrite Development in a Context-Specific Manner. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8248-8261. [PMID: 33009002 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1907-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin plays versatile roles in neocortical development. The C-terminal region (CTR) of Reelin is required for the correct formation of the superficial structure of the neocortex; however, the mechanisms by which this position-specific effect occurs remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that Reelin with an intact CTR binds to neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), a transmembrane protein. Both male and female mice were used. Nrp1 is localized with very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), a canonical Reelin receptor, in the superficial layers of the developing neocortex. It forms a complex with VLDLR, and this interaction is modulated by the alternative splicing of VLDLR. Reelin with an intact CTR binds more strongly to the VLDLR/Nrp1 complex than to VLDLR alone. Knockdown of Nrp1 in neurons leads to the accumulation of Dab1 protein. Since the degradation of Dab1 is induced by Reelin signaling, it is suggested that Nrp1 augments Reelin signaling. The interaction between Reelin and Nrp1 is required for normal dendritic development in superficial-layer neurons. All of these characteristics of Reelin are abrogated by proteolytic processing of the six C-terminal amino acid residues of Reelin (0.17% of the whole protein). Therefore, Nrp1 is a coreceptor molecule for Reelin and, together with the proteolytic processing of Reelin, can account for context-specific Reelin function in brain development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reelin often exhibits a context-dependent function during brain development; however, its underlying mechanism is not well understood. We found that neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) specifically binds to the CTR of Reelin and acts as a coreceptor for very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). The Nrp1/VLDLR complex is localized in the superficial layers of the neocortex, and its interaction with Reelin is essential for proper dendritic development in superficial-layer neurons. This study provides the first mechanistic evidence of the context-specific function of Reelin (>3400 residues) regulated by the C-terminal residues and Nrp1, a component of the canonical Reelin receptor complex.
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Krueger I, Gremer L, Mangels L, Klier M, Jurk K, Willbold D, Bock HH, Elvers M. Reelin Amplifies Glycoprotein VI Activation and AlphaIIb Beta3 Integrin Outside-In Signaling via PLC Gamma 2 and Rho GTPases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2391-2403. [PMID: 32787521 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reelin, a secreted glycoprotein, was originally identified in the central nervous system, where it plays an important role in brain development and maintenance. In the cardiovascular system, reelin plays a role in atherosclerosis by enhancing vascular inflammation and in arterial thrombosis by promoting platelet adhesion, activation, and thrombus formation via APP (amyloid precursor protein) and GP (glycoprotein) Ib. However, the role of reelin in hemostasis and arterial thrombosis is not fully understood to date. Approach and Results: In the present study, we analyzed the importance of reelin for cytoskeletal reorganization of platelets and thrombus formation in more detail. Platelets release reelin to amplify alphaIIb beta3 integrin outside-in signaling by promoting platelet adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization, and clot retraction via activation of Rho GTPases RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate) and RhoA (Ras homolog family member A). Reelin interacts with the collagen receptor GP (glycoprotein) VI with subnanomolar affinity, induces tyrosine phosphorylation in a GPVI-dependent manner, and supports platelet binding to collagen and GPVI-dependent RAC1 activation, PLC gamma 2 (1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2) phosphorylation, platelet activation, and aggregation. When GPVI was deleted from the platelet surface by antibody treatment in reelin-deficient mice, thrombus formation was completely abolished after injury of the carotid artery while being only reduced in either GPVI-depleted or reelin-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a novel signaling pathway that involves reelin-induced GPVI activation and alphaIIb beta3 integrin outside-in signaling in platelets. Loss of both, GPVI and reelin, completely prevents stable arterial thrombus formation in vivo suggesting that inhibiting reelin-platelet-interaction might represent a novel strategy to avoid arterial thrombosis in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Krueger
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany (I.K., M.K., M.E.)
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany (L.G., D.W.).,Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry) and JuStruct, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany (L.G., L.M., D.W.)
| | - Lena Mangels
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry) and JuStruct, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany (L.G., L.M., D.W.)
| | - Meike Klier
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany (I.K., M.K., M.E.)
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (K.J.)
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany (L.G., D.W.).,Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry) and JuStruct, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany (L.G., L.M., D.W.)
| | - Hans H Bock
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (H.H.B.)
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany (I.K., M.K., M.E.)
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Chai X, Zhang W, Li L, Wu Y, Zhu X, Zhao S. Profile of MIF in Developing Hippocampus: Association With Cell Proliferation and Neurite Outgrowth. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:147. [PMID: 32903462 PMCID: PMC7434973 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine and has been found involved in many neurological diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD), epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. Previous studies have shown that MIF is expressed in neocortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord in adult mice. It is expressed by astrocytes and activates microglias in neuroinflammation. Further studies have shown that MIF is detected in moss fibers of dentate granule cells and in apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in adult hippocampus. Only NeuroD-positive immature granule neurons but not NeuN-positive mature neurons express MIF. These findings led us eager to know the exact role of MIF in the development of hippocampus. Therefore, we systematically checked the spatial and temporal expression pattern of MIF and characterized MIF-positive cells in hippocampus from mice aged from postnatal day 0 (P0) to 3 months. Our results showed that the lowest level of MIF protein occurred at P7 and mif mRNA increased from P0, reached a peak at P7, and stably expressed until P30 before declining dramatically at 3 months. MIF was localized in fibers of GFAP- and BLBP-positive radial glial precursor cells in dentate gyrus (DG). DCX-expressing newly generated neurons were MIF-negative. Inhibition of MIF by MIF antagonist S, R-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4, 5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1) reduced BrdU-positive cells. Interestingly, MIF was expressed by NeuN-positive GABAergic interneurons including parvalbumin-and Reelin-expressing cells in the DG. Neither NeuN-positive granule cells nor NeuN-positive pyramidal neurons expressed MIF. In transgenic mice, POMC-EGFP–positive immature dentate granule cells and Thy1-EGFP–positive mature granule cells were MIF-negative. Treatment of neuronal cultures with ISO-1 inhibited neurite outgrowth. Therefore, we conclude that MIF might be important for feature maintenance of neural stem cells and neurite outgrowth during hippocampal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Chai
- College of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lingling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yongji Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Li X, Fan W, Yao A, Song H, Ge Y, Yan M, Shan Y, Zhang C, Li P, Jia L. Downregulation of reelin predicts poor prognosis for glioma. Biomark Med 2020; 14:651-663. [PMID: 32613843 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In the present study, we studied the relationship between RELN and prognosis in glioma. Materials & methods: Expression profiles and methylation data of RELN were obtained from bioinformatic datasets. Correlations between RELN and clinicopathological features and overall survival were respectively assessed using chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: RELN was downregulated in glioma, and its downregulation correlated well with glioma malignancy and overall survival. Meanwhile, hypermethylation of RELN was significantly correlated with low RELN expression. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that low expression of RELN correlated with many key cancer pathways, possibly highlighting the importance of RELN in carcinogenesis of brain. Conclusion: RELN may serve as a potential prognostic marker and promising target molecule for new therapy of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Li
- Department of Medical Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Wange Fan
- Department of Medical Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Anhui Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, 988th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Huiling Song
- Department of Medical Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yunxiao Ge
- Department of Medical Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Mengyao Yan
- Department of Medical Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yubo Shan
- Department of Medical Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Chujie Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Liyun Jia
- Department of Medical Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Jossin Y. Reelin Functions, Mechanisms of Action and Signaling Pathways During Brain Development and Maturation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060964. [PMID: 32604886 PMCID: PMC7355739 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development and adulthood, Reelin exerts several important functions in the brain including the regulation of neuronal migration, dendritic growth and branching, dendritic spine formation, synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. As a consequence, the Reelin signaling pathway has been associated with several human brain disorders such as lissencephaly, autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, mental retardation, Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy. Several elements of the signaling pathway are known. Core components, such as the Reelin receptors very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), Src family kinases Src and Fyn, and the intracellular adaptor Disabled-1 (Dab1), are common to most but not all Reelin functions. Other downstream effectors are, on the other hand, more specific to defined tasks. Reelin is a large extracellular protein, and some aspects of the signal are regulated by its processing into smaller fragments. Rather than being inhibitory, the processing at two major sites seems to be fulfilling important physiological functions. In this review, I describe the various cellular events regulated by Reelin and attempt to explain the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action. After discussing the shared and distinct elements of the Reelin signaling pathway involved in neuronal migration, dendritic growth, spine development and synaptic plasticity, I briefly outline the data revealing the importance of Reelin in human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Hirota Y, Nakajima K. VLDLR is not essential for reelin-induced neuronal aggregation but suppresses neuronal invasion into the marginal zone. Development 2020; 147:147/12/dev189936. [PMID: 32540847 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the developing neocortex, radially migrating neurons stop migration and form layers beneath the marginal zone (MZ). Reelin plays essential roles in these processes via its receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). Although we recently reported that reelin causes neuronal aggregation via ApoER2, which is thought to be important for the subsequent layer formation, it remains unknown what effect reelin exerts via the VLDLR. Here, we found that ectopic reelin overexpression in the Vldlr-mutant mouse cortex causes neuronal aggregation, but without an MZ-like cell-sparse central region that is formed when reelin is overexpressed in the normal cortex. We also found that both the early-born and late-born Vldlr-deficient neurons invade the MZ and exhibit impaired dendrite outgrowth from before birth. Rescue experiments indicate that VLDLR suppresses neuronal invasion into the MZ via a cell-autonomous mechanism, possibly mediated by Rap1, integrin and Akt. These results suggest that VLDLR is not a prerequisite for reelin-induced neuronal aggregation and that the major role of VLDLR is to suppress neuronal invasion into the MZ during neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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41
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Jossin Y. Molecular mechanisms of cell polarity in a range of model systems and in migrating neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 106:103503. [PMID: 32485296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is defined as the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along an axis. Most cells, from the simplest single-cell organisms to highly specialized mammalian cells, are polarized and use similar mechanisms to generate and maintain polarity. Cell polarity is important for cells to migrate, form tissues, and coordinate activities. During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, cell polarity is essential for neurogenesis and for the migration of newborn but as-yet undifferentiated neurons. These oriented migrations include both the radial migration of excitatory projection neurons and the tangential migration of inhibitory interneurons. In this review, I will first describe the development of the cerebral cortex, as revealed at the cellular level. I will then define the core molecular mechanisms - the Par/Crb/Scrib polarity complexes, small GTPases, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and phosphoinositides/PI3K signaling - that are required for asymmetric cell division, apico-basal and front-rear polarity in model systems, including C elegans zygote, Drosophila embryos and cultured mammalian cells. As I go through each core mechanism I will explain what is known about its importance in radial and tangential migration in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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42
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Meka DP, Scharrenberg R, Zhao B, Kobler O, König T, Schaefer I, Schwanke B, Klykov S, Richter M, Eggert D, Windhorst S, Dotti CG, Kreutz MR, Mikhaylova M, Calderon de Anda F. Radial somatic F-actin organization affects growth cone dynamics during early neuronal development. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47743. [PMID: 31650708 PMCID: PMC6893363 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is thought to be the major neuronal microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in early neuronal development, producing microtubules with a radial organization. In addition, albeit in vitro, recent work showed that isolated centrosomes could serve as an actin-organizing center, raising the possibility that neuronal development may, in addition, require a centrosome-based actin radial organization. Here, we report, using super-resolution microscopy and live-cell imaging of cultured rodent neurons, F-actin organization around the centrosome with dynamic F-actin aster-like structures with F-actin fibers extending and retracting actively. Photoactivation/photoconversion experiments and molecular manipulations of F-actin stability reveal a robust flux of somatic F-actin toward the cell periphery. Finally, we show that somatic F-actin intermingles with centrosomal PCM-1 (pericentriolar material 1 protein) satellites. Knockdown of PCM-1 and disruption of centrosomal activity not only affect F-actin dynamics near the centrosome but also in distal growth cones. Collectively, the data show a radial F-actin organization during early neuronal development, which might be a cellular mechanism for providing peripheral regions with a fast and continuous source of actin polymers, hence sustaining initial neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Praveen Meka
- RG Neuronal DevelopmentCenter for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Robin Scharrenberg
- RG Neuronal DevelopmentCenter for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Bing Zhao
- RG Neuronal DevelopmentCenter for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Oliver Kobler
- Combinatorial Neuroimaging Core Facility (CNI)Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
| | - Theresa König
- RG Neuronal DevelopmentCenter for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Irina Schaefer
- RG Neuronal DevelopmentCenter for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Birgit Schwanke
- RG Neuronal DevelopmentCenter for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Sergei Klykov
- Emmy‐Noether Group “Neuronal Protein Transport”Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Melanie Richter
- RG Neuronal DevelopmentCenter for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Dennis Eggert
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of MatterHamburgGermany
- Heinrich Pette Institute—Leibniz Institute for Experimental VirologyHamburgGermany
| | - Sabine Windhorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal TransductionUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Carlos G Dotti
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”CSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- RG NeuroplasticityLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
- Leibniz Guest Group “Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function”Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Emmy‐Noether Group “Neuronal Protein Transport”Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Froylan Calderon de Anda
- RG Neuronal DevelopmentCenter for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
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43
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Liu T, Woo JAA, Yan Y, LePochat P, Bukhari MZ, Kang DE. Dual role of cofilin in APP trafficking and amyloid-β clearance. FASEB J 2019; 33:14234-14247. [PMID: 31646885 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901268r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a pivotal early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the brain, neurons produce Aβ by the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) through the endocytic pathway, whereas microglia mediate Aβ clearance also via endocytic mechanisms. Previous studies have shown the critical importance of cofilin, a filamentous actin-severing protein, in actin dynamics and pathogen-triggered endocytic processes. Moreover, the binding of Aβ42 oligomers to β1-integrin triggers the cofilin activation, and in turn, cofilin promotes the internalization of surface β1-integrin. However, a role for cofilin in APP processing and Aβ metabolism has not been investigated. In this study, we found that knockdown of cofilin in Chinese hamster ovary 7WD10 cells and primary neurons significantly reduces Aβ production by increasing surface APP (sAPP) levels. Expression of active (S3A) but not inactive (S3E) cofilin reduces sAPP levels by enhancing APP endocytosis. Accordingly, Aβ deposition in APP and presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic mice is significantly reduced by genetic reduction of cofilin (APP/PS1;cofilin+/-). However, the reduction of Aβ load in APP/PS1;cofilin+/- mice is paradoxically associated with significantly increased ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1-positive microglial activation surrounding Aβ deposits. Primary microglia isolated from cofilin+/- mice demonstrate significantly enhanced state of activation and greater ability to uptake and clear Aβ42, which is reversed with the active (S3A) but not inactive (S3E) form of cofilin. These results taken together indicate a significant role for cofilin in Aβ accumulation via dual and opposing endocytic mechanisms of promoting Aβ production in neurons and inhibiting Aβ clearance in microglia.-Liu, T., Woo, J.-A. A., Yan, Y., LePochat, P., Bukhari, M. Z., Kang, D. E. Dual role of cofilin in APP trafficking and amyloid-β clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (USF) Health, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Molecular of Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (USF) Health, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jung-A A Woo
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (USF) Health, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (USF) Health, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (USF) Health, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Molecular of Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (USF) Health, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick LePochat
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (USF) Health, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Molecular of Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (USF) Health, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Mohammed Zaheen Bukhari
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (USF) Health, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Molecular of Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (USF) Health, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - David E Kang
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (USF) Health, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Molecular of Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (USF) Health, Tampa, Florida, USA.,James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
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44
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Machado RA, Benjumea-Cuartas V, Zapata Berruecos JF, Agudelo-Flóres PM, Salazar-Peláez LM. Reelin, tau phosphorylation and psychiatric complications in patients with hippocampal sclerosis and structural abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 96:192-199. [PMID: 31150999 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common adult epileptic syndrome. About 30-70% of those cases have neuropsychiatric complications. More than 10% of patients have TLE because of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type IIIa. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to review the evidence of reelin (RELN) deficiency and tau phosphorylation role in the histopathological, neuropsychiatric, and hyperexcitability features in TLE because of dysplasia type IIIa. METHODS The current literature was reviewed using Cochrane, EMBASE, PROSPERO, MEDLINE, and PubMed from 1995 to July 2018. Articles of interest were reviewed by one investigator (RAM). RESULTS Reelin deficit is related to an abnormal migration of neurons in dentate gyrus, and its deficit causes dentate gyrus abnormalities, which in turn has been associated with memory deficits in patients with TLE. A decreased in the expression of RELN ribonucleic acid (RNA) was found in patients with TLE and dysplasia type IIIa compared with patients with TLE and isolated hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Reelin might affect the distribution and dynamic instability of microtubules within neurons in the cerebral cortex and their phosphorylation. Amyloid pathology, tauopathy, or phosphorylated tau (p-tau) overexpression has been reported in epileptic human brain and in animal models of epilepsy. CONCLUSION Reelin deficit may determine an abnormal cortical lamination and dentate gyrus dispersion and might be associated with an abnormal tau phosphorylation. These processes can be associated with an abnormal hyperexcitability, neuropsychiatric complications, and a myriad of typical histopathological features seen in patients with TLE because of dysplasia type IIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanesa Benjumea-Cuartas
- Neurologist-epileptologist at Neurology Institute of Colombia. Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Graduados, Universidad CES
| | - José Fernando Zapata Berruecos
- Neurology at Neurology Institute of Colombia, Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Graduados, Universidad CES
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Vaswani AR, Weykopf B, Hagemann C, Fried HU, Brüstle O, Blaess S. Correct setup of the substantia nigra requires Reelin-mediated fast, laterally-directed migration of dopaminergic neurons. eLife 2019; 8:41623. [PMID: 30689541 PMCID: PMC6349407 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons migrate to form the laterally-located substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and medially-located ventral tegmental area (VTA), but little is known about the underlying cellular and molecular processes. Here we visualize the dynamic cell morphologies of tangentially migrating SN-mDA neurons in 3D and identify two distinct migration modes. Slow migration is the default mode in SN-mDA neurons, while fast, laterally-directed migration occurs infrequently and is strongly associated with bipolar cell morphology. Tangential migration of SN-mDA neurons is altered in absence of Reelin signaling, but it is unclear whether Reelin acts directly on migrating SN-mDA neurons and how it affects their cell morphology and migratory behavior. By specifically inactivating Reelin signaling in mDA neurons we demonstrate its direct role in SN-mDA tangential migration. Reelin promotes laterally-biased movements in mDA neurons during their slow migration mode, stabilizes leading process morphology and increases the probability of fast, laterally-directed migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Ravi Vaswani
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrice Weykopf
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cathleen Hagemann
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Fried
- Light Microscope Facility, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Wang D, Enck J, Howell BW, Olson EC. Ethanol Exposure Transiently Elevates but Persistently Inhibits Tyrosine Kinase Activity and Impairs the Growth of the Nascent Apical Dendrite. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5749-5762. [PMID: 30674037 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritogenesis can be impaired by exposure to alcohol, and aspects of this impairment share phenotypic similarities to dendritic defects observed after blockade of the Reelin-Dab1 tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. In this study, we find that 10 min of alcohol exposure (400 mg/dL ethanol) by itself causes an unexpected increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of many proteins including Src and Dab1 that are essential downstream effectors of Reelin signaling. This increase in phosphotyrosine is dose-dependent and blockable by selective inhibitors of Src Family Kinases (SFKs). However, the response is transient, and phosphotyrosine levels return to baseline after 30 min of continuous ethanol exposure, both in vitro and in vivo. During this latter period, Src is inactivated and Reelin application cannot stimulate Dab1 phosphorylation. This suggests that ethanol initially activates but then silences the Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway by brief activation and then sustained inactivation of SFKs. Time-lapse analyses of dendritic growth dynamics show an overall decrease in growth and branching compared to controls after ethanol-exposure that is similar to that observed with Reelin-deficiency. However, unlike Reelin-signaling disruptions, the dendritic filopodial speeds are decreased after ethanol exposure, and this decrease is associated with sustained dephosphorylation and activation of cofilin, an F-actin severing protein. These findings suggest that persistent Src inactivation coupled to cofilin activation may contribute to the dendritic disruptions observed with fetal alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.,Developmental Exposure to Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Joshua Enck
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.,Developmental Exposure to Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Brian W Howell
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Eric C Olson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA. .,Developmental Exposure to Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
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Abstract
Neuronal connectivity in the cortex is determined by the laminar positioning of neurons. An important determinant of laminar positioning is likely to be the control of leading process behavior during migration, maintaining their tips directed toward the pia. In this study, we provide evidence that pial bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling regulates cortical neuronal migration during cortical layer formation. Specific disruption of pial Bmp ligands impaired the positioning of early-born neurons in the deep layer; further, cell-autonomous inhibition of Smad4, a core nuclear factor mediating Bmp signaling, in the cortical radial glial cells or postmitotic cortical neurons also produced neuronal migration defects that blurred the cortical layers. We found that leading processes were abnormal and that this was accompanied by excess dephosphorylated cofilin-1, an actin-severing protein, in Smad4 mutant neurons. This suggested that regulation of cofilin-1 might transduce Bmp signaling in the migrating neurons. Ectopic expression of a phosphorylation-defective form of cofilin-1 in the late-born wild-type neurons led them to stall in the deep layer, similar to the Smad4 mutant neurons. Expression of a phosphomimetic variant of cofilin-1 in the Smad4 mutant neurons rescued the migration defects. This suggests that cofilin-1 activity underlies Bmp-mediated cortical neuronal migration. This study shows that cofilin-1 mediates pial Bmp signaling during the positioning of cortical neurons and the formation of cortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Korea Brain Research Institute, Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Developmental Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Even İ, Akiva İ, İyison NB. An in vivo RNAi mini-screen in Drosophila cancer models reveals novel potential Wnt targets in liver cancer. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2018; 30:198-207. [PMID: 30541713 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.18241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which arises from the accumulation of mutant β-catenin in the cell, is one of the most common driving forces in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We previously identified several genes that are regulated on the overexpression of β-catenin in the HCC cell line that are suggested to be novel Wnt/β-catenin targets playing effective roles in cancer. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the roles of these putative target genes in tumorigenesis with an in vivo analysis in Drosophila. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected 15 genes downregulated in two Drosophila cancer models. RESULTS The results from the RNAi mini-screen revealed novel roles for the analyzed putative Wnt/β-catenin target genes in tumorigenesis. The downregulation of the analyzed nine genes led to tumor formation as well as metastasis in Drosophila, suggesting a tumor suppressor function. On the other hand, the knockdown of the other two genes suppressed tumor and metastasis formations and disturbed the development of the analyzed eye tissues, indicating an oncogenic or developmental role for these genes. CONCLUSION These findings could serve to identify novel subjects for cancer research in order to provide insight into the diagnostic and therapeutic processes of several cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- İpek Even
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İzzet Akiva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Necla Birgül İyison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, Turkey;Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Meseke M, Neumüller F, Brunne B, Li X, Anstötz M, Pohlkamp T, Rogalla MM, Herz J, Rune GM, Bender RA. Distal Dendritic Enrichment of HCN1 Channels in Hippocampal CA1 Is Promoted by Estrogen, but Does Not Require Reelin. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0258-18.2018. [PMID: 30406178 PMCID: PMC6220572 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0258-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HCN1 compartmentalization in CA1 pyramidal cells, essential for hippocampal information processing, is believed to be controlled by the extracellular matrix protein Reelin. Expression of Reelin, in turn, is stimulated by 17β-estradiol (E2). In this study, we therefore tested whether E2 regulates the compartmentalization of HCN1 in CA1 via Reelin. In organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures, we found that E2 promotes HCN1 distal dendritic enrichment via the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER1, but apparently independent of Reelin, because GST-RAP, known to reduce Reelin signaling, did not prevent E2-induced HCN1 enrichment in distal CA1. We therefore re-examined the role of Reelin for the regulation of HCN1 compartmentalization and could not detect effects of reduced Reelin signaling on HCN1 distribution in CA1, either in the (developmental) slice culture model or in tamoxifen-inducible conditional reelin knockout mice during adulthood. We conclude that for HCN1 channel compartmentalization in CA1 pyramidal cells, Reelin is not as essential as previously proposed, and E2 effects on HCN1 distribution in CA1 are mediated by mechanisms that do not involve Reelin. Because HCN1 localization was not altered at different phases of the estrous cycle, gonadally derived estradiol is unlikely to regulate HCN1 channel compartmentalization, while the pattern of immunoreactivity of aromatase, the final enzyme of estradiol synthesis, argues for a role of local hippocampal E2 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Meseke
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Florian Neumüller
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Bianka Brunne
- Institute of Structural Neurobiology, Center of Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Max Anstötz
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Meike M. Rogalla
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Gabriele M. Rune
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Roland A. Bender
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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Ducharme P, Zarruk JG, David S, Paquin J. The ferroxidase ceruloplasmin influences Reelin processing, cofilin phosphorylation and neuronal organization in the developing brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 92:104-113. [PMID: 30077770 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is an important extracellular regulator of iron metabolism. We showed previously that it stimulates Reelin proteolytic processing and cell aggregation in cultures of developing neurons. Reelin is a secreted protein required for the correct positioning of neurons in the brain. It is cleaved in vivo into N-terminally-derived 300K and 180K fragments through incompletely known mechanisms. One of Reelin signaling targets is the actin-binding protein cofilin, the phosphorylation of which is diminished in Reelin-deficient mice. This work looked for in vivo evidence of a relationship between Cp, Reelin and neuronal organization during brain development by analyzing wild-type and Cp-null mice. Cp as well as the full-length, 300K and 180K Reelin species appeared together in wild-type brains at embryonic day (E) 12.5 by immunoblotting. In wild-type compared to Cp-null brains, there was more 300K Reelin from E12.5 to E17.5, a period characterized by extensive, radially directed neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex. Immunofluorescence labeling of tissue sections at E16.5 revealed the localization of Cp with radial glia and meningeal cells adjacent to Reelin-producing Cajal-Retzius neurons, underlining the proximity of Cp and Reelin. Cofilin phosphorylation was seen starting at E10.5-E12.5 and lasted longer until postnatal day 7 in wild-type than Cp-null mice. Finally, using CUX1 as a marker revealed defective accumulation of neurons in layers II/III in neonatal and adult Cp-null mice. These results combined with our earlier work point to a potentially new role of Cp in Reelin processing and signaling and neuronal organization in the cerebral cortex in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ducharme
- Département de Chimie and Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Juan G Zarruk
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Joanne Paquin
- Département de Chimie and Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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