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Ziak J, Dorskind JM, Trigg B, Sudarsanam S, Jin XO, Hand RA, Kolodkin AL. Microtubule-binding protein MAP1B regulates interstitial axon branching of cortical neurons via the tubulin tyrosination cycle. EMBO J 2024; 43:1214-1243. [PMID: 38388748 PMCID: PMC10987652 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulation of directed axon guidance and branching during development is essential for the generation of neuronal networks. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie interstitial (or collateral) axon branching in the mammalian brain remain unresolved. Here, we investigate interstitial axon branching in vivo using an approach for precise labeling of layer 2/3 callosal projection neurons (CPNs). This method allows for quantitative analysis of axonal morphology at high acuity and also manipulation of gene expression in well-defined temporal windows. We find that the GSK3β serine/threonine kinase promotes interstitial axon branching in layer 2/3 CPNs by releasing MAP1B-mediated inhibition of axon branching. Further, we find that the tubulin tyrosination cycle is a key downstream component of GSK3β/MAP1B signaling. These data suggest a cell-autonomous molecular regulation of cortical neuron axon morphology, in which GSK3β can release a MAP1B-mediated brake on interstitial axon branching upstream of the posttranslational tubulin code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ziak
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joelle M Dorskind
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Trigg
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sriram Sudarsanam
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xinyu O Jin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Randal A Hand
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Prilenia Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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2
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Adler A, Bangera M, Beugelink JW, Bahri S, van Ingen H, Moores CA, Baldus M. A structural and dynamic visualization of the interaction between MAP7 and microtubules. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1948. [PMID: 38431715 PMCID: PMC10908866 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are key components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are essential for intracellular organization, organelle trafficking and mitosis. MT tasks depend on binding and interactions with MT-associated proteins (MAPs). MT-associated protein 7 (MAP7) has the unusual ability of both MT binding and activating kinesin-1-mediated cargo transport along MTs. Additionally, the protein is reported to stabilize MTs with its 112 amino-acid long MT-binding domain (MTBD). Here we investigate the structural basis of the interaction of MAP7 MTBD with the MT lattice. Using a combination of solid and solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with electron microscopy, fluorescence anisotropy and isothermal titration calorimetry, we shed light on the binding mode of MAP7 to MTs at an atomic level. Our results show that a combination of interactions between MAP7 and MT lattice extending beyond a single tubulin dimer and including tubulin C-terminal tails contribute to formation of the MAP7-MT complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Adler
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mamata Bangera
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - J Wouter Beugelink
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Salima Bahri
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo van Ingen
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Nemoz-Billet L, Brocard J, Ruggiero F, Bretaud S. Quantitative Image Analysis of Axonal Morphology in In Vivo Model. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:116. [PMID: 38133136 PMCID: PMC10745806 DOI: 10.3390/mps6060116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying axonal branching is crucial for understanding neural circuit function, developmental and regeneration processes and disease mechanisms. Factors that regulate patterns of axonal arborization and tune neuronal circuits are investigated for their implication in various disorders in brain connectivity. The lack of a reliable and user-friendly method makes the quantitative analysis of axon morphology difficult. Specifically, methods to visualize and quantify the complex axon arborization are challenging to implement and apply practically. Our study was aimed at developing a robust but simple method of quantification that used ImageJ 2D analysis and compared it with Imaris visualization and analysis of 3D images. We used zebrafish fluorescent transgenic lines to perform in vivo imaging of developing motor neuron axons that adequately reflected the complexity of axonal networks. Our new method, developed on ImageJ, is easy and fast, giving access to new information such as collateral distribution along the axonal shaft. This study describes step-by-step procedures that can be easily applied to a variety of organisms and in vitro systems. Our study provides a basis for further exploration of neural circuits to gain new insights into neuronal disorders and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Nemoz-Billet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR5242 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon-1, 69364 Lyon, France; (L.N.-B.); (F.R.)
| | - Jacques Brocard
- PLATIM, SFR Biosciences, ENS de Lyon, Inserm US8, CNRS UMS3444, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon-1, 69364 Lyon, France;
| | - Florence Ruggiero
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR5242 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon-1, 69364 Lyon, France; (L.N.-B.); (F.R.)
| | - Sandrine Bretaud
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR5242 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon-1, 69364 Lyon, France; (L.N.-B.); (F.R.)
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Ziak J, Dorskind J, Trigg B, Sudarsanam S, Hand R, Kolodkin AL. MAP1B Regulates Cortical Neuron Interstitial Axon Branching Through the Tubulin Tyrosination Cycle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560024. [PMID: 37873083 PMCID: PMC10592918 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of directed axon guidance and branching during development is essential for the generation of neuronal networks. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie interstitial axon branching in the mammalian brain remain unresolved. Here, we investigate interstitial axon branching in vivo using an approach for precise labeling of layer 2/3 callosal projection neurons (CPNs), allowing for quantitative analysis of axonal morphology at high acuity and also manipulation of gene expression in well-defined temporal windows. We find that the GSK3β serine/threonine kinase promotes interstitial axon branching in layer 2/3 CPNs by releasing MAP1B-mediated inhibition of axon branching. Further, we find that the tubulin tyrosination cycle is a key downstream component of GSK3β/MAP1B signaling. We propose that MAP1B functions as a brake on axon branching that can be released by GSK3β activation, regulating the tubulin code and thereby playing an integral role in sculpting cortical neuron axon morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ziak
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Joelle Dorskind
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Boston, MA
| | - Brian Trigg
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Sriram Sudarsanam
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Randal Hand
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
- Prilenia Therapeutics, Boston, MA
| | - Alex L. Kolodkin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
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Kuo WH, Chu PY, Wang CC, Huang PS, Chan SH. MAP7D3, a novel prognostic marker for triple-negative breast cancer, drives cell invasiveness and cancer-initiating cell properties to promote metastatic progression. Biol Direct 2023; 18:44. [PMID: 37550720 PMCID: PMC10405500 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) tend to develop visceral metastasis within five years, making them the most challenging BC patients to treat. The MAP7 protein family is a group of microtubule-binding proteins with a well-known role in microtubule-related cell migration, but its role in metastasis-related properties of TNBC remains unclear. METHODS qRT-PCR and western blot were used to validate mRNA and protein expression of the MAP7 family in the isogenic pairs of TNBC cell lines with low and high metastasis potential. Functional characterization of MAP7D3 was carried out using cell-based and mouse models. The clinical association between MAP7D3 and TNBC was established using datasets in the public domain. RESULTS MAP7D3 expression was consistently upregulated in the metastatic subline IV2 and 468-LN at both mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of MAP7D3 inhibited the 3D colony-forming ability, cell migration, and invasion ability of IV2 and 468-LN, indicating its significant contribution to the metastasis phenotypes. Mechanistically, inhibition of MAP7D3 could significantly increase the sensitivity of metastatic TNBC cells to docetaxel and gemcitabine treatment by reducing the expression of proteins related to breast cancer-initiating cells (BCICs) and drug resistance, as well as suppressing the activity of Rac1. The animal study showed that the depletion of MAP7D3 drastically reduced TNBC tumor growth and impaired the metastatic capability of TNBC cells. Elevated expression of MAP7D3 was found in the metastatic lymph nodes and was significantly associated with advanced stage and higher grade TNBC. Moreover, MAP7D3 expression was significantly correlated with the TNBC population, and its high expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival outcomes of patients with TNBC. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that targeting MAP7D3 could be a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing the progression of TNBC, and MAP7D3 may serve as a novel predictive biomarker for the survival outcomes of triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Shen Huang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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6
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Minckley TF, Salvagio LA, Fudge DH, Verhey K, Markus SM, Qin Y. Zn2+ decoration of microtubules arrests axonal transport and displaces tau, doublecortin, and MAP2C. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202208121. [PMID: 37326602 PMCID: PMC10276529 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Zn2+ concentrations increase via depolarization-mediated influx or intracellular release, but the immediate effects of Zn2+ signals on neuron function are not fully understood. By simultaneous recording of cytosolic Zn2+ and organelle motility, we find that elevated Zn2+ (IC50 ≈ 5-10 nM) reduces both lysosomal and mitochondrial motility in primary rat hippocampal neurons and HeLa cells. Using live-cell confocal microscopy and in vitro single-molecule TIRF imaging, we reveal that Zn2+ inhibits activity of motor proteins (kinesin and dynein) without disrupting their microtubule binding. Instead, Zn2+ directly binds to microtubules and selectively promotes detachment of tau, DCX, and MAP2C, but not MAP1B, MAP4, MAP7, MAP9, or p150glued. Bioinformatic predictions and structural modeling show that the Zn2+ binding sites on microtubules partially overlap with the microtubule binding sites of tau, DCX, dynein, and kinesin. Our results reveal that intraneuronal Zn2+ regulates axonal transport and microtubule-based processes by interacting with microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor F. Minckley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Dylan H. Fudge
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kristen Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven M. Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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7
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Adler A, Kjaer LF, Beugelink JW, Baldus M, van Ingen H. Resonance assignments of the microtubule-binding domain of the microtubule-associated protein 7 (MAP7). BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2023; 17:10.1007/s12104-023-10124-8. [PMID: 37099260 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-023-10124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein 7 (MAP7) is a protein involved in cargo transport along microtubules (MTs) by interacting with kinesin-1 through the C-terminal kinesin-binding domain. Moreover, the protein is reported to stabilize MT, thereby playing a key role in axonal branch development. An important element for this latter function is the 112 amino-acid long N-terminal microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) of MAP7. Here we report NMR backbone and side-chain assignments that suggest a primarily alpha-helical secondary fold of this MTBD in solution. The MTBD contains a central long α-helical segment that includes a short four-residue 'hinge' sequence with decreased helicity and increased flexibility. Our data represent a first step towards analysing the complex interaction of MAP7 with MTs at an atomic level via NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Adler
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, NMR Spectroscopy, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Lenette F Kjaer
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, NMR Spectroscopy, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Institute of Structural Biology Grenoble, Grenoble, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - J Wouter Beugelink
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, NMR Spectroscopy, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
| | - Hugo van Ingen
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, NMR Spectroscopy, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
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8
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Evans LM, Arehart CH, Grotzinger AD, Mize TJ, Brasher MS, Stitzel JA, Ehringer MA, Hoeffer CA. Transcriptome-wide gene-gene interaction associations elucidate pathways and functional enrichment of complex traits. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010693. [PMID: 37216417 PMCID: PMC10237671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains unknown to what extent gene-gene interactions contribute to complex traits. Here, we introduce a new approach using predicted gene expression to perform exhaustive transcriptome-wide interaction studies (TWISs) for multiple traits across all pairs of genes expressed in several tissue types. Using imputed transcriptomes, we simultaneously reduce the computational challenge and improve interpretability and statistical power. We discover (in the UK Biobank) and replicate (in independent cohorts) several interaction associations, and find several hub genes with numerous interactions. We also demonstrate that TWIS can identify novel associated genes because genes with many or strong interactions have smaller single-locus model effect sizes. Finally, we develop a method to test gene set enrichment of TWIS associations (E-TWIS), finding numerous pathways and networks enriched in interaction associations. Epistasis is may be widespread, and our procedure represents a tractable framework for beginning to explore gene interactions and identify novel genomic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M. Evans
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christopher H. Arehart
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Grotzinger
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Travis J. Mize
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Maizy S. Brasher
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jerry A. Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marissa A. Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Hoeffer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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9
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Zocchi R, Compagnucci C, Bertini E, Sferra A. Deciphering the Tubulin Language: Molecular Determinants and Readout Mechanisms of the Tubulin Code in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032781. [PMID: 36769099 PMCID: PMC9917122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic components of the cell cytoskeleton involved in several cellular functions, such as structural support, migration and intracellular trafficking. Despite their high similarity, MTs have functional heterogeneity that is generated by the incorporation into the MT lattice of different tubulin gene products and by their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Such regulations, besides modulating the tubulin composition of MTs, create on their surface a "biochemical code" that is translated, through the action of protein effectors, into specific MT-based functions. This code, known as "tubulin code", plays an important role in neuronal cells, whose highly specialized morphologies and activities depend on the correct functioning of the MT cytoskeleton and on its interplay with a myriad of MT-interacting proteins. In recent years, a growing number of mutations in genes encoding for tubulins, MT-interacting proteins and enzymes that post-translationally modify MTs, which are the main players of the tubulin code, have been linked to neurodegenerative processes or abnormalities in neural migration, differentiation and connectivity. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms through which the cell writes and, downstream, MT-interacting proteins decipher the tubulin code are still largely uncharted. The purpose of this review is to describe the molecular determinants and the readout mechanisms of the tubulin code, and briefly elucidate how they coordinate MT behavior during critical neuronal events, such as neuron migration, maturation and axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zocchi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
| | - Antonella Sferra
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
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10
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Tanuma M, Niu M, Ohkubo J, Ueno H, Nakai Y, Yokoyama Y, Seiriki K, Hashimoto H, Kasai A. Acute social defeat stress activated neurons project to the claustrum and basolateral amygdala. Mol Brain 2022; 15:100. [PMID: 36539776 PMCID: PMC9768926 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that a neuronal population in the claustrum (CLA) identified under exposure to psychological stressors plays a key role in stress response processing. Upon stress exposure, the main inputs to the CLA come from the basolateral amygdala (BLA); however, the upstream brain regions that potentially regulate both the CLA and BLA during stressful experiences remain unclear. Here by combining activity-dependent viral retrograde labeling with whole brain imaging, we analyzed neurons projecting to the CLA and BLA activated by exposure to social defeat stress. The labeled CLA projecting neurons were mostly ipsilateral, excluding the prefrontal cortices, which had a distinctly labeled population in the contralateral hemisphere. Similarly, the labeled BLA projecting neurons were predominantly ipsilateral, aside from the BLA in the opposite hemisphere, which also had a notably labeled population. Moreover, we found co-labeled double-projecting single neurons in multiple brain regions such as the ipsilateral ectorhinal/perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and the contralateral BLA. These results suggest that CLA and BLA receive inputs from neuron collaterals in various brain regions during stress, which may regulate the CLA and BLA forming in a stress response circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tanuma
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Misaki Niu
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Jin Ohkubo
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroki Ueno
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuka Nakai
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yokoyama
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kaoru Seiriki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ,Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasai
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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11
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Tymanskyj SR, Curran BM, Ma L. Selective axonal transport through branch junctions is directed by growth cone signaling and mediated by KIF1/kinesin-3 motors. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110748. [PMID: 35476993 PMCID: PMC9097860 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and function of nerve cells rely on the orchestration of microtubule-based transport from the cell body into distal axonal terminals. Neurons often have highly elaborate branches innervating multiple targets, but how protein or membrane cargos navigate through branch junctions to specific branch targets is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that anterograde transport of membrane vesicles through axonal branch junctions is highly selective, which is influenced by branch length and more strongly by growth cone motility. Using an optogenetic tool, we demonstrate that signaling from the growth cone can rapidly direct transport through branch junctions. We further demonstrate that such transport selectivity is differentially regulated for different vesicles and mediated by the KIF1/kinesin-3 family motors. We propose that this transport regulation through branch junctions could broadly impact neuronal development, function, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Tymanskyj
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Center for Synaptic Biology, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bridget M Curran
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Center for Synaptic Biology, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Le Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Center for Synaptic Biology, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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12
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Yu L, Xie J, Liu X, Yu Y, Wang S. Plasma Exosomal CircNEK9 Accelerates the Progression of Gastric Cancer via miR-409-3p/MAP7 Axis. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:4274-4289. [PMID: 33449227 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06816-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosome-mediated transfer of circular RNAs (circRNAs) is related to gastric cancer (GC) development. CircRNA NIMA-related kinase 9 (circNEK9; hsa_circ_0032683) was reported to be up-regulated in GC. AIMS The biological role of circNEK9 and its underlying mechanisms in GC progression were explored. METHODS The levels of RNAs and proteins were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot assay. Cell proliferation was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry. Wound healing assay and transwell assays were conducted to analyze cell motility. Intermolecular interaction was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay. Animal experiments were used to evaluate the role of circNEK9 in the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo. RESULTS CircNEK9 was up-regulated in GC tissues and cell lines. CircNEK9 interference suppressed the proliferation and motility of GC cells. CircNEK9 silencing enhanced microRNA-409-3p (miR-409-3p) level through direct interaction. CircNEK9 silencing-mediated influences on the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells were partly overturned by the interference of miR-409-3p. MiR-409-3p directly interacted with microtubule-associated protein 7 (MAP7) messenger RNA (mRNA). MiR-409-3p-induced effects in GC cells were largely counteracted by the overexpression of MAP7. CircNEK9 silencing blocked GC tumor growth in vivo. Exosome-mediated transfer of circNEK9 promoted the motility of recipient GC cells. CONCLUSIONS CircNEK9 accelerated the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells through targeting miR-409-3p/MAP7 axis. Plasma exosomal circNEK9 promoted the migration and invasion of recipient GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Health Medicine, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Health Medicine, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Health Medicine, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Siping Wang
- Department of Health Medicine, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
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13
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Fuchs J, Eickholt BJ. Precursor types predict the stability of neuronal branches. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273430. [PMID: 34766183 PMCID: PMC8714070 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branches are critical for neuron function, generating the morphological complexity required for functional networks. They emerge from different, well-described, cytoskeletal precursor structures that elongate to branches. While branches are thought to be maintained by shared cytoskeletal regulators, our data from mouse hippocampal neurons indicate that the precursor structures trigger alternative branch maintenance mechanisms with differing stabilities. Whereas branches originating from lamellipodia or growth cone splitting events collapse soon after formation, branches emerging from filopodia persist. Furthermore, compared to other developing neurites, axons stabilise all branches and preferentially initiate branches from filopodia. These differences explain the altered stability of branches we observe in neurons lacking the plasma membrane protein phospholipid phosphatase-related protein 3 (PLPPR3, also known as PRG2) and in neurons treated with netrin-1. Rather than altering branch stability directly, PLPPR3 and netrin-1 boost a 'filopodia branch programme' on axons, thereby indirectly initiating more long-lived branches. In summary, we propose that studies on branching should distinguish overall stabilising effects from effects on precursor types, ideally using multifactorial statistical models, as exemplified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Fuchs
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta J Eickholt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Bodakuntla S, Nedozralova H, Basnet N, Mizuno N. Cytoskeleton and Membrane Organization at Axon Branches. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:707486. [PMID: 34540830 PMCID: PMC8440873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.707486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon branching is a critical process ensuring a high degree of interconnectivity for neural network formation. As branching occurs at sites distant from the soma, it is necessary that axons have a local system to dynamically control and regulate axonal growth. This machinery depends on the orchestration of cellular functions such as cytoskeleton, subcellular transport, energy production, protein- and membrane synthesis that are adapted for branch formation. Compared to the axon shaft, branching sites show a distinct and dynamic arrangement of cytoskeleton components, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. This review discusses the regulation of axon branching in the context of cytoskeleton and membrane remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Bodakuntla
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hana Nedozralova
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nirakar Basnet
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Naoko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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15
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Chen K, Yang R, Li Y, Zhou JC, Zhang M. Giant ankyrin-B suppresses stochastic collateral axon branching through direct interaction with microtubules. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151929. [PMID: 32640013 PMCID: PMC7401806 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant ankyrin-B (gAnkB) is a 440-kD neurospecific ankyrin-B isoform and a high-confidence target for autism mutations. gAnkB suppresses axon branching through coordination of cortical microtubules, and autism-related mutation of gAnkB results in ectopic neuronal connectivity. We identified a bipartite motif from gAnkB, which bundles and avidly binds to microtubules in vitro. This motif is composed of a module of 15 tandem repeats followed by a short, conserved fragment also found in giant ankyrin-G (BG-box). Combination of these two parts synergistically increases microtubule-binding avidity. Transfection of astrocytes (which lack gAnkB) with WT gAnkB resulted in prominent bundling of microtubules, which did not occur with mutant gAnkB with impaired microtubule-binding activity. Similarly, rescue of gAnkB-deficient neurons with WT gAnkB suppressed axonal branching and invasion of EB3-tagged microtubules into filopodia, which did not occur with the same mutant gAnkB. Together, these findings demonstrate that gAnkB suppresses axon collateral branching and prevents microtubule invasion of nascent axon branches through direct interaction with microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Chen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Yubing Li
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Chuan Zhou
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Holt E, Stanton-Turcotte D, Iulianella A. Development of the Vertebrate Trunk Sensory System: Origins, Specification, Axon Guidance, and Central Connectivity. Neuroscience 2021; 458:229-243. [PMID: 33460728 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Crucial to an animal's movement through their environment and to the maintenance of their homeostatic physiology is the integration of sensory information. This is achieved by axons communicating from organs, muscle spindles and skin that connect to the sensory ganglia composing the peripheral nervous system (PNS), enabling organisms to collect an ever-constant flow of sensations and relay it to the spinal cord. The sensory system carries a wide spectrum of sensory modalities - from sharp pain to cool refreshing touch - traveling from the periphery to the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). This review covers the origins and development of the DRG and the cells that populate it, and focuses on how sensory connectivity to the spinal cord is achieved by the diverse developmental and molecular processes that control axon guidance in the trunk sensory system. We also describe convergences and differences in sensory neuron formation among different vertebrate species to gain insight into underlying developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Holt
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Danielle Stanton-Turcotte
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada.
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17
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Wang L, Yan M, Wong CKC, Ge R, Wu X, Sun F, Cheng CY. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) in microtubule cytoskeletal dynamics and spermatogenesis. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:249-265. [PMID: 33174615 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton in Sertoli cells, a crucial cellular structure in the seminiferous epithelium of adult mammalian testes that supports spermatogenesis, was studied morphologically decades ago. However, its biology, in particular the involving regulatory biomolecules and the underlying mechanism(s) in modulating MT dynamics, are only beginning to be revealed in recent years. This lack of studies in delineating the biology of MT cytoskeletal dynamics undermines other studies in the field, in particular the plausible therapeutic treatment and management of male infertility and fertility since studies have shown that the MT cytoskeleton is one of the prime targets of toxicants. Interestingly, much of the information regarding the function of actin-, MT- and intermediate filament-based cytoskeletons come from studies using toxicant models including some genetic models. During the past several years, there have been some advances in studying the biology of MT cytoskeleton in the testis, and many of these studies were based on the use of pharmaceutical/toxicant models. In this review, we summarize the results of these findings, illustrating the importance of toxicant/pharmaceutical models in unravelling the biology of MT dynamics, in particular the role of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), a family of regulatory proteins that modulate MT dynamics but also actin- and intermediate filament-based cytoskeletons. We also provide a timely hypothetical model which can serve as a guide to design functional experiments to study how the MT cytoskeleton is regulated during spermatogenesis through the use of toxicants and/or pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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18
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Henriksen R, Höglund A, Fogelholm J, Abbey-Lee R, Johnsson M, Dingemanse NJ, Wright D. Intra-Individual Behavioural Variability: A Trait under Genetic Control. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218069. [PMID: 33138119 PMCID: PMC7663371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When individuals are measured more than once in the same context they do not behave in exactly the same way each time. The degree of predictability differs between individuals, with some individuals showing low levels of variation around their behavioural mean while others show high levels of variation. This intra-individual variability in behaviour has received much less attention than between-individual variability in behaviour, and very little is known about the underlying mechanisms that affect this potentially large but understudied component of behavioural variation. In this study, we combine standardized behavioural tests in a chicken intercross to estimate intra-individual behavioural variability with a large-scale genomics analysis to identify genes affecting intra-individual behavioural variability in an avian population. We used a variety of different anxiety-related behavioural phenotypes for this purpose. Our study shows that intra-individual variability in behaviour has a direct genetic basis that is largely unique compared to the genetic architecture for the standard behavioural measures they are based on (at least in the detected quantitative trait locus). We identify six suggestive candidate genes that may underpin differences in intra-individual behavioural variability, with several of these candidates having previously been linked to behaviour and mental health. These findings demonstrate that intra-individual variability in behaviour appears to be a heritable trait in and of itself on which evolution can act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Henriksen
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (A.H.); (R.A.-L.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Andrey Höglund
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (A.H.); (R.A.-L.); (M.J.)
| | - Jesper Fogelholm
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (A.H.); (R.A.-L.); (M.J.)
| | - Robin Abbey-Lee
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (A.H.); (R.A.-L.); (M.J.)
| | - Martin Johnsson
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (A.H.); (R.A.-L.); (M.J.)
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niels J. Dingemanse
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (LMU), 82152 Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;
| | - Dominic Wright
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (A.H.); (R.A.-L.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (D.W.)
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19
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Dumoulin A, Schmidt H, Rathjen FG. Sensory Neurons: The Formation of T-Shaped Branches Is Dependent on a cGMP-Dependent Signaling Cascade. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:47-57. [PMID: 32321356 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420913844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Axon bifurcation - a specific form of branching of somatosensory axons characterized by the splitting of the growth cone - is mediated by a cGMP-dependent signaling cascade composed of the extracellular ligand CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide), the transmembrane receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2 (natriuretic peptide receptor 2), and the kinase cGKI (cGMP-dependent protein kinase I). In the absence of any one of these components, the formation of T-shaped axonal branches is impaired in neurons from DRGs (dorsal root ganglia), CSGs (cranial sensory ganglia) and MTNs (mesencephalic trigeminal neurons) in the murine spinal cord or hindbrain. Instead, axons from DRGs or from CSGs extend only either in an ascending or descending direction, while axons from MTNs either elongate within the hindbrain or extend via the trigeminal ganglion to the masseter muscles. Collateral formation from non-bifurcating stem axons is not affected by impaired cGMP signaling. Activation of Npr2 requires both binding of the ligand CNP as well as phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues at the juxtamembrane regions of the receptor. The absence of bifurcation results in an altered shape of termination fields of sensory afferents in the spinal cord and resulted in impaired noxious heat sensation and nociception whereas motor coordination appeared normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dumoulin
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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MAP7D2 Localizes to the Proximal Axon and Locally Promotes Kinesin-1-Mediated Cargo Transport into the Axon. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1988-1999.e6. [PMID: 30784582 PMCID: PMC6381606 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The motor protein kinesin-1 plays an important role in polarized sorting of transport vesicles to the axon. However, the mechanism by which the axonal entry of kinesin-1-dependent cargo transport is regulated remains unclear. Microtubule-associated protein MAP7 (ensconsin in Drosophila) is an essential kinesin-1 cofactor and promotes kinesin-1 recruitment to microtubules. Here, we found that MAP7 family member MAP7D2 concentrates at the proximal axon, where it overlaps with the axon initial segment and interacts with kinesin-1. Depletion of MAP7D2 results in reduced axonal cargo entry and defects in axon development and neuronal migration. We propose a model in which MAP7D2 in the proximal axon locally promotes kinesin-1-mediated cargo entry into the axon.
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21
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Monroy BY, Tan TC, Oclaman JM, Han JS, Simó S, Niwa S, Nowakowski DW, McKenney RJ, Ori-McKenney KM. A Combinatorial MAP Code Dictates Polarized Microtubule Transport. Dev Cell 2020; 53:60-72.e4. [PMID: 32109385 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic cells distribute their intracellular components asymmetrically through regulated active transport driven by molecular motors along microtubule tracks. While intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of motor activity exists, what governs the overall distribution of activated motor-cargo complexes within cells remains unclear. Here, we utilize in vitro reconstitution of purified motor proteins and non-enzymatic microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to demonstrate that MAPs exhibit distinct influences on the motility of the three main classes of transport motors: kinesin-1, kinesin-3, and cytoplasmic dynein. Further, we dissect how combinations of MAPs affect motors and unveil MAP9 as a positive modulator of kinesin-3 motility. From these data, we propose a general "MAP code" that has the capacity to strongly bias directed movement along microtubules and helps elucidate the intricate intracellular sorting observed in highly polarized cells such as neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigette Y Monroy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tracy C Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Janah May Oclaman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jisoo S Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | | | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kassandra M Ori-McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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22
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Zhang L, Liu X, Song L, Zhai H, Chang C. MAP7 promotes migration and invasion and progression of human cervical cancer through modulating the autophagy. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 31956295 PMCID: PMC6958635 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-1095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microtubule-associated proteins 7(MAP7) was reported to be engaged into the function of neuronal function. The function of MAP7 in human cervical cancer (CC) was unknown. We aimed to uncover the function and mechanism of MAP7 on CC. Methods We applied qRT-PCR, western blot and immunochemistry to detect the expression difference between normal tissue and CC. In vitro, we establish MAP7 stable knocking down and overexpression cell lines and investigated the function and underlying mechanism of MAP7 in CC. Results Both mRNA and protein of MAP7 were upregulated in CC compared with the normal tissue. MAP7 was correlated with the clinical stage and tumor size and lymph node metastasis. MAP7 promotes the invasion and migration of CC cell lines. We next detected EMT pathway and autophagy associated pathway. MAP7 promotes the EMT through modulating the autophagy. Conclusion Taken above, our results showed that MAP7 promotes the migration and invasion and EMT through modulating the autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- 1Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Jinan Women and Children Health Hospital, No. 2 Jianguo Xiaojing 3rd Road Center Area, Jinan, Shandong 250001 China
| | - Xudong Liu
- 2Department of Pain, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lina Song
- 1Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Jinan Women and Children Health Hospital, No. 2 Jianguo Xiaojing 3rd Road Center Area, Jinan, Shandong 250001 China
| | - Hui Zhai
- 1Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Jinan Women and Children Health Hospital, No. 2 Jianguo Xiaojing 3rd Road Center Area, Jinan, Shandong 250001 China
| | - Chaohua Chang
- 3Department of Anethesia, Jinan Women and Children Health Hospital, No. 2 Jianguo Xiaojing 3rd Road Center Area, Jinan, Shandong 250001 China
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23
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Qu Y, Hahn I, Lees M, Parkin J, Voelzmann A, Dorey K, Rathbone A, Friel CT, Allan VJ, Okenve-Ramos P, Sanchez-Soriano N, Prokop A. Efa6 protects axons and regulates their growth and branching by inhibiting microtubule polymerisation at the cortex. eLife 2019; 8:e50319. [PMID: 31718774 PMCID: PMC6884004 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical collapse factors affect microtubule (MT) dynamics at the plasma membrane. They play important roles in neurons, as suggested by inhibition of axon growth and regeneration through the ARF activator Efa6 in C. elegans, and by neurodevelopmental disorders linked to the mammalian kinesin Kif21A. How cortical collapse factors influence axon growth is little understood. Here we studied them, focussing on the function of Drosophila Efa6 in experimentally and genetically amenable fly neurons. First, we show that Drosophila Efa6 can inhibit MTs directly without interacting molecules via an N-terminal 18 amino acid motif (MT elimination domain/MTED) that binds tubulin and inhibits microtubule growth in vitro and cells. If N-terminal MTED-containing fragments are in the cytoplasm they abolish entire microtubule networks of mouse fibroblasts and whole axons of fly neurons. Full-length Efa6 is membrane-attached, hence primarily blocks MTs in the periphery of fibroblasts, and explorative MTs that have left axonal bundles in neurons. Accordingly, loss of Efa6 causes an increase of explorative MTs: in growth cones they enhance axon growth, in axon shafts they cause excessive branching, as well as atrophy through perturbations of MT bundles. Efa6 over-expression causes the opposite phenotypes. Taken together, our work conceptually links molecular and sub-cellular functions of cortical collapse factors to axon growth regulation and reveals new roles in axon branching and in the prevention of axonal atrophy. Furthermore, the MTED delivers a promising tool that can be used to inhibit MTs in a compartmentalised fashion when fusing it to specifically localising protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qu
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Ines Hahn
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Meredith Lees
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Jill Parkin
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - André Voelzmann
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Karel Dorey
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Rathbone
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesThe University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Claire T Friel
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesThe University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Victoria J Allan
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Pilar Okenve-Ramos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology,Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Natalia Sanchez-Soriano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology,Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
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24
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Hahn I, Voelzmann A, Liew YT, Costa-Gomes B, Prokop A. The model of local axon homeostasis - explaining the role and regulation of microtubule bundles in axon maintenance and pathology. Neural Dev 2019; 14:11. [PMID: 31706327 PMCID: PMC6842214 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-019-0134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons are the slender, cable-like, up to meter-long projections of neurons that electrically wire our brains and bodies. In spite of their challenging morphology, they usually need to be maintained for an organism's lifetime. This makes them key lesion sites in pathological processes of ageing, injury and neurodegeneration. The morphology and physiology of axons crucially depends on the parallel bundles of microtubules (MTs), running all along to serve as their structural backbones and highways for life-sustaining cargo transport and organelle dynamics. Understanding how these bundles are formed and then maintained will provide important explanations for axon biology and pathology. Currently, much is known about MTs and the proteins that bind and regulate them, but very little about how these factors functionally integrate to regulate axon biology. As an attempt to bridge between molecular mechanisms and their cellular relevance, we explain here the model of local axon homeostasis, based on our own experiments in Drosophila and published data primarily from vertebrates/mammals as well as C. elegans. The model proposes that (1) the physical forces imposed by motor protein-driven transport and dynamics in the confined axonal space, are a life-sustaining necessity, but pose a strong bias for MT bundles to become disorganised. (2) To counterbalance this risk, MT-binding and -regulating proteins of different classes work together to maintain and protect MT bundles as necessary transport highways. Loss of balance between these two fundamental processes can explain the development of axonopathies, in particular those linking to MT-regulating proteins, motors and transport defects. With this perspective in mind, we hope that more researchers incorporate MTs into their work, thus enhancing our chances of deciphering the complex regulatory networks that underpin axon biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hahn
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - André Voelzmann
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Yu-Ting Liew
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Beatriz Costa-Gomes
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK.
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25
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Bodakuntla S, Jijumon AS, Villablanca C, Gonzalez-Billault C, Janke C. Microtubule-Associated Proteins: Structuring the Cytoskeleton. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:804-819. [PMID: 31416684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) were initially discovered as proteins that bind to and stabilize microtubules. Today, an ever-growing number of MAPs reveals a more complex picture of these proteins as organizers of the microtubule cytoskeleton that have a large variety of functions. MAPs enable microtubules to participate in a plethora of cellular processes such as the assembly of mitotic and meiotic spindles, neuronal development, and the formation of the ciliary axoneme. Although some subgroups of MAPs have been exhaustively characterized, a strikingly large number of MAPs remain barely characterized other than their interactions with microtubules. We provide a comprehensive view on the currently known MAPs in mammals. We discuss their molecular mechanisms and functions, as well as their physiological role and links to pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - A S Jijumon
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cristopher Villablanca
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health, and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health, and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, F-91405 Orsay, France.
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26
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MAP7 Prevents Axonal Branch Retraction by Creating a Stable Microtubule Boundary to Rescue Polymerization. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7118-7131. [PMID: 31391261 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0775-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex neural circuits are built from axonal branches that allow each neuron to connect with multiple targets. During development, maturation of nascent branches depends on stabilization of newly assembled or transported microtubules, which are thought to be regulated by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). However, because many known MAPs inhibit branch formation, it is not clear which MAP is responsible for regulating microtubule stability during branch development. Here, we show that MAP7, a less-well understood MAP that is localized to branch junctions, provides a key molecular mechanism to regulate microtubule stability during branch formation. In developing rodent sensory neurons of mixed sex, MAP7 is required for branch maturation mainly by preventing branch retraction. This function is mediated by the ability of MAP7 to control microtubule stability, as microtubules are more stable at branch junctions where MAP7 is localized. Consistently, nascent branches depleted of MAP7 have decreased stable microtubules but increased dynamic microtubules. Moreover, MAP7 binds to the acetylated and stable region of individual microtubules and avoids the dynamic plus end, thereby creating a boundary that prevents microtubule depolymerization and rescues microtubule polymerization. This unique binding property, which is not observed for other MAPs, can prevent branch retraction caused by laser-induced severing or nocodazole-induced microtubule depolymerization. Together, our study identifies a novel molecular mechanism mediated by MAP7 to regulate microtubule stability and strengthen branches at different stages of axonal branch morphogenesis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Development and maintenance of axonal branches rely on microtubule stability, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we show that MAP7, a unique protein that interacts with both microtubules and the motor protein kinesin-1, plays a key role at branch junctions. MAP7 stabilizes microtubules in nascent branches and prevents branch retraction during branch maturation or after laser-induced injury. MAP7 also binds to the acetylated region of microtubules to prevent depolymerization and rescue polymerization. This unique binding property supports a novel mechanism mediated by MAP7 to cooperate with other MAPs and control microtubule stability during axonal branch development. This mechanism could also impact microtubule regulation in branch regeneration after nerve injury.
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27
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Chaudhary AR, Lu H, Krementsova EB, Bookwalter CS, Trybus KM, Hendricks AG. MAP7 regulates organelle transport by recruiting kinesin-1 to microtubules. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10160-10171. [PMID: 31085585 PMCID: PMC6664170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate microtubule polymerization, dynamics, and organization. In addition, MAPs alter the motility of kinesin and dynein to control trafficking along microtubules. MAP7 (ensconsin, E-MAP-115) is a ubiquitous MAP that organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton in mitosis and neuronal branching. MAP7 also recruits kinesin-1 to microtubules. To understand how the activation of kinesin-1 by MAP7 regulates the motility of organelles transported by ensembles of kinesin and dynein, we isolated organelles and reconstituted their motility in vitro In the absence of MAP7, isolated phagosomes exhibit approximately equal fractions of plus- and minus-end-directed motility along microtubules. MAP7 causes a pronounced shift in motility; phagosomes move toward the plus-end ∼80% of the time, and kinesin teams generate more force. To dissect MAP7-mediated regulation of kinesin-driven transport, we examined its effects on the motility and force generation of single and teams of full-length kinesin-1 motors. We find that MAP7 does not alter the force exerted by a single kinesin-1 motor, but instead increases its binding rate to the microtubule. For ensembles of kinesin, a greater number of kinesin motors are simultaneously engaged and generating force to preferentially target organelles toward the microtubule plus-end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah R Chaudhary
- From the Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada and
| | - Hailong Lu
- the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0075
| | - Elena B Krementsova
- the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0075
| | - Carol S Bookwalter
- the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0075
| | - Kathleen M Trybus
- the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0075
| | - Adam G Hendricks
- From the Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada and
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28
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Navarro-Barriuso J, Mansilla MJ, Quirant-Sánchez B, Ardiaca-Martínez A, Teniente-Serra A, Presas-Rodríguez S, ten Brinke A, Ramo-Tello C, Martínez-Cáceres EM. MAP7 and MUCL1 Are Biomarkers of Vitamin D3-Induced Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1251. [PMID: 31293564 PMCID: PMC6598738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) has become a promising alternative for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Specifically, the use of vitamin D3 for the generation of tolDC (vitD3-tolDC) constitutes one of the most widely studied approaches, as it has evidenced significant immune regulatory properties, both in vitro and in vivo. In this article, we generated human vitD3-tolDC from monocytes from healthy donors and MS patients, characterized in both cases by a semi-mature phenotype, secretion of IL-10 and inhibition of allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation. Additionally, we studied their transcriptomic profile and selected a number of differentially expressed genes compared to control mature and immature dendritic cells for their analysis. Among them, qPCR results validated CYP24A1, MAP7 and MUCL1 genes as biomarkers of vitD3-tolDC in both healthy donors and MS patients. Furthermore, we constructed a network of protein interactions based on the literature, which manifested that MAP7 and MUCL1 genes are both closely connected between them and involved in immune-related functions. In conclusion, this study evidences that MAP7 and MUCL1 constitute robust and potentially functional biomarkers of the generation of vitD3-tolDC, opening the window for their use as quality controls in clinical trials for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Navarro-Barriuso
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María José Mansilla
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bibiana Quirant-Sánchez
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alicia Ardiaca-Martínez
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aina Teniente-Serra
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Silvia Presas-Rodríguez
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Ramo-Tello
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva M. Martínez-Cáceres
- Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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29
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Baas PW, Qiang L. Tau: It's Not What You Think. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:452-461. [PMID: 30929793 PMCID: PMC6527491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tau is a multifunctional microtubule-associated protein in the neuron. For decades, tau's main function in neurons has been broadly accepted as stabilizing microtubules in the axon; however, this conclusion was reached mainly on the basis of studies performed in vitro and on ectopic expression of tau in non-neuronal cells. The idea has become so prevailing that some disease researchers are even seeking to use microtubule-stabilizing drugs to treat diseases in which tau dissociates from microtubules. Recent work suggests that tau is not a stabilizer of microtubules in the axon, but rather enables axonal microtubules to have long labile domains, in part by outcompeting genuine stabilizers. This new perspective on tau challenges long-standing dogma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Baas
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | - Liang Qiang
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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30
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Shi Q, Lin YQ, Saliba A, Xie J, Neely GG, Banerjee S. Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein, Ringmaker, and MAP1B Homolog Futsch Coordinate Microtubule Organization and Synaptic Growth. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:192. [PMID: 31156389 PMCID: PMC6529516 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Ringmaker (Ringer) is homologous to the human Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Proteins (TPPPs) that are implicated in the stabilization and bundling of microtubules (MTs) that are particularly important for neurons and are also implicated in synaptic organization and plasticity. No in vivo functional data exist that have addressed the role of TPPP in synapse organization in any system. Here, we present the phenotypic and functional characterization of ringer mutants during Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synaptic development. ringer mutants show reduced synaptic growth and transmission and display phenotypic similarities and genetic interactions with the Drosophila homolog of vertebrate Microtubule Associated Protein (MAP)1B, futsch. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses show that individual and combined loss of Ringer and Futsch cause a significant reduction in MT loops at the NMJs and reduced acetylated-tubulin levels. Presynaptic over-expression of Ringer and Futsch causes elevated levels of acetylated-tubulin and significant increase in NMJ MT loops. These results indicate that Ringer and Futsch regulate synaptic MT organization in addition to synaptic growth. Together our findings may inform studies on the close mammalian homolog, TPPP, and provide insights into the role of MTs and associated proteins in synapse growth and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Yong Qi Lin
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Afaf Saliba
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - G. Gregory Neely
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Swati Banerjee
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, United States
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31
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Hooikaas PJ, Martin M, Mühlethaler T, Kuijntjes GJ, Peeters CAE, Katrukha EA, Ferrari L, Stucchi R, Verhagen DGF, van Riel WE, Grigoriev I, Altelaar AFM, Hoogenraad CC, Rüdiger SGD, Steinmetz MO, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A. MAP7 family proteins regulate kinesin-1 recruitment and activation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1298-1318. [PMID: 30770434 PMCID: PMC6446838 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 is responsible for microtubule-based transport of numerous cellular cargoes. Here, we explored the regulation of kinesin-1 by MAP7 proteins. We found that all four mammalian MAP7 family members bind to kinesin-1. In HeLa cells, MAP7, MAP7D1, and MAP7D3 act redundantly to enable kinesin-1-dependent transport and microtubule recruitment of the truncated kinesin-1 KIF5B-560, which contains the stalk but not the cargo-binding and autoregulatory regions. In vitro, purified MAP7 and MAP7D3 increase microtubule landing rate and processivity of kinesin-1 through transient association with the motor. MAP7 proteins promote binding of kinesin-1 to microtubules both directly, through the N-terminal microtubule-binding domain and unstructured linker region, and indirectly, through an allosteric effect exerted by the kinesin-binding C-terminal domain. Compared with MAP7, MAP7D3 has a higher affinity for kinesin-1 and a lower affinity for microtubules and, unlike MAP7, can be cotransported with the motor. We propose that MAP7 proteins are microtubule-tethered kinesin-1 activators, with which the motor transiently interacts as it moves along microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jan Hooikaas
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maud Martin
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Mühlethaler
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Gert-Jan Kuijntjes
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cathelijn A E Peeters
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daan G F Verhagen
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmina E van Riel
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - A F Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan G D Rüdiger
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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32
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Martinez Carrera LA, Gabriel E, Donohoe CD, Hölker I, Mariappan A, Storbeck M, Uhlirova M, Gopalakrishnan J, Wirth B. Novel insights into SMALED2: BICD2 mutations increase microtubule stability and cause defects in axonal and NMJ development. Hum Mol Genet 2019. [PMID: 29528393 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicaudal D2 (BICD2) encodes a highly conserved motor adaptor protein that regulates the dynein-dynactin complex in different cellular processes. Heterozygous mutations in BICD2 cause autosomal dominant lower extremity-predominant spinal muscular atrophy-2 (SMALED2). Although, various BICD2 mutations have been shown to alter interactions with different binding partners or the integrity of the Golgi apparatus, the specific pathological effects of BICD2 mutations underlying SMALED2 remain elusive. Here, we show that the fibroblasts derived from individuals with SMALED2 exhibit stable microtubules. Importantly, this effect was observed regardless of where the BICD2 mutation is located, which unifies the most likely cellular mechanism affecting microtubules. Significantly, overexpression of SMALED2-causing BICD2 mutations in the disease-relevant cell type, motor neurons, also results in an increased microtubule stability which is accompanied by axonal aberrations such as collateral branching and overgrowth. To study the pathological consequences of BICD2 mutations in vivo, and to address the controversial debate whether two of these mutations are neuron or muscle specific, we generated the first Drosophila model of SMALED2. Strikingly, neuron-specific expression of BICD2 mutants resulted in reduced neuromuscular junction size in larvae and impaired locomotion of adult flies. In contrast, expressing BICD2 mutations in muscles had no obvious effect on motor function, supporting a primarily neurological etiology of the disease. Thus, our findings contribute to the better understanding of SMALED2 pathology by providing evidence for a common pathomechanism of BICD2 mutations that increase microtubule stability in motor neurons leading to increased axonal branching and to impaired neuromuscular junction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian A Martinez Carrera
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Gabriel
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Colin D Donohoe
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Irmgard Hölker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Aruljothi Mariappan
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Storbeck
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mirka Uhlirova
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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33
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Rosen JN, Azevedo M, Soffar DB, Boyko VP, Brendel MB, Schulman VK, Baylies MK. The Drosophila Ninein homologue Bsg25D cooperates with Ensconsin in myonuclear positioning. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:524-540. [PMID: 30626718 PMCID: PMC6363458 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosen et al. identify a role for the centrosomal protein Bsg25D/Ninein in nuclear positioning and microtubule organization in Drosophila muscle fibers. Genetic, cell biological, and atomic force microscopy analyses demonstrate that complex interactions between Bsg25D and the microtubule-associated protein Ensconsin govern myonuclear positioning in Drosophila. Skeletal muscle consists of multinucleated cells in which the myonuclei are evenly spaced throughout the cell. In Drosophila, this pattern is established in embryonic myotubes, where myonuclei move via microtubules (MTs) and the MT-associated protein Ensconsin (Ens)/MAP7, to achieve their distribution. Ens regulates multiple aspects of MT biology, but little is known about how Ens itself is regulated. We find that Ens physically interacts and colocalizes with Bsg25D, the Drosophila homologue of the centrosomal protein Ninein. Bsg25D loss enhances myonuclear positioning defects in embryos sensitized by partial Ens loss. Bsg25D overexpression causes severe positioning defects in immature myotubes and fully differentiated myofibers, where it forms ectopic MT organizing centers, disrupts perinuclear MT arrays, reduces muscle stiffness, and decreases larval crawling velocity. These studies define a novel relationship between Ens and Bsg25D. At endogenous levels, Bsg25D positively regulates Ens activity during myonuclear positioning, but excess Bsg25D disrupts Ens localization and MT organization, with disastrous consequences for myonuclear positioning and muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Rosen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Mafalda Azevedo
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - David B Soffar
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Vitaly P Boyko
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Molecular Cytology Facility, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Matthew B Brendel
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Molecular Cytology Facility, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Victoria K Schulman
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Mary K Baylies
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY .,Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY
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34
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Abstract
Proper neuronal wiring is central to all bodily functions, sensory perception, cognition, memory, and learning. Establishment of a functional neuronal circuit is a highly regulated and dynamic process involving axonal and dendritic branching and navigation toward appropriate targets and connection partners. This intricate circuitry includes axo-dendritic synapse formation, synaptic connections formed with effector cells, and extensive dendritic arborization that function to receive and transmit mechanical and chemical sensory inputs. Such complexity is primarily achieved by extensive axonal and dendritic branch formation and pruning. Fundamental to neuronal branching are cytoskeletal dynamics and plasma membrane expansion, both of which are regulated via numerous extracellular and intracellular signaling mechanisms and molecules. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the biology of neuronal branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Menon
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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35
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Tymanskyj SR, Yang BH, Verhey KJ, Ma L. MAP7 regulates axon morphogenesis by recruiting kinesin-1 to microtubules and modulating organelle transport. eLife 2018; 7:36374. [PMID: 30132755 PMCID: PMC6133550 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell morphogenesis depends on proper regulation of microtubule-based transport, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report our study of MAP7, a unique microtubule-associated protein that interacts with both microtubules and the motor protein kinesin-1. Structure-function analysis in rat embryonic sensory neurons shows that the kinesin-1 interacting domain in MAP7 is required for axon and branch growth but not for branch formation. Also, two unique microtubule binding sites are found in MAP7 that have distinct dissociation kinetics and are both required for branch formation. Furthermore, MAP7 recruits kinesin-1 dynamically to microtubules, leading to alterations in organelle transport behaviors, particularly pause/speed switching. As MAP7 is localized to branch sites, our results suggest a novel mechanism mediated by the dual interactions of MAP7 with microtubules and kinesin-1 in the precise control of microtubule-based transport during axon morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Tymanskyj
- Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Benjamin H Yang
- Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Le Ma
- Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
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36
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Ter-Avetisyan G, Dumoulin A, Herrel A, Schmidt H, Strump J, Afzal S, Rathjen FG. Loss of Axon Bifurcation in Mesencephalic Trigeminal Neurons Impairs the Maximal Biting Force in Npr2-Deficient Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:153. [PMID: 29962937 PMCID: PMC6013911 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifurcation of axons from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and cranial sensory ganglion (CSG) neurons is mediated by a cGMP-dependent signaling pathway composed of the ligand C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), the receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2 and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI). Here, we demonstrate that mesencephalic trigeminal neurons (MTN) which are the only somatosensory neurons whose cell bodies are located within the CNS co-express Npr2 and cGKI. Afferents of MTNs form Y-shaped branches in rhombomere 2 where the ligand CNP is expressed. Analyzing mouse mutants deficient for CNP or Npr2 we found that in the absence of CNP-induced cGMP signaling MTN afferents no longer bifurcate and instead extend either into the trigeminal root or caudally in the hindbrain. Since MTNs provide sensory information from jaw closing muscles and periodontal ligaments we measured the bite force of conditional mouse mutants of Npr2 (Npr2flox/flox;Engr1Cre ) that lack bifurcation of MTN whereas the bifurcation of trigeminal afferents is normal. Our study revealed that the maximal biting force of both sexes is reduced in Npr2flox/flox;Engr1Cre mice as compared to their Npr2flox/flox littermate controls. In conclusion sensory feedback mechanisms from jaw closing muscles or periodontal ligaments might be impaired in the absence of MTN axon bifurcation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/MNHN, Paris, France
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37
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NEK7 regulates dendrite morphogenesis in neurons via Eg5-dependent microtubule stabilization. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2330. [PMID: 29899413 PMCID: PMC5997995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Organization of microtubules into ordered arrays is best understood in mitotic systems, but remains poorly characterized in postmitotic cells such as neurons. By analyzing the cycling cell microtubule cytoskeleton proteome through expression profiling and targeted RNAi screening for candidates with roles in neurons, we have identified the mitotic kinase NEK7. We show that NEK7 regulates dendrite morphogenesis in vitro and in vivo. NEK7 kinase activity is required for dendrite growth and branching, as well as spine formation and morphology. NEK7 regulates these processes in part through phosphorylation of the kinesin Eg5/KIF11, promoting its accumulation on microtubules in distal dendrites. Here, Eg5 limits retrograde microtubule polymerization, which is inhibitory to dendrite growth and branching. Eg5 exerts this effect through microtubule stabilization, independent of its motor activity. This work establishes NEK7 as a general regulator of the microtubule cytoskeleton, controlling essential processes in both mitotic cells and postmitotic neurons. NEK7 is a kinase known for its role in mitotic spindle assembly, driving centrosome separation in prophase through regulation of the kinesin Eg5. Here, the authors show that NEK7 and Eg5 also control dendrite morphogenesis in postmitotic neurons.
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38
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Dumoulin A, Ter-Avetisyan G, Schmidt H, Rathjen FG. Molecular Analysis of Sensory Axon Branching Unraveled a cGMP-Dependent Signaling Cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1266. [PMID: 29695045 PMCID: PMC5983660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal branching is a key process in the establishment of circuit connectivity within the nervous system. Molecular-genetic studies have shown that a specific form of axonal branching—the bifurcation of sensory neurons at the transition zone between the peripheral and the central nervous system—is regulated by a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent signaling cascade which is composed of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), the receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iα (cGKIα). In the absence of any one of these components, neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and cranial sensory ganglia no longer bifurcate, and instead turn in either an ascending or a descending direction. In contrast, collateral axonal branch formation which represents a second type of axonal branch formation is not affected by inactivation of CNP, Npr2, or cGKI. Whereas axon bifurcation was lost in mouse mutants deficient for components of CNP-induced cGMP formation; the absence of the cGMP-degrading enzyme phosphodiesterase 2A had no effect on axon bifurcation. Adult mice that lack sensory axon bifurcation due to the conditional inactivation of Npr2-mediated cGMP signaling in DRG neurons demonstrated an altered shape of sensory axon terminal fields in the spinal cord, indicating that elaborate compensatory mechanisms reorganize neuronal circuits in the absence of bifurcation. On a functional level, these mice showed impaired heat sensation and nociception induced by chemical irritants, whereas responses to cold sensation, mechanical stimulation, and motor coordination are normal. These data point to a critical role of axon bifurcation for the processing of acute pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannes Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Fritz G Rathjen
- Max-Delbrück-Center, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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39
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Monroy BY, Sawyer DL, Ackermann BE, Borden MM, Tan TC, Ori-McKenney KM. Competition between microtubule-associated proteins directs motor transport. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1487. [PMID: 29662074 PMCID: PMC5902456 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Within cells, motor and non-motor microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) simultaneously converge on the microtubule. How the binding activities of non-motor MAPs are coordinated and how they contribute to the balance and distribution of motor transport is unknown. Here, we examine the relationship between MAP7 and tau owing to their antagonistic roles in vivo. We find that MAP7 and tau compete for binding to microtubules, and determine a mechanism by which MAP7 displaces tau from the lattice. MAP7 promotes kinesin-based transport in vivo and strongly recruits kinesin-1 to the microtubule in vitro, providing evidence for direct enhancement of motor motility by a MAP. Both MAP7 and tau strongly inhibit kinesin-3 and have no effect on cytoplasmic dynein, demonstrating that MAPs differentially control distinct classes of motors. Overall, these results reveal a general principle for how MAP competition dictates access to the microtubule to determine the correct distribution and balance of motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigette Y Monroy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Danielle L Sawyer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bryce E Ackermann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Melissa M Borden
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tracy C Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kassandra M Ori-McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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40
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Huang H, Yang T, Shao Q, Majumder T, Mell K, Liu G. Human TUBB3 Mutations Disrupt Netrin Attractive Signaling. Neuroscience 2018; 374:155-171. [PMID: 29382549 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous missense mutations in human TUBB3 gene result in a spectrum of brain malformations associated with defects in axon guidance, neuronal migration and differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying mutation-related axon guidance abnormalities are unclear. Recent studies have shown that netrin-1, a canonical guidance cue, induced the interaction of TUBB3 with the netrin receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC). Furthermore, TUBB3 is required for netrin-1-induced axon outgrowth, branching and pathfinding. Here, we provide evidence that TUBB3 mutations impair netrin/DCC signaling in the developing nervous system. The interaction of DCC with most TUBB3 mutants (eight out of twelve) is significantly reduced compared to the wild-type TUBB3. TUBB3 mutants R262C and A302V exhibit decreased subcellular colocalization with DCC in the growth cones of primary neurons. Netrin-1 increases the interaction of endogenous DCC with wild-type human TUBB3, but not R262C or A302V, in primary neurons. Netrin-1 also increases co-sedimentation of DCC with polymerized microtubules (MTs) in primary neurons expressing the wild-type TUBB3, but not R262C or A302V. Expression of either R262C or A302V not only suppresses netrin-1-induced neurite outgrowth, branching and attraction in vitro, but also causes defects in spinal cord commissural axon (CA) projection and pathfinding in ovo. Our study reveals that missense TUBB3 mutations specifically disrupt netrin/DCC-mediated attractive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Qiangqiang Shao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Tanushree Majumder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Kristopher Mell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Guofa Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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41
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Ramkumar A, Jong BY, Ori-McKenney KM. ReMAPping the microtubule landscape: How phosphorylation dictates the activities of microtubule-associated proteins. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:138-155. [PMID: 28980356 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) were originally identified based on their co-purification with microtubules assembled from mammalian brain lysate. They have since been found to perform a range of functions involved in regulating the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Most of these MAPs play integral roles in microtubule organization during neuronal development, microtubule remodeling during neuronal activity, and microtubule stabilization during neuronal maintenance. As a result, mutations in MAPs contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders, psychiatric conditions, and neurodegenerative diseases. MAPs are post-translationally regulated by phosphorylation depending on developmental time point and cellular context. Phosphorylation can affect the microtubule affinity, cellular localization, or overall function of a particular MAP and can thus have profound implications for neuronal health. Here we review MAP1, MAP2, MAP4, MAP6, MAP7, MAP9, tau, and DCX, and how each is regulated by phosphorylation in neuronal physiology and disease. Developmental Dynamics 247:138-155, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ramkumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Brigette Y Jong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA
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42
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Mapping the Role of MAP7 in Axon Collateral Branching. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6180-6182. [PMID: 28659330 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0944-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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