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Bustos B, Mordkoff JT, Hazeltine E, Jiang J. Task switch costs scale with dissimilarity between task rules. J Exp Psychol Gen 2024; 153:1873-1886. [PMID: 38695804 PMCID: PMC11250929 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility enables humans to voluntarily switch tasks. Task switching requires replacing the previously active task representation with a new one, an operation that typically results in a switch cost. Thus, understanding cognitive flexibility requires understanding how tasks are represented in the brain. We hypothesize that task representations are cognitive map-like, such that the magnitude of the difference between task representations reflects their conceptual differences: The greater the distinction between the two task representations, the more updating is required. This hypothesis predicts that switch costs should increase with between task dissimilarity. To test this hypothesis, we use an experimental design that parametrically manipulates the similarity between task rules. We observe that response time scales with the dissimilarity between the task rules. The findings shed light on the organizational principles of task representations and extend the conventional binary task-switch effect (task repeat vs. switch) to a theoretical framework with parametric task switches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bustos
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - J. Toby Mordkoff
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Eliot Hazeltine
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jiefeng Jiang
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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2
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Wang X, Shi S, Bao Y. Parallel processes of temporal control in the supplementary motor area and the frontoparietal circuit. Psych J 2024; 13:355-368. [PMID: 38105556 PMCID: PMC11169752 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Durations in the several seconds' range are cognitively accessible during active timing. Functional neuroimaging studies suggest the engagement of the basal ganglia (BG) and supplementary motor area (SMA). However, their functional relevance and arrangement remain unclear because non-timing cognitive processes temporally coincide with the active timing. To examine the potential contamination by parallel processes, we introduced a sensory control and a motor control to the duration-reproduction task. By comparing their hemodynamic functions, we decomposed the neural activities in multiple brain loci linked to different cognitive processes. Our results show a dissociation of two cortical neural circuits: the SMA for both active timing and motor preparation, followed by a prefrontal-parietal circuit related to duration working memory. We argue that these cortical processes represent duration as the content but at different levels of abstraction, while the subcortical structures, including the BG and thalamus, provide the logistic basis of timing by coordinating the temporal framework across brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Graduate School of Systemic NeurosciencesLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Shunyu Shi
- School of Psychological and Cognitive SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
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3
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Weber J, Iwama G, Solbakk AK, Blenkmann AO, Larsson PG, Ivanovic J, Knight RT, Endestad T, Helfrich R. Subspace partitioning in the human prefrontal cortex resolves cognitive interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220523120. [PMID: 37399398 PMCID: PMC10334727 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220523120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human prefrontal cortex (PFC) constitutes the structural basis underlying flexible cognitive control, where mixed-selective neural populations encode multiple task features to guide subsequent behavior. The mechanisms by which the brain simultaneously encodes multiple task-relevant variables while minimizing interference from task-irrelevant features remain unknown. Leveraging intracranial recordings from the human PFC, we first demonstrate that competition between coexisting representations of past and present task variables incurs a behavioral switch cost. Our results reveal that this interference between past and present states in the PFC is resolved through coding partitioning into distinct low-dimensional neural states; thereby strongly attenuating behavioral switch costs. In sum, these findings uncover a fundamental coding mechanism that constitutes a central building block of flexible cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Weber
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for Neurology, University Medical Center Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for the Mechanisms of Mental Function and Dysfunction, University of Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Iwama
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for Neurology, University Medical Center Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for the Mechanisms of Mental Function and Dysfunction, University of Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Kristin Solbakk
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373Oslo, Norway
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, 0373Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0372Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland Hospital, 8657Mosjøen, Norway
| | - Alejandro O. Blenkmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373Oslo, Norway
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, 0373Oslo, Norway
| | - Pal G. Larsson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0372Oslo, Norway
| | - Jugoslav Ivanovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0372Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert T. Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Psychology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Tor Endestad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373Oslo, Norway
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, 0373Oslo, Norway
| | - Randolph Helfrich
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for Neurology, University Medical Center Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Xie L, Cao B, Chen Y, Wu J, Li F. Reconfiguration of response-set in task switching: Event-related potential evidence. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:796-808. [PMID: 36601787 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In task switching, an interaction between task and response is often observed, with response repetition (RR) benefits in task-repeat trials and RR costs in task-switch trials. The theoretical accounts of the RR effect remain controversial, and neuroscience evidence is scarce. The present study utilized the event-related potentials (ERPs) method to explore the neural mechanism underlying the RR effect by adopting a cued task-switching paradigm. The ERP results revealed the interaction between task and response in the P3b time window, with a response switch positivity under task-repetition conditions and an RR positivity under task-switching conditions. In addition, there were RR positivity in the N2 irrespective of task transition and in the late component (LC, 550-600 ms) that only under the task repetition condition. On the individual level, the RR benefit positively correlated with the RR positivity in the LC, while the RR costs negatively correlated with RR positivity in the N2/P3 component. These results suggest that both response reconfiguration and episodic-retrieval make contributions to the RR effects, which were also discussed in terms of predictive model for a domain-general inference and learning of perceptual categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liufang Xie
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.,School of Education Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - Bihua Cao
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianxiao Wu
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fuhong Li
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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5
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Hu Y, Liu T, Song S, Qin K, Chan W. The specific brain activity of dual task coordination: a theoretical conflict-control model based on a qualitative and quantitative review. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2143788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianliang Liu
- Department of Psychology, The Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sensen Song
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiyang Qin
- Social, Health & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wai Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Kroger J, Kim C. Frontopolar Cortex Specializes for Manipulation of Structured Information. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:788395. [PMID: 35308567 PMCID: PMC8924948 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.788395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James Kroger
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Chobok Kim
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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7
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Song S, Li Q, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Xu A, Liu X, Chen H. Do Overweight People Have Worse Cognitive Flexibility? Cues-Triggered Food Craving May Have a Greater Impact. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020240. [PMID: 35057421 PMCID: PMC8779446 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Overweight people have been revealed to have poor cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility reflects proactive and reactive control abilities. However, the impairment had not been explicitly positioned at the cognitive stage. Therefore, this study provides increased support for impairment of cognitive flexibility due to overweight. Method: The study included 34 overweight and 35 normal-weight participants. They were required to complete the food and flower target AX-continuous performance test (AX–CPT), including the resting-state fMRI and cue-triggered food craving subscales. We compared the performance difference between the two tasks. Furthermore, we investigated whether the cue-triggered food cravings and the corresponding brain regions mediated the effect of overweight on the two control mechanisms. Result: Significant differences were found only in the food target AX-CPT task, where overweight participants performed worse. Cue-triggered food cravings mediated this relationship. Additionally, we found that the brain regions associated with cue-triggered food cravings (bilateral SFG) can completely mediate the relationship between BMI and the z-value of the fat mass index and sensitivity to proactive control. Conclusion: In the food target task, overweight participants performed worse in both control mechanisms. Moreover, we also revealed the potential mechanism by which being overweight might affect the two control mechanisms through cue-triggered food cravings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Song
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Aidi Xu
- Faculty of Health, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-181-8307-9304
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8
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Kleinsorge T. Cognitive Capacity, Representation, and Instruction. Front Psychol 2021; 12:701687. [PMID: 34354645 PMCID: PMC8329027 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The central argument of the present article is that Cognitive Psychology's problems in dealing with the concept of "cognitive capacity" is intimately linked with Cognitive Psychology's long-lasting failure of coming to terms with the concept of "representation" in general, and "task representation" in particular. From this perspective, the role of instructions in psychological experiments is emphasised. It is argued that both a careful conceptual analysis of instruction-induced task representations as well as an experimental variation of instructions promises to broaden our understanding of the role of task representations as a determinant of limited cognitive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kleinsorge
- Department Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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9
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Fronto-parietal homotopy in resting-state functional connectivity predicts task-switching performance. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:655-672. [PMID: 34106305 PMCID: PMC8843912 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Homotopic functional connectivity reflects the degree of synchrony in spontaneous activity between homologous voxels in the two hemispheres. Previous studies have associated increased brain homotopy and decreased white matter integrity with performance decrements on different cognitive tasks across the life-span. Here, we correlated functional homotopy, both at the whole-brain level and specifically in fronto-parietal network nodes, with task-switching performance in young adults. Cue-to-target intervals (CTI: 300 vs. 1200 ms) were manipulated on a trial-by-trial basis to modulate cognitive demands and strategic control. We found that mixing costs, a measure of task-set maintenance and monitoring, were significantly correlated to homotopy in different nodes of the fronto-parietal network depending on CTI. In particular, mixing costs for short CTI trials were smaller with lower homotopy in the superior frontal gyrus, whereas mixing costs for long CTI trials were smaller with lower homotopy in the supramarginal gyrus. These results were specific to the fronto-parietal network, as similar voxel-wise analyses within a control language network did not yield significant correlations with behavior. These findings extend previous literature on the relationship between homotopy and cognitive performance to task-switching, and show a dissociable role of homotopy in different fronto-parietal nodes depending on task demands.
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10
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Rac-Lubashevsky R, Frank MJ. Analogous computations in working memory input, output and motor gating: Electrophysiological and computational modeling evidence. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008971. [PMID: 34097689 PMCID: PMC8211210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive cognitive-control involves a hierarchical cortico-striatal gating system that supports selective updating, maintenance, and retrieval of useful cognitive and motor information. Here, we developed a task that independently manipulates selective gating operations into working-memory (input gating), from working-memory (output gating), and of responses (motor gating) and tested the neural dynamics and computational principles that support them. Increases in gating demands, captured by gate switches, were expressed by distinct EEG correlates at each gating level that evolved dynamically in partially overlapping time windows. Further, categorical representations of specific maintained items and of motor responses could be decoded from EEG when the corresponding gate was switching, thereby linking gating operations to prioritization. Finally, gate switching at all levels was related to increases in the motor decision threshold as quantified by the drift diffusion model. Together these results support the notion that cognitive gating operations scaffold on top of mechanisms involved in motor gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rac-Lubashevsky
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Frank
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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11
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Corticostriatal Regulation of Language Functions. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 31:472-494. [PMID: 33982264 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of corticostriatal circuits in language functions is unclear. In this review, we consider evidence from language learning, syntax, and controlled language production and comprehension tasks that implicate various corticostriatal circuits. Converging evidence from neuroimaging in healthy individuals, studies in populations with subcortical dysfunction, pharmacological studies, and brain stimulation suggests a domain-general regulatory role of corticostriatal systems in language operations. The role of corticostriatal systems in language operations identified in this review is likely to reflect a broader function of the striatum in responding to uncertainty and conflict which demands selection, sequencing, and cognitive control. We argue that this role is dynamic and varies depending on the degree and form of cognitive control required, which in turn will recruit particular corticostriatal circuits and components organised in a cognitive hierarchy.
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12
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Wong CHY, Liu J, Lee TMC, Tao J, Wong AWK, Chau BKH, Chen L, Chan CCH. Fronto-cerebellar connectivity mediating cognitive processing speed. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117556. [PMID: 33189930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing speed is an important construct in understanding cognition. This study was aimed to control task specificity for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processing speed. Forty young adult subjects performed attention tasks of two modalities (auditory and visual) and two levels of task rules (compatible and incompatible). Block-design fMRI captured BOLD signals during the tasks. Thirteen regions of interest were defined with reference to publicly available activation maps for processing speed tasks. Cognitive speed was derived from task reaction times, which yielded six sets of connectivity measures. Mixed-effect LASSO regression revealed six significant paths suggestive of a cerebello-frontal network predicting the cognitive speed. Among them, three are long range (two fronto-cerebellar, one cerebello-frontal), and three are short range (fronto-frontal, cerebello-cerebellar, and cerebello-thalamic). The long-range connections are likely to relate to cognitive control, and the short-range connections relate to rule-based stimulus-response processes. The revealed neural network suggests that automaticity, acting on the task rules and interplaying with effortful top-down attentional control, accounts for cognitive speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive H Y Wong
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jiao Liu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Huatuo Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Key Laboratory of Orthopedics & Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Rehabilitation (Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education.
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Huatuo Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopedics & Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Rehabilitation (Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education.
| | - Alex W K Wong
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.
| | - Bolton K H Chau
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Lidian Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Huatuo Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopedics & Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Rehabilitation (Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education.
| | - Chetwyn C H Chan
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
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13
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Moss RA. Psychotherapy in pain management: New viewpoints and treatment targets based on a brain theory. AIMS Neurosci 2020; 7:194-207. [PMID: 32995484 PMCID: PMC7519970 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paper provides an explanation of neurophysiological pain processing based the Dimensional Systems Model (DSM), a theory of higher cortical functions in which the cortical column is considered the binary digit for all cortical functions. Within the discussion, novel views on the roles of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and cingulate cortex are presented. Additionally, an applied Clinical Biopsychological Model (CBM) based on the DSM will be discussed as related to psychological treatment with chronic pain patients. Three specific areas that have not been adequately addressed in the psychological treatment of chronic pain patients will be discussed based on the CBM. The treatment approaches have been effectively used in a clinical setting. Conclusions focus on a call for researchers and clinicians to fully evaluate the value of both the DSM and CBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Moss
- North Mississippi Regional Pain Consultants, 4381 Eason Blvd., Tupelo, MS 38801 USA
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14
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Baladron J, Hamker FH. Habit learning in hierarchical cortex-basal ganglia loops. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4613-4638. [PMID: 32237250 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
How do the multiple cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops interact? Are they parallel and fully independent or controlled by an arbitrator, or are they hierarchically organized? We introduce here a set of four key concepts, integrated and evaluated by means of a neuro-computational model, that bring together current ideas regarding cortex-basal ganglia interactions in the context of habit learning. According to key concept 1, each loop learns to select an intermediate objective at a different abstraction level, moving from goals in the ventral striatum to motor in the putamen. Key concept 2 proposes that the cortex integrates the basal ganglia selection with environmental information regarding the achieved objective. Key concept 3 claims shortcuts between loops, and key concept 4 predicts that loops compute their own prediction error signal for learning. Computational benefits of the key concepts are demonstrated. Contrasting with former concepts of habit learning, the loops collaborate to select goal-directed actions while training slower shortcuts develops habitual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Baladron
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Fred H Hamker
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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15
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Sali AW, Egner T. Declarative and procedural working memory updating processes are mutually facilitative. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 82:1858-1871. [PMID: 31875313 PMCID: PMC7302969 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-019-01887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Executive function, or cognitive control, describes the ability to guide information processing in line with internal goals, but the nature of-and relationship between-the component processes supporting this ability remains poorly understood. Two key components of cognitive control are thought to be the regulation of the declarative contents of working memory (WM) and the selection of task sets, or procedural rules that determine how declarative items are employed. Factor-analytic studies have suggested that updating the items held in WM and updating task sets are cognitively distinct, but interrelated, core domains of executive function. However, the precise relationship between these processes remains unknown, since they have rarely been tested simultaneously in a single task. In the present study, we devised a novel method of independently manipulating declarative item-updating and procedural task-updating processes in WM. Across two experiments, we found that the updating of declarative and procedural WM representations interacted subadditively, suggesting they are not constrained by a common processing bottleneck. Moreover, in a third experiment, we found that updating two declarative items in WM simultaneously did not incur a behavioral cost in response time above and beyond the cost of one item alone. Taken together, our results provide new evidence that the updating of information in declarative and procedural WM is mutually facilitative, such that opening the gate for updating declarative content reduces the time needed to update procedural content, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Sali
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Tobias Egner
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Conjunctive representations that integrate stimuli, responses, and rules are critical for action selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10603-10608. [PMID: 32341161 PMCID: PMC7229692 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922166117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A tennis player planning the next stroke has to consider various pieces of information: the type of stroke, the trajectory of the incoming ball, and where to hit the ball. Here, by decoding electroencephalography signals while participants executed simple, rule-based actions, we found that such different, actionrelevant aspects are integrated within a unified, conjunctive representation rather than being processed in a piecemeal manner. Furthermore, the strength of conjunctive representations is a highly robust predictor of how quickly actions are executed. Human-level theories and recent single-cell evidence from animal models suggest that conjunctive representations are a necessary condition for successful action selection. Our results provide direct evidence in humans that is consistent with this hypothesis. People can use abstract rules to flexibly configure and select actions for specific situations, yet how exactly rules shape actions toward specific sensory and/or motor requirements remains unclear. Both research from animal models and human-level theories of action control point to the role of highly integrated, conjunctive representations, sometimes referred to as event files. These representations are thought to combine rules with other, goal-relevant sensory and motor features in a nonlinear manner and represent a necessary condition for action selection. However, so far, no methods exist to track such representations in humans during action selection with adequate temporal resolution. Here, we applied time-resolved representational similarity analysis to the spectral-temporal profiles of electroencephalography signals while participants performed a cued, rule-based action selection task. In two experiments, we found that conjunctive representations were active throughout the entire selection period and were functionally dissociable from the representation of constituent features. Specifically, the strength of conjunctions was a highly robust predictor of trial-by-trial variability in response times and was selectively related to an important behavioral indicator of conjunctive representations, the so-called partial-overlap priming pattern. These results provide direct evidence for conjunctive representations as critical precursors of action selection in humans.
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Examining binding effects on task switch costs and response-repetition effects: Variations of the cue modality and stimulus modality in task switching. Atten Percept Psychophys 2019; 82:1632-1643. [PMID: 31820281 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-019-01931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Typically, response-repetition effects are obtained in task-switching experiments: In task repetitions, performance is enhanced when the response, too, repeats (response-repetition benefits), whereas in task switches, performance is impaired when the response repeats (response-repetition costs). A previous study introduced cue modality switches in a cued task-switching paradigm with visual stimuli and obtained enhanced response-repetition benefits when the cue modality repeated (Koch, Frings, & Schuch Psychological Research, 82, 570-579, 2018). In the present study, we aimed to replicate this finding with auditory stimuli (Exp. 1), and further examined whether response-repetition effects could be modulated by introducing stimulus modality switches (Exp. 2). We found clear evidence that the cue modality and stimulus modality affect task switch costs. The task switch costs were higher with a repeated cue modality or stimulus modality. However, cue modality switches or stimulus modality switches did not affect the response-repetition effects. We suggest that response-repetition effects are elicited by response-associated bindings, which are not necessarily affected by all episodic task features to the same extent. Our results are also in line with theoretical accounts that assume a hierarchical organization of task selection and response selection.
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Segal D, Stasenko A, Gollan TH. More evidence that a switch is not (always) a switch: Binning bilinguals reveals dissociations between task and language switching. J Exp Psychol Gen 2019; 148:501-519. [PMID: 30394767 PMCID: PMC6389445 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the cognitive mechanisms underlying task and language switching by comparing them with each other, and with flanker task performance, at multiple points of the response time distribution. Ninety-eight Spanish-English bilinguals completed cued language and color-shape switching tasks, and 2 versions of a nonlinguistic flanker task. Bilinguals responded more quickly and exhibited smaller mixing costs in the language task, but surprisingly exhibited larger switching costs than in the color-shape task. This language-task disadvantage was especially apparent in slower reaction times (RTs), because switching costs increased significantly through the slowest end of the RT distribution only in the language task (but not in the color-shape task). Although the flanker task resembled the language task to a greater extent than the color-shape task in some measures (e.g., flanker effects were largest in the slowest RT bins, like language switching costs), in other measures the 2 switching tasks resembled each other and the flanker task stood out as different (i.e., trial sequence effects and correlations between tasks in various cost measures). These results reveal that different measures of switching costs even in tasks with very similar designs, vary in the extent to which they measure switching ability, both between tasks, and even between different trials within the same task. Distributional analysis of RTs across tasks suggests that slow responses, particularly when switching between non-naturally competing responses, might not measure switching ability at all, and raises the possibility that smaller switching costs can even reflect reduced ability to juggle tasks in some cases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Segal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Alena Stasenko
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
- University of California, San Diego/San Diego State University Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Tamar H. Gollan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
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19
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Abstract
Cognitive control refers to our ability to choose courses of thought and action that achieve our goals over habitual but contextually inappropriate ones. Hierarchical control problems are those in which multiple goals or contextual contingency must be managed at once and related to one another. In the open-ended complexity of the real world, hierarchical control arguably characterizes most of the problems faced by our control systems. And, it is these cases of hierarchical control where patients with damage to executive systems are most apt to fail, even those that perform well on simplified laboratory tasks. In this chapter, we consider the functional organization of frontal brain systems that support hierarchical cognitive control. We focus on two particular cases of hierarchical control. First, we discuss a line of work testing how managing multiple contingencies en route to a response relates to processing along the rostrocaudal axis of frontal cortex. Second, we consider cases of sequential tasks that require monitoring and behaving according to a series of tasks performed in time. In this latter case, we focus on the particular role of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex. We conclude with considerations of future directions of basic and clinically relevant research in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Badre
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Theresa M Desrochers
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Taghia J, Cai W, Ryali S, Kochalka J, Nicholas J, Chen T, Menon V. Uncovering hidden brain state dynamics that regulate performance and decision-making during cognition. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2505. [PMID: 29950686 PMCID: PMC6021386 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cognition is influenced not only by external task demands but also latent mental processes and brain states that change over time. Here, we use novel Bayesian switching dynamical systems algorithm to identify hidden brain states and determine that these states are only weakly aligned with external task conditions. We compute state transition probabilities and demonstrate how dynamic transitions between hidden states allow flexible reconfiguration of functional brain circuits. Crucially, we identify latent transient brain states and dynamic functional circuits that are optimal for cognition and show that failure to engage these states in a timely manner is associated with poorer task performance and weaker decision-making dynamics. We replicate findings in a large sample (N = 122) and reveal a robust link between cognition and flexible latent brain state dynamics. Our study demonstrates the power of switching dynamical systems models for investigating hidden dynamic brain states and functional interactions underlying human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Taghia
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Srikanth Ryali
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John Kochalka
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Nicholas
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tianwen Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Wang W, Hu S, Ide JS, Zhornitsky S, Zhang S, Yu AJ, Li CSR. Motor Preparation Disrupts Proactive Control in the Stop Signal Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:151. [PMID: 29780308 PMCID: PMC5945807 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In a study of the stop signal task (SST) we employed Bayesian modeling to compute the estimated likelihood of stop signal or P(Stop) trial by trial and identified regional processes of conflict anticipation and response slowing. A higher P(Stop) is associated with prolonged go trial reaction time (goRT)-a form of sequential effect-and reflects proactive control of motor response. However, some individuals do not demonstrate a sequential effect despite similar go and stop success (SS) rates. We posited that motor preparation may disrupt proactive control more in certain individuals than others. Specifically, the time interval between trial and go signal onset-the fore-period (FP)-varies across trials and a longer FP is associated with a higher level of motor preparation and shorter goRT. Greater motor preparatory activities may disrupt proactive control. To test this hypothesis, we compared brain activations and Granger causal connectivities of 81 adults who demonstrated a sequential effect (SEQ) and 35 who did not (nSEQ). SEQ and nSEQ did not differ in regional activations to conflict anticipation, motor preparation, goRT slowing or goRT speeding. In contrast, SEQ and nSEQ demonstrated different patterns of Granger causal connectivities. P(Stop) and FP activations shared reciprocal influence in SEQ but FP activities Granger caused P(Stop) activities unidirectionally in nSEQ, and FP activities Granger caused goRT speeding activities in nSEQ but not SEQ. These findings support the hypothesis that motor preparation disrupts proactive control in nSEQ and provide direct neural evidence for interactive go and stop processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sien Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Oswego, NY, United States
| | - Jaime S Ide
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Angela J Yu
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Xiong A, Proctor RW. The role of task space in action control: Evidence from research on instructions. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Frontal Cortex and the Hierarchical Control of Behavior. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 22:170-188. [PMID: 29229206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The frontal lobes are important for cognitive control, yet their functional organization remains controversial. An influential class of theory proposes that the frontal lobes are organized along their rostrocaudal axis to support hierarchical cognitive control. Here, we take an updated look at the literature on hierarchical control, with particular focus on the functional organization of lateral frontal cortex. Our review of the evidence supports neither a unitary model of lateral frontal function nor a unidimensional abstraction gradient. Rather, separate frontal networks interact via local and global hierarchical structure to support diverse task demands.
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Dynamic Trial-by-Trial Recoding of Task-Set Representations in the Frontoparietal Cortex Mediates Behavioral Flexibility. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11037-11050. [PMID: 28972126 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0935-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility forms the core of the extraordinary ability of humans to adapt, but the precise neural mechanisms underlying our ability to nimbly shift between task sets remain poorly understood. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies employing multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) have shown that a currently relevant task set can be decoded from activity patterns in the frontoparietal cortex, but whether these regions support the dynamic transformation of task sets from trial to trial is not clear. Here, we combined a cued task-switching protocol with human (both sexes) fMRI, and harnessed representational similarity analysis (RSA) to facilitate a novel assessment of trial-by-trial changes in neural task-set representations. We first used MVPA to define task-sensitive frontoparietal and visual regions and found that neural task-set representations on switch trials are less stably encoded than on repeat trials. We then exploited RSA to show that the neural representational pattern dissimilarity across consecutive trials is greater for switch trials than for repeat trials, and that the degree of this pattern dissimilarity predicts behavior. Moreover, the overall neural pattern of representational dissimilarities followed from the assumption that repeating sets, compared with switching sets, results in stronger neural task representations. Finally, when moving from cue to target phase within a trial, pattern dissimilarities tracked the transformation from previous-trial task representations to the currently relevant set. These results provide neural evidence for the longstanding assumptions of an effortful task-set reconfiguration process hampered by task-set inertia, and they demonstrate that frontoparietal and stimulus processing regions support "dynamic adaptive coding," flexibly representing changing task sets in a trial-by-trial fashion.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Humans can fluently switch between different tasks, reflecting an ability to dynamically configure "task sets," rule representations that link stimuli to appropriate responses. Recent studies show that neural signals in frontal and parietal brain regions can tell us which of two tasks a person is currently performing. However, it is not known whether these regions are also involved in dynamically reconfiguring task-set representations when switching between tasks. Here we measured human brain activity during task switching and tracked the similarity of neural task-set representations from trial to trial. We show that frontal and parietal brain regions flexibly recode changing task sets in a trial-by-trial fashion, and that task-set similarity over consecutive trials predicts behavior.
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