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Hilton BJ, Griffin JM, Fawcett JW, Bradke F. Neuronal maturation and axon regeneration: unfixing circuitry to enable repair. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41583-024-00849-3. [PMID: 39164450 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian neurons lose the ability to regenerate their central nervous system axons as they mature during embryonic or early postnatal development. Neuronal maturation requires a transformation from a situation in which neuronal components grow and assemble to one in which these components are fixed and involved in the machinery for effective information transmission and computation. To regenerate after injury, neurons need to overcome this fixed state to reactivate their growth programme. A variety of intracellular processes involved in initiating or sustaining neuronal maturation, including the regulation of gene expression, cytoskeletal restructuring and shifts in intracellular trafficking, have been shown to prevent axon regeneration. Understanding these processes will contribute to the identification of targets to promote repair after injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Hilton
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jarred M Griffin
- Laboratory for Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - James W Fawcett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medicine Czech Academy of Science (CAS), Prague, Czechia.
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory for Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Dehghani H, Holzapfel GA, Mittelbronn M, Zilian A. Cell adhesion affects the properties of interstitial fluid flow: A study using multiscale poroelastic composite modeling. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 153:106486. [PMID: 38428205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we conduct a multiscale, multiphysics modeling of the brain gray matter as a poroelastic composite. We develop a customized representative volume element based on cytoarchitectural features that encompass important microscopic components of the tissue, namely the extracellular space, the capillaries, the pericapillary space, the interstitial fluid, cell-cell and cell-capillary junctions, and neuronal and glial cell bodies. Using asymptotic homogenization and direct numerical simulation, the effective properties at the tissue level are identified based on microscopic properties. To analyze the influence of various microscopic elements on the effective/macroscopic properties and tissue response, we perform sensitivity analyses on cell junction (cluster) stiffness, cell junction diameter (dimensions), and pericapillary space width. The results of this study suggest that changes in cell adhesion can greatly affect both mechanical and hydraulic (interstitial fluid flow and porosity) features of brain tissue, consistent with the effects of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Dehghani
- Institute of Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Gerhard A Holzapfel
- Institute of Biomechanics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg; Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Dudelange, Luxembourg; Department of Oncology (DONC), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg; Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andreas Zilian
- Institute of Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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3
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Costantini M, Esposito R, Ruocco N, Caramiello D, Cordella A, Ventola GM, Zupo V. De Novo Assembly of the Genome of the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1685. [PMID: 38338963 PMCID: PMC10855541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816) is a remarkable model system for molecular, evolutionary and cell biology studies, particularly in the field of developmental biology. We sequenced the genome, performed a de novo assembly, and analysed the assembly content. The genome of P. lividus was sequenced using Illumina NextSeq 500 System (Illumina) in a 2 × 150 paired-end format. More than 30,000 open reading frames (ORFs), (more than 8000 are unique), were identified and analysed to provide molecular tools accessible for the scientific community. In particular, several genes involved in complex innate immune responses, oxidative metabolism, signal transduction, and kinome, as well as genes regulating the membrane receptors, were identified in the P. lividus genome. In this way, the employment of the Mediterranean sea urchin for investigations and comparative analyses was empowered, leading to the explanation of cis-regulatory networks and their evolution in a key developmental model occupying an important evolutionary position with respect to vertebrates and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Costantini
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton n. 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Roberta Esposito
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton n. 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Nadia Ruocco
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Calabria Marine Centre, C.da Torre Spaccata, 87071 Amendolara, Italy;
| | - Davide Caramiello
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Marine Animal Conservation and Public Engagement, Villa Comunale, 1, 80121 Naples, Italy;
| | - Angela Cordella
- Genomix4Life S.r.l., Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (A.C.); (G.M.V.)
- Genome Research Center for Health-CRGS, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Zupo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Ischia Marine Centre, 80121 Naples, Italy
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4
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Mehrotra P, Jablonski J, Toftegard J, Zhang Y, Shahini S, Wang J, Hung CW, Ellis R, Kayal G, Rajabian N, Liu S, Roballo K, Udin SB, Andreadis ST, Personius KE. Skeletal muscle reprogramming enhances reinnervation after peripheral nerve injury. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3463557. [PMID: 38260278 PMCID: PMC10802751 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3463557/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI) affect more than 20 million Americans and severely impact quality of life by causing long-term disability. The onset of PNI is characterized by nerve degeneration distal to the nerve injury resulting in long periods of skeletal muscle denervation. During this period, muscle fibers atrophy and frequently become incapable of "accepting" innervation because of the slow speed of axon regeneration post injury. We hypothesize that reprogramming the skeletal muscle to an embryonic-like state may preserve its reinnervation capability following PNI. To this end, we generated a mouse model in which NANOG, a pluripotency-associated transcription factor can be expressed locally upon delivery of doxycycline (Dox) in a polymeric vehicle. NANOG expression in the muscle upregulated the percentage of Pax7+ nuclei and expression of eMYHC along with other genes that are involved in muscle development. In a sciatic nerve transection model, NANOG expression led to upregulation of key genes associated with myogenesis, neurogenesis and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation, and downregulation of key muscle atrophy genes. Further, NANOG mice demonstrated extensive overlap between synaptic vesicles and NMJ acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) indicating restored innervation. Indeed, NANOG mice showed greater improvement in motor function as compared to wild-type (WT) animals, as evidenced by improved toe-spread reflex, EMG responses and isometric force production. In conclusion, we demonstrate that reprogramming the muscle can be an effective strategy to improve reinnervation and functional outcomes after PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pihu Mehrotra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - James Jablonski
- Department of Department of Rehabilitation Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - John Toftegard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, NY, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Shahryar Shahini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Carey W Hung
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Reilly Ellis
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Gabriella Kayal
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Nika Rajabian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Kelly Roballo
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Susan B. Udin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14203, USA
| | - Stelios T. Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, NY, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Center for Cell, Gene and Tissue Engineering (CGTE), University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Kirkwood E. Personius
- Department of Department of Rehabilitation Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Center for Cell, Gene and Tissue Engineering (CGTE), University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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5
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Houghton FM, Adams SE, Ríos AS, Masino L, Purkiss AG, Briggs DC, Ledda F, McDonald NQ. Architecture and regulation of a GDNF-GFRα1 synaptic adhesion assembly. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7551. [PMID: 37985758 PMCID: PMC10661694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial-cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) bound to its co-receptor GFRα1 stimulates the RET receptor tyrosine kinase, promoting neuronal survival and neuroprotection. The GDNF-GFRα1 complex also supports synaptic cell adhesion independently of RET. Here, we describe the structure of a decameric GDNF-GFRα1 assembly determined by crystallography and electron microscopy, revealing two GFRα1 pentamers bridged by five GDNF dimers. We reconsitituted the assembly between adhering liposomes and used cryo-electron tomography to visualize how the complex fulfils its membrane adhesion function. The GFRα1:GFRα1 pentameric interface was further validated both in vitro by native PAGE and in cellulo by cell-clustering and dendritic spine assays. Finally, we provide biochemical and cell-based evidence that RET and heparan sulfate cooperate to prevent assembly of the adhesion complex by competing for the adhesion interface. Our results provide a mechanistic framework to understand GDNF-driven cell adhesion, its relationship to trophic signalling, and the central role played by GFRα1.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Houghton
- Signalling and Structural Biology laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - S E Adams
- Signalling and Structural Biology laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - A S Ríos
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Masino
- Structural Biology Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - A G Purkiss
- Structural Biology Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - D C Briggs
- Signalling and Structural Biology laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - F Ledda
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Q McDonald
- Signalling and Structural Biology laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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6
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Li L, Ji J, Song F, Hu J. Intercellular Receptor-ligand Binding: Effect of Protein-membrane Interaction. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167787. [PMID: 35952805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gaining insights into the intercellular receptor-ligand binding is of great importance for understanding numerous physiological and pathological processes, and stimulating new strategies in drug design and discovery. In contrast to the in vitro protein interaction in solution, the anchored receptor and ligand molecules interact with membrane in situ, which affects the intercellular receptor-ligand binding. Here, we review theoretical, simulation and experimental works regarding the regulatory effects of protein-membrane interactions on intercellular receptor-ligand binding mainly from the following aspects: membrane fluctuations, membrane curvature, glycocalyx, and lipid raft. In addition, we discuss biomedical significances and possible research directions to advance the field and highlight the importance of understanding of coupling effects of these factors in pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China.
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7
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Extracellular matrix and synapse formation. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232259. [PMID: 36503961 PMCID: PMC9829651 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex molecular network distributed throughout the extracellular space of different tissues as well as the neuronal system. Previous studies have identified various ECM components that play important roles in neuronal maturation and signal transduction. ECM components are reported to be involved in neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and axonal growth by interacting or binding to specific receptors. In addition, the ECM is found to regulate synapse formation, the stability of the synaptic structure, and synaptic plasticity. Here, we mainly reviewed the effects of various ECM components on synapse formation and briefly described the related diseases caused by the abnormality of several ECM components.
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8
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Righes Marafiga J, Calcagnotto ME. Electrophysiology of Dendritic Spines: Information Processing, Dynamic Compartmentalization, and Synaptic Plasticity. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:103-141. [PMID: 37962795 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
For many years, synaptic transmission was considered as information transfer between presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic cell. At the synaptic level, it was thought that dendritic arbors were only receiving and integrating all information flow sent along to the soma, while axons were primarily responsible for point-to-point information transfer. However, it is important to highlight that dendritic spines play a crucial role as postsynaptic components in central nervous system (CNS) synapses, not only integrating and filtering signals to the soma but also facilitating diverse connections with axons from many different sources. The majority of excitatory connections from presynaptic axonal terminals occurs on postsynaptic spines, although a subset of GABAergic synapses also targets spine heads. Several studies have shown the vast heterogeneous morphological, biochemical, and functional features of dendritic spines related to synaptic processing. In this chapter (adding to the relevant data on the biophysics of spines described in Chap. 1 of this book), we address the up-to-date functional dendritic characteristics assessed through electrophysiological approaches, including backpropagating action potentials (bAPs) and synaptic potentials mediated in dendritic and spine compartmentalization, as well as describing the temporal and spatial dynamics of glutamate receptors in the spines related to synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane Righes Marafiga
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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9
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Cheng L, Su Y, Zhi K, Xie Y, Zhang C, Meng X. Conditional deletion of MAD2B in forebrain neurons enhances hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:956029. [PMID: 36212696 PMCID: PMC9538151 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.956029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic arrest deficient 2-like protein 2 (MAD2B) is not only a DNA damage repair agent but also a cell cycle regulator that is widely expressed in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. However, the functions of MAD2B in hippocampal and cerebral cortical neurons are poorly understood. In this study, we crossed MAD2Bflox/flox and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (Camk2a)-Cre mice to conditionally knock out MAD2B in the forebrain pyramidal neurons by the Cre/loxP recombinase system. First, RNA sequencing suggested that the differentially expressed genes in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex between the WT and the MAD2B cKO mice were related to learning and memory. Then, the results of behavioral tests, including the Morris water maze test, the novel object recognition test, and the contextual fear conditioning experiment, suggested that the learning and memory abilities of the MAD2B cKO mice had improved. Moreover, conditional knockout of MAD2B increased the number of neurons without affecting the number of glial cells in the hippocampal CA1 and the cerebral cortex. At the same time, the number of doublecortin-positive (DCX+) cells was increased in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the MAD2B cKO mice. In addition, as shown by Golgi staining, the MAD2B cKO mice had more mushroom-like and long-like spines than the WT mice. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that spine synapses increased and shaft synapses decreased in the CA1 of the MAD2B cKO mice. Taken together, our findings indicated that MAD2B plays an essential role in regulating learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfang Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaining Zhi
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaru Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chun Zhang
| | - Xianfang Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Xianfang Meng
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10
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Saint‐Martin M, Goda Y. Astrocyte–synapse interactions and cell adhesion molecules. FEBS J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Saint‐Martin
- Laboratory for Synaptic Plasticity and Connectivity RIKEN Center for Brain Science Wako‐shi, Saitama Japan
| | - Yukiko Goda
- Laboratory for Synaptic Plasticity and Connectivity RIKEN Center for Brain Science Wako‐shi, Saitama Japan
- Synapse Biology Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Japan
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11
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Zhou R, Han B, Nowak R, Lu Y, Heller E, Xia C, Chishti AH, Fowler VM, Zhuang X. Proteomic and functional analyses of the periodic membrane skeleton in neurons. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3196. [PMID: 35680881 PMCID: PMC9184744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin, spectrin, and associated molecules form a membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS) in neurons. The molecular composition and functions of the MPS remain incompletely understood. Here, using co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we identified hundreds of potential candidate MPS-interacting proteins that span diverse functional categories. We examined representative proteins in several of these categories using super-resolution imaging, including previously unknown MPS structural components, as well as motor proteins, cell adhesion molecules, ion channels, and signaling proteins, and observed periodic distributions characteristic of the MPS along the neurites for ~20 proteins. Genetic perturbations of the MPS and its interacting proteins further suggested functional roles of the MPS in axon-axon and axon-dendrite interactions and in axon diameter regulation, and implicated the involvement of MPS interactions with cell adhesion molecules and non-muscle myosin in these roles. These results provide insights into the interactome of the MPS and suggest previously unknown functions of the MPS in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobo Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Boran Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Roberta Nowak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92307, USA
| | - Yunzhe Lu
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Evan Heller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Chenglong Xia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Athar H Chishti
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Velia M Fowler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92307, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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12
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Usami C, Inomata H. Rapalog-induced cell adhesion molecule inhibits mesoderm migration in Xenopus embryos by increasing frequency of adhesion to the ectoderm. Genes Cells 2022; 27:436-450. [PMID: 35437867 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the gastrula stage of Xenopus laevis, mesodermal cells migrate on the blastocoel roof (BCR) toward the animal pole. In this process, mesodermal cells directly adhere to the BCR via adhesion molecules, such as cadherins, which in turn trigger a repulsive reaction through factors such as Eph/ephrin. Therefore, the mesoderm and BCR repeatedly adhere to and detach from each other, and the frequency of this adhesion is thought to control mesoderm migration. Although knockdown of cadherin or Eph/ephrin causes severe gastrulation defects, these molecules have been reported to contribute not only to boundary formation but also to the internal function of each tissue. Therefore, it is possible that the defect caused by knockdown occurs due to tissue function abnormalities. To address this problem, we developed a method to specifically induce adhesion between different tissues using rapalog (an analog of rapamycin). When adhesion between the BCR and mesoderm was specifically enhanced by rapalog, mesoderm migration was strongly suppressed. Furthermore, we confirmed that rapalog significantly increased the frequency of adhesion between the two tissues. These results support the idea that the adhesion frequency controls mesoderm migration, and demonstrate that our method effectively enhances adhesion between specific tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Usami
- Axial Pattern Dynamics Team, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Inomata
- Axial Pattern Dynamics Team, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
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13
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Zhou Q, Liu Y, Wang Z, Wang H, Zhang X, Lu Q. Rapid On-Site Detection of the Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Combined With Lateral Flow Dipstick That Eliminates Interference From Primer-Dependent Artifacts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:856109. [PMID: 35371187 PMCID: PMC8971978 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most lethal nematode species, which causes pine wilt disease (PWD), a devastating forest disease. To date, no effective methods have been developed to control the disease; hence, rapid precise detection of B. xylophilus is of great significance. Traditional molecular diagnostic methods are time-consuming and require sophisticated instruments or skilled operators, which are unavailable in resource-limited settings. A specific, sensitive, and field-applicable diagnostic method is urgently needed. In this study, we developed a diagnostic method using recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) for the rapid on-site detection of B. xylophilus. The false-positive signals from primer-dependent artifacts were eliminated using a probe, and base substitutions were included in the primer and probe. The entire detection process for the RPA-LFD assay can be completed under 38°C within approximately 30 min, including 15 min for crude nematode genomic DNA (gDNA) extraction and master mix preparation, 15 min for the RPA-LFD assay. This assay displayed high specificity toward B. xylophilus and showed no cross-reactions with closely related species, including Bursaphelenchus mucronatus and Bursaphelenchus doui. The sensitivity of this assay had a detection limit as low as 1 pg of B. xylophilus purified genomic DNA. Furthermore, the application of the RPA-LFD assay in simulated spiked pinewood samples showed accurate detection results. The RPA-LFD assay in this study successfully detected B. xylophilus in less than 30 min, providing a novel alternative for the simple, sensitive, and specific detection of B. xylophilus and showed potential for B. xylophilus point-of-care testing (POCT) in resource-limited areas or in field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Quan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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14
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Licheri V, Brigman JL. Altering Cell-Cell Interaction in Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Models: Insight on Cell-Adhesion Molecules During Brain Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:753537. [PMID: 34975396 PMCID: PMC8715949 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.753537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol exposure during pregnancy disrupts the development of the brain and produces long lasting behavioral and cognitive impairments collectively known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). FASDs are characterized by alterations in learning, working memory, social behavior and executive function. A large body of literature using preclinical prenatal alcohol exposure models reports alcohol-induced changes in architecture and activity in specific brain regions affecting cognition. While multiple putative mechanisms of alcohol’s long-lasting effects on morphology and behavior have been investigated, an area that has received less attention is the effect of alcohol on cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). The embryo/fetal development represents a crucial period for Central Nervous System (CNS) development during which the cell-cell interaction plays an important role. CAMs play a critical role in neuronal migration and differentiation, synaptic organization and function which may be disrupted by alcohol. In this review, we summarize the physiological structure and role of CAMs involved in brain development, review the current literature on prenatal alcohol exposure effects on CAM function in different experimental models and pinpoint areas needed for future study to better understand how CAMs may mediate the morphological, sensory and behavioral outcomes in FASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Licheri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jonathan L Brigman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,New Mexico Alcohol Research Center, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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15
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Nectins and Nectin-like molecules in synapse formation and involvement in neurological diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 115:103653. [PMID: 34242750 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are interneuronal junctions which form neuronal networks and play roles in a variety of functions, including learning and memory. Two types of junctions, synaptic junctions (SJs) and puncta adherentia junctions (PAJs), have been identified. SJs are found at all excitatory and inhibitory synapses whereas PAJs are found at excitatory synapses, but not inhibitory synapses, and particularly well developed at hippocampal mossy fiber giant excitatory synapses. Both SJs and PAJs are mediated by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Major CAMs at SJs are neuroligins-neurexins and Nectin-like molecules (Necls)/CADMs/SynCAMs whereas those at PAJs are nectins and cadherins. In addition to synaptic PAJs, extrasynaptic PAJs have been identified at contact sites between neighboring dendrites near synapses and regulate synapse formation. In addition to SJs and PAJs, a new type of cell adhesion apparatus different from these junctional apparatuses has been identified and named nectin/Necl spots. One nectin spot at contact sites between neighboring dendrites at extrasynaptic regions near synapses regulates synapse formation. Several members of nectins and Necls had been identified as viral receptors before finding their physiological functions as CAMs and evidence is accumulating that many nectins and Necls are related to onset and progression of neurological diseases. We review here nectin and Necls in synapse formation and involvement in neurological diseases.
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16
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Alisafaei F, Gong Z, Johnson VE, Dollé JP, Smith DH, Shenoy VB. Mechanisms of Local Stress Amplification in Axons near the Gray-White Matter Interface. Biophys J 2021; 119:1290-1300. [PMID: 33027609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse axonal injury is a primary neuropathological feature of concussion and is thought to greatly contribute to the classical symptoms of decreased processing speed and memory dysfunction. Although previous studies have investigated the injury biomechanics at the micro- and mesoscale of concussion, few have addressed the multiscale transmission of mechanical loading at thresholds that can induce diffuse axonal injury. Because it has been recognized that axonal pathology is commonly found at anatomic interfaces across all severities of traumatic brain injury, we combined computational, analytical, and experimental approaches to investigate the potential mechanical vulnerability of axons that span the gray-white tissue interface. Our computational models predict that material heterogeneities at the gray-white interface lead to a highly nonuniform distribution of stress in axons, which was most amplified in axonal regions near the interface. This mechanism was confirmed using an analytical model of an individual fiber in a strained bimaterial interface. Comparisons of these collective data with histopathological evaluation of a swine model of concussion demonstrated a notably similar pattern of axonal damage adjacent to the gray-white interface. The results suggest that the tissue property mismatch at the gray-white matter interface places axons crossing this region at greater risk of mechanical damage during brain tissue deformation from traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Alisafaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ze Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Victoria E Johnson
- Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jean-Pierre Dollé
- Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas H Smith
- Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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17
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Shao X, Sørensen MH, Fang C, Chang RCC, Chu Z, Lin Y. Maturation of Neural Cells Leads to Enhanced Axon-Extracellular Matrix Adhesion and Altered Injury Response. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:621777. [PMID: 33490057 PMCID: PMC7815929 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.621777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that stronger cell-extracellular matrix interactions will be developed as neurons mature, how such change influences their response against traumatic injury remains largely unknown. In this report, by transecting axons with a sharp atomic force microscope tip, we showed that the injury-induced retracting motion of axon can be temporarily arrested by tight NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) mediated adhesion patches, leading to a retraction curve decorated with sudden bursts. Interestingly, although the size of adhesion clusters (~0.5–1 μm) was found to be more or less the same in mature and immature neurons (after 7- and 3-days of culturing, respectively), the areal density of such clusters is three times higher in mature axons resulting in a much reduced retraction in response to injury. A physical model was also adopted to explain the observed retraction trajectories which suggested that apparent adhesion energy between axon and the substrate increases from ~0.12 to 0.39 mJ/m2 as neural cell matures, in good agreement with our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment With School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maja Højvang Sørensen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
| | - Raymond Chuen Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment With School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
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18
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Richter G, Gui T, Bourgeois B, Koyani CN, Ulz P, Heitzer E, von Lewinski D, Burgering BMT, Malle E, Madl T. β-catenin regulates FOXP2 transcriptional activity via multiple binding sites. FEBS J 2020; 288:3261-3284. [PMID: 33284517 PMCID: PMC8246981 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) is a highly conserved key regulator of embryonal development. The molecular mechanisms of how FOXP2 regulates embryonal development, however, remain elusive. Using RNA sequencing, we identified the Wnt signaling pathway as key target of FOXP2‐dependent transcriptional regulation. Using cell‐based assays, we show that FOXP2 transcriptional activity is regulated by the Wnt coregulator β‐catenin and that β‐catenin contacts multiple regions within FOXP2. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we uncovered the molecular details of these interactions. β‐catenin contacts a disordered FOXP2 region with α‐helical propensity via its folded armadillo domain, whereas the intrinsically disordered β‐catenin N terminus and C terminus bind to the conserved FOXP2 DNA‐binding domain. Using RNA sequencing, we confirmed that β‐catenin indeed regulates transcriptional activity of FOXP2 and that the FOXP2 α‐helical motif acts as a key regulatory element of FOXP2 transcriptional activity. Taken together, our findings provide first insight into novel regulatory interactions and help to understand the intricate mechanisms of FOXP2 function and (mis)‐regulation in embryonal development and human diseases. Database Expression data are available in the GEO database under the accession number GSE138938.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Richter
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Tianshu Gui
- Oncode Institute and Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Bourgeois
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Chintan N Koyani
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ulz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Dirk von Lewinski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Boudewijn M T Burgering
- Oncode Institute and Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst Malle
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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19
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Dash BP, Naumann M, Sterneckert J, Hermann A. Genome Wide Analysis Points towards Subtype-Specific Diseases in Different Genetic Forms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6938. [PMID: 32967368 PMCID: PMC7555318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethally progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease marked by apparent death of motor neurons present in the spinal cord, brain stem and motor cortex. While more and more gene mutants being established for genetic ALS, the vast majority suffer from sporadic ALS (>90%). It has been challenging, thus, to model sporadic ALS which is one reason why the underlying pathophysiology remains elusive and has stalled the development of therapeutic strategies of this progressive motor neuron disease. To further unravel these pathological signaling pathways, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs)-derived motor neurons (MNs) from FUS- and SOD1 ALS patients and healthy controls were systematically compared to independent published datasets. Here through this study we created a gene profile of ALS by analyzing the DEGs, the Kyoto encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, the interactome and the transcription factor profiles (TF) that would identify altered molecular/functional signatures and their interactions at both transcriptional (mRNAs) and translational levels (hub proteins and TFs). Our findings suggest that FUS and SOD1 may develop from dysregulation in several unique pathways and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was among the topmost predominant cellular pathways connected to FUS and not to SOD1. In contrast, SOD1 is mainly characterized by alterations in the metabolic pathways and alterations in the neuroactive-ligand-receptor interactions. This suggests that different genetic ALS forms are singular diseases rather than part of a common spectrum. This is important for patient stratification clearly pointing towards the need for individualized medicine approaches in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banaja P. Dash
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (B.P.D.); (M.N.)
| | - Marcel Naumann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (B.P.D.); (M.N.)
| | - Jared Sterneckert
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (B.P.D.); (M.N.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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20
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Dhuriya YK, Sharma D. Neuronal Plasticity: Neuronal Organization is Associated with Neurological Disorders. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1684-1701. [PMID: 32504405 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli from stressful events, attention in the classroom, and many other experiences affect the functionality of the brain by changing the structure or reorganizing the connections between neurons and their communication. Modification of the synaptic transmission is a vital mechanism for generating neural activity via internal or external stimuli. Neuronal plasticity is an important driving force in neuroscience research, as it is the basic process underlying learning and memory and is involved in many other functions including brain development and homeostasis, sensorial training, and recovery from brain injury. Indeed, neuronal plasticity has been explored in numerous studies, but it is still not clear how neuronal plasticity affects the physiology and morphology of the brain. Thus, unraveling the molecular mechanisms of neuronal plasticity is essential for understanding the operation of brain functions. In this timeline review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying different forms of synaptic plasticity and their association with neurodegenerative/neurological disorders as a consequence of alterations in neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar Dhuriya
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Divakar Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India. .,CRF, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences (KSBS), Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi (IIT-D), Delhi, 110016, India.
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21
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Choi H, Kim IS, Mun JY. Propionic acid induces dendritic spine loss by MAPK/ERK signaling and dysregulation of autophagic flux. Mol Brain 2020; 13:86. [PMID: 32487196 PMCID: PMC7268420 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Propionic acid (PPA) is a short-chain fatty acid that is an important mediator of cellular metabolism. It is also a by-product of human gut enterobacteria and a common food preservative. A recent study found that rats administered with PPA showed autistic-like behaviors like restricted interest, impaired social behavior, and impaired reversal in a T-maze task. This study aimed to identify a link between PPA and autism phenotypes facilitated by signaling mechanisms in hippocampal neurons. Findings indicated autism-like pathogenesis associated with reduced dendritic spines in PPA-treated hippocampal neurons. To uncover the mechanisms underlying this loss, we evaluated autophagic flux, a functional readout of autophagy, using relevant biomedical markers. Results indicated that autophagic flux is impaired in PPA-treated hippocampal neurons. At a molecular level, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway was activated and autophagic activity was impaired. We also observed that a MAPK inhibitor rescued dendritic spine loss in PPA-treated hippocampal neurons. Taken together, these results suggest a previously unknown link between PPA and autophagy in spine formation regulation in hippocampal neurons via MAPK/ERK signaling. Our results indicate that MAPK/ERK signaling participates in autism pathogenesis by autophagy disruption affecting dendritic spine density. This study may help to elucidate other mechanisms underlying autism and provide a potential strategy for treating ASD-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosun Choi
- BK21 Plus Program, Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sik Kim
- BK21 Plus Program, Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Kim SJ, Jeong YT, Jeong SR, Park M, Go HS, Kim MY, Seong JK, Kim KW, Seo JT, Kim CH, Lee JH, Moon SJ. Neural regulation of energy and bone homeostasis by the synaptic adhesion molecule Calsyntenin-3. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:793-803. [PMID: 32382066 PMCID: PMC7272401 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal regulation of energy and bone metabolism is important for body homeostasis. Many studies have emphasized the importance of synaptic adhesion molecules in the formation of synapses, but their roles in physiology still await further characterization. Here, we found that the synaptic adhesion molecule Calsyntenin-3 (CLSTN3) regulates energy and bone homeostasis. Clstn3 global knockout mice show reduced body mass with improved leptin sensitivity and increased energy expenditure compared to their wild-type littermates. In addition, Clstn3 knockout mice show reduced marrow volume and cortical bone mass without alteration of trabecular bone microarchitecture. This reduced bone mass is not bone cell-autonomous because neither osteoblast- nor osteoclast-specific Clstn3 knockout mice show bone defects; similarly, in vitro cultures of both Clstn3 knockout osteoblasts and osteoclasts do not show any defects. These reduced body and bone mass phenotypes can be attributed instead to neuronal CLSTN3 because they are recapitulated by pan-neuronal but not sympathetic neuron-specific deletion of Clstn3. This study reveals novel physiological functions of neuronal Clstn3 as a key regulator of energy and bone homeostasis. A protein that is highly expressed in brain cells plays a vital role in maintaining balanced energy expenditure and bone health. Recent research indicates that protein activity within brain cells can directly influence energy and bone metabolism. Disruption to these proteins may therefore be associated with obesity and osteoporosis. In experiments on mice, Seok Jun Moon at Yonsei University College of Dentistry in Seoul, South Korea and co-workers found that the protein calsyntenin-3 is expressed at high levels in brain cells. Mice lacking the protein had reduced body mass and growth rate, increased energy expenditure, and lower overall bone mass. This was true regardless of their diet, suggesting they were resistant to diet-induced obesity. The team believe calsyntenin-3 is one of several key brain-based regulators of energy and bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yong Taek Jeong
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Se Rok Jeong
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Munsu Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Go
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Mi Young Kim
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jeong Taeg Seo
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Chul Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Jun Moon
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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23
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Liu H, Fang C, Gong Z, Chang RCC, Qian J, Gao H, Lin Y. Fundamental Characteristics of Neuron Adhesion Revealed by Forced Peeling and Time-Dependent Healing. Biophys J 2020; 118:1811-1819. [PMID: 32197062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A current bottleneck in the advance of neurophysics is the lack of reliable methods to quantitatively measure the interactions between neural cells and their microenvironment. Here, we present an experimental technique to probe the fundamental characteristics of neuron adhesion through repeated peeling of well-developed neurite branches on a substrate with an atomic force microscopy cantilever. At the same time, a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope is also used to monitor the activities of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) during detaching. It was found that NCAMs aggregate into clusters at the neurite-substrate interface, resulting in strong local attachment with an adhesion energy of ∼0.1 mJ/m2 and sudden force jumps in the recorded force-displacement curve. Furthermore, by introducing a healing period between two forced peelings, we showed that stable neurite-substrate attachment can be re-established in 2-5 min. These findings are rationalized by a stochastic model, accounting for the breakage and rebinding of NCAM-based molecular bonds along the interface, and provide new insights into the mechanics of neuron adhesion as well as many related biological processes including axon outgrowth and nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ze Gong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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24
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Noh K, Park JC, Han JS, Lee SJ. From Bound Cells Comes a Sound Mind: The Role of Neuronal Growth Regulator 1 in Psychiatric Disorders. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:1-10. [PMID: 32122104 PMCID: PMC7075657 DOI: 10.5607/en.2020.29.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell adhesion is important for maintenance of brain structure and function. Abnormal neuronal cell adhesion and loss of its connectivity are considered a main cause of psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Various cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are involved in neuronal cell adhesions and thereby affect brain functions such as learning and memory, cognitive functions, and psychiatric functions. Compared with other CAMs, neuronal growth regulator 1 (Negr1) has a distinct functioning mechanism in terms of its cross-talk with cytokine receptor signaling. Negr1 is a member of the immunoglobulin LON (IgLON) family of proteins and is involved in neuronal outgrowth, dendritic arborization, and synapse formation. In humans, Negr1 is a risk gene for obesity based on a genome-wide association study. More recently, accumulating evidence supports that it also plays a critical role in psychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on the role of Negr1 in MDD, focusing on its regulatory mechanism. We also provide evidence of putative involvement of Negr1 in other psychiatric disorders based on the novel behavioral phenotypes of Negr1 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungchul Noh
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jung-Cheol Park
- Department of Biological Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Han
- Department of Biological Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea
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BDNF induces in vivo long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission and structural reorganization at the hippocampal mossy fibers in a transcription and translation-independent manner. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 167:107125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Cellular and molecular characterization of multiplex autism in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Mol Autism 2019; 10:51. [PMID: 31893020 PMCID: PMC6936127 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with pronounced heritability in the general population. This is largely attributable to the effects of polygenic susceptibility, with inherited liability exhibiting distinct sex differences in phenotypic expression. Attempts to model ASD in human cellular systems have principally involved rare de novo mutations associated with ASD phenocopies. However, by definition, these models are not representative of polygenic liability, which accounts for the vast share of population-attributable risk. Methods Here, we performed what is, to our knowledge, the first attempt to model multiplex autism using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in a family manifesting incremental degrees of phenotypic expression of inherited liability (absent, intermediate, severe). The family members share an inherited variant of uncertain significance (VUS) in GPD2, a gene that was previously associated with developmental disability but here is insufficient by itself to cause ASD. iPSCs from three first-degree relatives and an unrelated control were differentiated into both cortical excitatory (cExN) and cortical inhibitory (cIN) neurons, and cellular phenotyping and transcriptomic analysis were conducted. Results cExN neurospheres from the two affected individuals were reduced in size, compared to those derived from unaffected related and unrelated individuals. This reduction was, at least in part, due to increased apoptosis of cells from affected individuals upon initiation of cExN neural induction. Likewise, cIN neural progenitor cells from affected individuals exhibited increased apoptosis, compared to both unaffected individuals. Transcriptomic analysis of both cExN and cIN neural progenitor cells revealed distinct molecular signatures associated with affectation, including the misregulation of suites of genes associated with neural development, neuronal function, and behavior, as well as altered expression of ASD risk-associated genes. Conclusions We have provided evidence of morphological, physiological, and transcriptomic signatures of polygenic liability to ASD from an analysis of cellular models derived from a multiplex autism family. ASD is commonly inherited on the basis of additive genetic liability. Therefore, identifying convergent cellular and molecular phenotypes resulting from polygenic and monogenic susceptibility may provide a critical bridge for determining which of the disparate effects of rare highly deleterious mutations might also apply to common autistic syndromes.
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McDermott JE, Goldblatt D, Paradis S. Class 4 Semaphorins and Plexin-B receptors regulate GABAergic and glutamatergic synapse development in the mammalian hippocampus. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 92:50-66. [PMID: 29981480 PMCID: PMC6191356 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how proper circuit formation and function is established in the mammalian brain, it is necessary to define the genes and signaling pathways that instruct excitatory and inhibitory synapse development. We previously demonstrated that the ligand-receptor pair, Sema4D and Plexin-B1, regulates inhibitory synapse development on an unprecedentedly fast time-scale while having no effect on excitatory synapse development. Here, we report previously undescribed synaptogenic roles for Sema4A and Plexin-B2 and provide new insight into Sema4D and Plexin-B1 regulation of synapse development in rodent hippocampus. First, we show that Sema4a, Sema4d, Plxnb1, and Plxnb2 have distinct and overlapping expression patterns in neurons and glia in the developing hippocampus. Second, we describe a requirement for Plexin-B1 in both the presynaptic axon of inhibitory interneurons as well as the postsynaptic dendrites of excitatory neurons for Sema4D-dependent inhibitory synapse development. Third, we define a new synaptogenic activity for Sema4A in mediating inhibitory and excitatory synapse development. Specifically, we demonstrate that Sema4A signals through the same pathway as Sema4D, via the postsynaptic Plexin-B1 receptor, to promote inhibitory synapse development. However, Sema4A also signals through the Plexin-B2 receptor to promote excitatory synapse development. Our results shed new light on the molecular cues that promote the development of either inhibitory or excitatory synapses in the mammalian hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dena Goldblatt
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, United States
| | - Suzanne Paradis
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, United States; Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, United States; National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, United States.
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Gorlewicz A, Kaczmarek L. Pathophysiology of Trans-Synaptic Adhesion Molecules: Implications for Epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:119. [PMID: 30298130 PMCID: PMC6160742 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are specialized interfaces between neurons in the brain that transmit and modulate information, thereby integrating cells into multiplicity of interacting neural circuits. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) might form trans-synaptic complexes that are crucial for the appropriate identification of synaptic partners and further for the establishment, properties, and dynamics of synapses. When affected, trans-synaptic adhesion mechanisms play a role in synaptopathies in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy. This review recapitulates current understanding of trans-synaptic interactions in pathophysiology of interneuronal connections. In particular, we discuss here the possible implications of trans-synaptic adhesion dysfunction for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gorlewicz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Chelini G, Pantazopoulos H, Durning P, Berretta S. The tetrapartite synapse: a key concept in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2018; 50:60-69. [PMID: 29503098 PMCID: PMC5963512 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence points to synaptic pathology as a core component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Significant reductions of dendritic spine density and altered expression of their structural and molecular components have been reported in several brain regions, suggesting a deficit of synaptic plasticity. Regulation of synaptic plasticity is a complex process, one that requires not only interactions between pre- and post-synaptic terminals, but also glial cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, these elements are referred to as the ‘tetrapartite synapse’, an emerging concept supported by accumulating evidence for a role of glial cells and the extracellular matrix in regulating structural and functional aspects of synaptic plasticity. In particular, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), one of the main components of the ECM, have been shown to be synthesized predominantly by glial cells, to form organized perisynaptic aggregates known as perineuronal nets (PNNs), and to modulate synaptic signaling and plasticity during postnatal development and adulthood. Notably, recent findings from our group and others have shown marked CSPG abnormalities in several brain regions of people with SZ. These abnormalities were found to affect specialized ECM structures, including PNNs, as well as glial cells expressing the corresponding CSPGs. The purpose of this review is to bring forth the hypothesis that synaptic pathology in SZ arises from a disruption of the interactions between elements of the tetrapartite synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Chelini
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478 USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115 USA.
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478 USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115 USA.
| | - Peter Durning
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478 USA.
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478 USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115 USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115 USA.
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Formation and Maintenance of Functional Spines in the Absence of Presynaptic Glutamate Release. Neuron 2017; 94:304-311.e4. [PMID: 28426965 PMCID: PMC5418202 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the major transmitter reception compartments of glutamatergic synapses in most principal neurons of the mammalian brain and play a key role in the function of nerve cell circuits. The formation of functional spine synapses is thought to be critically dependent on presynaptic glutamatergic signaling. By analyzing CA1 pyramidal neurons in mutant hippocampal slice cultures that are essentially devoid of presynaptic transmitter release, we demonstrate that the formation and maintenance of dendrites and functional spines are independent of synaptic glutamate release.
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Fowler DK, Peters JH, Williams C, Washbourne P. Redundant Postsynaptic Functions of SynCAMs 1-3 during Synapse Formation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:24. [PMID: 28197078 PMCID: PMC5281628 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the roles of synaptogenic adhesion molecules during synapse formation has proven challenging, often due to compensatory functions between additional family members. The synaptic cell adhesion molecules 1–3 (SynCAM1–3) are expressed both pre- and postsynaptically, share highly homologous domains and are synaptogenic when ectopically presented to neurons; yet their endogenous functions during synaptogenesis are unclear. Here we report that SynCAM1–3 are functionally redundant and collectively necessary for synapse formation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Only triple knockdown (KD) of SynCAM1–3 using highly efficient, chained artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) reduced synapse density and increased synapse area. Electrophysiological recordings of quantal release events supported an increase in synapse size caused by SynCAM1–3 depletion. Furthermore, a combinatorial, mosaic lentiviral approach comparing wild type (WT) and SynCAM1–3 KD neurons in the same culture demonstrate that SynCAM1–3 set synapse number and size through postsynaptic mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the redundancy between SynCAM1–3 has concealed their synaptogenic function at the postsynaptic terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Fowler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
| | - James H Peters
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Carly Williams
- Department of Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Philip Washbourne
- Department of Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon Eugene, OR, USA
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Kotni MK, Zhao M, Wei DQ. Gene expression profiles and protein-protein interaction networks in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with C9orf72 mutation. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:148. [PMID: 27814735 PMCID: PMC5097384 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that involves the death of neurons. ALS is associated with many gene mutations as previously studied. In order to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying ALS with C9orf72 mutation, gene expression profiles of ALS fibroblasts and control fibroblasts were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Genes with critical functional roles can be detected by a measure of node centrality in biological networks. In gene co-expression networks, highly connected genes called as candidate hubs have been associated with key disease-related pathways. Herein, this method was applied to find the hub genes related to ALS disease. METHODS Illumina HiSeq microarray gene expression dataset GSE51684 was retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database which included four Sporadic ALS, twelve Familial ALS and eight control samples. Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) were identified using the Student's t test statistical method and gene co-expression networking. Gene ontology (GO) function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs were performed using the DAVID online tool. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed by mapping the DEGs onto protein-protein interaction data from publicly available databases to identify the pathways where DEGs are involved in. PPI interaction network was divided into subnetworks using MCODE algorithm and was analyzed using Cytoscape. RESULTS The results revealed that the expression of DEGs was mainly involved in cell adhesion, cell-cell signaling, Extra cellular matrix region GO processes and focal adhesion, neuroactive ligand receptor interaction, Extracellular matrix receptor interaction. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Endothelin 1 (EDN1), Angiotensin (AGT) and many cell adhesion molecules (CAM) were detected as hub genes that can be targeted as novel therapeutic targets for ALS disease. CONCLUSION These analyses and findings enhance the understanding of ALS pathogenesis and provide references for ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Kumari Kotni
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
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Nguyen QA, Horn ME, Nicoll RA. Distinct roles for extracellular and intracellular domains in neuroligin function at inhibitory synapses. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27805570 PMCID: PMC5098909 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroligins (NLGNs) are postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules that interact trans-synaptically with neurexins to mediate synapse development and function. NLGN2 is only at inhibitory synapses while NLGN3 is at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. We found that NLGN3 function at inhibitory synapses in rat CA1 depends on the presence of NLGN2 and identified a domain in the extracellular region that accounted for this functional difference between NLGN2 and 3 specifically at inhibitory synapses. We further show that the presence of a cytoplasmic tail (c-tail) is indispensible, and identified two domains in the c-tail that are necessary for NLGN function at inhibitory synapses. These domains point to a gephyrin-dependent mechanism that is disrupted by an autism-associated mutation at R705 and a gephyrin-independent mechanism reliant on a putative phosphorylation site at S714. Our work highlights unique and separate roles for the extracellular and intracellular regions in specifying and carrying out NLGN function respectively. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19236.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh-Anh Nguyen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Meryl E Horn
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Roger A Nicoll
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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Usardi A, Iyer K, Sigoillot SM, Dusonchet A, Selimi F. The immunoglobulin-like superfamily member IGSF3 is a developmentally regulated protein that controls neuronal morphogenesis. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:75-92. [PMID: 27328461 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of a functional brain depends on the fine regulation and coordination of many processes, including neurogenesis, differentiation, dendritogenesis, axonogenesis, and synaptogenesis. Proteins of the immunoglobulin-like superfamily (IGSF) are major regulators during this sequence of events. Different members of this class of proteins play nonoverlapping functions at specific developmental time-points, as shown in particular by studies of the cerebellum. We have identified a member of the little studied EWI subfamily of IGSF, the protein IGSF3, as a membrane protein expressed in a neuron specific- and time-dependent manner during brain development. In the cerebellum, it is transiently found in membranes of differentiating granule cells, and is particularly concentrated at axon terminals. There it co-localizes with other IGSF proteins with well-known functions in cerebellar development: TAG-1 and L1. Functional analysis shows that IGSF3 controls the differentiation of granule cells, more precisely axonal growth and branching. Biochemical experiments demonstrate that, in the developing brain, IGSF3 is in a complex with the tetraspanin TSPAN7, a membrane protein mutated in several forms of X-linked intellectual disabilities. In cerebellar granule cells, TSPAN7 promotes axonal branching and the size of TSPAN7 clusters is increased by downregulation of IGSF3. Thus IGSF3 is a novel regulator of neuronal morphogenesis that might function through interactions with multiple partners including the tetraspanin TSPAN7. This developmentally regulated protein might thus be at the center of a new signaling pathway controlling brain development. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 75-92, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Usardi
- Team Mice, Molecules and Synapse Formation, CIRB, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL* Research University, Paris, France, 75231, Cedex 05
| | - Keerthana Iyer
- Team Mice, Molecules and Synapse Formation, CIRB, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL* Research University, Paris, France, 75231, Cedex 05
| | - Séverine M Sigoillot
- Team Mice, Molecules and Synapse Formation, CIRB, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL* Research University, Paris, France, 75231, Cedex 05
| | - Antoine Dusonchet
- Team Mice, Molecules and Synapse Formation, CIRB, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL* Research University, Paris, France, 75231, Cedex 05
| | - Fekrije Selimi
- Team Mice, Molecules and Synapse Formation, CIRB, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL* Research University, Paris, France, 75231, Cedex 05
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In Sickness and in Health: Perineuronal Nets and Synaptic Plasticity in Psychiatric Disorders. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:9847696. [PMID: 26839720 PMCID: PMC4709762 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9847696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly emerging evidence implicates perineuronal nets (PNNs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules that compose or interact with PNNs, in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. Studies on schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, mood disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy point to the involvement of ECM molecules such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, Reelin, and matrix metalloproteases, as well as their cell surface receptors. In many of these disorders, PNN abnormalities have also been reported. In the context of the “quadripartite” synapse concept, that is, the functional unit composed of the pre- and postsynaptic terminals, glial processes, and ECM, and of the role that PNNs and ECM molecules play in regulating synaptic functions and plasticity, these findings resonate with one of the most well-replicated aspects of the pathology of psychiatric disorders, that is, synaptic abnormalities. Here we review the evidence for PNN/ECM-related pathology in these disorders, with particular emphasis on schizophrenia, and discuss the hypothesis that such pathology may significantly contribute to synaptic dysfunction.
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Krishnan A, Schiöth HB. The role of G protein-coupled receptors in the early evolution of neurotransmission and the nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:562-71. [PMID: 25696819 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The origin and evolution of the nervous system is one of the most intriguing and enigmatic events in biology. The recent sequencing of complete genomes from early metazoan organisms provides a new platform to study the origins of neuronal gene families. This review explores the early metazoan expansion of the largest integral transmembrane protein family, the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which serve as molecular targets for a large subset of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in higher animals. GPCR repertories from four pre-bilaterian metazoan genomes were compared. This includes the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis and the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, which have primitive nervous systems (nerve nets), the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica and the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens, which lack nerve and muscle cells. Comparative genomics demonstrate that the rhodopsin and glutamate receptor families, known to be involved in neurotransmission in higher animals are also widely found in pre-bilaterian metazoans and possess substantial expansions of rhodopsin-family-like GPCRs. Furthermore, the emerging knowledge on the functions of adhesion GPCRs in the vertebrate nervous system provides a platform to examine possible analogous roles of their closest homologues in pre-bilaterians. Intriguingly, the presence of molecular components required for GPCR-mediated neurotransmission in pre-bilaterians reveals that they exist in both primitive nervous systems and nerve-cell-free environments, providing essential comparative models to better understand the origins of the nervous system and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Krishnan
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593,751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593,751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
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Job MO, Cooke BM. PSA-NCAM in the posterodorsal medial amygdala is necessary for the pubertal emergence of attraction to female odors in male hamsters. Horm Behav 2015; 75:91-9. [PMID: 26335887 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During puberty, attention turns away from same-sex socialization to focus on the opposite sex. How the brain mediates this change in perception and motivation is unknown. Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) virtually disappears from most of the central nervous system after embryogenesis, but it remains elevated in discrete regions of the adult brain. One such brain area is the posterodorsal subnucleus of the medial amygdala (MePD). The MePD has been implicated in male sexual attraction, measured here as the preference to investigate female odors. We hypothesize that PSA-NCAM gates hormone-dependent plasticity necessary for the emergence of males' attraction to females. To evaluate this idea, we first measured PSA-NCAM levels across puberty in several brain regions, and identified when female odor preference normally emerges in male Syrian hamsters. We found that MePD PSA-NCAM staining peaks shortly before the surge of pubertal androgen and the emergence of preference. To test the necessity of PSA-NCAM for female odor preference, we infused endo-neuraminidase-N into the MePD to deplete it of PSAs before female odor preference normally appears. This blocked female odor preference, which suggests that PSA-NCAM facilitates behaviorally relevant, hormone-driven plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin O Job
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Bradley M Cooke
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Molecular and Functional Characterization of Bacopa monniera: A Retrospective Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:945217. [PMID: 26413131 PMCID: PMC4564644 DOI: 10.1155/2015/945217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, laboratories around the world analyzed the pharmacological effect of Bacopa monniera extract in different dimensions, especially as a nerve tonic and memory enhancer. Studies in animal model evidenced that Bacopa treatment can attenuate dementia and enhances memory. Further, they demonstrate that Bacopa primarily either acts via antioxidant mechanism (i.e., neuroprotection) or alters different neurotransmitters (serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)) to execute the pharmacological effect. Among them, 5-HT has been shown to fine tune the neural plasticity, which is a substrate for memory formation. This review focuses on the studies which trace the effect of Bacopa treatment on serotonergic system and 5-HT mediated key molecular changes that are associated with memory formation.
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Brenes O, Giachello CNG, Corradi AM, Ghirardi M, Montarolo PG. Synapsin knockdown is associated with decreased neurite outgrowth, functional synaptogenesis impairment, and fast high-frequency neurotransmitter release. J Neurosci Res 2015. [PMID: 26213348 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synapsins (Syns) are an evolutionarily conserved family of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins related to fine tuning of synaptic transmission. Studies with mammals have partially clarified the different roles of Syns; however, the presence of different genes and isoforms and the development of compensatory mechanisms hinder accurate data interpretation. Here, we use a simple in vitro monosynaptic Helix neuron connection, reproducing an in vivo physiological connection as a reliable experimental model to investigate the effects of Syn knockdown. Cells overexpressing an antisense construct against Helix Syn showed a time-dependent decrease of Syn immunostaining, confirming protein loss. At the morphological level, Syn-silenced cells showed a reduction in neurite linear outgrowth and branching and in the size and number of synaptic varicosities. Functionally, Syn-silenced cells presented a reduced ability to form synaptic connections; however, functional chemical synapses showed similar basal excitatory postsynaptic potentials and similar short-term plasticity paradigms. In addition, Syn-silenced cells presented faster neurotransmitter release and decreased postsynaptic response toward the end of long tetanic presynaptic stimulations, probably related to an impairment of the synaptic vesicle trafficking resulting from a different vesicle handling, with an increased readily releasable pool and a compromised reserve pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Brenes
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Physiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Mirella Ghirardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Physiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience, Turin, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Montarolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Physiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience, Turin, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autism is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder. Many susceptible or causative genes have been identified, and most of them are related to synaptogenesis. The THBS1 gene encodes thrombospondin 1, which plays a critical role in synaptogenesis of the central nervous system in the developing brain. However, no study has been carried out revealing that THBS1 is an autism risk gene. METHODS We analyzed the whole coding region and the 5'-untranslated region of the THBS1 gene in 313 autistic patients by Sanger sequencing, which was also used to analyze the identified variants in 350 normal controls. Association analysis was carried out using PLINK or R. Haplotype analysis was carried out using Haploview. Functional prediction and conservation analysis of missense variants were carried out using ANNOVAR. RESULTS Twelve variants, including five common variants and seven rare variants, were identified in the THBS1 coding region and the 5'-untranslated region. Among them, one common variant (c.1567A>G:p.T523A) was significantly associated with autism (P<0.05). Two rare variants (c.2429G>A:p.R810Q, c.3496G>C:p.E1166Q) were absent in the 350 controls and were not reported in the single nucleotide polymorphism database (dbSNP). Combined association analysis of the rare variants (minor allele frequency<0.01) in patients and Asian samples in the 1000 genome project revealed a significant association between these rare variants and autism (P=0.039). CONCLUSION Our data revealed that both common and rare variants of the THBS1 gene are associated with risk for autism, suggesting that THBS1 is a novel susceptible gene for autism.
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Park SW, Lee JG, Seo MK, Cho HY, Lee CH, Lee JH, Lee BJ, Baek JH, Seol W, Kim YH. Effects of mood-stabilizing drugs on dendritic outgrowth and synaptic protein levels in primary hippocampal neurons. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:278-90. [PMID: 25307211 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mood-stabilizing drugs, such as lithium (Li) and valproate (VPA), are widely used for the treatment of bipolar disorder, a disease marked by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Growing evidence suggests that Li exerts neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects, leading to an increase in neural plasticity. The present study investigated whether other mood-stabilizing drugs produce similar effects in primary hippocampal neurons. METHODS The effects of the mood-stabilizing drugs Li, VPA, carbamazepine (CBZ), and lamotrigine (LTG) on hippocampal dendritic outgrowth were examined. Western blotting analysis was used to measure the expression of synaptic proteins - that is, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), neuroligin 1 (NLG1), β-neurexin, and synaptophysin (SYP). To determine neuroprotective effects, we used a B27-deprivation cytotoxicity model which causes hippocampal cell death upon removal of B27 from the culture medium. RESULTS Li (0.5-2.0 mM), VPA (0.5-2.0 mM), CBZ (0.01-0.10 mM), and LTG (0.01-0.10 mM) significantly increased dendritic outgrowth. The neurotrophic effect of Li and VPA was blocked by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and protein kinase A signaling; the effects of CBZ and LTG were not affected by inhibition of these signaling pathways. Li, VPA, and CBZ prevented B27 deprivation-induced decreases in BDNF, PSD-95, NLG1, β-neurexin, and SYP levels, whereas LTG did not. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Li, VPA, CBZ, and LTG exert neurotrophic effects by promoting dendritic outgrowth; however, the mechanism of action differs. Furthermore, certain mood-stabilizing drugs may exert neuroprotective effects by enhancing synaptic protein levels against cytotoxicity in hippocampal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Woo Park
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Korea; Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School of Inje University, Busan, Korea
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42
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Calahorro F, Holden-Dye L, O'Connor V. Analysis of splice variants for the C. elegans orthologue of human neuroligin reveals a developmentally regulated transcript. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 17:69-78. [PMID: 25726726 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroligins are synaptic adhesion molecules and important determinants of synaptic function. They are expressed at postsynaptic sites and involved in synaptic organization through key extracellular and intracellular protein interactions. They undergo trans-synaptic interaction with presynaptic neurexins. Distinct neuroligins use differences in their intracellular domains to selectively recruit synaptic scaffolds and this plays an important role in how they encode specialization of synaptic function. Several levels of regulation including gene expression, splicing, protein translation and processing regulate the expression of neuroligin function. We have used in silico and cDNA analyses to investigate the mRNA splicing of the Caenorhabditis elegans orthologue nlg-1. Transcript analysis highlights the potential for gene regulation with respect to both temporal expression and splicing. We found nlg-1 splice variants with all the predicted exons are a minor species relative to major splice variants lacking exons 13 and 14, or 14 alone. These major alternatively spliced variants change the intracellular domain of the gene product NLG-1. Interestingly, exon 14 encodes a cassette with two distinct potential functional domains. One is a polyproline SH3 binding domain and the other has homology to a region encoding the binding site for the scaffolding protein gephyrin in mammalian neuroligins. This suggests differential splicing impacts on NLG-1 competence to recruit intracellular binding partners. This may have developmental relevance as nlg-1 exon 14 containing transcripts are selectively expressed in L2-L3 larvae. These results highlight a developmental regulation of C. elegans nlg-1 that could play a key role in the assembly of synaptic protein complexes during the early stages of nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calahorro
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Lindy Holden-Dye
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Vincent O'Connor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Washbourne P. Synapse assembly and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:4-15. [PMID: 24990427 PMCID: PMC4262893 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this review we examine the current understanding of how genetic deficits associated with neurodevelopmental disorders may impact synapse assembly. We then go on to discuss how the critical periods for these genetic deficits will shape the nature of future clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Washbourne
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA, Tel: +1 541 346 4138, Fax: +1 541 346 4548, E-mail:
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44
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Levy AD, Omar MH, Koleske AJ. Extracellular matrix control of dendritic spine and synapse structure and plasticity in adulthood. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:116. [PMID: 25368556 PMCID: PMC4202714 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the receptive contacts at most excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. Spines are dynamic in the developing brain, changing shape as they mature as well as appearing and disappearing as they make and break connections. Spines become much more stable in adulthood, and spine structure must be actively maintained to support established circuit function. At the same time, adult spines must retain some plasticity so their structure can be modified by activity and experience. As such, the regulation of spine stability and remodeling in the adult animal is critical for normal function, and disruption of these processes is associated with a variety of late onset diseases including schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. The extracellular matrix (ECM), composed of a meshwork of proteins and proteoglycans, is a critical regulator of spine and synapse stability and plasticity. While the role of ECM receptors in spine regulation has been extensively studied, considerably less research has focused directly on the role of specific ECM ligands. Here, we review the evidence for a role of several brain ECM ligands and remodeling proteases in the regulation of dendritic spine and synapse formation, plasticity, and stability in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Levy
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA ; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mitchell H Omar
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA ; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA ; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA ; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
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45
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Bellot A, Guivernau B, Tajes M, Bosch-Morató M, Valls-Comamala V, Muñoz FJ. The structure and function of actin cytoskeleton in mature glutamatergic dendritic spines. Brain Res 2014; 1573:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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46
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Manrique C, Migliorati M, Gilbert V, Brezun JM, Chaillan FA, Truchet B, Khrestchatisky M, Guiraudie-Capraz G, Roman FS. Dynamic expression of the polysialyltransferase in adult rat hippocampus performing an olfactory associative task. Hippocampus 2014; 24:979-89. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valérie Gilbert
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS; FR 3512 13331 Marseille France
| | | | | | - Bruno Truchet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS; UMR 7291 13331 Marseille France
| | | | | | - François S. Roman
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN; UMR 7259 13344 Marseille France
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Chen CC, Bajnath A, Brumberg JC. The impact of development and sensory deprivation on dendritic protrusions in the mouse barrel cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 25:1638-53. [PMID: 24408954 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic protrusions (spines and filopodia) are structural indicators of synapses that have been linked to neuronal learning and memory through their morphological alterations induced by development and experienced-dependent activities. Although previous studies have demonstrated that depriving sensory experience leads to structural changes in neocortical organization, the more subtle effects on dendritic protrusions remain unclear, mostly due to focus on only one specific cell type and/or age of manipulation. Here, we show that sensory deprivation induced by whisker trimming influences the dendritic protrusions of basilar dendrites located in thalamocortical recipient lamina (IV and VI) of the mouse barrel cortex in a layer-specific manner. Following 1 month of whisker trimming after birth, the density of dendritic protrusions increased in layer IV, but decreased in layer VI. Whisker regrowth for 1 month returned protrusion densities to comparable level of age-matched controls in layer VI, but not in layer IV. In adults, chronic sensory deprivation led to an increase in protrusion densities in layer IV, but not in layer VI. In addition, chronic pharmacological blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) increased protrusion density in both layers IV and VI, which returned to the control level after 1 month of drug withdrawal. Our data reveal that different cortical layers respond to chronic sensory deprivation in different ways, with more pronounced effects during developmental critical periods than adulthood. We also show that chronically blocking NMDARs activity during developmental critical period also influences the protrusion density and morphology in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adesh Bajnath
- Neuroscience Program, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joshua C Brumberg
- Neuropsychology Subprogram Neuroscience Program, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA Department of Psychology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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Chugh D, Nilsson P, Afjei SA, Bakochi A, Ekdahl CT. Brain inflammation induces post-synaptic changes during early synapse formation in adult-born hippocampal neurons. Exp Neurol 2013; 250:176-88. [PMID: 24047952 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An inflammatory reaction in the brain is primarily characterized by activation of parenchymal microglial cells. Microglia regulate several aspects of adult neurogenesis, i.e. the continuous production of new neurons in the adult brain. Hippocampal neurogenesis is thought to be important for memory formation, but its role in brain diseases is not clear. We have previously shown that brain inflammation modulates the functional integration of newly formed hippocampal neurons. Here, we explored whether there is a defined time period during synaptic development when new neurons are susceptible to brain inflammation. Newly formed hippocampal neurons, born in an intact environment in the adult mouse brain, were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation during either early or late phases of excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis. We used intra-hippocampal injections of GFP-retroviral vector (RV-GFP) to label the new neurons and ipsilateral LPS injection at either 1 or 4weeks post-RV-GFP injection. A single intra-hippocampal LPS injection induced an inflammatory response for at least 3weeks, including an acute transient pro-inflammatory cytokine release as well as a sub-acute and sustained change in microglial morphology. The general cytoarchitecture of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, including granule cell layer (GCL) volume, and astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was not different compared to vehicle controls, and no Fluoro-Jade-positive cell death was observed. New neurons encountering this inflammatory environment exhibited no changes in their gross morphology. However, when inflammation occurred during early stages of synapse formation, we found a region-specific increase in the number of thin dendritic spines and post-synaptic density-95 (PSD-95) cluster formation on spines, suggesting an enhanced excitatory synaptic connectivity in the newborn neurons. No changes were observed in the expression of N-cadherin, an adhesion molecule primarily associated with excitatory synapses. At the inhibitory synapses, alterations due to inflammation were also evident during early but not later stages of synaptic development. Gephyrin, an inhibitory scaffolding protein, was down-regulated in the somatic region, while the adhesion molecules neuroligin-2 (NL-2) and neurofascin were increased in the somatic region and/or on the dendrites. The GABAA receptor-α2 subunit (GABAAR-α2) was increased, while pre/peri-synaptic GABA clustering remained unaltered. The disproportional changes in post-synaptic adhesion molecules and GABAA receptor compared to scaffolding protein expression at the inhibitory synapses during brain inflammation are likely to cause an imbalance in GABAergic transmission. These changes were specific for the newborn neurons and were not observed when estimating the overall expression of gephyrin, NL-2, and GABAAR-α2 in the hippocampal GCL. The expression of interleukin-1-type 1 receptor (IL-1R1) on preferentially the somatic region of new neurons, often in close apposition to NL-2 clusters, may indicate a direct interaction between brain inflammation and synaptic proteins on newborn neurons. In summary, this study provides evidence that adult-born hippocampal neurons alter their inhibitory and excitatory synaptic integration when encountering an LPS-induced brain inflammation during the initial stages of synapse formation. Changes at this critical developmental period are likely to interfere with the physiological functions of new neurons within the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Chugh
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden; Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Fang ZH, Lee CH, Seo MK, Cho H, Lee JG, Lee BJ, Park SW, Kim YH. Effect of treadmill exercise on the BDNF-mediated pathway in the hippocampus of stressed rats. Neurosci Res 2013; 76:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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50
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Cheung VCK, DeBoer C, Hanson E, Tunesi M, D'Onofrio M, Arisi I, Brandi R, Cattaneo A, Goosens KA. Gene expression changes in the motor cortex mediating motor skill learning. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61496. [PMID: 23637843 PMCID: PMC3634858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary motor cortex (M1) supports motor skill learning, yet little is known about the genes that contribute to motor cortical plasticity. Such knowledge could identify candidate molecules whose targeting might enable a new understanding of motor cortical functions, and provide new drug targets for the treatment of diseases which impair motor function, such as ischemic stroke. Here, we assess changes in the motor-cortical transcriptome across different stages of motor skill acquisition. Adult rats were trained on a gradually acquired appetitive reach and grasp task that required different strategies for successful pellet retrieval, or a sham version of the task in which the rats received pellet reward without needing to develop the reach and grasp skill. Tissue was harvested from the forelimb motor-cortical area either before training commenced, prior to the initial rise in task performance, or at peak performance. Differential classes of gene expression were observed at the time point immediately preceding motor task improvement. Functional clustering revealed that gene expression changes were related to the synapse, development, intracellular signaling, and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, with many modulated genes known to regulate synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, and cytoskeletal dynamics. The modulated expression of synaptic genes likely reflects ongoing network reorganization from commencement of training till the point of task improvement, suggesting that motor performance improves only after sufficient modifications in the cortical circuitry have accumulated. The regulated FGF-related genes may together contribute to M1 remodeling through their roles in synaptic growth and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C. K. Cheung
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VCKC); (KAG)
| | - Caroline DeBoer
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Hanson
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marta Tunesi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta’, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara D'Onofrio
- European Brain Research Institute ‘Rita Levi-Montalcini’, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Arisi
- European Brain Research Institute ‘Rita Levi-Montalcini’, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Brandi
- European Brain Research Institute ‘Rita Levi-Montalcini’, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- European Brain Research Institute ‘Rita Levi-Montalcini’, Rome, Italy
| | - Ki A. Goosens
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VCKC); (KAG)
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