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Hirokane K, Nakamura T, Terashita T, Kubota Y, Hu D, Yagi T, Graybiel AM, Kitsukawa T. Representation of rhythmic chunking in striatum of mice executing complex continuous movement sequences. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114312. [PMID: 38848217 PMCID: PMC11262464 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We used a step-wheel system to examine the activity of striatal projection neurons as mice practiced stepping on complexly arranged foothold pegs in this Ferris-wheel-like device to receive reward. Sets of dorsolateral striatal projection neurons were sensitive to specific parameters of repetitive motor coordination during the runs. They responded to combinations of the parameters of continuous movements (interval, phase, and repetition), forming "chunking responses"-some for combinations of these parameters across multiple body parts. Recordings in sensorimotor cortical areas exhibited notably fewer such responses but were documented for smaller neuron sets whose heterogeneity was significant. Striatal movement encoding via chunking responsivity could provide insight into neural strategies governing effective motor control by the striatum. It is possible that the striking need for external rhythmic cuing to allow movement sequences by Parkinson's patients could, at least in part, reflect dysfunction in such striatal coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Hirokane
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Toru Nakamura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuma Terashita
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kubota
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dan Hu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Takashi Kitsukawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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2
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Mocellin P, Barnstedt O, Luxem K, Kaneko H, Vieweg S, Henschke JU, Dalügge D, Fuhrmann F, Karpova A, Pakan JMP, Kreutz MR, Mikulovic S, Remy S. A septal-ventral tegmental area circuit drives exploratory behavior. Neuron 2024; 112:1020-1032.e7. [PMID: 38266645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
To survive, animals need to balance their exploratory drive with their need for safety. Subcortical circuits play an important role in initiating and modulating movement based on external demands and the internal state of the animal; however, how motivation and onset of locomotion are regulated remain largely unresolved. Here, we show that a glutamatergic pathway from the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) controls exploratory locomotor behavior in mice. Using a self-supervised machine learning approach, we found an overrepresentation of exploratory actions, such as sniffing, whisking, and rearing, when this projection is optogenetically activated. Mechanistically, this role relies on glutamatergic MSDB projections that monosynaptically target a subset of both glutamatergic and dopaminergic VTA neurons. Taken together, we identified a glutamatergic basal forebrain to midbrain circuit that initiates locomotor activity and contributes to the expression of exploration-associated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mocellin
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior (IMPRS), Bonn 53175, Germany.
| | - Oliver Barnstedt
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Kevin Luxem
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Kaneko
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Silvia Vieweg
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Julia U Henschke
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Dennis Dalügge
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior (IMPRS), Bonn 53175, Germany
| | - Falko Fuhrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Anna Karpova
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Janelle M P Pakan
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39106, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Sanja Mikulovic
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39106, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Stefan Remy
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39106, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Magdeburg 39106, Germany.
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3
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Shaverdi Y, Setarehdan SK, Treue S, Esghaei M. Orchestration of saccadic eye-movements by brain rhythms in macaque Frontal Eye Field. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22725. [PMID: 38123575 PMCID: PMC10733338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual perception has been suggested to operate on temporal 'chunks' of sensory input, rather than on a continuous stream of visual information. Saccadic eye movements impose a natural rhythm on the sensory input, as periods of steady fixation between these rapid eye movements provide distinct temporal segments of information. Ideally, the timing of saccades should be precisely locked to the brain's rhythms of information processing. Here, we investigated such locking of saccades to rhythmic neural activity in rhesus monkeys performing a visual foraging task. We found that saccades are phase-locked to local field potential oscillations (especially, 9-22 Hz) in the Frontal Eye Field, with the phase of oscillations predictive of the saccade onset as early as 100 ms prior to these movements. Our data also indicate a functional role of this phase-locking in determining the direction of saccades. These findings show a tight-and likely important-link between oscillatory brain activity and rhythmic behavior that imposes a rhythmic temporal structure on sensory input, such as saccadic eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeganeh Shaverdi
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Kamaledin Setarehdan
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Stefan Treue
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Moein Esghaei
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Westa Higher Education Center, Karaj, Iran.
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4
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Kleinfeld D, Deschênes M, Economo MN, Elbaz M, Golomb D, Liao SM, O'Connor DH, Wang F. Low- and high-level coordination of orofacial motor actions. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102784. [PMID: 37757586 PMCID: PMC11034851 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial motor actions are movements that, in rodents, involve whisking of the vibrissa, deflection of the nose, licking and lapping with the tongue, and consumption through chewing. These actions, along with bobbing and turning of the head, coordinate to subserve exploration while not conflicting with life-supporting actions such as breathing and swallowing. Orofacial and head movements are comprised of two additive components: a rhythm that can be entrained by the breathing oscillator and a broadband component that directs the actuator to the region of interest. We focus on coordinating the rhythmic component of actions into a behavior. We hypothesize that the precise timing of each constituent action is continually adjusted through the merging of low-level oscillator input with sensory-derived, high-level rhythmic feedback. Supporting evidence is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Martin Deschênes
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec City, G1J 2R3 Canada
| | - Michael N Economo
- Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michaël Elbaz
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David Golomb
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheba 8410501, Israel; Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Song-Mao Liao
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Zynval Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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5
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Juventin M, Zbili M, Fourcaud-Trocmé N, Garcia S, Buonviso N, Amat C. Respiratory rhythm modulates membrane potential and spiking of nonolfactory neurons. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:1552-1566. [PMID: 37964739 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00487.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have shown a respiratory drive of the local field potential (LFP) in numerous brain areas so that the respiratory rhythm could be considered as a master clock promoting communication between distant brain locations. However, outside of the olfactory system, it remains unknown whether the respiratory rhythm could shape membrane potential (MP) oscillations. To fill this gap, we co-recorded MP and LFP activities in different nonolfactory brain areas, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), primary somatosensory cortex (S1), primary visual cortex (V1), and hippocampus (HPC), in urethane-anesthetized rats. Using respiratory cycle-by-cycle analysis, we observed that respiration could modulate both MP and spiking discharges in all recorded areas during episodes that we called respiration-related oscillations (RRo). Further quantifications revealed that RRo episodes were transient in most neurons (5 consecutive respiratory cycles in average). RRo development in MP was largely correlated with the presence of respiratory modulation in the LFP. By showing that the respiratory rhythm influenced brain activities deep to the MP of nonolfactory neurons, our data support the idea that respiratory rhythm could mediate long-range communication between brain areas.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we evidenced strong respiratory-driven oscillations of neuronal membrane potential and spiking discharge in various nonolfactory areas of the mammal brain. These oscillations were found in the medial prefrontal cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex, and hippocampus. These findings support the idea that respiratory rhythm could be used as a common clock to set the dynamics of large-scale neuronal networks on the same slow rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Juventin
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Bron, France
| | - Mickael Zbili
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Bron, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Fourcaud-Trocmé
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Bron, France
| | - Samuel Garcia
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Bron, France
| | - Nathalie Buonviso
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Bron, France
| | - Corine Amat
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Bron, France
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6
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Seger SE, Kriegel JLS, Lega BC, Ekstrom AD. Memory-related processing is the primary driver of human hippocampal theta oscillations. Neuron 2023; 111:3119-3130.e4. [PMID: 37467749 PMCID: PMC10685603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Decades of work in rodents suggest that movement is a powerful driver of hippocampal low-frequency "theta" oscillations. Puzzlingly, such movement-related theta increases in primates are less sustained and of lower frequency, leading to questions about their functional relevance. Verbal memory encoding and retrieval lead to robust increases in low-frequency oscillations in humans, and one possibility is that memory might be a stronger driver of hippocampal theta oscillations in humans than navigation. Here, neurosurgical patients navigated routes and then immediately mentally simulated the same routes while undergoing intracranial recordings. We found that mentally simulating the same route that was just navigated elicited oscillations that were of greater power, higher frequency, and longer duration than those involving navigation. Our findings suggest that memory is a more potent driver of human hippocampal theta oscillations than navigation, supporting models of internally generated theta oscillations in the human hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Seger
- Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Jennifer L S Kriegel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brad C Lega
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Psychology Department, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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7
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Hirokane K, Nakamura T, Terashita T, Kubota Y, Hu D, Yagi T, Graybiel AM, Kitsukawa T. Rhythm Receptive Fields in Striatum of Mice Executing Complex Continuous Movement Sequences. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.23.559115. [PMID: 37790358 PMCID: PMC10542522 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.23.559115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
By the use of a novel experimental system, the step-wheel, we investigated the neural underpinnings of complex and continuous movements. We recorded neural activities from the dorsolateral striatum and found neurons sensitive to movement rhythm parameters. These neurons responded to specific combinations of interval, phase, and repetition of movement, effectively forming what we term "rhythm receptive fields." Some neurons even responsive to the combination of movement phases of multiple body parts. In parallel, cortical recordings in sensorimotor areas highlighted a paucity of neurons responsive to multiple parameter combinations, relative to those in the striatum. These findings have implications for comprehending motor coordination deficits seen in brain disorders including Parkinson's disease. Movement encoding by rhythm receptive fields should streamline the brain's capacity to encode temporal patterns, help to resolve the degrees of freedom problem. Such rhythm fields hint at the neural mechanisms governing effective motor control and processing of rhythmic information.
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8
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Liao SM, Kleinfeld D. A change in behavioral state switches the pattern of motor output that underlies rhythmic head and orofacial movements. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1951-1966.e6. [PMID: 37105167 PMCID: PMC10225163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The breathing rhythm serves as a reference that paces orofacial motor actions and orchestrates active sensing. Past work has reported that pacing occurs solely at a fixed phase relative to sniffing. We re-evaluated this constraint as a function of exploratory behavior. Allocentric and egocentric rotations of the head and the electromyogenic activity of the motoneurons for head and orofacial movements were recorded in free-ranging rats as they searched for food. We found that a change in state from foraging to rearing is accompanied by a large phase shift in muscular activation relative to sniffing, and a concurrent change in the frequency of sniffing, so that pacing now occurs at one of the two phases. Further, head turning is biased such that an animal gathers a novel sample of its environment upon inhalation. In total, the coordination of active sensing has a previously unrealized computational complexity. This can emerge from hindbrain circuits with fixed architecture and credible synaptic time delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Mao Liao
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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9
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Hirokane K, Nakamura T, Kubota Y, Hu D, Yagi T, Graybiel AM, Kitsukawa T. Emergence of rhythmic chunking in complex stepping of mice. iScience 2023; 26:106765. [PMID: 37216111 PMCID: PMC10196557 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor chunking is important for motor execution, allowing atomization and efficiency of movement sequences. However, it remains unclear why and how chunks contribute to motor execution. To analyze the structure of naturally occurring chunks, we trained mice to run in a complex series of steps and identified the formation of chunks. We found that intervals (cycle) and the positional relationship between the left and right limbs (phase) of steps inside the chunks, unlike those outside the chunks, were consistent across occurrences. Further, licking by the mice was also more periodic and linked to the specific phases of limb movements within the chunk. Based on these findings, we propose the rhythm chunking hypothesis, whereby within chunks, the repetitive movements of many body parts are linked by the rhythm parameters: cycle and phase. The computational complexity of movement may thereby be reduced by adjusting movements as the combination of rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Hirokane
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Nakamura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kubota
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dan Hu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ann M. Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Takashi Kitsukawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Golomb D, Moore JD, Fassihi A, Takatoh J, Prevosto V, Wang F, Kleinfeld D. Theory of hierarchically organized neuronal oscillator dynamics that mediate rodent rhythmic whisking. Neuron 2022; 110:3833-3851.e22. [PMID: 36113472 PMCID: PMC10248719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rodents explore their environment through coordinated orofacial motor actions, including whisking. Whisking can free-run via an oscillator of inhibitory neurons in the medulla and can be paced by breathing. Yet, the mechanics of the whisking oscillator and its interaction with breathing remain to be understood. We formulate and solve a hierarchical model of the whisking circuit. The first whisk within a breathing cycle is generated by inhalation, which resets a vibrissa oscillator circuit, while subsequent whisks are derived from the oscillator circuit. Our model posits, consistent with experiment, that there are two subpopulations of oscillator neurons. Stronger connections between the subpopulations support rhythmicity, while connections within each subpopulation induce variable spike timing that enhances the dynamic range of rhythm generation. Calculated cycle-to-cycle changes in whisking are consistent with experiment. Our model provides a computational framework to support longstanding observations of concurrent autonomous and driven rhythmic motor actions that comprise behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Golomb
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Jeffrey D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arash Fassihi
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jun Takatoh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vincent Prevosto
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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11
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Lenschow C, Mendes ARP, Lima SQ. Hearing, touching, and multisensory integration during mate choice. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:943888. [PMID: 36247731 PMCID: PMC9559228 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.943888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mate choice is a potent generator of diversity and a fundamental pillar for sexual selection and evolution. Mate choice is a multistage affair, where complex sensory information and elaborate actions are used to identify, scrutinize, and evaluate potential mating partners. While widely accepted that communication during mate assessment relies on multimodal cues, most studies investigating the mechanisms controlling this fundamental behavior have restricted their focus to the dominant sensory modality used by the species under examination, such as vision in humans and smell in rodents. However, despite their undeniable importance for the initial recognition, attraction, and approach towards a potential mate, other modalities gain relevance as the interaction progresses, amongst which are touch and audition. In this review, we will: (1) focus on recent findings of how touch and audition can contribute to the evaluation and choice of mating partners, and (2) outline our current knowledge regarding the neuronal circuits processing touch and audition (amongst others) in the context of mate choice and ask (3) how these neural circuits are connected to areas that have been studied in the light of multisensory integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Lenschow
- Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Research, Neuroscience Program, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita P Mendes
- Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Research, Neuroscience Program, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Q Lima
- Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Research, Neuroscience Program, Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Huygens synchronization of medial septal pacemaker neurons generates hippocampal theta oscillation. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111149. [PMID: 35926456 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic learning and memory retrieval are dependent on hippocampal theta oscillation, thought to rely on the GABAergic network of the medial septum (MS). To test how this network achieves theta synchrony, we recorded MS neurons and hippocampal local field potential simultaneously in anesthetized and awake mice and rats. We show that MS pacemakers synchronize their individual rhythmicity frequencies, akin to coupled pendulum clocks as observed by Huygens. We optogenetically identified them as parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons, while MS glutamatergic neurons provide tonic excitation sufficient to induce theta. In accordance, waxing and waning tonic excitation is sufficient to toggle between theta and non-theta states in a network model of single-compartment inhibitory pacemaker neurons. These results provide experimental and theoretical support to a frequency-synchronization mechanism for pacing hippocampal theta, which may serve as an inspirational prototype for synchronization processes in the central nervous system from Nematoda to Arthropoda to Chordate and Vertebrate phyla.
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13
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Long-Range Respiratory and Theta Oscillation Networks Depend on Spatial Sensory Context. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9957-9970. [PMID: 34667070 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0719-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural oscillations can couple networks of brain regions, especially at lower frequencies. The nasal respiratory rhythm, which elicits robust olfactory bulb oscillations, has been linked to episodic memory, locomotion, and exploration, along with widespread oscillatory coherence. The piriform cortex is implicated in propagating the olfactory-bulb-driven respiratory rhythm, but this has not been tested explicitly in the context of both hippocampal theta and nasal respiratory rhythm during exploratory behaviors. We investigated systemwide interactions during foraging behavior, which engages respiratory and theta rhythms. Local field potentials from the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, dentate gyrus, and CA1 of hippocampus, primary visual cortex, and nasal respiration were recorded simultaneously from male rats. We compared interactions among these areas while rats foraged using either visual or olfactory spatial cues. We found high coherence during foraging compared with home cage activity in two frequency bands that matched slow and fast respiratory rates. Piriform cortex and hippocampus maintained strong coupling at theta frequency during periods of slow respiration, whereas other pairs showed coupling only at the fast respiratory frequency. Directional analysis shows that the modality of spatial cues was matched to larger influences in the network by the respective primary sensory area. Respiratory and theta rhythms also coupled to faster oscillations in primary sensory and hippocampal areas. These data provide the first evidence of widespread interactions among nasal respiration, olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, and hippocampus in awake freely moving rats, and support the piriform cortex as an integrator of respiratory and theta activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent studies have shown widespread interactions between the nasally driven respiratory rhythm and neural oscillations in hippocampus and neocortex. With this study, we address how the respiratory rhythm interacts with ongoing slow brain rhythms across olfactory, hippocampal, and visual systems in freely moving rats. Patterns of network connectivity change with behavioral state, with stronger interactions at fast and slow respiratory frequencies during foraging as compared with home cage activity. Routing of interactions between sensory cortices depends on the modality of spatial cues present during foraging. Functional connectivity and cross-frequency coupling analyses suggest strong bidirectional interactions between olfactory and hippocampal systems related to respiration and point to the piriform cortex as a key area for mediating respiratory and theta rhythms.
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14
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Parmiani P, Lucchetti C, Franchi G. Changes in reach-to-grasp behaviour over the course of training in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:7805-7819. [PMID: 34773652 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One complex task involving sequence of movements and movement refinement in the rat is the single-pellet reaching task, comprising orientation, transport and withdrawal in sequence. In turn, orientation comprises front wall detection, slot localization and nose poke until reach start. Video recordings of a rat in the reaching box highlighted three stages of temporal training: start of training (ST), forepaw dominance appearance (D) and fully trained (T). Regarding orientation, ST versus D and T presented a significant smaller frequency of approach to the front wall and a significant higher number of whisker cycles and nose touches during slot localization, involving a significant longer Orientation. At the ST stage, 44% of the trials were interrupted after nose poke, and poke took place at significant higher level from the shelf. The shelf was identified only when short whiskers contacted it, but the tongue and both forepaws were used without distinction to reach and grasp the pellet until a forepaw emerged as dominant at D stage. Regarding the temporal features of transport and withdrawal, comparing the D versus T stage revealed a significant longer duration. Finally, successes were significantly higher in T respect to D, meaning that after dominance emergence, more training was still necessary to improve reaching/grasping performance. This study provides evidence that, during training, the rats develop a strategy to obtain the pellets and then refine their movement pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierantonio Parmiani
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristina Lucchetti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Franchi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Horcholle-Bossavit G, Quenet B. Methods for frequency and correlation analyses of neurograms. MethodsX 2021; 8:101258. [PMID: 34434780 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiological functions are based on motor rhythmic activities, among them breathing is a vital issue. The method presented here, or 'temporal grid extraction', aims at characterizing the temporal organization of such an activity. Beyond the measurement of the fundamental frequency, defining the successive cycles, some signal processing tools are helpful in order to look for the presence of higher frequency components that potentially structure these cycles. The method is applied to neurograms recorded from frog brainstem preparations, where two cycle types, buccal and lung cycles, may alternate. It relies on:•Continues Wavelet Transform (CWT) for time-frequency maps and frequency profiles•Crosscorrelation analysis for amplitude maps and amplitude profiles•Cycle-by-cycle autocorrelation analysis for autocorrelation maps and autocorrelation profilesUsing this method, the maps and profiles have revealed that a common high frequency clock drives both buccal and lung cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginette Horcholle-Bossavit
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie respiratoire expérimentale et clinique, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Brigitte Quenet
- PSL Research University, ESPCI-Paris Équipe de Statistique Appliquée, Paris F-75005, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie respiratoire expérimentale et clinique, Paris F-75013, France
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16
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Pardasani M, Marathe SD, Purnapatre MM, Dalvi U, Abraham NM. Multimodal learning of pheromone locations. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21836. [PMID: 34407246 PMCID: PMC7611819 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100167r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Memorizing pheromonal locations is critical for many mammalian species as it involves finding mates and avoiding competitors. In rodents, pheromonal information is perceived by the main and accessory olfactory systems. However, the role of somatosensation in context-dependent learning and memorizing of pheromone locations remains unexplored. We addressed this problem by training female mice on a multimodal task to locate pheromones by sampling volatiles emanating from male urine through the orifices of varying dimensions or shapes that are sensed by their vibrissae. In this novel pheromone location assay, female mice’ preference toward male urine scent decayed over time when they were permitted to explore pheromones vs neutral stimuli, water. On training them for the associations involving olfactory and whisker systems, it was established that they were able to memorize the location of opposite sex pheromones, when tested 15 days later. This memory was not formed either when the somatosensory inputs through whisker pad were blocked or when the pheromonal cues were replaced with that of same sex. The association between olfactory and somatosensory systems was further confirmed by the enhanced expression of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton protein. Furthermore, the activation of main olfactory bulb circuitry by pheromone volatiles did not cause any modulation in learning and memorizing non-pheromonal volatiles. Our study thus provides the evidence for associations formed between different sensory modalities facilitating the long-term memory formation relevant to social and reproductive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Pardasani
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | - Shruti D Marathe
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | - Maitreyee Mandar Purnapatre
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Urvashi Dalvi
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Nixon M Abraham
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
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17
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Oladazimi M, Putelat T, Szalai R, Noda K, Shimoyama I, Champneys A, Schwarz C. Conveyance of texture signals along a rat whisker. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13570. [PMID: 34193889 PMCID: PMC8245408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activities underlying a percept are constrained by the physics of sensory signals. In the tactile sense such constraints are frictional stick-slip events, occurring, amongst other vibrotactile features, when tactile sensors are in contact with objects. We reveal new biomechanical phenomena about the transmission of these microNewton forces at the tip of a rat's whisker, where they occur, to the base where they engage primary afferents. Using high resolution videography and accurate measurement of axial and normal forces at the follicle, we show that the conical and curved rat whisker acts as a sign-converting amplification filter for moment to robustly engage primary afferents. Furthermore, we present a model based on geometrically nonlinear Cosserat rod theory and a friction model that recreates the observed whole-beam whisker dynamics. The model quantifies the relation between kinematics (positions and velocities) and dynamic variables (forces and moments). Thus, only videographic assessment of acceleration is required to estimate forces and moments measured by the primary afferents. Our study highlights how sensory systems deal with complex physical constraints of perceptual targets and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysam Oladazimi
- Systems Neurophysiology, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried Müller Str. 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Systems Neurophysiology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thibaut Putelat
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK.,Department of Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Robert Szalai
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Kentaro Noda
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Intelligent Robotics, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan
| | - Isao Shimoyama
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan
| | - Alan Champneys
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Cornelius Schwarz
- Systems Neurophysiology, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried Müller Str. 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,Systems Neurophysiology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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18
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Findley TM, Wyrick DG, Cramer JL, Brown MA, Holcomb B, Attey R, Yeh D, Monasevitch E, Nouboussi N, Cullen I, Songco JO, King JF, Ahmadian Y, Smear MC. Sniff-synchronized, gradient-guided olfactory search by freely moving mice. eLife 2021; 10:e58523. [PMID: 33942713 PMCID: PMC8169121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For many organisms, searching for relevant targets such as food or mates entails active, strategic sampling of the environment. Finding odorous targets may be the most ancient search problem that motile organisms evolved to solve. While chemosensory navigation has been well characterized in microorganisms and invertebrates, spatial olfaction in vertebrates is poorly understood. We have established an olfactory search assay in which freely moving mice navigate noisy concentration gradients of airborne odor. Mice solve this task using concentration gradient cues and do not require stereo olfaction for performance. During task performance, respiration and nose movement are synchronized with tens of milliseconds precision. This synchrony is present during trials and largely absent during inter-trial intervals, suggesting that sniff-synchronized nose movement is a strategic behavioral state rather than simply a constant accompaniment to fast breathing. To reveal the spatiotemporal structure of these active sensing movements, we used machine learning methods to parse motion trajectories into elementary movement motifs. Motifs fall into two clusters, which correspond to investigation and approach states. Investigation motifs lock precisely to sniffing, such that the individual motifs preferentially occur at specific phases of the sniff cycle. The allocentric structure of investigation and approach indicates an advantage to sampling both sides of the sharpest part of the odor gradient, consistent with a serial-sniff strategy for gradient sensing. This work clarifies sensorimotor strategies for mouse olfactory search and guides ongoing work into the underlying neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Findley
- Department of Biology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - David G Wyrick
- Department of Biology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Jennifer L Cramer
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Morgan A Brown
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Blake Holcomb
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Robin Attey
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Dorian Yeh
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Eric Monasevitch
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Nelly Nouboussi
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Isabelle Cullen
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Jeremea O Songco
- Department of Biology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Jared F King
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Yashar Ahmadian
- Department of Biology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Computational & Biological Learning Lab, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Smear
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
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19
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Grossberg S. A Neural Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Hippocampal Theta Rhythms: Anatomy, Neurophysiology, and Function. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:665052. [PMID: 33994965 PMCID: PMC8113652 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.665052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes a neural model of the anatomy, neurophysiology, and functions of intrinsic and extrinsic theta rhythms in the brains of multiple species. Topics include how theta rhythms were discovered; how theta rhythms organize brain information processing into temporal series of spatial patterns; how distinct theta rhythms occur within area CA1 of the hippocampus and between the septum and area CA3 of the hippocampus; what functions theta rhythms carry out in different brain regions, notably CA1-supported functions like learning, recognition, and memory that involve visual, cognitive, and emotional processes; how spatial navigation, adaptively timed learning, and category learning interact with hippocampal theta rhythms; how parallel cortical streams through the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) and the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) represent the end-points of the What cortical stream for perception and cognition and the Where cortical stream for spatial representation and action; how the neuromodulator acetylcholine interacts with the septo-hippocampal theta rhythm and modulates category learning; what functions are carried out by other brain rhythms, such as gamma and beta oscillations; and how gamma and beta oscillations interact with theta rhythms. Multiple experimental facts about theta rhythms are unified and functionally explained by this theoretical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Grossberg
- Center for Adaptive Systems, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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20
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Flossmann T, Rochefort NL. Spatial navigation signals in rodent visual cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 67:163-173. [PMID: 33360769 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During navigation, animals integrate sensory information with body movements to guide actions. The impact of both navigational and movement-related signals on cortical visual information processing remains largely unknown. We review recent studies in awake rodents that have revealed navigation-related signals in the primary visual cortex (V1) including speed, distance travelled and head-orienting movements. Both cortical and subcortical inputs convey self-motion related information to V1 neurons: for example, top-down inputs from secondary motor and retrosplenial cortices convey information about head movements and spatial expectations. Within V1, subtypes of inhibitory neurons are critical for the integration of navigation-related and visual signals. We conclude with potential functional roles of navigation-related signals in V1 including gain control, motor error signals and predictive coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Flossmann
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie L Rochefort
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.
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21
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Parmiani P, Lucchetti C, Franchi G. The effects of olfactory bulb removal on single-pellet skilled reaching task in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:827-840. [PMID: 33249662 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We focused on how the rat uses olfactory cues in a single-pellet reaching task, which is composed of three successive learned responses, Orient, Transport, and Withdrawal. Orient comprised: front wall detection, slot localisation, and nose poke until reach start. High-speed video-recording enabled us to describe the temporal features of this sequence in controls vs. 3-5 and 12-14 days after bilateral bulbectomy in trials with (P trial) vs. without (no-P trial) pellet. In controls, the full sequence was complete in P trials, while it was interrupted after Orient in no P-trials. After bulbectomy, the full sequence was seen in both P and no-P trials at days 3-5 and 12-14 and there was an increase in Orient duration due to the increased time in slot/shelf localisation. Unlike in controls, in anosmic rats, the first nose contact with the front wall took place below the slot/shelf level, and the number of nose touches together with the number of whisker cycles was significantly higher at 3-5 but not at 12-14 days. The relationship between nose touches and whisker cycles was linear in all experimental conditions. Bulbectomy resulted in no changes in the Transport duration or the time the paw spent out of the slot. These findings suggest that olfaction allows the animal to orient itself in pellet localisation, and offers insight into the contribution of olfaction during different stages of natural behaviour in skilled reaching task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierantonio Parmiani
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristina Lucchetti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Franchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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22
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Javitt DC, Siegel SJ, Spencer KM, Mathalon DH, Hong LE, Martinez A, Ehlers CL, Abbas AI, Teichert T, Lakatos P, Womelsdorf T. A roadmap for development of neuro-oscillations as translational biomarkers for treatment development in neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1411-1422. [PMID: 32375159 PMCID: PMC7360555 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0697-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
New treatment development for psychiatric disorders depends critically upon the development of physiological measures that can accurately translate between preclinical animal models and clinical human studies. Such measures can be used both as stratification biomarkers to define pathophysiologically homogeneous patient populations and as target engagement biomarkers to verify similarity of effects across preclinical and clinical intervention. Traditional "time-domain" event-related potentials (ERP) have been used translationally to date but are limited by the significant differences in timing and distribution across rodent, monkey and human studies. By contrast, neuro-oscillatory responses, analyzed within the "time-frequency" domain, are relatively preserved across species permitting more precise translational comparisons. Moreover, neuro-oscillatory responses are increasingly being mapped to local circuit mechanisms and may be useful for investigating effects of both pharmacological and neuromodulatory interventions on excitatory/inhibitory balance. The present paper provides a roadmap for development of neuro-oscillatory responses as translational biomarkers in neuropsychiatric treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Javitt
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10954, USA.
| | - Steven J Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Kevin M Spencer
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- VA San Francisco Healthcare System, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Antigona Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10954, USA
| | - Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Atheir I Abbas
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tobias Teichert
- Departments of Psychiatry and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Peter Lakatos
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10954, USA
| | - Thilo Womelsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
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23
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Parker PRL, Brown MA, Smear MC, Niell CM. Movement-Related Signals in Sensory Areas: Roles in Natural Behavior. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:581-595. [PMID: 32580899 PMCID: PMC8000520 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated prominent and widespread movement-related signals in the brain of head-fixed mice, even in primary sensory areas. However, it is still unknown what role these signals play in sensory processing. Why are these sensory areas 'contaminated' by movement signals? During natural behavior, animals actively acquire sensory information as they move through the environment and use this information to guide ongoing actions. In this context, movement-related signals could allow sensory systems to predict self-induced sensory changes and extract additional information about the environment. In this review we summarize recent findings on the presence of movement-related signals in sensory areas and discuss how their study, in the context of natural freely moving behaviors, could advance models of sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R L Parker
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| | - Morgan A Brown
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Matthew C Smear
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Cristopher M Niell
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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24
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Tantirigama MLS, Zolnik T, Judkewitz B, Larkum ME, Sachdev RNS. Perspective on the Multiple Pathways to Changing Brain States. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:23. [PMID: 32457583 PMCID: PMC7225277 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we highlight several disparate ideas that are linked to changes in brain state (i.e., sleep to arousal, Down to Up, synchronized to de-synchronized). In any discussion of the brain state, we propose that the cortical pyramidal neuron has a central position. EEG recordings, which typically assess brain state, predominantly reflect the activity of cortical pyramidal neurons. This means that the dominant rhythmic activity that characterizes a particular brain state ultimately has to manifest globally across the pyramidal neuron population. During state transitions, it is the long-range connectivity of these neurons that broadcast the resultant changes in activity to many subcortical targets. Structures like the thalamus, brainstem/hypothalamic neuromodulatory systems, and respiratory systems can also strongly influence brain state, and for many decades we have been uncovering bidirectional pathways that link these structures to state changes in the cerebral cortex. More recently, movement and active behaviors have emerged as powerful drivers of state changes. Each of these systems involve different circuits distributed across the brain. Yet, for a system-wide change in brain state, there must be a collaboration between these circuits that reflects and perhaps triggers the transition between brain states. As we expand our understanding of how brain state changes, our current challenge is to understand how these diverse sets of circuits and pathways interact to produce the changes observed in cortical pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew E. Larkum
- Institut für Biologie, Neurocure Center for Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin & Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert N. S. Sachdev
- Institut für Biologie, Neurocure Center for Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin & Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Joshi A, Somogyi P. Changing phase relationship of the stepping rhythm to neuronal oscillatory theta activity in the septo-hippocampal network of mice. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:871-879. [PMID: 32060639 PMCID: PMC7046600 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Movement-related sensory and motor activity in the brain contributes to cognitive processes. We have observed that the frequency of stepping rhythm in head-fixed mice running on a jetball overlaps with the range of frequencies that characterize hippocampal rhythmic slow activity, including theta (~ 3 to 10 Hz). On average, step-cycle troughs (i.e. when the paw touches the ground) were weakly coupled to hippocampal theta oscillations. This weak coupling was sustained during a range of running speeds. In short temporal windows, step-cycle troughs were synchronous with hippocampal theta oscillatory cycle troughs, while during other periods they led or lagged behind theta cycles. Furthermore, simultaneously recorded theta rhythmic medial septal neurons in the basal forebrain were phase-coupled to both step-cycles and theta-cycles. We propose that the weak overall phase relationship of step-cycles with theta-cycles signifies a distinct mode of information processing. Transient synchronization of the step-cycle with theta may indicate the engagement of septo-hippocampal-entorhinal network with the current heading of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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Vera J, Pereira U, Reynaert B, Bacigalupo J, Sanhueza M. Modulation of Frequency Preference in Heterogeneous Populations of Theta-resonant Neurons. Neuroscience 2020; 426:13-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Jefferys JGR, Arafat MA, Irazoqui PP, Lovick TA. Brainstem activity, apnea, and death during seizures induced by intrahippocampal kainic acid in anaesthetized rats. Epilepsia 2019; 60:2346-2358. [PMID: 31705531 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. R. Jefferys
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
- Department of Pharmacology Oxford University Oxford UK
| | - Muhammad A. Arafat
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Pedro P. Irazoqui
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Thelma A. Lovick
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience University of Bristol Bristol UK
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Severson KS, O'Connor DH. Active Sensing: The Rat's Nose Dances in Step with Whiskers, Head, and Breath. Curr Biol 2019; 27:R183-R185. [PMID: 28267973 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Active sampling of touch and smell involves coordinated movements first observed in the rat half a century ago. A new study has unveiled the elegant choreography of this facial and head motion during tactile and olfactory exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Severson
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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29
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Whisker Vibrations and the Activity of Trigeminal Primary Afferents in Response to Airflow. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5881-5896. [PMID: 31097620 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2971-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents are the most commonly studied model system in neuroscience, but surprisingly few studies investigate the natural sensory stimuli that rodent nervous systems evolved to interpret. Even fewer studies examine neural responses to these natural stimuli. Decades of research have investigated the rat vibrissal (whisker) system in the context of direct touch and tactile stimulation, but recent work has shown that rats also use their whiskers to help detect and localize airflow. The present study investigates the neural basis for this ability as dictated by the mechanical response of whiskers to airflow. Mechanical experiments show that a whisker's vibration magnitude depends on airspeed and the intrinsic shape of the whisker. Surprisingly, the direction of the whisker's vibration changes as a function of airflow speed: vibrations transition from parallel to perpendicular with respect to the airflow as airspeed increases. Recordings from primary sensory trigeminal ganglion neurons show that these neurons exhibit responses consistent with those that would be predicted from direct touch. Trigeminal neuron firing rate increases with airspeed, is modulated by the orientation of the whisker relative to the airflow, and is influenced by the whisker's resonant frequencies. We develop a simple model to describe how a population of neurons could leverage mechanical relationships to decode both airspeed and direction. These results open new avenues for studying vibrissotactile regions of the brain in the context of evolutionarily important airflow-sensing behaviors and olfactory search. Although this study used only female rats, all results are expected to generalize to male rats.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The rodent vibrissal (whisker) system has been studied for decades in the context of direct tactile sensation, but recent work has indicated that rats also use whiskers to help localize airflow. Neural circuits in somatosensory regions of the rodent brain thus likely evolved in part to process airflow information. This study investigates the whiskers' mechanical response to airflow and the associated neural response. Airspeed affects the magnitude of whisker vibration and the response magnitude of whisker-sensitive primary sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. Surprisingly, the direction of vibration and the associated directionally dependent neural response changes with airspeed. These findings suggest a population code for airflow speed and direction and open new avenues for studying vibrissotactile regions of the brain.
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Schwartenbeck P, Passecker J, Hauser TU, FitzGerald THB, Kronbichler M, Friston KJ. Computational mechanisms of curiosity and goal-directed exploration. eLife 2019; 8:41703. [PMID: 31074743 PMCID: PMC6510535 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful behaviour depends on the right balance between maximising reward and soliciting information about the world. Here, we show how different types of information-gain emerge when casting behaviour as surprise minimisation. We present two distinct mechanisms for goal-directed exploration that express separable profiles of active sampling to reduce uncertainty. 'Hidden state' exploration motivates agents to sample unambiguous observations to accurately infer the (hidden) state of the world. Conversely, 'model parameter' exploration, compels agents to sample outcomes associated with high uncertainty, if they are informative for their representation of the task structure. We illustrate the emergence of these types of information-gain, termed active inference and active learning, and show how these forms of exploration induce distinct patterns of 'Bayes-optimal' behaviour. Our findings provide a computational framework for understanding how distinct levels of uncertainty systematically affect the exploration-exploitation trade-off in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schwartenbeck
- Wellcome Centre for Human NeuroimagingUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria,Neuroscience InstituteChristian-Doppler-Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburgAustria,Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Johannes Passecker
- Department for Cognitive Neurobiology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- Wellcome Centre for Human NeuroimagingUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas HB FitzGerald
- Wellcome Centre for Human NeuroimagingUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom,Department of PsychologyUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin Kronbichler
- Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria,Neuroscience InstituteChristian-Doppler-Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human NeuroimagingUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Kurnikova A, Deschênes M, Kleinfeld D. Functional brain stem circuits for control of nose motion. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:205-217. [PMID: 30461370 PMCID: PMC6383659 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00608.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents shift their nose from side to side when they actively explore and lateralize odors in the space. This motor action is driven by a pair of muscles, the deflector nasi. We studied the premotor control of this motion. We used replication-competent rabies virus to transsynaptically label inputs to the deflector nasi muscle and find putative premotor labeling throughout the parvocellular, intermediate, and gigantocellular reticular formations, as well as the trigeminal nuclei, pontine reticular formation, midbrain reticular formation, red nucleus, and superior colliculus. Two areas with extensive labeling were analyzed for their impact on nose movement. One area is in the reticular formation caudal to the facial motor nucleus and is denoted the nose retrofacial area. The second is in the caudal part of the intermediate reticular region near the oscillator for whisking (the nose IRt). Functionally, we find that optogenetic activation of glutamatergic cells in both areas drives deflection of the nose. Ablation of cells in the nose retrofacial area, but not the nose IRt, impairs movement of the nose in response to the presentation of odorants but otherwise leaves movement unaffected. These data suggest that the nose retrofacial area is a conduit for a sensory-driven orofacial motor action. Furthermore, we find labeling of neurons that are immediately upstream of premotor neurons in the preBötzinger complex that presumably synchronizes a small, rhythmic component of nose motion to breathing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We identify two previously undescribed premotor areas in the medulla that control deflection of the nose. This includes a pathway for directed motion of the nose in response to an odorant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kurnikova
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Martin Deschênes
- Centre de Recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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32
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Noguchi A, Sakaguchi T, Sato M, Aikawa H, Matsumoto N, Ikegaya Y. Whisker electromyograms signify awake and anesthetized states in mice. Neurosci Res 2018; 148:61-65. [PMID: 30593852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral state of animals is essential information for functional recordings of neuronal activity; practically, the exact timing when animals recover from anesthesia is important information. Recordings of cortical local field potentials and dorsal neck electromyograms (EMGs), a widely used method to identify behavioral states, requires at least two recording electrodes, one of which also requires a craniotomy procedure. In the present study, recordings of whisker EMGs alone are sufficient to detect the state switch from anesthesia to awakening in head-fixed mice. This method uses a single electrode and thus is technically simple and demands a less physical burden to animals. Moreover, whisker EMGs recorded under anesthesia reflect respiratory rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Noguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hide Aikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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33
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Biswas D, Arend LA, Stamper SA, Vágvölgyi BP, Fortune ES, Cowan NJ. Closed-Loop Control of Active Sensing Movements Regulates Sensory Slip. Curr Biol 2018; 28:4029-4036.e4. [PMID: 30503617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Active sensing involves the production of motor signals for the purpose of acquiring sensory information [1-3]. The most common form of active sensing, found across animal taxa and behaviors, involves the generation of movements-e.g., whisking [4-6], touching [7, 8], sniffing [9, 10], and eye movements [11]. Active sensing movements profoundly affect the information carried by sensory feedback pathways [12-15] and are modulated by both top-down goals (e.g., measuring weight versus texture [1, 16]) and bottom-up stimuli (e.g., lights on or off [12]), but it remains unclear whether and how these movements are controlled in relation to the ongoing feedback they generate. To investigate the control of movements for active sensing, we created an experimental apparatus for freely swimming weakly electric fish, Eigenmannia virescens, that modulates the gain of reafferent feedback by adjusting the position of a refuge based on real-time videographic measurements of fish position. We discovered that fish robustly regulate sensory slip via closed-loop control of active sensing movements. Specifically, as fish performed the task of maintaining position inside the refuge [17-22], they dramatically up- or downregulated fore-aft active sensing movements in relation to a 4-fold change of experimentally modulated reafferent gain. These changes in swimming movements served to maintain a constant magnitude of sensory slip. The magnitude of sensory slip depended on the presence or absence of visual cues. These results indicate that fish use two controllers: one that controls the acquisition of information by regulating feedback from active sensing movements and another that maintains position in the refuge, a control structure that may be ubiquitous in animals [23, 24].
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Biswas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Luke A Arend
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sarah A Stamper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Balázs P Vágvölgyi
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Eric S Fortune
- Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Noah J Cowan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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34
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Al Koborssy D, Palouzier-Paulignan B, Canova V, Thevenet M, Fadool DA, Julliard AK. Modulation of olfactory-driven behavior by metabolic signals: role of the piriform cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:315-336. [PMID: 30317390 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction is one of the major sensory modalities that regulates food consumption and is in turn regulated by the feeding state. Given that the olfactory bulb has been shown to be a metabolic sensor, we explored whether the anterior piriform cortex (aPCtx)-a higher olfactory cortical processing area-had the same capacity. Using immunocytochemical approaches, we report the localization of Kv1.3 channel, glucose transporter type 4, and the insulin receptor in the lateral olfactory tract and Layers II and III of the aPCtx. In current-clamped superficial pyramidal (SP) cells, we report the presence of two populations of SP cells: glucose responsive and non-glucose responsive. Using varied glucose concentrations and a glycolysis inhibitor, we found that insulin modulation of the instantaneous and spike firing frequency are both glucose dependent and require glucose metabolism. Using a plethysmograph to record sniffing frequency, rats microinjected with insulin failed to discriminate ratiometric enantiomers; considered a difficult task. Microinjection of glucose prevented discrimination of odorants of different chain-lengths, whereas injection of margatoxin increased the rate of habituation to repeated odor stimulation and enhanced discrimination. These data suggest that metabolic signaling pathways that are present in the aPCtx are capable of neuronal modulation and changing complex olfactory behaviors in higher olfactory centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Al Koborssy
- Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Brigitte Palouzier-Paulignan
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 Team Olfaction: From Coding to Memory, 50 Av. Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Canova
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 Team Olfaction: From Coding to Memory, 50 Av. Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Thevenet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 Team Olfaction: From Coding to Memory, 50 Av. Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon, France
| | - Debra Ann Fadool
- Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Institute of Molecular Biophysics, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Andrée Karyn Julliard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292 Team Olfaction: From Coding to Memory, 50 Av. Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon, France.
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35
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Corcoran AW, Pezzulo G, Hohwy J. Commentary: Respiration-Entrained Brain Rhythms Are Global but Often Overlooked. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:25. [PMID: 29937718 PMCID: PMC6003246 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Corcoran
- Cognition and Philosophy Laboratory, School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Jakob Hohwy
- Cognition and Philosophy Laboratory, School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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36
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Lebedev MA, Pimashkin A, Ossadtchi A. Navigation Patterns and Scent Marking: Underappreciated Contributors to Hippocampal and Entorhinal Spatial Representations? Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:98. [PMID: 29922134 PMCID: PMC5996749 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the currently prevailing theory, hippocampal formation constructs and maintains cognitive spatial maps. Most of the experimental evidence for this theory comes from the studies on navigation in laboratory rats and mice, typically male animals. While these animals exhibit a rich repertoire of behaviors associated with navigation, including locomotion, head movements, whisking, sniffing, raring and scent marking, the contribution of these behavioral patterns to the hippocampal spatially-selective activity has not been sufficiently studied. Instead, many publications have considered animal position in space as the major variable that affects the firing of hippocampal place cells and entorhinal grid cells. Here we argue that future work should focus on a more detailed examination of different behaviors exhibited during navigation to better understand the mechanism of spatial tuning in hippocampal neurons. As an inquiry in this direction, we have analyzed data from two datasets, shared online, containing recordings from rats navigating in square and round arenas. Our analyses revealed patchy navigation patterns, evident from the spatial maps of animal position, velocity and acceleration. Moreover, grid cells available in the datasets exhibited similar periodicity as the navigation parameters. These findings indicate that activity of grid cells could affect navigation parameters and/or vice versa. Additionally, we speculate that scent marks left by navigating animals could contribute to neuronal responses while rats and mice sniff their environment; the act of sniffing could modulate neuronal discharges even in virtual visual environments. Accordingly, we propose that future experiments should contain additional controls for navigation patterns, whisking, sniffing and maps composed of scent marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Lebedev
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Bioelectric Interfaces of the Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Pimashkin
- Laboratory of Neuroengineering, Center of Translational Technologies, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexei Ossadtchi
- Center for Bioelectric Interfaces of the Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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37
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Parallel detection of theta and respiration-coupled oscillations throughout the mouse brain. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6432. [PMID: 29691421 PMCID: PMC5915406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow brain oscillations are usually coherent over long distances and thought to link distributed cell assemblies. In mice, theta (5–10 Hz) stands as one of the most studied slow rhythms. However, mice often breathe at theta frequency, and we recently reported that nasal respiration leads to local field potential (LFP) oscillations that are independent of theta. Namely, we showed respiration-coupled oscillations in the hippocampus, prelimbic cortex, and parietal cortex, suggesting that respiration could impose a global brain rhythm. Here we extend these findings by analyzing LFPs from 15 brain regions recorded simultaneously with respiration during exploration and REM sleep. We find that respiration-coupled oscillations can be detected in parallel with theta in several neocortical regions, from prefrontal to visual areas, and also in subcortical structures such as the thalamus, amygdala and ventral hippocampus. They might have escaped attention in previous studies due to the absence of respiration monitoring, the similarity with theta oscillations, and the highly variable peak frequency. We hypothesize that respiration-coupled oscillations constitute a global brain rhythm suited to entrain distributed networks into a common regime. However, whether their widespread presence reflects local network activity or is due to volume conduction remains to be determined.
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38
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Sensorimotor computation underlying phototaxis in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2017; 8:651. [PMID: 28935857 PMCID: PMC5608914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals continuously gather sensory cues to move towards favourable environments. Efficient goal-directed navigation requires sensory perception and motor commands to be intertwined in a feedback loop, yet the neural substrate underlying this sensorimotor task in the vertebrate brain remains elusive. Here, we combine virtual-reality behavioural assays, volumetric calcium imaging, optogenetic stimulation and circuit modelling to reveal the neural mechanisms through which a zebrafish performs phototaxis, i.e. actively orients towards a light source. Key to this process is a self-oscillating hindbrain population (HBO) that acts as a pacemaker for ocular saccades and controls the orientation of successive swim-bouts. It further integrates visual stimuli in a state-dependent manner, i.e. its response to visual inputs varies with the motor context, a mechanism that manifests itself in the phase-locked entrainment of the HBO by periodic stimuli. A rate model is developed that reproduces our observations and demonstrates how this sensorimotor processing eventually biases the animal trajectory towards bright regions. Active locomotion requires closed-loop sensorimotor co ordination between perception and action. Here the authors show using behavioural, imaging and modelling approaches that gaze orientation during phototaxis behaviour in larval zebrafish is related to oscillatory dynamics of a neuronal population in the hindbrain.
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39
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Pezzulo G, Kemere C, van der Meer MAA. Internally generated hippocampal sequences as a vantage point to probe future-oriented cognition. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1396:144-165. [PMID: 28548460 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Information processing in the rodent hippocampus is fundamentally shaped by internally generated sequences (IGSs), expressed during two different network states: theta sequences, which repeat and reset at the ∼8 Hz theta rhythm associated with active behavior, and punctate sharp wave-ripple (SWR) sequences associated with wakeful rest or slow-wave sleep. A potpourri of diverse functional roles has been proposed for these IGSs, resulting in a fragmented conceptual landscape. Here, we advance a unitary view of IGSs, proposing that they reflect an inferential process that samples a policy from the animal's generative model, supported by hippocampus-specific priors. The same inference affords different cognitive functions when the animal is in distinct dynamical modes, associated with specific functional networks. Theta sequences arise when inference is coupled to the animal's action-perception cycle, supporting online spatial decisions, predictive processing, and episode encoding. SWR sequences arise when the animal is decoupled from the action-perception cycle and may support offline cognitive processing, such as memory consolidation, the prospective simulation of spatial trajectories, and imagination. We discuss the empirical bases of this proposal in relation to rodent studies and highlight how the proposed computational principles can shed light on the mechanisms of future-oriented cognition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Caleb Kemere
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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40
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Nasal Respiration Entrains Human Limbic Oscillations and Modulates Cognitive Function. J Neurosci 2017; 36:12448-12467. [PMID: 27927961 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2586-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to breathe links the mammalian olfactory system inextricably to the respiratory rhythms that draw air through the nose. In rodents and other small animals, slow oscillations of local field potential activity are driven at the rate of breathing (∼2-12 Hz) in olfactory bulb and cortex, and faster oscillatory bursts are coupled to specific phases of the respiratory cycle. These dynamic rhythms are thought to regulate cortical excitability and coordinate network interactions, helping to shape olfactory coding, memory, and behavior. However, while respiratory oscillations are a ubiquitous hallmark of olfactory system function in animals, direct evidence for such patterns is lacking in humans. In this study, we acquired intracranial EEG data from rare patients (Ps) with medically refractory epilepsy, enabling us to test the hypothesis that cortical oscillatory activity would be entrained to the human respiratory cycle, albeit at the much slower rhythm of ∼0.16-0.33 Hz. Our results reveal that natural breathing synchronizes electrical activity in human piriform (olfactory) cortex, as well as in limbic-related brain areas, including amygdala and hippocampus. Notably, oscillatory power peaked during inspiration and dissipated when breathing was diverted from nose to mouth. Parallel behavioral experiments showed that breathing phase enhances fear discrimination and memory retrieval. Our findings provide a unique framework for understanding the pivotal role of nasal breathing in coordinating neuronal oscillations to support stimulus processing and behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Animal studies have long shown that olfactory oscillatory activity emerges in line with the natural rhythm of breathing, even in the absence of an odor stimulus. Whether the breathing cycle induces cortical oscillations in the human brain is poorly understood. In this study, we collected intracranial EEG data from rare patients with medically intractable epilepsy, and found evidence for respiratory entrainment of local field potential activity in human piriform cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. These effects diminished when breathing was diverted to the mouth, highlighting the importance of nasal airflow for generating respiratory oscillations. Finally, behavioral data in healthy subjects suggest that breathing phase systematically influences cognitive tasks related to amygdala and hippocampal functions.
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41
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Kurnikova A, Moore JD, Liao SM, Deschênes M, Kleinfeld D. Coordination of Orofacial Motor Actions into Exploratory Behavior by Rat. Curr Biol 2017; 27:688-696. [PMID: 28216320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The delineation of sensorimotor circuits that guide exploration begins with an understanding of the pattern of motor outputs [1]. These motor patterns provide a clue to the form of the underlying circuits [2-4] (but see [5]). We focus on the behaviors that rodents use to explore their peripersonal space through goal-directed positioning of their nose, head, and vibrissae. Rodents sniff in response to novel odors, reward expectation, and as part of social interactions [6-12]. Sniffing serves olfaction [13, 14], while whisking synchronized to sniffing serves vibrissa-based touch [6, 15, 16]. We quantify the ethology of exploratory nose and head movements in relation to breathing. We find that sniffing is accompanied by prominent lateral and vertical deflections of the nose, i.e., twitches, which are driven by activation of the deflector nasi muscles [17]. On the timescale of individual breaths, nose motion is rhythmic and has a maximum deflection following the onset of inspiration. On a longer timescale, excursions of the nose persist for several breaths and are accompanied by an asymmetry in vibrissa positioning toward the same side of the face. Such directed deflections can be triggered by a lateralized source of odor. Lastly, bobbing of the head as the animal cranes and explores is phase-locked to sniffing and to movement of the nose. These data, along with prior results on the resetting of the whisk cycle at the onset of inspiration [15, 16, 18], reveal that the onset of each breath initiates a "snapshot" of the orofacial sensory environment. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kurnikova
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Moore
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Song-Mao Liao
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martin Deschênes
- Centre de Recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Québec City, Québec G1J 2R3, Canada
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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42
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Kang JH, Choi JH, Hwang E, Kim SP. Changes in effective connectivity of sensorimotor rhythms in thalamocortical circuits during the induction and recovery of anesthesia in mice. J Neurol Sci 2016; 369:165-175. [PMID: 27653884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The thalamocortical network serves a role in both consciousness and sensorimotor processing. However, little is known regarding how changes in conscious states, via induction of and recovery from anesthesia, affect the processing of sensorimotor information in the thalamocortical network. To address this, we investigated the dynamics of causal interactions among sensorimotor rhythms (SMR; frequency range of 3-12Hz) across the thalamocortical network during transitions into and out of ketamine-induced unconsciousness. Two local field potentials from the ventral lateral and ventrobasal thalamic nuclei, as well as two intracranial electroencephalography signals from the primary sensory and primary motor regions, were recorded in 10 mice. Spectral Granger causality analysis revealed two distinct frequency-specific patterns in sensorimotor rhythms. For the low-frequency (3-6.5Hz) SMR, loss of consciousness evoked causal influences directed from the cortex to the thalamus. For the high-frequency (6.5-12Hz) SMR, causal influences from the primary sensory cortex to other regions during the conscious period were abruptly altered by loss of consciousness and gradually regenerated following recovery of consciousness. The results of the present study indicate that anesthesia alters the flow of sensorimotor information in the thalamocortical network and may provide evidence of the neural basis of loss and recovery of sensorimotor function associated with anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Kang
- Department of Human and Systems Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Choi
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neuroscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjin Hwang
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Phil Kim
- Department of Human and Systems Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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43
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Whisking mechanics and active sensing. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 40:178-188. [PMID: 27632212 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe recent advances in quantifying the three-dimensional (3D) geometry and mechanics of whisking. Careful delineation of relevant 3D reference frames reveals important geometric and mechanical distinctions between the localization problem ('where' is an object) and the feature extraction problem ('what' is an object). Head-centered and resting-whisker reference frames lend themselves to quantifying temporal and kinematic cues used for object localization. The whisking-centered reference frame lends itself to quantifying the contact mechanics likely associated with feature extraction. We offer the 'windowed sampling' hypothesis for active sensing: that rats can estimate an object's spatial features by integrating mechanical information across whiskers during brief (25-60ms) windows of 'haptic enclosure' with the whiskers, a motion that resembles a hand grasp.
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Yu YSW, Graff MM, Bresee CS, Man YB, Hartmann MJZ. Whiskers aid anemotaxis in rats. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600716. [PMID: 27574705 PMCID: PMC4996642 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Observation of terrestrial mammals suggests that they can follow the wind (anemotaxis), but the sensory cues underlying this ability have not been studied. We identify a significant contribution to anemotaxis mediated by whiskers (vibrissae), a modality previously studied only in the context of direct tactile contact. Five rats trained on a five-alternative forced-choice airflow localization task exhibited significant performance decrements after vibrissal removal. In contrast, vibrissal removal did not disrupt the performance of control animals trained to localize a light source. The performance decrement of individual rats was related to their airspeed threshold for successful localization: animals that found the task more challenging relied more on the vibrissae for localization cues. Following vibrissal removal, the rats deviated more from the straight-line path to the air source, choosing sources farther from the correct location. Our results indicate that rats can perform anemotaxis and that whiskers greatly facilitate this ability. Because air currents carry information about both odor content and location, these findings are discussed in terms of the adaptive significance of the interaction between sniffing and whisking in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan S. W. Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Matthew M. Graff
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chris S. Bresee
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yan B. Man
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mitra J. Z. Hartmann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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45
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Pérez de Los Cobos Pallares F, Bautista TG, Stanić D, Egger V, Dutschmann M. Brainstem-mediated sniffing and respiratory modulation during odor stimulation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 233:17-24. [PMID: 27473930 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The trigeminal and olfactory systems interact during sensory processing of odor. Here, we investigate odor-evoked modulations of brainstem respiratory networks in a decerebrated perfused brainstem preparation of rat with intact olfactory bulbs. Intranasal application of non-trigeminal odors (rose) did not evoke respiratory modulation in absence of cortico-limbic circuits. Conversely, trigeminal odors such as menthol or lavender evoked robust respiratory modulations via direct activation of preserved brainstem circuits. Trigeminal odors consistently triggered short phrenic nerve bursts (fictive sniff), and the strong trigeminal odor menthol also triggered a slowing of phrenic nerve frequency. Phrenic and vagal nerve recordings reveal that fictive sniffs transiently interrupted odor evoked tonic postinspiratory vagal discharge. This motor pattern is significantly different from normal (eupneic) respiratory activity. In conclusion, we show for the first time the direct involvement of brainstem circuits in primary odor processing to evoke protective sniffs and respiratory modulation in the complete absence of forebrain commands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tara G Bautista
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Gate 11 Royal Parade, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Davor Stanić
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Gate 11 Royal Parade, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Veronica Egger
- Zoological Institute, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Gate 11 Royal Parade, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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46
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Alves JA, Boerner BC, Laplagne DA. Flexible Coupling of Respiration and Vocalizations with Locomotion and Head Movements in the Freely Behaving Rat. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:4065073. [PMID: 27525126 PMCID: PMC4976156 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4065073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quadrupedal mammals typically synchronize their respiration with body movements during rhythmic locomotion. In the rat, fast respiration is coupled to head movements during sniffing behavior, but whether respiration is entrained by stride dynamics is not known. We recorded intranasal pressure, head acceleration, instantaneous speed, and ultrasonic vocalizations from male and female adult rats while freely behaving in a social environment. We used high-speed video recordings of stride to understand how head acceleration signals relate to locomotion and developed techniques to identify episodes of sniffing, walking, trotting, and galloping from the recorded variables. Quantitative analysis of synchrony between respiration and head acceleration rhythms revealed that respiration and locomotion movements were coordinated but with a weaker coupling than expected from previous work in other mammals. We have recently shown that rats behaving in social settings produce high rates of ultrasonic vocalizations during locomotion bouts. Accordingly, rats emitted vocalizations in over half of the respiratory cycles during fast displacements. We present evidence suggesting that emission of these calls disrupts the entrainment of respiration by stride. The coupling between these two variables is thus flexible, such that it can be overridden by other behavioral demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Andrews Alves
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59056-450 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Barbara Ciralli Boerner
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59056-450 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Diego Andrés Laplagne
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59056-450 Natal, RN, Brazil
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47
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Significance of sniffing pattern during the acquisition of an olfactory discrimination task. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:341-54. [PMID: 27343936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Active sampling of olfactory environment consists of sniffing in rodents. The importance of sniffing dynamics is well established at the neuronal and behavioral levels. Patterns of sniffing have been shown to be modulated by the physicochemical properties of odorants, particularly concentration and sorption. Sniffing is also heavily impacted by higher processing related to the behavioral context, emotion and attentional demand. However, how the pattern of sniffing evolves over the course of learning of an experimental olfactory conditioning is still poorly understood. We tested this question by monitoring sniffing activity, using a whole-body plethysmograph, on rats performing a two-alternative choice odor discrimination task. We followed sniff variations at different learning stages (naïve, well-trained, expert). We found that during the acquisition of an odor discrimination task, rats acquired a global sniffing pattern, independent of the odor pair used. This pattern consists of a longer sampling duration, a higher sniffing frequency, and a larger amplitude. In parallel, subtle differences of sniffing between the two odors of a pair were also observed. This sniffing behavior was not only associated with a better and faster acquisition of the discrimination task but was also transferred to other odor sets and refined after a long-term pause so as to reduce the sampling duration and maintain a specific sniffing frequency. Our results provide additional arguments that sniffing is a complex sensorimotor act that is strongly affected by olfactory learning.
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48
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Circuits in the Ventral Medulla That Phase-Lock Motoneurons for Coordinated Sniffing and Whisking. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:7493048. [PMID: 27293905 PMCID: PMC4887653 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7493048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploratory behavior of rodents is characterized by stereotypical movements of the vibrissae, nose, and head, which are phase locked with rapid respiration, that is, sniffing. Here we review the brainstem circuitry that coordinates these actions and propose that respiration may act as a master clock for binding orofacial inputs across different sensory modalities.
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49
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Deschênes M, Takatoh J, Kurnikova A, Moore JD, Demers M, Elbaz M, Furuta T, Wang F, Kleinfeld D. Inhibition, Not Excitation, Drives Rhythmic Whisking. Neuron 2016; 90:374-87. [PMID: 27041498 PMCID: PMC4929009 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sniffing and whisking typify the exploratory behavior of rodents. These actions involve separate oscillators in the medulla, located respectively in the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) and the vibrissa-related region of the intermediate reticular formation (vIRt). We examine how these oscillators synergize to control sniffing and whisking. We find that the vIRt contains glycinergic/GABAergic cells that rhythmically inhibit vibrissa facial motoneurons. As a basis for the entrainment of whisking by breathing, but not vice versa, we provide evidence for unidirectional connections from the preBötC to the vIRt. The preBötC further contributes to the control of the mystacial pad. Lastly, we show that bilateral synchrony of whisking relies on the respiratory rhythm, consistent with commissural connections between preBötC cells. These data yield a putative circuit in which the preBötC acts as a master clock for the synchronization of vibrissa, pad, and snout movements, as well as for the bilateral synchronization of whisking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Deschênes
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1J 2R3, Canada.
| | - Jun Takatoh
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anastasia Kurnikova
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Moore
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maxime Demers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1J 2R3, Canada
| | - Michael Elbaz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1J 2R3, Canada
| | - Takahiro Furuta
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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50
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Kleinfeld D, Deschênes M, Ulanovsky N. Whisking, Sniffing, and the Hippocampal θ-Rhythm: A Tale of Two Oscillators. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002385. [PMID: 26890361 PMCID: PMC4758648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has unique access to neuronal activity across all of the neocortex. Yet an unanswered question is how the transfer of information between these structures is gated. One hypothesis involves temporal-locking of activity in the neocortex with that in the hippocampus. New data from the Matthew E. Diamond laboratory shows that the rhythmic neuronal activity that accompanies vibrissa-based sensation, in rats, transiently locks to ongoing hippocampal θ-rhythmic activity during the sensory-gathering epoch of a discrimination task. This result complements past studies on the locking of sniffing and the θ-rhythm as well as the relation of sniffing and whisking. An overarching possibility is that the preBötzinger inspiration oscillator, which paces whisking, can selectively lock with the θ-rhythm to traffic sensorimotor information between the rat's neocortex and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Martin Deschênes
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec City, Canada
| | - Nachum Ulanovsky
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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