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Mascaro M, D'Ambrosio L, Lazzari E, Almoguera B, Swafiri ST, Zanchetta ME, Meroni G. A unique missense mutation in the RING domain impairs MID1 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and localisation and is associated with uncommon Opitz Syndrome-like signs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167126. [PMID: 38508475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mascaro
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Luigi D'Ambrosio
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Elisa Lazzari
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - Berta Almoguera
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid 28040, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Saoud Tahsin Swafiri
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid 28040, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Melania Eva Zanchetta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste 34137, Italy.
| | - Germana Meroni
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy.
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2
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Dudley-Fraser J, Rittinger K. It's a TRIM-endous view from the top: the varied roles of TRIpartite Motif proteins in brain development and disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1287257. [PMID: 38115822 PMCID: PMC10728303 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1287257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family members have been implicated in a multitude of physiologies and pathologies in different tissues. With diverse functions in cellular processes including regulation of signaling pathways, protein degradation, and transcriptional control, the impact of TRIM dysregulation can be multifaceted and complex. Here, we focus on the cellular and molecular roles of TRIMs identified in the brain in the context of a selection of pathologies including cancer and neurodegeneration. By examining each disease in parallel with described roles in brain development, we aim to highlight fundamental common mechanisms employed by TRIM proteins and identify opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Dudley-Fraser
- Molecular Structure of Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Rittinger
- Molecular Structure of Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Liang Y, Song C, Li J, Li T, Zhang C, Zou Y. Morphometric analysis of the size-adjusted linear dimensions of the skull landmarks revealed craniofacial dysmorphology in Mid1-cKO mice. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:68. [PMID: 36759768 PMCID: PMC9912615 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early craniofacial development is a highly coordinated process involving neural crest cell migration, proliferation, epithelial apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Both genetic defects and environmental factors can affect these processes and result in orofacial clefts. Mutations in MID1 gene cause X-linked Opitz Syndrome (OS), which is a congenital malformation characterized by craniofacial defects including cleft lip/palate (CLP). Previous studies demonstrated impaired neurological structure and function in Mid1 knockout mice, while no CLP was observed. However, given the highly variable severities of the facial manifestations observed in OS patients within the same family carrying identical genetic defects, subtle craniofacial malformations in Mid1 knockout mice could be overlooked in these studies. Therefore, we propose that a detailed morphometric analysis should be necessary to reveal mild craniofacial dysmorphologies that reflect the similar developmental defects seen in OS patients. RESULTS In this research, morphometric study of the P0 male Mid1-cKO mice were performed using Procrustes superimposition as well as EMDA analysis of the size-adjusted three-dimensional coordinates of 105 skull landmarks, which were collected on the bone surface reconstructed using microcomputed tomographic images. Our results revealed the craniofacial deformation such as the increased dimension of the frontal and nasal bone in Mid1-cKO mice, in line with the most prominent facial features such as hypertelorism, prominent forehead, broad and/or high nasal bridge seen in OS patients. CONCLUSION While been extensively used in evolutionary biology and anthropology in the last decades, geometric morphometric analysis was much less used in developmental biology. Given the high interspecies variances in facial anatomy, the work presented in this research suggested the advantages of morphometric analysis in characterizing animal models of craniofacial developmental defects to reveal phenotypic variations and the underlining pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Liang
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Song
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieli Li
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Yi Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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4
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Chen CY, Seward CH, Song Y, Inamdar M, Leddy AM, Zhang H, Yoo J, Kao WC, Pawlowski H, Stubbs LJ. Galnt17 loss-of-function leads to developmental delay and abnormal coordination, activity, and social interactions with cerebellar vermis pathology. Dev Biol 2022; 490:155-171. [PMID: 36002036 PMCID: PMC10671221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GALNT17 encodes a N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) protein specifically involved in mucin-type O-linked glycosylation of target proteins, a process important for cell adhesion, cell signaling, neurotransmitter activity, neurite outgrowth, and neurite sensing. GALNT17, also known as WBSCR17, is located at the edge of the Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS) critical region and adjacent to the AUTS2 locus, genomic regions associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes that are thought to be co-regulated. Although previous data have implicated Galnt17 in neurodevelopment, the in vivo functions of this gene have not been investigated. In this study, we have analyzed behavioral, brain pathology, and molecular phenotypes exhibited by Galnt17 knockout (Galnt17-/-) mice. We show that Galnt17-/- mutants exhibit developmental neuropathology within the cerebellar vermis, along with abnormal activity, coordination, and social interaction deficits. Transcriptomic and protein analysis revealed reductions in both mucin type O-glycosylation and heparan sulfate synthesis in the developing mutant cerebellum along with disruption of pathways central to neuron differentiation, axon pathfinding, and synaptic signaling, consistent with the mutant neuropathology. These brain and behavioral phenotypes and molecular data confirm a specific role for Galnt17 in brain development and suggest new clues to factors that could contribute to phenotypes in certain WBS and AUTS2 syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ying Chen
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Christopher H Seward
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Yunshu Song
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Manasi Inamdar
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Analise M Leddy
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Jennifer Yoo
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Wei-Chun Kao
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Hanna Pawlowski
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Lisa J Stubbs
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
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5
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Rac-deficient cerebellar granule neurons die before they migrate to the internal granule layer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14848. [PMID: 36050459 PMCID: PMC9436960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Granule neurons are the most common cell type in the cerebellum. They are generated in the external granule layer and migrate inwardly, forming the internal granule layer. Small Rho GTPases play various roles during development of the nervous system and may be involved in generation, differentiation and migration of granule neurons. We deleted Rac1, a member of small Rho GTPases, by GFAP-Cre driver in cerebellar granule neurons and Bergmann glial cells. Rac1flox/flox; Cre mice showed impaired migration and slight reduction in the number of granule neurons in the internal granule layer. Deletion of both Rac1 and Rac3 resulted in almost complete absence of granule neurons. Rac-deficient granule neurons differentiated into p27 and NeuN-expressing post mitotic neurons, but died before migration to the internal granule layer. Loss of Rac3 has little effect on granule neuron development. Rac1flox/flox; Rac3+/−; Cre mice showed intermediate phenotype between Rac1flox/flox; Cre and Rac1flox/flox; Rac3−/−; Cre mice in both survival and migration of granule neurons. Rac3 itself seems to be unimportant in the development of the cerebellum, but has some roles in Rac1-deleted granule neurons. Conversely, overall morphology of Rac1+/flox; Rac3−/−; Cre cerebella was normal. One allele of Rac1 is therefore thought to be sufficient to promote development of cerebellar granule neurons.
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Fang M, Zhang A, Du Y, Lu W, Wang J, Minze LJ, Cox TC, Li XC, Xing J, Zhang Z. TRIM18 is a critical regulator of viral myocarditis and organ inflammation. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:55. [PMID: 35909127 PMCID: PMC9339186 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections by viruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 could cause organ inflammations such as myocarditis, pneumonia and encephalitis. Innate immunity to viral nucleic acids mediates antiviral immunity as well as inflammatory organ injury. However, the innate immune mechanisms that control viral induced organ inflammations are unclear. Methods To understand the role of the E3 ligase TRIM18 in controlling viral myocarditis and organ inflammation, wild-type and Trim18 knockout mice were infected with coxsackievirus B3 for inducing viral myocarditis, influenza A virus PR8 strain and human adenovirus for inducing viral pneumonia, and herpes simplex virus type I for inducing herpes simplex encephalitis. Mice survivals were monitored, and heart, lung and brain were harvested for histology and immunohistochemistry analysis. Real-time PCR, co-immunoprecipitation, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, luciferase assay, flow cytometry, over-expression and knockdown techniques were used to understand the molecular mechanisms of TRIM18 in regulating type I interferon (IFN) production after virus infection in this study. Results We find that knockdown or deletion of TRIM18 in human or mouse macrophages enhances production of type I IFN in response to double strand (ds) RNA and dsDNA or RNA and DNA virus infection. Importantly, deletion of TRIM18 protects mice from viral myocarditis, viral pneumonia, and herpes simplex encephalitis due to enhanced type I IFN production in vivo. Mechanistically, we show that TRIM18 recruits protein phosphatase 1A (PPM1A) to dephosphorylate TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which inactivates TBK1 to block TBK1 from interacting with its upstream adaptors, mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING), thereby dampening antiviral signaling during viral infections. Moreover, TRIM18 stabilizes PPM1A by inducing K63-linked ubiquitination of PPM1A. Conclusions Our results indicate that TRIM18 serves as a negative regulator of viral myocarditis, lung inflammation and brain damage by downregulating innate immune activation induced by both RNA and DNA viruses. Our data reveal that TRIM18 is a critical regulator of innate immunity in viral induced diseases, thereby identifying a potential therapeutic target for treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-022-00840-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Fang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wenting Lu
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Junying Wang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Laurie J Minze
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry & Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Xian Chang Li
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Junji Xing
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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7
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Microtubular TRIM36 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase in Embryonic Development and Spermatogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020246. [PMID: 35053362 PMCID: PMC8773809 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TRIM36 is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family of RING-containing proteins, also known as Haprin, which was first discovered for its abundance in testis and found to be implicated in the spermatozoa acrosome reaction. TRIM36 is a microtubule-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a role in cytoskeletal organization, and according to data gathered in different species, coordinates growth speed and stability, acting on the microtubules’ plus end, and impacting on cell cycle progression. TRIM36 is also crucial for early developmental processes, in Xenopus, where it is needed for dorso-ventral axis formation, but also in humans as bi-allelic mutations in the TRIM36 gene cause a form of severe neural tube closure defect, called anencephaly. Here, we review TRIM36-related mechanisms implicated in such composite physiological and pathological processes.
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8
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Maxeiner S, Benseler F, Krasteva-Christ G, Brose N, Südhof TC. Evolution of the Autism-Associated Neuroligin-4 Gene Reveals Broad Erosion of Pseudoautosomal Regions in Rodents. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:1243-1258. [PMID: 32011705 PMCID: PMC7182215 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in genes encoding synaptic adhesion proteins of the neuroligin family, most notably neuroligin-4, are a significant cause of autism spectrum disorders in humans. Although human neuroligin-4 is encoded by two genes, NLGN4X and NLGN4Y, that are localized on the X-specific and male-specific regions of the two sex chromosomes, the chromosomal localization and full genomic sequence of the mouse Nlgn4 gene remain elusive. Here, we analyzed the neuroligin-4 genes of numerous rodent species by direct sequencing and bioinformatics, generated complete drafts of multiple rodent neuroligin-4 genes, and examined their evolution. Surprisingly, we find that the murine Nlgn4 gene is localized to the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of the sex chromosomes, different from its human orthologs. We show that the sequence differences between various neuroligin-4 proteins are restricted to hotspots in which rodent neuroligin-4 proteins contain short repetitive sequence insertions compared with neuroligin-4 proteins from other species, whereas all other protein sequences are highly conserved. Evolutionarily, these sequence insertions initiate in the clade eumuroidea of the infraorder myomorpha and are additionally associated with dramatic changes in noncoding sequences and gene size. Importantly, these changes are not exclusively restricted to neuroligin-4 genes but reflect major evolutionary changes that substantially altered or even deleted genes from the PARs of both sex chromosomes. Our results show that despite the fact that the PAR in rodents and the neuroligin-4 genes within the rodent PAR underwent massive evolutionary changes, neuroligin-4 proteins maintained a highly conserved core structure, consistent with a substantial evolutionary pressure preserving its physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Maxeiner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Fritz Benseler
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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9
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Chang J, Wang S, Zheng Z. Etiology of Hypospadias: A Comparative Review of Genetic Factors and Developmental Processes Between Human and Animal Models. Res Rep Urol 2021; 12:673-686. [PMID: 33381468 PMCID: PMC7769141 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s276141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly of the penis with an occurrence of approximately 1 in 200 boys, but the etiology of the majority of hypospadias has remained unknown. Numerous genes have been reported as having variants in hypospadias patients, and many studies on genetic deletion of key genes in mouse genital development have also been published. Until now, no comparative analysis in the genes related literature has been reported. The basic knowledge of penile development and hypospadias is mainly obtained from animal model studies. Understanding of the differences and similarities between human and animal models is crucial for studies of hypospadias. In this review, mutations and polymorphisms of hypospadias-related genes have been compared between humans and mice, and differential genotype–phenotype relationships of certain genes between humans and mice have been discussed using the data available in PubMed and MGI online databases, and our analysis only revealed mutations in seven out of 43 human hypospadias related genes which have been reported to show similar phenotypes in mutant mice. The differences and similarities in the processes of penile development and hypospadias malformation among human and commonly used animal models suggest that the guinea pig may be a good model to study the mechanism of human penile development and etiology of hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.,School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Zhengui Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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10
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Liu J, Zhang C, Wang X, Hu W, Feng Z. Tumor suppressor p53 cross-talks with TRIM family proteins. Genes Dis 2020; 8:463-474. [PMID: 34179310 PMCID: PMC8209353 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a key tumor suppressor. As a transcription factor, p53 accumulates in cells in response to various stress signals and selectively transcribes its target genes to regulate a wide variety of cellular stress responses to exert its function in tumor suppression. In addition to tumor suppression, p53 is also involved in many other physiological and pathological processes, e.g. anti-infection, immune response, development, reproduction, neurodegeneration and aging. To maintain its proper function, p53 is under tight and delicate regulation through different mechanisms, particularly the posttranslational modifications. The tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins are a large group of proteins characterized by the RING, B-Box and coiled-coil (RBCC) domains at the N-terminus. TRIM proteins play important roles in regulation of many fundamental biological processes, including cell proliferation and death, DNA repair, transcription, and immune response. Alterations of TRIM proteins have been linked to many diseases including cancer, infectious diseases, developmental disorders, and neurodegeneration. Interestingly, recent studies have revealed that many TRIM proteins are involved in the regulation of p53, and at the same time, many TRIM proteins are also regulated by p53. Here, we review the cross-talk between p53 and TRIM proteins, and its impact upon cellular biological processes as well as cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Cen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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11
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Baldini R, Mascaro M, Meroni G. The MID1 gene product in physiology and disease. Gene 2020; 747:144655. [PMID: 32283114 PMCID: PMC8011326 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MID1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase of the Tripartite Motif (TRIM) subfamily of RING-containing proteins, hence also known as TRIM18. MID1 is a microtubule-binding protein found in complex with the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac) and its regulatory subunit alpha 4 (α4). To date, several substrates and interactors of MID1 have been described, providing evidence for the involvement of MID1 in a plethora of essential biological processes, especially during embryonic development. Mutations in the MID1 gene are responsible of the X-linked form of Opitz syndrome (XLOS), a multiple congenital disease characterised by defects in the development of midline structures during embryogenesis. Here, we review MID1-related physiological mechanisms as well as the pathological implication of the MID1 gene in XLOS and in other clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Baldini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Mascaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Germana Meroni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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12
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Abstract
The cerebellum is a pivotal centre for the integration and processing of motor and sensory information. Its extended development into the postnatal period makes this structure vulnerable to a variety of pathologies, including neoplasia. These properties have prompted intensive investigations that reveal not only developmental mechanisms in common with other regions of the neuraxis but also unique strategies to generate neuronal diversity. How the phenotypically distinct cell types of the cerebellum emerge rests on understanding how gene expression differences arise in a spatially and temporally coordinated manner from initially homogeneous cell populations. Increasingly sophisticated fate mapping approaches, culminating in genetic-induced fate mapping, have furthered the understanding of lineage relationships between early- versus later-born cells. Tracing the developmental histories of cells in this way coupled with analysis of gene expression patterns has provided insight into the developmental genetic programmes that instruct cellular heterogeneity. A limitation to date has been the bulk analysis of cells, which blurs lineage relationships and obscures gene expression differences between cells that underpin the cellular taxonomy of the cerebellum. This review emphasises recent discoveries, focusing mainly on single-cell sequencing in mouse and parallel human studies that elucidate neural progenitor developmental trajectories with unprecedented resolution. Complementary functional studies of neural repair after cerebellar injury are challenging assumptions about the stability of postnatal cellular identities. The result is a wealth of new information about the developmental mechanisms that generate cerebellar neural diversity, with implications for human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J. van Essen
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Nayler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Esther B. E. Becker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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TRIM E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Rare Genetic Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:311-325. [PMID: 32274764 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The TRIM family comprises proteins characterized by the presence of the tripartite motif composed of a RING domain, one or two B-box domains and a coiled-coil region. The TRIM shared domain structure underscores a common biochemical function as E3 ligase within the ubiquitination cascade. The TRIM proteins represent one of the largest E3 ligase families counting in human more than 70 members. These proteins are implicated in a plethora of cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, muscular physiology, and innate immune response. Consistently, their alteration results in several pathological conditions emphasizing their medical relevance. Here, the genetic and pathogenetic mechanisms of rare disorders directly caused by mutations in TRIM genes will be reviewed. These diseases fall into different pathological areas, from malformation birth defects due to developmental abnormalities, to neurological disorders and progressive teenage neuromuscular disorders. In many instances, TRIM E3 ligases act on several substrates thus exerting pleiotropic activities: the need of unraveling disease-specific TRIM pathways for a precise targeting therapy avoiding dramatic side effects will be discussed.
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14
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McCallum-Loudeac J, Anderson G, Wilson MJ. Age and Sex-Related Changes to Gene Expression in the Mouse Spinal Cord. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 69:419-432. [PMID: 31267314 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The spinal cord is essential for neuronal communication between the brain and rest of the body. To gain further insight into the molecular changes underpinning maturation of the mouse spinal cord, we analysed gene expression differences between 4 weeks of age (prior to puberty onset) and adulthood (8 weeks). We found 800 genes were significantly differentially expressed between juvenile and adult spinal cords. Gene ontology analysis revealed an overrepresentation of genes with roles in myelination and signal transduction among others. The expression of a further 19 genes was sexually dimorphic; these included both autosomal and sex-linked genes. Given the presence of steroid hormone receptors in the spinal cord, we also looked at the impact of two major steroid hormones, oestradiol and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on spinal cord gene expression for selected genes. In gonadectomised male animals, implants with oestradiol and DHT produced significant changes to spinal cord gene expression. This study provides an overview of the global gene expression changes that occur as the spinal cord matures, over a key period of maturation. This confirms that both age and sex are important considerations in studies involving the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy McCallum-Loudeac
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Greg Anderson
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Megan J Wilson
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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15
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Wizeman JW, Guo Q, Wilion EM, Li JYH. Specification of diverse cell types during early neurogenesis of the mouse cerebellum. eLife 2019; 8:e42388. [PMID: 30735127 PMCID: PMC6382353 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied single-cell RNA sequencing to profile genome-wide gene expression in about 9400 individual cerebellar cells from the mouse embryo at embryonic day 13.5. Reiterative clustering identified the major cerebellar cell types and subpopulations of different lineages. Through pseudotemporal ordering to reconstruct developmental trajectories, we identified novel transcriptional programs controlling cell fate specification of populations arising from the ventricular zone and the rhombic lip, two distinct germinal zones of the embryonic cerebellum. Together, our data revealed cell-specific markers for studying the cerebellum, gene-expression cascades underlying cell fate specification, and a number of previously unknown subpopulations that may play an integral role in the formation and function of the cerebellum. Our findings will facilitate new discovery by providing insights into the molecular and cell type diversity in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wizeman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of ConnecticutFarmingtonUnited States
| | - Qiuxia Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of ConnecticutFarmingtonUnited States
| | | | - James YH Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of ConnecticutFarmingtonUnited States
- Institute for Systems GenomicsUniversity of ConnecticutFarmingtonUnited States
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16
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George AJ, Hoffiz YC, Charles AJ, Zhu Y, Mabb AM. A Comprehensive Atlas of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Mutations in Neurological Disorders. Front Genet 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29491882 PMCID: PMC5817383 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification that plays an integral part in mediating diverse cellular functions. The process of protein ubiquitination requires an enzymatic cascade that consists of a ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2) and an E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3). There are an estimated 600-700 E3 ligase genes representing ~5% of the human genome. Not surprisingly, mutations in E3 ligase genes have been observed in multiple neurological conditions. We constructed a comprehensive atlas of disrupted E3 ligase genes in common (CND) and rare neurological diseases (RND). Of the predicted and known human E3 ligase genes, we found ~13% were mutated in a neurological disorder with 83 total genes representing 70 different types of neurological diseases. Of the E3 ligase genes identified, 51 were associated with an RND. Here, we provide an updated list of neurological disorders associated with E3 ligase gene disruption. We further highlight research in these neurological disorders and discuss the advanced technologies used to support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene J. George
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yarely C. Hoffiz
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Ying Zhu
- Creative Media Industries Institute & Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angela M. Mabb
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Abstract
Egocentric (self-centered) and allocentric (viewpoint independent) representations of space are essential for spatial navigation and wayfinding. Deficits in spatial memory come with age-related cognitive decline, are marked in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and are associated with cognitive deficits in autism. In most of these disorders, a change in the brain areas engaged in the spatial reference system processing has been documented. However, the spatial memory deficits observed during physiological and pathological aging are quite different. While patients with AD and MCI have a general spatial navigation impairment in both allocentric and egocentric strategies, healthy older adults are particularly limited in the allocentric navigation, but they can still count on egocentric navigation strategy to solve spatial tasks. Therefore, specific navigational tests should be considered for differential diagnosis between healthy and pathological aging conditions. Finally, more research is still needed to better understand the spatial abilities of autistic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Miniaci
- Department of Pharmacy , School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) , National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli, Italy
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18
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Abstract
X-linked cerebellar ataxias (XLCA) are an expanding group of genetically heterogeneous and clinically variable conditions characterized by cerebellar dysgenesis (hypoplasia, atrophy, or dysplasia) caused by gene mutations or genomic imbalances on the X chromosome. The neurologic features of XLCA include hypotonia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, ataxia, and other cerebellar signs. Normal cognitive development has also been reported. Cerebellar defects may be isolated or associated with other brain malformations or extraneurologic involvement. More than 20 genes on the X chromosome, mainly encoding for proteins involved in brain development and synaptic function that have been constantly or occasionally associated with a pathologic cerebellar phenotype, and several families with X-linked inheritance have been reported. Given the excess of males with ataxia, this group of conditions is probably underestimated and families of patients with neuroradiologic and clinical evidence of a cerebellar disorder should be counseled for high risk of X-linked inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
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19
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Gatto F, Rossi B, Tarallo A, Polishchuk E, Polishchuk R, Carrella A, Nusco E, Alvino FG, Iacobellis F, De Leonibus E, Auricchio A, Diez-Roux G, Ballabio A, Parenti G. AAV-mediated transcription factor EB (TFEB) gene delivery ameliorates muscle pathology and function in the murine model of Pompe Disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15089. [PMID: 29118420 PMCID: PMC5678083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pompe disease (PD) is a metabolic myopathy due to acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency and characterized by extensive glycogen storage and impaired autophagy. We previously showed that modulation of autophagy and lysosomal exocytosis by overexpression of the transcription factor EB (TFEB) gene was effective in improving muscle pathology in PD mice injected intramuscularly with an AAV-TFEB vector. Here we have evaluated the effects of TFEB systemic delivery on muscle pathology and on functional performance, a primary measure of efficacy in a disorder like PD. We treated 1-month-old PD mice with an AAV2.9-MCK-TFEB vector. An animal cohort was analyzed at 3 months for muscle and heart pathology. A second cohort was followed at different timepoints for functional analysis. In muscles from TFEB-treated mice we observed reduced PAS staining and improved ultrastructure, with reduced number and increased translucency of lysosomes, while total glycogen content remained unchanged. We also observed statistically significant improvements in rotarod performance in treated animals compared to AAV2.9-MCK-eGFP-treated mice at 5 and 8 months. Cardiac echography showed significant reduction in left-ventricular diameters. These results show that TFEB overexpression and modulation of autophagy result in improvements of muscle pathology and of functional performance in the PD murine model, with delayed disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gatto
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Edoardo Nusco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Auricchio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Giancarlo Parenti
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy. .,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
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20
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Nakamura T, Ueyama T, Ninoyu Y, Sakaguchi H, Choijookhuu N, Hishikawa Y, Kiyonari H, Kohta M, Sakahara M, de Curtis I, Kohmura E, Hisa Y, Aiba A, Saito N. Novel role of Rac-Mid1 signaling in medial cerebellar development. Development 2017; 144:1863-1875. [PMID: 28512198 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rac signaling impacts a relatively large number of downstream targets; however, few studies have established an association between Rac pathways and pathological conditions. In the present study, we generated mice with double knockout of Rac1 and Rac3 (Atoh1-Cre;Rac1flox/flox;Rac3-/- ) in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). We observed impaired tangential migration at E16.5, as well as numerous apoptotic CGNs at the deepest layer of the external granule layer (EGL) in the medial cerebellum of Atoh1-Cre;Rac1flox/flox;Rac3-/- mice at P8. Atoh1-Cre;Rac1flox/flox;Rac3-/- CGNs differentiated normally until expression of p27kip1 and NeuN in the deep EGL at P5. Primary CGNs and cerebellar microexplants from Atoh1-Cre;Rac1flox/flox;Rac3-/- mice exhibited impaired neuritogenesis, which was more apparent in Map2-positive dendrites. Such findings suggest that impaired tangential migration and final differentiation of CGNs have resulted in decreased cerebellum size and agenesis of the medial internal granule layer, respectively. Furthermore, Rac depleted/deleted cells exhibited decreased levels of Mid1 and impaired mTORC1 signaling. Mid1 depletion in CGNs produced mild impairments in neuritogenesis and reductions in mTORC1 signaling. Thus, a novel Rac-signaling pathway (Rac1-Mid1-mTORC1) may be involved in medial cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ninoyu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sakaguchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Narantsog Choijookhuu
- Division of Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hishikawa
- Division of Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit and Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kohta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mizuho Sakahara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ivan de Curtis
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - Eiji Kohmura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hisa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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21
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Genome-wide DNA Methylation Changes in a Mouse Model of Infection-Mediated Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:265-276. [PMID: 27769567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to infectious or inflammatory insults increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Using a well-established mouse model of prenatal viral-like immune activation, we examined whether this pathological association involves genome-wide DNA methylation differences at single nucleotide resolution. METHODS Prenatal immune activation was induced by maternal treatment with the viral mimetic polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid in middle or late gestation. Following behavioral and cognitive characterization of the adult offspring (n = 12 per group), unbiased capture array bisulfite sequencing was combined with subsequent matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses to quantify DNA methylation changes and transcriptional abnormalities in the medial prefrontal cortex of immune-challenged and control offspring. Gene ontology term enrichment analysis was used to explore shared functional pathways of genes with differential DNA methylation. RESULTS Adult offspring of immune-challenged mothers displayed hyper- and hypomethylated CpGs at numerous loci and at distinct genomic regions, including genes relevant for gamma-aminobutyric acidergic differentiation and signaling (e.g., Dlx1, Lhx5, Lhx8), Wnt signaling (Wnt3, Wnt8a, Wnt7b), and neural development (e.g., Efnb3, Mid1, Nlgn1, Nrxn2). Altered DNA methylation was associated with transcriptional changes of the corresponding genes. The epigenetic and transcriptional effects were dependent on the offspring's age and were markedly influenced by the precise timing of prenatal immune activation. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal viral-like immune activation is capable of inducing stable DNA methylation changes in the medial prefrontal cortex. These long-term epigenetic modifications are a plausible mechanism underlying the disruption of prefrontal gene transcription and behavioral functions in subjects with prenatal infectious histories.
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22
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Xiao J, Vemula SR, Xue Y, Khan MM, Carlisle FA, Waite AJ, Blake DJ, Dragatsis I, Zhao Y, LeDoux MS. Role of major and brain-specific Sgce isoforms in the pathogenesis of myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 98:52-65. [PMID: 27890709 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in SGCE, which encodes ε-sarcoglycan (ε-SG), cause myoclonus-dystonia syndrome (OMIM159900, DYT11). A "major" ε-SG protein derived from CCDS5637.1 (NM_003919.2) and a "brain-specific" protein, that includes sequence derived from alternative exon 11b (CCDS47642.1, NM_001099400.1), are reportedly localized in post- and pre-synaptic membrane fractions, respectively. Moreover, deficiency of the "brain-specific" isoform and other isoforms derived from exon 11b may be central to the pathogenesis of DYT11. However, no animal model supports this hypothesis. Gene-trapped ES cells (CMHD-GT_148G1-3, intron 9 of NM_011360) were used to generate a novel Sgce mouse model (C57BL/6J background) with markedly reduced expression of isoforms derived from exons 3' to exon 9 of NM_011360. Among those brain regions analyzed in adult (2month-old) wild-type (WT) mice, cerebellum showed the highest relative expression of isoforms incorporating exon 11b. Homozygotes (SgceGt(148G1)Cmhd/Gt(148G1)Cmhd or SgceGt/Gt) and paternal heterozygotes (Sgcem+/pGt, m-maternal, p-paternal) showed 60 to 70% reductions in expression of total Sgce. Although expression of the major (NM_011360) and brain-specific (NM_001130189) isoforms was markedly reduced, expression of short isoforms was preserved and relatively small amounts of chimeric ε-SG/β-galactosidase fusion protein was produced by the Sgce gene-trap locus. Immunoaffinity purification followed by mass spectrometry assessments of Sgcem+/pGt mouse brain using pan- or brain-specific ε-SG antibodies revealed significant reductions of ε-SG and other interacting sarcoglycans. Genome-wide gene-expression data using RNA derived from adult Sgcem+/pGt mouse cerebellum showed that the top up-regulated genes were involved in cell cycle, cellular development, cell death and survival, while the top down-regulated genes were associated with protein synthesis, cellular development, and cell death and survival. In comparison to WT littermates, Sgcem+/pGt mice exhibited "tiptoe" gait and stimulus-induced appendicular posturing between Postnatal Days 14 to 16. Abnormalities noted in older Sgcem+/pGt mice included reduced body weight, altered gait dynamics, and reduced open-field activity. Overt spontaneous or stimulus-sensitive myoclonus was not apparent on the C57BL/6J background or mixed C57BL/6J-BALB/c and C57BL/6J-129S2 backgrounds. Our data confirm that mouse Sgce is a maternally imprinted gene and suggests that short Sgce isoforms may compensate, in part, for deficiency of major and brain-specific Sgce isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Xiao
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Satya R Vemula
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yi Xue
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Mohammad M Khan
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Francesca A Carlisle
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, Great Britain, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Waite
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, Great Britain, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J Blake
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, Great Britain, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Dragatsis
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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23
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Boding L, Hansen AK, Meroni G, Levring TB, Woetmann A, Ødum N, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C. MID2 can substitute for MID1 and control exocytosis of lytic granules in cytotoxic T cells. APMIS 2015; 123:682-7. [PMID: 25924778 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the E3 ubiquitin ligase midline 1 (MID1) is upregulated in murine cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL), where it controls exocytosis of lytic granules and the killing capacity. Accordingly, CTL from MID1 knock-out (MID1(-/-)) mice have a 25-30% reduction in exocytosis of lytic granules and cytotoxicity compared to CTL from wild-type (WT) mice. We wondered why the MID1 gene knock-out did not affect exocytosis and cytotoxicity more severely and speculated whether MID2, a close homologue of MID1, might partially compensate for the loss of MID1 in MID1(-/-) CTL. Here, we showed that MID2, like MID1, is upregulated in activated murine T cells. Furthermore, MID1(-/-) CTL upregulated MID2 two-twenty-fold stronger than CTL from WT mice, suggesting that MID2 might compensate for MID1. In agreement, transfection of MID2 into MID1(-/-) CTL completely rescued exocytosis of lytic granules in MID1(-/-) CTL, and vice versa, knock-down of MID2 inhibited exocytosis of lytic granules in both WT and MID1(-/-) CTL, demonstrating that both MID1 and MID2 play a central role in the regulation of granule exocytosis and that functional redundancy exists between MID1 and MID2 in CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Boding
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann K Hansen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Germana Meroni
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Trine B Levring
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M Bonefeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Boding L, Hansen AK, Nielsen MM, Meroni G, Braunstein TH, Woetmann A, Ødum N, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C. Midline 1 controls polarization and migration of murine cytotoxic T cells. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 2:262-71. [PMID: 25866633 PMCID: PMC4386920 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Midline 1 (MID1) is a microtubule-associated ubiquitin ligase that regulates protein phosphatase 2 A levels. Loss-of-function mutations in MID1 lead to the human X-linked Opitz G/BBB (OS) syndrome characterized by defective midline development during embryogenesis. We have recently shown that MID1 is strongly up-regulated in murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and that it has a significant impact on exocytosis of lytic granules and the killing capacity of CTLs. The aims of the present study were to determine the localization of MID1 in migrating CTLs, and to investigate whether MID1 affects CTL polarization and migration. We found that MID1 mainly localizes to the uropod of migrating CTLs and that it has a substantial impact on CTL polarization and migration in vitro. Furthermore, analysis of contact hypersensitivity responses supported that MID1 controls effector functions of CTLs in hapten-challenged skin in vivo. These results provide significant new knowledge on the role of MID1 in CTL biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Boding
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann K Hansen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten M Nielsen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Germana Meroni
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas H Braunstein
- Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M Bonefeld
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Hoffmeister M, Prelle C, Küchler P, Kovacevic I, Moser M, Müller-Esterl W, Oess S. The ubiquitin E3 ligase NOSIP modulates protein phosphatase 2A activity in craniofacial development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116150. [PMID: 25546391 PMCID: PMC4278855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly is a common developmental disorder in humans characterised by incomplete brain hemisphere separation and midface anomalies. The etiology of holoprosencephaly is heterogeneous with environmental and genetic causes, but for a majority of holoprosencephaly cases the genes associated with the pathogenesis could not be identified so far. Here we report the generation of knockout mice for the ubiquitin E3 ligase NOSIP. The loss of NOSIP in mice causes holoprosencephaly and facial anomalies including cleft lip/palate, cyclopia and facial midline clefting. By a mass spectrometry based protein interaction screen we identified NOSIP as a novel interaction partner of protein phosphatase PP2A. NOSIP mediates the monoubiquitination of the PP2A catalytic subunit and the loss of NOSIP results in an increase in PP2A activity in craniofacial tissue in NOSIP knockout mice. We conclude, that NOSIP is a critical modulator of brain and craniofacial development in mice and a candidate gene for holoprosencephaly in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Hoffmeister
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Carola Prelle
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Philipp Küchler
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Igor Kovacevic
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Markus Moser
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Werner Müller-Esterl
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Oess
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Tanaka T, Wang L, Kimura M, Abe H, Mizukami S, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Developmental Hypothyroidism Abolishes Bilateral Differences in Sonic Hedgehog Gene Control in the Rat Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus. Toxicol Sci 2014; 144:128-37. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Boding L, Hansen AK, Meroni G, Johansen BB, Braunstein TH, Bonefeld CM, Kongsbak M, Jensen BAH, Woetmann A, Thomsen AR, Ødum N, von Essen MR, Geisler C. Midline 1 directs lytic granule exocytosis and cytotoxicity of mouse killer T cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3109-18. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Boding
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ann K. Hansen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Germana Meroni
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”; Trieste Italy
| | - Bo B. Johansen
- Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Thomas H. Braunstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Charlotte M. Bonefeld
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Martin Kongsbak
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Benjamin A. H. Jensen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Allan R. Thomsen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Marina R. von Essen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Armoskus C, Mota T, Moreira D, Tsai HW. Effects of Prenatal Testosterone Exposure on Sexually Dimorphic Gene Expression in the Neonatal Mouse Cortex and Hippocampus. JOURNAL OF STEROIDS & HORMONAL SCIENCE 2014; 5:1000139. [PMID: 25411648 PMCID: PMC4233715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using gene expression microarrays and reverse transcription with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we have recently identified several novel genes that are differentially expressed in the neonatal male versus female mouse cortex/hippocampus (Armoskus et al.). Since perinatal testosterone (T) secreted by the developing testes masculinizes cortical and hippocampal structures and the behaviors regulated by these brain regions, we hypothesized that sexually dimorphic expression of specific selected genes in these areas might be regulated by T during early development. METHODS To test our hypothesis, we treated timed pregnant female mice daily with vehicle or testosterone propionate (TP) starting on embryonic day 16 until the day of birth. The cortex/hippocampus was collected from vehicle- and TP-treated, male and female neonatal pups. Total RNA was extracted from these brain tissues, followed by RT-qPCR to measure relative mRNA levels of seven sex chromosome genes and three autosomal genes that have previously showed sex differences. RESULTS The effect of prenatal TP was confirmed as it stimulated Dhcr24 expression in the neonatal mouse cortex/hippocampus and increased the anogenital distance in females. We found a significant effect of sex, but not TP, on expression of three Y-linked (Ddx3y, Eif2s3y, and Kdm5d), four X-linked (Eif2s3x, Kdm6a, Mid1, and Xist), and one autosomal (Klk8) genes in the neonatal mouse cortex/hippocampus. CONCLUSION Although most of the selected genes are not directly regulated by prenatal T, their sexually dimorphic expression might play an important role in the control of sexually differentiated cognitive and social behaviors as well as in the etiology of sex-biased neurological disorders and mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Houng-Wei Tsai
- Corresponding author: Houng-Wei Tsai, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840-3702, USA, Tel: (562) 985-8878;
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29
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Identification of sexually dimorphic genes in the neonatal mouse cortex and hippocampus. Brain Res 2014; 1562:23-38. [PMID: 24661915 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex and hippocampus are important for the control of cognitive functions and social behaviors, many of which are sexually dimorphic and tightly regulated by gonadal steroid hormones via activation of their respective nuclear receptors. As different levels of sex steroid hormones are present between the sexes during early development and their receptors act as transcription factors to regulate gene expression, we hypothesize that sexually dimorphic gene expression in the developing mouse cortex and hippocampus might result in sex differences in brain structures and neural circuits governing distinct behaviors between the sexes as adults. To test our hypothesis, we used gene expression microarrays to identify 90 candidate genes differentially expressed in the neonatal cortex/hippocampus between male and female mice, including 55 male-biased and 35 female-biased genes. Among these genes, sexually dimorphic expression of eight sex chromosome genes was confirmed by reverse transcription with quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), including three located on the X chromosome (Xist, Eif2s3x, and Kdm6a), three on the Y chromosome (Ddx3y, Eif2s3y, and Kdm5d), and two in the pseudoautosomal region of the X and Y chromosomes (Erdr1 and Mid1). In addition, five autosomal genes (Cd151, Dab2, Klk8, Meg3, and Prkdc) were also validated for their sexually dimorphic expression in the neonatal mouse cortex/hippocampus. Gene Ontology annotation analysis suggests that many of these sexually dimorphic genes are involved in histone modifications, cell proliferation/death, androgen/estrogen signaling pathways, and synaptic organization, and these biological processes have been implicated in differential neural development, cognitive function, and neurological diseases between the sexes.
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Geetha TS, Michealraj KA, Kabra M, Kaur G, Juyal RC, Thelma BK. Targeted deep resequencing identifies MID2 mutation for X-linked intellectual disability with varied disease severity in a large kindred from India. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:41-4. [PMID: 24115387 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel missense mutation (c.1040G>A, p.Arg347Gln) in MID2, which encodes ubiquitin ligase E3, as the likely cause of X-linked mental retardation in a large kindred. The mutation was observed in all affected and obligate carriers but not in any unaffected males of the family or in population controls (n = 200). When transiently expressed in HEK293T cell line, the mutation was found to abolish the function of the COS domain in the protein. The GFP-tagged mutant protein accumulated in the cytoplasm instead of binding to the cytoskeleton resulting in its altered subcellular localization. Screening of coding exons of this gene in additional 480 unrelated individuals with idiopathic intellectual disability identified another novel variation p.Asn343Ser. This study highlights the growing role of the ubiquitin pathway in intellectual disability and also, the difference in MID2 determined phenotype observed in this study compared with that of its paralogue MID1 reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenral S Geetha
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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X-linked microtubule-associated protein, Mid1, regulates axon development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19131-6. [PMID: 24194544 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303687110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Opitz syndrome (OS) is a genetic neurological disorder. The gene responsible for the X-linked form of OS, Midline-1 (MID1), encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates the degradation of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac). However, how Mid1 functions during neural development is largely unknown. In this study, we provide data from in vitro and in vivo experiments suggesting that silencing Mid1 in developing neurons promotes axon growth and branch formation, resulting in a disruption of callosal axon projections in the contralateral cortex. In addition, a similar phenotype of axonal development was observed in the Mid1 knockout mouse. This defect was largely due to the accumulation of PP2Ac in Mid1-depleted cells as further down-regulation of PP2Ac rescued the axonal phenotype. Together, these data demonstrate that Mid1-dependent PP2Ac turnover is important for normal axonal development and that dysregulation of this process may contribute to the underlying cause of OS.
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Martinez S, Andreu A, Mecklenburg N, Echevarria D. Cellular and molecular basis of cerebellar development. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:18. [PMID: 23805080 PMCID: PMC3693072 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cerebellar development were investigated through structural descriptions and studying spontaneous mutations in animal models and humans. Advances in experimental embryology, genetic engineering, and neuroimaging techniques render today the possibility to approach the analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying histogenesis and morphogenesis of the cerebellum by experimental designs. Several genes and molecules were identified to be involved in the cerebellar plate regionalization, specification, and differentiation of cerebellar neurons, as well as the establishment of cellular migratory routes and the subsequent neuronal connectivity. Indeed, pattern formation of the cerebellum requires the adequate orchestration of both key morphogenetic signals, arising from distinct brain regions, and local expression of specific transcription factors. Thus, the present review wants to revisit and discuss these morphogenetic and molecular mechanisms taking place during cerebellar development in order to understand causal processes regulating cerebellar cytoarchitecture, its highly topographically ordered circuitry and its role in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Martinez
- Experimental Embryology Lab, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernandez Alicante, Spain
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Morf MK, Rimann I, Alexander M, Roy P, Hajnal A. The Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of the Opitz syndrome gene, madd-2/Mid1, regulates anchor cell invasion during vulval development. Dev Biol 2013; 374:108-14. [PMID: 23201576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the human Mid1 gene cause Opitz G/BBB syndrome, which is characterized by various midline closure defects. The Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of Mid1, madd-2, positively regulates signaling by the unc-40 Netrin receptor during the extension of muscle arms to the midline and in axon guidance and branching. During uterine development, a specialized cell called anchor cell (AC) breaches the basal laminae separating the uterus from the epidermis and invades the underlying vulval tissue. AC invasion is guided by an UNC-6 Netrin signal from the ventral nerve cord and an unknown guidance signal from the vulval cells. Using genetic epistasis analysis, we show that madd-2 regulates AC invasion downstream of or in parallel with the Netrin signaling pathway. Measurements of AC shape, polarity and dynamics indicate that MADD-2 prevents the formation of ectopic AC protrusions in the absence of guidance signals. We propose that MADD-2 represses the intrinsic invasive capacity of the AC, while the Netrin and vulval guidance cues locally overcome this inhibitory activity of MADD-2 to guide the AC ventrally into the vulval tissue. Therefore, developmental cell invasion depends on a precise balance between pro- and anti-invasive factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias K Morf
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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34
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A pronounced evolutionary shift of the pseudoautosomal region boundary in house mice. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:454-66. [PMID: 22763584 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is essential for the accurate pairing and segregation of the X and Y chromosomes during meiosis. Despite its functional significance, the PAR shows substantial evolutionary divergence in structure and sequence between mammalian species. An instructive example of PAR evolution is the house mouse Mus musculus domesticus (represented by the C57BL/6J strain), which has the smallest PAR among those that have been mapped. In C57BL/6J, the PAR boundary is located just ~700 kb from the distal end of the X chromosome, whereas the boundary is found at a more proximal position in Mus spretus, a species that diverged from house mice 2-4 million years ago. In this study we used a combination of genetic and physical mapping to document a pronounced shift in the PAR boundary in a second house mouse subspecies, Mus musculus castaneus (represented by the CAST/EiJ strain), ~430 kb proximal of the M. m. domesticus boundary. We demonstrate molecular evolutionary consequences of this shift, including a marked lineage-specific increase in sequence divergence within Mid1, a gene that resides entirely within the M. m. castaneus PAR but straddles the boundary in other subspecies. Our results extend observations of structural divergence in the PAR to closely related subspecies, pointing to major evolutionary changes in this functionally important genomic region over a short time period.
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35
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Uchibe K, Shimizu H, Yokoyama S, Kuboki T, Asahara H. Identification of novel transcription-regulating genes expressed during murine molar development. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1217-26. [PMID: 22639370 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of tooth development is a complex process regulated by numerous genes including transcription factors, growth factors, and other intra- and extracellular molecules. Especially, transcription factors play a central role in gene expression, regulating a wide spectrum of biological processes including organogenesis. Substantial evidence has been demonstrated by a number of studies using genetically engineered animal models. However, detailed molecular mechanisms of tooth development have not been completely elucidated, partially because numerous genes that play essential roles in tooth development remain unidentified. RESULTS In this study, we conducted an expression-based screening using gene expression database and in situ hybridization assays. Based on the gene expression database "EMBRYS," 207 out of 1,520 genes were expressed in the maxillary and/or mandibular processes and thus were selected for further analysis by section in situ hybridization. Among these candidates, 28 genes were newly identified as potential factors associated with tooth development by in situ hybridization assays with frontal sections of embryonic day 13.5 and 14.5 mouse embryos. The expression patterns were also examined at embryonic day 16.5 and 18.5. CONCLUSIONS These results will contribute to elucidating the mechanisms of tooth development and to improving the technology for regeneration of tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Uchibe
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
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36
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Dierssen M, Fedrizzi L, Gomez-Villafuertes R, de Lagran MM, Gutierrez-Adan A, Sahún I, Pintado B, Oliveros JC, Dopazo XM, Gonzalez P, Brini M, Mellström B, Carafoli E, Naranjo JR. Reduced Mid1 Expression and Delayed Neuromotor Development in daDREAM Transgenic Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:58. [PMID: 22563308 PMCID: PMC3342529 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator (DREAM) is a Ca2+-binding protein that binds DNA and represses transcription in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Previous work has shown a role for DREAM in cerebellar function regulating the expression of the sodium/calcium exchanger 3 (NCX3) in cerebellar granular neurons to control Ca2+ homeostasis and survival of these neurons. To achieve a global view of the genes regulated by DREAM in the cerebellum, we performed a genome-wide analysis in transgenic cerebellum expressing a Ca2+-insensitive/CREB-independent dominant active mutant DREAM (daDREAM). Here we show that DREAM regulates the expression of the midline 1 (Mid1) gene early after birth. As a consequence, daDREAM mice exhibit a significant shortening of the rostro-caudal axis of the cerebellum and a delay in neuromotor development early after birth. Our results indicate a role for DREAM in cerebellar function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Dierssen
- Genomic Regulation Center, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras Barcelona, Spain
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Hu CH, Liu YF, Yu JS, Ng YY, Chen SJ, Su PH, Chen JY. A MID1 gene mutation in a patient with Opitz G/BBB syndrome that altered the 3D structure of SPRY domain. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:726-31. [PMID: 22407675 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the MID1 gene result in X-linked Opitz G/BBB syndrome (OS), a disorder that affects development of midline structures and comprises hypertelorism, cleft lip/palate, hypospadias, and laryngo-tracheo-esophageal abnormalities, and, at times, neurological, anal, and cardiac defects. MID1 gene abnormalities include missense, nonsense, and splicing mutations, small insertions, small deletions, and complex rearrangements. Here, we present a patient with Opitz G/BBB syndrome and a unique MID1 gene point mutation c.1703T
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsuan Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zhao Z, Yang L, Ding YQ, Yu Q. Prognostic significance of MID1 expression in colorectal carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:113-118. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect the expression of midline 1 (MID1) in human colorectal carcinoma and to assess its prognostic significance.
METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of MID1 protein in colorectal carcinoma specimens (n = 109). The relationship between the survival of patients with colorectal cancer and the expression of MID1 was investigated. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model.
RESULTS: MID1 expression significantly affected the survival of patients with colorectal carcinoma (P < 0.05). MID1 expression had a significantly negative correlation with lymph node metastasis (r = -0.204, P = 0.034) and depth of invasion (r = -0.223, P = 0.020), but was significantly positively correlated with differentiation degree (r = 0.236, P = 0.014). MID1 expression had no relationship with sex, age or tumor pathologic type. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the 7-year cumulative survival rates for patients with high, medium and low MID1 expression were 69.2%, 45.0% and 30.0%, respectively, and their mean survival time was 91.101 mo ± 6.127 mo, 69.389 mo ± 7.512 mo, 50.358 mo ± 8.091 mo.
CONCLUSION: MID1 expression can be used as a parameter for the judgment of colorectal carcinoma differentiation, invasion and lymph node metastasis, and as a useful prognostic marker in patient with colorectal carcinoma.
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Barkovich AJ. Developmental disorders of the midbrain and hindbrain. Front Neuroanat 2012; 6:7. [PMID: 22408608 PMCID: PMC3294267 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2012.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malformations of the midbrain (MB) and hindbrain (HB) have become topics of considerable interest in the neurology and neuroscience literature in recent years. The combined advances of imaging and molecular biology have improved analyses of structures in these areas of the central nervous system, while advances in genetics have made it clear that malformations of these structures are often associated with dysfunction or malformation of other organ systems. This review focuses upon the importance of communication between clinical researchers and basic scientists in the advancement of knowledge of this group of disorders. Disorders of anteroposterior (AP) patterning, cerebellar hypoplasias, disorders associated with defects of the pial limiting membrane (cobblestone cortex), disorders of the Reelin pathway, and disorders of the primary cilium/basal body organelle (molar tooth malformations) are the main focus of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. James Barkovich
- Department of Radiology and Biomolecular Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, University of California at San Francisco, San FranciscoCA, USA
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40
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Petrera F, Meroni G. TRIM proteins in development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 770:131-41. [PMID: 23631005 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5398-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
TRIM proteins play important roles in several patho-physiological processes. Their common activity within the ubiquitylation pathway makes them amenable to a number of diverse biological roles. Many of the TRIM genes are highly and sometimes specifically expressed during embryogenesis, it is therefore not surprising that several of them might be involved in developmental processes. Here, we primarily discuss the developmental implications of two subgroups of TRIM proteins that conserved domain composition and functions from their invertebrate ancestors. The two groups are: the TRIM-NHL proteins implicated in miRNA processing regulation and the TRIM-FN3 proteins involved in ventral midline development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Petrera
- Cluster in Biomedicine, CBMS.c.r.l., AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
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The microtubule-associated C-I subfamily of TRIM proteins and the regulation of polarized cell responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 770:105-18. [PMID: 23631003 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5398-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TRIM proteins are multidomain proteins that typically assemble into large molecular complexes, the composition of which likely explains the diverse functions that have been attributed to this group of proteins. Accumulating data on the roles of many TRIM proteins supports the notion that those that share identical C-terminal domain architectures participate in the regulation of similar cellular processes. At least nine different C-terminal domain compositions have been identified. This chapter will focus on one subgroup that possess a COS motif, FNIII and SPRY/B30.2 domain as their C-terminal domain arrangement. This C-terminal domain architecture plays a key role in the interaction of all six members of this subgroup with the microtubule cytoskeleton. Accumulating evidence on the functions of some of these proteins will be discussed to highlight the emerging similarities in the cellular events in which they participate.
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Abstract
Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques turned possible for neuroradiologists to be frequently the first one to detect possible brain structural anomalies. However, with all the recent advances in genetics and embryology, understanding posterior fossa malformation's principles is being hardest to be achieved than previously. Studies in vertebrate models provide a developmental framework in which to categorize human hindbrain malformations and serve to inform our thinking regarding candidate genes involved in disrupted developmental processes. The main focus of this review was to survey the basic principles of the rhombomere division, anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning, alar and basal zone concept, and axonal path finding to integrate the knowledge of human hindbrain malformations for better understanding the genetic basis of hindbrain development.
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Aranda-Orgillés B, Rutschow D, Zeller R, Karagiannidis AI, Köhler A, Chen C, Wilson T, Krause S, Roepcke S, Lilley D, Schneider R, Schweiger S. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-specific ubiquitin ligase MID1 is a sequence-dependent regulator of translation efficiency controlling 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK-1). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39945-57. [PMID: 21930711 PMCID: PMC3220588 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.224451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that the ubiquitin ligase MID1, mutations of which cause the midline malformation Opitz BBB/G syndrome (OS), serves as scaffold for a microtubule-associated protein complex that regulates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. Here, we show that the MID1 protein complex associates with mRNAs via a purine-rich sequence motif called MIDAS (MID1 association sequence) and thereby increases stability and translational efficiency of these mRNAs. Strikingly, inclusion of multiple copies of the MIDAS motif into mammalian mRNAs increases production of the encoded proteins up to 20-fold. Mutated MID1, as found in OS patients, loses its influence on MIDAS-containing mRNAs, suggesting that the malformations in OS patients could be caused by failures in the regulation of cytoskeleton-bound protein translation. This is supported by the observation that the majority of mRNAs that carry MIDAS motifs is involved in developmental processes and/or energy homeostasis. Further analysis of one of the proteins encoded by a MIDAS-containing mRNA, namely PDPK-1 (3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1), which is an important regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin/PP2A signaling, showed that PDPK-1 protein synthesis is significantly reduced in cells from an OS patient compared with an age-matched control and can be rescued by functional MID1. Together, our data uncover a novel messenger ribonucleoprotein complex that regulates microtubule-associated protein translation. They suggest a novel mechanism underlying OS and point at an enormous potential of the MIDAS motif to increase the efficiency of biotechnological protein production in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Désirée Rutschow
- the Division of Medical Sciences, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Zeller
- the Division of Medical Sciences, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios I. Karagiannidis
- the Institute of Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Köhler
- the Institute of Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Changwei Chen
- the Division of Medical Sciences, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Wilson
- the College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom, and
| | - Sven Krause
- From the Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Roepcke
- From the Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Lilley
- the College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom, and
| | - Rainer Schneider
- From the Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- the Institute of Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susann Schweiger
- From the Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- the Division of Medical Sciences, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Song S, Ge Q, Wang J, Chen H, Tang S, Bi J, Li X, Xie Q, Huang X. TRIM-9 functions in the UNC-6/UNC-40 pathway to regulate ventral guidance. J Genet Genomics 2011; 38:1-11. [PMID: 21338947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcg.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
TRIpartite Motif (TRIM) family proteins are ring finger domain-containing, multi-domain proteins implicated in many biological processes. Members of the TRIM-9/C-I subfamily of TRIM proteins, including TRIM-9, MID1 and MID2, have neuronal functions and are associated with neurological diseases. To explore whether the functions of C-I TRIM proteins are conserved in invertebrates, we analyzed Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila trim-9 mutants. C. elegans trim-9 mutants exhibit defects in the ventral guidance of hermaphrodite specific neuron (HSN) and the touch neuron AVM. Further genetic analyses indicate that TRIM-9 participates in the UNC-6-UNC-40 attraction pathway. Asymmetric distribution of UNC-40 during HSN development is normal in trim-9 mutants. However, the asymmetric localization of MIG-10, a downstream effector of UNC-40, is abolished in trim-9 mutants. These results suggest that TRIM-9 functions upstream of MIG-10 in the UNC-40 pathway. Moreover, we showed that TRIM-9 exhibits E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro and this activity is important for TRIM-9 function in vivo. Additionally, we found that Drosophila trim-9 is required for the midline attraction of a group of sensory neuron axons. Over-expression of the Netrin/UNC-6 receptor Frazzled suppresses the guidance defects in trim-9 mutants. Our study reveals an evolutionarily conserved function of TRIM-9 in the UNC-40/Frazzled-mediated UNC-6/Netrin attraction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Greenwood AD, Vincendeau M, Schmädicke AC, Montag J, Seifarth W, Motzkus D. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection alters endogenous retrovirus expression in distinct brain regions of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:44. [PMID: 21699683 PMCID: PMC3152937 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prion diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathies (BSE) are transmissible neurodegenerative diseases which are presumably caused by an infectious conformational isoform of the cellular prion protein. Previous work has provided evidence that in murine prion disease the endogenous retrovirus (ERV) expression is altered in the brain. To determine if prion-induced changes in ERV expression are a general phenomenon we used a non-human primate model for prion disease. Results Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fasicularis) were infected intracerebrally with BSE-positive brain stem material from cattle and allowed to develop prion disease. Brain tissue from the basis pontis and vermis cerebelli of the six animals and the same regions from four healthy controls were subjected to ERV expression profiling using a retrovirus-specific microarray and quantitative real-time PCR. We could show that Class I gammaretroviruses HERV-E4-1, ERV-9, and MacERV-4 increase expression in BSE-infected macaques. In a second approach, we analysed ERV-K-(HML-2) RNA and protein expression in extracts from the same cynomolgus macaques. Here we found a significant downregulation of both, the macaque ERV-K-(HML-2) Gag protein and RNA in the frontal/parietal cortex of BSE-infected macaques. Conclusions We provide evidence that dysregulation of ERVs in response to BSE-infection can be detected on both, the RNA and the protein level. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the differential expression of ERV-derived structural proteins in prion disorders. Our findings suggest that endogenous retroviruses may induce or exacerbate the pathological consequences of prion-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D Greenwood
- German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Unit of Infection Models, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Zanni G, Bertini ES. X-linked disorders with cerebellar dysgenesis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2011; 6:24. [PMID: 21569638 PMCID: PMC3115841 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked disorders with cerebellar dysgenesis (XLCD) are a genetically heterogeneous and clinically variable group of disorders in which the hallmark is a cerebellar defect (hypoplasia, atrophy or dysplasia) visible on brain imaging, caused by gene mutations or genomic imbalances on the X-chromosome. The neurological features of XLCD include hypotonia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, ataxia and/or other cerebellar signs. Normal cognitive development has also been reported. Cerebellar dysgenesis may be isolated or associated with other brain malformations or multiorgan involvement. There are at least 15 genes on the X-chromosome that have been constantly or occasionally associated with a pathological cerebellar phenotype. 8 XLCD loci have been mapped and several families with X-linked inheritance have been reported. Recently, two recurrent duplication syndromes in Xq28 have been associated with cerebellar hypoplasia. Given the report of several forms of XLCD and the excess of males with ataxia, this group of conditions is probably underestimated and families of patients with neuroradiological and clinical evidence of a cerebellar disorder should be counseled for high risk of X-linked inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Molecular Medicine, Departement of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù ediatric Research Hospital, 4 Piazza S. Onofrio, 00165 Rome, Italy.
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Zanni G, Barresi S, Travaglini L, Bernardini L, Rizza T, Digilio MC, Mercuri E, Cianfarani S, Valeriani M, Ferraris A, Da Sacco L, Novelli A, Valente EM, Dallapiccola B, Bertini ES. FGF17, a gene involved in cerebellar development, is downregulated in a patient with Dandy–Walker malformation carrying a de novo 8p deletion. Neurogenetics 2011; 12:241-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-011-0283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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De Leonibus E, Costantini VJA, Massaro A, Mandolesi G, Vanni V, Luvisetto S, Pavone F, Oliverio A, Mele A. Cognitive and neural determinants of response strategy in the dual-solution plus-maze task. Learn Mem 2011; 18:241-4. [PMID: 21436396 DOI: 10.1101/lm.2074311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Response strategy in the dual-solution plus maze is regarded as a form of stimulus-response learning. In this study, by using an outcome devaluation procedure, we show that it can be based on both action-outcome and stimulus-response habit learning, depending on the amount of training that the animals receive. Furthermore, we show that deactivation of the dorso-medial and the dorso-lateral striatum with Botulinum neurotoxin A, mimicked or abolished, respectively, the effects of practice on the sensitivity of the response strategy to outcome devaluation. These findings have relevant implications for the understanding of the learning mechanisms underlying different overt behaviors in this widely used maze task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira De Leonibus
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Efficacy of a combined intracerebral and systemic gene delivery approach for the treatment of a severe lysosomal storage disorder. Mol Ther 2011; 19:860-9. [PMID: 21326216 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD), a severe autosomal recessive disease is caused by mutations in the sulfatase modifying factor 1 gene (Sumf1). We have previously shown that in the Sumf1 knockout mouse model (Sumf1(-/-)) sulfatase activities are completely absent and, similarly to MSD patients, this mouse model displays growth retardation and early mortality. The severity of the phenotype makes MSD unsuitable to be treated by enzyme replacement or bone marrow transplantation, hence the importance of testing the efficacy of novel treatment strategies. Here we show that recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) vector injected into the cerebral ventricles of neonatal mice resulted in efficient and widespread transduction of the brain parenchyma. In addition, we compared a combined, intracerebral ventricles and systemic, administration of an rAAV9 vector encoding SUMF1 gene to the single administrations-either directly in brain, or systemic alone -in MSD mice. The combined treatment resulted in the global activation of sulfatases, near-complete clearance of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and decrease of inflammation in both the central nervous system (CNS) and visceral organs. Furthermore, behavioral abilities were improved by the combined treatment. These results underscore that the "combined" mode of rAAV9 vector administration is an efficient option for the treatment of severe whole-body disorders.
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50
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Cell Death as a Regulator of Cerebellar Histogenesis and Compartmentation. THE CEREBELLUM 2010; 10:373-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-010-0222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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