1
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Zheng S, Sheng R. The emerging understanding of Frizzled receptors. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1939-1954. [PMID: 38744670 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is a huge network governing development and homeostasis, dysregulation of which is associated with a myriad of human diseases. The Frizzled receptor (FZD) family comprises receptors for Wnt ligands, which indispensably mediate Wnt signaling jointly with a variety of co-receptors. Studies of FZDs have revealed that 10 FZD subtypes play diverse roles in physiological processes. At the same time, dysregulation of FZDs is also responsible for various diseases, in particular human cancers. Enormous attention has been paid to the molecular understanding and targeted therapy of FZDs in the past decade. In this review, we summarize the latest research on FZD structure, function, regulation and targeted therapy, providing a basis for guiding future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Zheng
- College of Life and Health Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ren Sheng
- College of Life and Health Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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2
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Ahmad S, Attisano L. Wnt5a Promotes Axon Elongation in Coordination with the Wnt-Planar Cell Polarity Pathway. Cells 2024; 13:1268. [PMID: 39120298 PMCID: PMC11312420 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The establishment of neuronal polarity, involving axon specification and outgrowth, is critical to achieve the proper morphology of neurons, which is important for neuronal connectivity and cognitive functions. Extracellular factors, such as Wnts, modulate diverse aspects of neuronal morphology. In particular, non-canonical Wnt5a exhibits differential effects on neurite outgrowth depending upon the context. Thus, the role of Wnt5a in axon outgrowth and neuronal polarization is not completely understood. In this study, we demonstrate that Wnt5a, but not Wnt3a, promotes axon outgrowth in dissociated mouse embryonic cortical neurons and does so in coordination with the core PCP components, Prickle and Vangl. Unexpectedly, exogenous Wnt5a-induced axon outgrowth was dependent on endogenous, neuronal Wnts, as the chemical inhibition of Porcupine using the IWP2- and siRNA-mediated knockdown of either Porcupine or Wntless inhibited Wnt5a-induced elongation. Importantly, delayed treatment with IWP2 did not block Wnt5a-induced elongation, suggesting that endogenous Wnts and Wnt5a act during specific timeframes of neuronal polarization. Wnt5a in fibroblast-conditioned media can associate with small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), and we also show that these Wnt5a-containing sEVs are primarily responsible for inducing axon elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliana Attisano
- Department of Biochemistry, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada;
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3
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Jelin AC, Sopko N, Sobreira N, Boyadjiev SA, Wohler E, Morrill C, Witmer PD, Michaud J, Valle D, Gearhart J, Dicarlo H. Rare exonic CELSR3 variants identified in Bladder Exstrophy Epispadias Complex. Front Genet 2024; 15:1266210. [PMID: 38903756 PMCID: PMC11188427 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1266210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction/background Bladder exstrophy epispadias complex (BEEC) is a rare congenital anomaly of unknown etiology, although, genetic and environmental factors have been associated with its development. Variants in several genes expressed in the urogenital pathway have been reported as causative for bladder exstrophy in human and murine models. The expansion of next-generation sequencing and molecular genomics has improved our ability to identify the underlying genetic causes of similarly complex diseases and could thus assist with the investigation of the molecular basis of BEEC. Objective The objective was to identify the presence of rare heterozygous variants in genes previously implicated in bladder exstrophy and correlate them with the presence or absence of bladder regeneration in our study population. Patients and Methods We present a case series of 12 patients with BEEC who had bladder biopsies performed by pediatric urology during bladder neck reconstruction or bladder augmentation. Cases were classified as "sufficient" or "insufficient" (n = 5 and 7, respectively) based on a bladder volume of greater than or less than 40% of expected bladder size. Control bladder tissue specimens were obtained from patients (n = 6) undergoing biopsies for conditions other than bladder exstrophy. Whole exome sequencing was performed on DNA isolated from the bladder specimens. Based on the hypothesis of de novo mutations, as well as the potential implications of autosomal dominant conditions with incomplete penetrance, each case was evaluated for autosomal dominant variants in a set of genes previously implicated in BEEC. Results Our review of the literature identified 44 genes that have been implicated in human models of bladder exstrophy. Our whole exome sequencing data analysis identified rare variants in two of these genes among the cases classified as sufficient, and seven variants in five of these genes among the cases classified as insufficient. Conclusion We identified rare variants in seven previously implicated genes in our BEEC specimens. Additional research is needed to further understand the cellular signaling underlying this potentially genetically heterogeneous embryological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie C. Jelin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nikolai Sopko
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nara Sobreira
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Simeon A. Boyadjiev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Wohler
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christian Morrill
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - P. Dane Witmer
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jason Michaud
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David Valle
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John Gearhart
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Heather Dicarlo
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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4
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Kacker S, Parsad V, Singh N, Hordiichuk D, Alvarez S, Gohar M, Kacker A, Rai SK. Planar Cell Polarity Signaling: Coordinated Crosstalk for Cell Orientation. J Dev Biol 2024; 12:12. [PMID: 38804432 PMCID: PMC11130840 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) system is essential for positioning cells in 3D networks to establish the proper morphogenesis, structure, and function of organs during embryonic development. The PCP system uses inter- and intracellular feedback interactions between components of the core PCP, characterized by coordinated planar polarization and asymmetric distribution of cell populations inside the cells. PCP signaling connects the anterior-posterior to left-right embryonic plane polarity through the polarization of cilia in the Kupffer's vesicle/node in vertebrates. Experimental investigations on various genetic ablation-based models demonstrated the functions of PCP in planar polarization and associated genetic disorders. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of PCP signaling history, core components of the PCP signaling pathway, molecular mechanisms underlying PCP signaling, interactions with other signaling pathways, and the role of PCP in organ and embryonic development. Moreover, we will delve into the negative feedback regulation of PCP to maintain polarity, human genetic disorders associated with PCP defects, as well as challenges associated with PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kacker
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Varuneshwar Parsad
- Department of Human Body Structure and Function, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (V.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Naveen Singh
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Daria Hordiichuk
- Department of Human Body Structure and Function, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (V.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Stacy Alvarez
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Mahnoor Gohar
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Anshu Kacker
- Department of Histology and Human Physiology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Sunil Kumar Rai
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
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5
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Meserve JH, Navarro MF, Ortiz EA, Granato M. Celsr3 drives development and connectivity of the acoustic startle hindbrain circuit. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583806. [PMID: 38496637 PMCID: PMC10942420 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In the developing brain, groups of neurons organize into functional circuits that direct diverse behaviors. One such behavior is the evolutionarily conserved acoustic startle response, which in zebrafish is mediated by a well-defined hindbrain circuit. While numerous molecular pathways that guide neurons to their synaptic partners have been identified, it is unclear if and to what extent distinct neuron populations in the startle circuit utilize shared molecular pathways to ensure coordinated development. Here, we show that the planar cell polarity (PCP)-associated atypical cadherins Celsr3 and Celsr2, as well as the Celsr binding partner Frizzled 3a/Fzd3a, are critical for axon guidance of two neuron types that form synapses with each other: the command-like neuron Mauthner cells that drive the acoustic startle escape response, and spiral fiber neurons which provide excitatory input to Mauthner cells. We find that Mauthner axon growth towards synaptic targets is vital for Mauthner survival. We also demonstrate that symmetric spiral fiber input to Mauthner cells is critical for escape direction, which is necessary to respond to directional threats. Moreover, we identify distinct roles for Celsr3 and Celsr2, as Celsr3 is required for startle circuit development while Celsr2 is dispensable, though Celsr2 can partially compensate for loss of Celsr3 in Mauthner cells. This contrasts with facial branchiomotor neuron migration in the hindbrain, which requires Celsr2 while we find that Celsr3 is dispensable. Combined, our data uncover critical and distinct roles for individual PCP components during assembly of the acoustic startle hindbrain circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy H Meserve
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria F Navarro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elelbin A Ortiz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Granato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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6
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Gamit N, Dharmarajan A, Sethi G, Warrier S. Want of Wnt in Parkinson's disease: Could sFRP disrupt interplay between Nurr1 and Wnt signaling? Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115566. [PMID: 37088155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1) is a transcription factor known to regulate the development and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. Reports have confirmed that defect or obliteration of Nurr1 results in neurodegeneration and motor function impairment leading to Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies have also indicated that Nurr1 regulates the expression of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) and mutations in Nurr1 cause α-SYN overexpression, thereby increasing the risk of PD. Nurr1 is modulated via various pathways including Wnt signaling pathway which is known to play an important role in neurogenesis and deregulation of it contributes to PD pathogenesis. Both Wnt/β-catenin dependent and independent pathways are implicated in the activation of Nurr1 and subsequent downregulation of α-SYN. This review highlights the interaction between Nurr1 and Wnt signaling pathways in mDA neuronal development. We further hypothesize how modulation of Wnt signaling pathway by its antagonist, secreted frizzled related proteins (sFRPs) could be a potential route to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naisarg Gamit
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600 116, India; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia; School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Life and Physical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117 600, Singapore
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India; Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India.
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7
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Abstract
The midbrain dopamine (mDA) system is composed of molecularly and functionally distinct neuron subtypes that mediate specific behaviours and are linked to various brain diseases. Considerable progress has been made in identifying mDA neuron subtypes, and recent work has begun to unveil how these neuronal subtypes develop and organize into functional brain structures. This progress is important for further understanding the disparate physiological functions of mDA neurons and their selective vulnerability in disease, and will ultimately accelerate therapy development. This Review discusses recent advances in our understanding of molecularly defined mDA neuron subtypes and their circuits, ranging from early developmental events, such as neuron migration and axon guidance, to their wiring and function, and future implications for therapeutic strategies.
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8
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Alkailani MI, Aittaleb M, Tissir F. WNT signaling at the intersection between neurogenesis and brain tumorigenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1017568. [PMID: 36267699 PMCID: PMC9577257 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1017568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis and tumorigenesis share signaling molecules/pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and death. Self-renewal of neural stem cells is a tightly regulated process that secures the accuracy of cell division and eliminates cells that undergo mitotic errors. Abnormalities in the molecular mechanisms controlling this process can trigger aneuploidy and genome instability, leading to neoplastic transformation. Mutations that affect cell adhesion, polarity, or migration enhance the invasive potential and favor the progression of tumors. Here, we review recent evidence of the WNT pathway’s involvement in both neurogenesis and tumorigenesis and discuss the experimental progress on therapeutic opportunities targeting components of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa I. Alkailani
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Aittaleb
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fadel Tissir
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Fadel Tissir,
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9
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Chen B, Li F, Jia B, So KF, Wei JA, Liu Y, Qu Y, Zhou L. Celsr3 Inactivation in the Brainstem Impairs Rubrospinal Tract Development and Mouse Behaviors in Motor Coordination and Mechanic-Induced Response. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5179-5192. [PMID: 35678978 PMCID: PMC9363480 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of Celsr3 in the forebrain results in defects of longitudinal axonal tracts such as the corticospinal tract. In this study, we inactivated Celsr3 in the brainstem using En1-Cre mice (Celsr3 cKO) and analyzed axonal and behavioral phenotypes. Celsr3 cKO animals showed an 83% reduction of rubrospinal axons and 30% decrease of corticospinal axons in spinal segments, associated with increased branching of dopaminergic fibers in the ventral horn. Decreases of spinal motoneurons, neuromuscular junctions, and electromyographic signal amplitude of the biceps were also found in mutant animals. Mutant mice had impaired motor coordination and defective response to heavy mechanical stimulation, but no disability in walking and food pellet handling. Transsynaptic tracing demonstrated that rubrospinal axons synapse on spinal neurons in the deep layer of the dorsal horn, and mechanical stimulation of hindpaws induced strong calcium signal of red nuclei in control mice, which was less prominent in mutant mice. In conclusion, Celsr3 regulates development of spinal descending axons and the motor network in cell and non-cell autonomous manners, and the maturation of the rubrospinal system is required for motor coordination and response to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boli Chen
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxiang Li
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Jia
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
- Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital & Clinical, Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510005, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-An Wei
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuchu Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yibo Qu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
- Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital & Clinical, Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510005, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Zou Y. Inter-growth cone communications mediated by planar cell polarity pathway in axon guidance. Dev Biol 2022; 490:50-52. [PMID: 35788000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of exquisitely organized axonal projections is one of the greatest wonders of nervous system development. In addition to growing along stereotyped directions, axons join one another as they extend to form highly organized projections. Axon-axon interactions are essential for axon guidance during nervous system wiring. Axonal growth cones recognize cell surface guidance cues on axons and either grow along the axons or away from the axons. However, it is less well understood whether and how the growth cones communicate with each other and, if so, what do these interactions mean. Recent studies from our lab provided direct evidence that the growth cones do interact with each other during axon pathfinding. And this interaction is regulated by highly regulated protein-protein interactions among components of the planar cell polarity pathway. The disruption of these interactions lead to guidance defects and disorganization of axons. We propose that these local inter-growth cone PCP signaling reinforces and increases the sensitivity of the growth cone response to shallow Wnt gradients to turn in a precise and organized fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zou
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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11
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Boëx M, Cottin S, Halliez M, Bauché S, Buon C, Sans N, Montcouquiol M, Molgó J, Amar M, Ferry A, Lemaitre M, Rouche A, Langui D, Baskaran A, Fontaine B, Messéant J, Strochlic L. The cell polarity protein Vangl2 in the muscle shapes the neuromuscular synapse by binding to and regulating the tyrosine kinase MuSK. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabg4982. [PMID: 35580169 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abg4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) requires dynamic trans-synaptic coordination orchestrated by secreted factors, including Wnt family morphogens. To investigate how these synaptic cues in NMJ development are transduced, particularly in the regulation of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) accumulation in the postsynaptic membrane, we explored the function of Van Gogh-like protein 2 (Vangl2), a core component of Wnt planar cell polarity signaling. We found that conditional, muscle-specific ablation of Vangl2 in mice reproduced the NMJ differentiation defects seen in mice with global Vangl2 deletion. These alterations persisted into adulthood and led to NMJ disassembly, impaired neurotransmission, and deficits in motor function. Vangl2 and the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK were functionally associated in Wnt signaling in the muscle. Vangl2 bound to and promoted the signaling activity of MuSK in response to Wnt11. The loss of Vangl2 impaired RhoA activation in cultured mouse myotubes and caused dispersed, rather than clustered, organization of AChRs at the postsynaptic or muscle cell side of NMJs in vivo. Our results identify Vangl2 as a key player of the core complex of molecules shaping neuromuscular synapses and thus shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying NMJ assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Boëx
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Steve Cottin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Marius Halliez
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Stéphanie Bauché
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Céline Buon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Nathalie Sans
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Neurocentre Magendie, UMR-S 1215, Bordeaux 33077, France.,Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - Mireille Montcouquiol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Neurocentre Magendie, UMR-S 1215, Bordeaux 33077, France.,Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - Jordi Molgó
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Equipe Mixte de Recherche CNRS 9004, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Muriel Amar
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Equipe Mixte de Recherche CNRS 9004, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Mégane Lemaitre
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Phénotypage du Petit Animal, Paris 75013, France
| | - Andrée Rouche
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Dominique Langui
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Plate-forme d'Imagerie Cellulaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France
| | - Asha Baskaran
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Plate-forme d'Imagerie Cellulaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France
| | - Bertrand Fontaine
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Service de Neuro-Myologie, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France
| | - Julien Messéant
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Laure Strochlic
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris 75013, France
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12
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Dreyer CA, VanderVorst K, Carraway KL. Vangl as a Master Scaffold for Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Signaling in Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:887100. [PMID: 35646914 PMCID: PMC9130715 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.887100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of polarity within tissues and dynamic cellular morphogenetic events are features common to both developing and adult tissues, and breakdown of these programs is associated with diverse human diseases. Wnt/Planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) signaling, a branch of non-canonical Wnt signaling, is critical to the establishment and maintenance of polarity in epithelial tissues as well as cell motility events critical to proper embryonic development. In epithelial tissues, Wnt/PCP-mediated planar polarity relies upon the asymmetric distribution of core proteins to establish polarity, but the requirement for this distribution in Wnt/PCP-mediated cell motility remains unclear. However, in both polarized tissues and migratory cells, the Wnt/PCP-specific transmembrane protein Vangl is required and appears to serve as a scaffold upon which the core pathway components as well as positive and negative regulators of Wnt/PCP signaling assemble. The current literature suggests that the multiple interaction domains of Vangl allow for the binding of diverse signaling partners for the establishment of context- and tissue-specific complexes. In this review we discuss the role of Vangl as a master scaffold for Wnt/PCP signaling in epithelial tissue polarity and cellular motility events in developing and adult tissues, and address how these programs are dysregulated in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kermit L. Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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13
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Cunningham JG, Scripter JD, Nti SA, Tucker ES. Early construction of the thalamocortical axon pathway requires c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling within the ventral forebrain. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:459-480. [PMID: 34494344 PMCID: PMC8891049 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thalamocortical connectivity is essential for normal brain function. This important pathway is established during development, when thalamic axons extend a long distance through the forebrain before reaching the cerebral cortex. In this study, we identify a novel role for the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in guiding thalamocortical axons through intermediate target territories. RESULTS Complete genetic removal of JNK signaling from the Distal-less 5/6 (Dlx5/6) domain in mice prevents thalamocortical axons from crossing the diencephalon-telencephalon boundary (DTB) and the internal capsule fails to form. Ventral telencephalic cells critical for thalamocortical axon extensions including corridor and guidepost neurons are also disrupted. In addition, corticothalamic, striatonigral, and nigrostriatal axons fail to cross the DTB. Analyses of different JNK mutants demonstrate that thalamocortical axon pathfinding has a non-autonomous requirement for JNK signaling. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that JNK signaling within the Dlx5/6 territory enables the construction of major axonal pathways in the developing forebrain. Further exploration of this intermediate axon guidance territory is needed to uncover mechanisms of axonal pathfinding during normal brain development and to elucidate how this vital process may be compromised in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G. Cunningham
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Neuroscience Graduate Program, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - James D. Scripter
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Neuroscience Graduate Program, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Stephany A. Nti
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Eric S. Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
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14
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Cheng P, Liao HY, Zhang HH. The role of Wnt/mTOR signaling in spinal cord injury. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2022; 25:101760. [PMID: 35070684 PMCID: PMC8762069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2022.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most common disabling spinal injury, a complex pathologic process that can eventually lead to severe neurological dysfunction. The Wnt/mTOR signaling pathway is a pervasive signaling cascade that regulates a wide range of physiological processes during embryonic development, from stem cell pluripotency to cell fate. Numerous studies have reported that Wnt/mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in neural development, synaptogenesis, neuron growth, differentiation and survival after the central nervous system (CNS) is damaged. Wnt/mTOR also plays an important role in regulating various pathophysiological processes after spinal cord injury (SCI). After SCI, Wnt/mTOR signal regulates the physiological and pathological processes of neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation, neuronal axon regeneration, neuroinflammation and pain through multiple pathways. Due to the characteristics of the Wnt signal in SCI make it a potential therapeutic target of SCI. In this paper, the characteristics of Wnt/mTOR signal, the role of Wnt/mTOR pathway on SCI and related mechanisms are reviewed, and some unsolved problems are discussed. It is hoped to provide reference value for the research field of the role of Wnt/mTOR pathway in SCI, and provide a theoretical basis for biological therapy of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, LanZhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Liao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 342800, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, LanZhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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15
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Stoner ZA, Ketchum EM, Sheltz-Kempf S, Blinkiewicz PV, Elliott KL, Duncan JS. Fzd3 Expression Within Inner Ear Afferent Neurons Is Necessary for Central Pathfinding. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:779871. [PMID: 35153658 PMCID: PMC8828977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.779871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During development the afferent neurons of the inner ear make precise wiring decisions in the hindbrain reflective of their topographic distribution in the periphery. This is critical for the formation of sensory maps capable of faithfully processing both auditory and vestibular input. Disorganized central projections of inner ear afferents in Fzd3 null mice indicate Wnt/PCP signaling is involved in this process and ear transplantation in Xenopus indicates that Fzd3 is necessary in the ear but not the hindbrain for proper afferent navigation. However, it remains unclear in which cell type of the inner ear Fzd3 expression is influencing the guidance of inner ear afferents to their proper synaptic targets in the hindbrain. We utilized Atoh1-cre and Neurod1-cre mouse lines to conditionally knockout Fzd3 within the mechanosensory hair cells of the organ of Corti and within the inner ear afferents, respectively. Following conditional deletion of Fzd3 within the hair cells, the central topographic distribution of inner ear afferents was maintained with no gross morphological defects. In contrast, conditional deletion of Fzd3 within inner ear afferents leads to central pathfinding defects of both cochlear and vestibular afferents. Here, we show that Fzd3 is acting in a cell autonomous manner within inner ear afferents to regulate central pathfinding within the hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Stoner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Ketchum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Sydney Sheltz-Kempf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Paige V. Blinkiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Karen L. Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Karen L. Elliott,
| | - Jeremy S. Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
- Jeremy S. Duncan,
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16
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Miller KM, Marfull-Oromí P, Zou Y. Characterization of Axon Guidance Phenotypes in Wnt/PCP Mutant Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2438:277-286. [PMID: 35147948 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2035-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our lab showed that the Wnt family proteins can function as axon guidance molecules and the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway mediates the function of Wnts in axon guidance. One of the key evidences was by identifying the axon guidance defects in knockout or conditional knockout animals. We utilized a variety of axon tracing and labeling techniques, including immunohistochemistry (IHC), DiI, BDA, and fluorescent reporters (GFP or tdTomato). These studies have primarily been conducted in spinal cord commissural axons, but have been applied to retinal ganglion cell axons, corticospinal tract axons, dopaminergic and serotonergic projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Miller
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pau Marfull-Oromí
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yimin Zou
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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17
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Abstract
The molecular complexes underlying planar cell polarity (PCP) were first identified in Drosophila through analysis of mutant phenotypes in the adult cuticle and the orientation of associated polarized protrusions such as wing hairs and sensory bristles. The same molecules are conserved in vertebrates and are required for the localization of polarized protrusions such as primary or sensory cilia and the orientation of hair follicles. Not only is PCP signaling required to align cellular structures across a tissue, it is also required to coordinate movement during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. PCP signaling allows cells to interpret positional cues within a tissue to move in the appropriate direction and to coordinate this movement with their neighbors. In this review we outline the molecular basis of the core Wnt-Frizzled/PCP pathway, and describe how this signaling orchestrates collective motility in Drosophila and vertebrates. Here we cover the paradigms of ommatidial rotation and border cell migration in Drosophila, and convergent extension in vertebrates. The downstream cell biological processes that underlie polarized motility include cytoskeletal reorganization, and adherens junctional and extracellular matrix remodeling. We discuss the contributions of these processes in the respective cell motility contexts. Finally, we address examples of individual cell motility guided by PCP factors during nervous system development and in cancer disease contexts.
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18
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Čada Š, Bryja V. Local Wnt signalling in the asymmetric migrating vertebrate cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 125:26-36. [PMID: 34896020 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signalling is known to generate cellular asymmetry via Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway (Wnt/PCP). Wnt/PCP acts locally (i) to orient membrane polarity and asymmetric establishment of intercellular junctions via conserved set of PCP proteins most specifically represented by Vangl and Prickle, and (ii) to asymmetrically rearrange cytoskeletal structures via downstream effectors of Dishevelled (Dvl). This process is best described on stable phenotypes of epithelial cells. Here, however, we review the activity of Wnt signalling in migratory cells which experience the extensive rearrangements of cytoskeleton and consequently dynamic asymmetry, making the localised effects of Wnt signalling easier to distinguish. Firstly, we focused on migration of neuronal axons, which allows to study how the pre-existent cellular asymmetry can influence Wnt signalling outcome. Then, we reviewed the role of Wnt signalling in models of mesenchymal migration including neural crest, melanoma, and breast cancer cells. Last, we collected evidence for local Wnt signalling in amoeboid cells, especially lymphocytes. As the outcome of this review, we identify blank spots in our current understanding of this topic, propose models that synthesise the current observations and allow formulation of testable hypotheses for the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Čada
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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19
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Pascual-Vargas P, Salinas PC. A Role for Frizzled and Their Post-Translational Modifications in the Mammalian Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:692888. [PMID: 34414184 PMCID: PMC8369345 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.692888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is a key signalling cascade that regulates the formation and function of neuronal circuits. The main receptors for Wnts are Frizzled (Fzd) that mediate diverse functions such as neurogenesis, axon guidance, dendritogenesis, synapse formation, and synaptic plasticity. These processes are crucial for the assembly of functional neuronal circuits required for diverse functions ranging from sensory and motor tasks to cognitive performance. Indeed, aberrant Wnt-Fzd signalling has been associated with synaptic defects during development and in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. New studies suggest that the localisation and stability of Fzd receptors play a crucial role in determining Wnt function. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Fzd are emerging as an important mechanism that regulates these Wnt receptors. However, only phosphorylation and glycosylation have been described to modulate Fzd function in the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we discuss the function of Fzd in neuronal circuit connectivity and how PTMs contribute to their function. We also discuss other PTMs, not yet described in the CNS, and how they might modulate the function of Fzd in neuronal connectivity. PTMs could modulate Fzd function by affecting Fzd localisation and stability at the plasma membrane resulting in local effects of Wnt signalling, a feature particularly important in polarised cells such as neurons. Our review highlights the importance of further studies into the role of PTMs on Fzd receptors in the context of neuronal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia C. Salinas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Corgiat EB, List SM, Rounds JC, Corbett AH, Moberg KH. The RNA-binding protein Nab2 regulates the proteome of the developing Drosophila brain. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100877. [PMID: 34139237 PMCID: PMC8260979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human ZC3H14 gene, which encodes a ubiquitously expressed polyadenosine zinc finger RNA-binding protein, is mutated in an inherited form of autosomal recessive, nonsyndromic intellectual disability. To gain insight into neurological functions of ZC3H14, we previously developed a Drosophila melanogaster model of ZC3H14 loss by deleting the fly ortholog, Nab2. Studies in this invertebrate model revealed that Nab2 controls final patterns of neuron projection within fully developed adult brains, but the role of Nab2 during development of the Drosophila brain is not known. Here, we identify roles for Nab2 in controlling the dynamic growth of axons in the developing brain mushroom bodies, which support olfactory learning and memory, and regulating abundance of a small fraction of the total brain proteome. The group of Nab2-regulated brain proteins, identified by quantitative proteomic analysis, includes the microtubule-binding protein Futsch, the neuronal Ig-family transmembrane protein turtle, the glial:neuron adhesion protein contactin, the Rac GTPase-activating protein tumbleweed, and the planar cell polarity factor Van Gogh, which collectively link Nab2 to the processes of brain morphogenesis, neuroblast proliferation, circadian sleep/wake cycles, and synaptic development. Overall, these data indicate that Nab2 controls the abundance of a subset of brain proteins during the active process of wiring the pupal brain mushroom body and thus provide a window into potentially conserved functions of the Nab2/ZC3H14 RNA-binding proteins in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin B Corgiat
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara M List
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J Christopher Rounds
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Kenneth H Moberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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21
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González P, González-Fernández C, Javier Rodríguez F. Effects of Wnt5a overexpression in spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5150-5163. [PMID: 33939286 PMCID: PMC8178287 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accordingly to its known function in corticospinal tract (CST) developmental growth, previous reports have shown an inhibitory role of Wnt5a in CST regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI). Interestingly, it has been subsequently demonstrated that Wnt5a also modulates the developmental growth of non‐CST axons and that different Wnt5a receptors are expressed in neurons, oligodendrocytes, NG2+ glial precursors and reactive microglia/macrophages and astrocytes after SCI. However, the role of Wnt5a in the response of these cell types, in the regeneration of non‐CST axons and in functional recovery after SCI is currently unknown. To evaluate this, rats were subjected to spinal cord contusion and injected with a lentiviral vector generated to overexpress Wnt5a. Histological analyses were performed in spinal cord sections processed for the visualization of myelin, oligodendrocytes, neurons, microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, NG2+ glial precursors and serotonergic axons. Motor and bladder function recovery were also assessed. Further advancing our knowledge on the role of Wnt5a in SCI, we found that, besides its previously reported functions, Wnt5a overexpression elicits a reduction on neuronal cell density, the accumulation of NG2+ glial precursors and the descending serotonergic innervation in the affected areas, along with impairment of motor and bladder function recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau González
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
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22
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van Vliet AC, Lee J, van der Poel M, Mason MRJ, Noordermeer JN, Fradkin LG, Tannemaat MR, Malessy MJA, Verhaagen J, De Winter F. Coordinated changes in the expression of Wnt pathway genes following human and rat peripheral nerve injury. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249748. [PMID: 33848304 PMCID: PMC8043392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A human neuroma-in continuity (NIC), formed following a peripheral nerve lesion, impedes functional recovery. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the formation of a NIC are poorly understood. Here we show that the expression of multiple genes of the Wnt family, including Wnt5a, is changed in NIC tissue from patients that underwent reconstructive surgery. The role of Wnt ligands in NIC pathology and nerve regeneration is of interest because Wnt ligands are implicated in tissue regeneration, fibrosis, axon repulsion and guidance. The observations in NIC prompted us to investigate the expression of Wnt ligands in the injured rat sciatic nerve and in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In the injured nerve, four gene clusters were identified with temporal expression profiles corresponding to particular phases of the regeneration process. In the DRG up- and down regulation of certain Wnt receptors suggests that nerve injury has an impact on the responsiveness of injured sensory neurons to Wnt ligands in the nerve. Immunohistochemistry showed that Schwann cells in the NIC and in the injured nerve are the source of Wnt5a, whereas the Wnt5a receptor Ryk is expressed by axons traversing the NIC. Taken together, these observations suggest a central role for Wnt signalling in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie C. van Vliet
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jinhui Lee
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlijn van der Poel
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R. J. Mason
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lee G. Fradkin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Martijn R. Tannemaat
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J. A. Malessy
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fred De Winter
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Mesman S, Wever I, Smidt MP. Tcf4 Is Involved in Subset Specification of Mesodiencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030317. [PMID: 33804772 PMCID: PMC8003918 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons form into different molecular subsets. Knowledge of which factors contribute to the specification of these subsets is currently insufficient. In this study, we examined the role of Tcf4, a member of the E-box protein family, in mdDA neuronal development and subset specification. We show that Tcf4 is expressed throughout development, but is no longer detected in adult midbrain. Deletion of Tcf4 results in an initial increase in TH-expressing neurons at E11.5, but this normalizes at later embryonic stages. However, the caudal subset marker Nxph3 and rostral subset marker Ahd2 are affected at E14.5, indicating that Tcf4 is involved in correct differentiation of mdDA neuronal subsets. At P0, expression of these markers partially recovers, whereas expression of Th transcript and TH protein appears to be affected in lateral parts of the mdDA neuronal population. The initial increase in TH-expressing cells and delay in subset specification could be due to the increase in expression of the bHLH factor Ascl1, known for its role in mdDA neuronal differentiation, upon loss of Tcf4. Taken together, our data identified a minor role for Tcf4 in mdDA neuronal development and subset specification.
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24
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Zou Y. Targeting axon guidance cues for neural circuit repair after spinal cord injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:197-205. [PMID: 33167744 PMCID: PMC7812507 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20961852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At least two-thirds of spinal cord injury cases are anatomically incomplete, without complete spinal cord transection, although the initial injuries cause complete loss of sensory and motor functions. The malleability of neural circuits and networks allows varied extend of functional restoration in some individuals after successful rehabilitative training. However, in most cases, the efficiency and extent are both limited and uncertain, largely due to the many obstacles of repair. The restoration of function after anatomically incomplete injury is in part made possible by the growth of new axons or new axon branches through the spared spinal cord tissue and the new synaptic connections they make, either along the areas they grow through or in the areas they terminate. This review will discuss new progress on the understanding of the role of axon guidance molecules, particularly the Wnt family proteins, in spinal cord injury and how the knowledge and tools of axon guidance can be applied to increase the potential of recovery. These strategies, combined with others, such as neuroprotection and rehabilitation, may bring new promises. The recovery strategies for anatomically incomplete spinal cord injuries are relevant and may be applicable to traumatic brain injury and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zou
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences
Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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25
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Vahid-Ansari F, Albert PR. Rewiring of the Serotonin System in Major Depression. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:802581. [PMID: 34975594 PMCID: PMC8716791 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.802581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter that is implicated in a wide variety of behavioral and cognitive phenotypes. Originating in the raphe nuclei, 5-HT neurons project widely to innervate many brain regions implicated in the functions. During the development of the brain, as serotonin axons project and innervate brain regions, there is evidence that 5-HT plays key roles in wiring the developing brain, both by modulating 5-HT innervation and by influencing synaptic organization within corticolimbic structures. These actions are mediated by 14 different 5-HT receptors, with region- and cell-specific patterns of expression. More recently, the role of the 5-HT system in synaptic re-organization during adulthood has been suggested. The 5-HT neurons have the unusual capacity to regrow and reinnervate brain regions following insults such as brain injury, chronic stress, or altered development that result in disconnection of the 5-HT system and often cause depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. Chronic treatment with antidepressants that amplify 5-HT action, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), appears to accelerate the rewiring of the 5-HT system by mechanisms that may be critical to the behavioral and cognitive improvements induced in these models. In this review, we survey the possible 5-HT receptor mechanisms that could mediate 5-HT rewiring and assess the evidence that 5-HT-mediated brain rewiring is impacting recovery from mental illness. By amplifying 5-HT-induced rewiring processes using SSRIs and selective 5-HT agonists, more rapid and effective treatments for injury-induced mental illness or cognitive impairment may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Vahid-Ansari
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paul R Albert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Morenilla-Palao C, López-Cascales MT, López-Atalaya JP, Baeza D, Calvo-Díaz L, Barco A, Herrera E. A Zic2-regulated switch in a noncanonical Wnt/βcatenin pathway is essential for the formation of bilateral circuits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/46/eaaz8797. [PMID: 33188033 PMCID: PMC7673756 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is involved in a wide array of biological processes during development and is deregulated in many pathological scenarios. In neurons, Wnt proteins promote both axon extension and repulsion, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these opposing axonal responses are unknown. Here, we show that Wnt5a is expressed at the optic chiasm midline and promotes the crossing of retinal axons by triggering an alternative Wnt pathway that depends on the accumulation of βcatenin but does not activate the canonical pathway. In ipsilateral neurons, the transcription factor Zic2 switches this alternative Wnt pathway by regulating the expression of a set of Wnt receptors and intracellular proteins. In combination with this alternative Wnt pathway, the asymmetric activation of EphB1 receptors at the midline phosphorylates βcatenin and elicits a repulsive response. This alternative Wnt pathway and its Zic2-triggered switch may operate in other contexts that require a two-way response to Wnt ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cruz Morenilla-Palao
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - María Teresa López-Cascales
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - José P López-Atalaya
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Diana Baeza
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Luís Calvo-Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Angel Barco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Eloísa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain.
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27
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González P, González-Fernández C, Campos-Martín Y, Mollejo M, Carballosa-Gautam M, Marcillo A, Norenberg M, Rodríguez FJ. Frizzled 1 and Wnt1 as new potential therapeutic targets in the traumatically injured spinal cord. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4631-4662. [PMID: 31900623 PMCID: PMC11104978 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the experimental evidence pointing to a significant role of the Wnt family of proteins in physiological and pathological rodent spinal cord functioning, its potential relevance in the healthy and traumatically injured human spinal cord as well as its therapeutic potential in spinal cord injury (SCI) are still poorly understood. To get further insight into these interesting issues, we first demonstrated by quantitative Real-Time PCR and simple immunohistochemistry that detectable mRNA expression of most Wnt components, as well as protein expression of all known Wnt receptors, can be found in the healthy human spinal cord, supporting its potential involvement in human spinal cord physiology. Moreover, evaluation of Frizzled (Fz) 1 expression by double immunohistochemistry showed that its spatio-temporal and cellular expression pattern in the traumatically injured human spinal cord is equivalent to that observed in a clinically relevant model of rat SCI and suggests its potential involvement in SCI progression/outcome. Accordingly, we found that long-term lentiviral-mediated overexpression of the Fz1 ligand Wnt1 after rat SCI improves motor functional recovery, increases myelin preservation and neuronal survival, and reduces early astroglial reactivity and NG2+ cell accumulation, highlighting the therapeutic potential of Wnt1 in this neuropathological situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau González
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.
| | | | | | - Manuela Mollejo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Virgen de La Salud, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Alexander Marcillo
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Michael Norenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, USA
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28
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LRRK2 mediates axon development by regulating Frizzled3 phosphorylation and growth cone-growth cone communication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18037-18048. [PMID: 32641508 PMCID: PMC7395514 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921878117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon-axon interactions are essential for axon guidance during nervous system wiring. However, it is unknown whether and how the growth cones communicate with each other while sensing and responding to guidance cues. We found that the Parkinson's disease gene, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), has an unexpected role in growth cone-growth cone communication. The LRRK2 protein acts as a scaffold and induces Frizzled3 hyperphosphorylation indirectly by recruiting other kinases and also directly phosphorylates Frizzled3 on threonine 598 (T598). In LRRK1 or LRRK2 single knockout, LRRK1/2 double knockout, and LRRK2 G2019S knockin, the postcrossing spinal cord commissural axons are disorganized and showed anterior-posterior guidance errors after midline crossing. Growth cones from either LRRK2 knockout or G2019S knockin mice showed altered interactions, suggesting impaired communication. Intercellular interaction between Frizzled3 and Vangl2 is essential for planar cell polarity signaling. We show here that this interaction is regulated by phosphorylation of Frizzled3 at T598 and can be regulated by LRRK2 in a kinase activity-dependent way. In the LRRK1/2 double knockout or LRRK2 G2019S knockin, the dopaminergic axon bundle in the midbrain was significantly widened and appeared disorganized, showing aberrant posterior-directed growth. Our findings demonstrate that LRRK2 regulates growth cone-growth cone communication in axon guidance and that both loss-of-function mutation and a gain-of-function mutation (G2019S) cause axon guidance defects in development.
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29
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Ádám Á, Kemecsei R, Company V, Murcia-Ramón R, Juarez I, Gerecsei LI, Zachar G, Echevarría D, Puelles E, Martínez S, Csillag A. Gestational Exposure to Sodium Valproate Disrupts Fasciculation of the Mesotelencephalic Dopaminergic Tract, With a Selective Reduction of Dopaminergic Output From the Ventral Tegmental Area. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:29. [PMID: 32581730 PMCID: PMC7290005 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational exposure to valproic acid (VPA) is known to cause behavioral deficits of sociability, matching similar alterations in human autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Available data are scarce on the neuromorphological changes in VPA-exposed animals. Here, we focused on alterations of the dopaminergic system, which is implicated in motivation and reward, with relevance to social cohesion. Whole brains from 7-day-old mice born to mothers given a single injection of VPA (400 mg/kg b.wt.) on E13.5 were immunostained against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). They were scanned using the iDISCO method with a laser light-sheet microscope, and the reconstructed images were analyzed in 3D for quantitative morphometry. A marked reduction of mesotelencephalic (MT) axonal fascicles together with a widening of the MT tract were observed in VPA treated mice, while other major brain tracts appeared anatomically intact. We also found a reduction in the abundance of dopaminergic ventral tegmental (VTA) neurons, accompanied by diminished tissue level of DA in ventrobasal telencephalic regions (including the nucleus accumbens (NAc), olfactory tubercle, BST, substantia innominata). Such a reduction of DA was not observed in the non-limbic caudate-putamen. Conversely, the abundance of TH+ cells in the substantia nigra (SN) was increased, presumably due to a compensatory mechanism or to an altered distribution of TH+ neurons occupying the SN and the VTA. The findings suggest that defasciculation of the MT tract and neuronal loss in VTA, followed by diminished dopaminergic input to the ventrobasal telencephalon at a critical time point of embryonic development (E13-E14) may hinder the patterning of certain brain centers underlying decision making and sociability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágota Ádám
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Kemecsei
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Verónica Company
- Institute of Neuroscience (UMH-CSIC), University of Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Raquel Murcia-Ramón
- Institute of Neuroscience (UMH-CSIC), University of Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Iris Juarez
- Institute of Neuroscience (UMH-CSIC), University of Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - László I Gerecsei
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Zachar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diego Echevarría
- Institute of Neuroscience (UMH-CSIC), University of Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Eduardo Puelles
- Institute of Neuroscience (UMH-CSIC), University of Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Salvador Martínez
- Institute of Neuroscience (UMH-CSIC), University of Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - András Csillag
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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30
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Mesman S, Bakker R, Smidt MP. Tcf4 is required for correct brain development during embryogenesis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 106:103502. [PMID: 32474139 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tcf4 has been linked to autism, schizophrenia, and Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS) in humans, suggesting a role for Tcf4 in brain development and importantly cortical development. However, the mechanisms behind its role in disease and brain development are still elusive. We provide evidence that Tcf4 has a critical function in the differentiation of cortical regions, corpus callosum and anterior commissure formation, and development of the hippocampus during murine embryonic development. In the present study, we show that Tcf4 is expressed throughout the developing brain at the peak of neurogenesis. Deletion of Tcf4 results in mis-specification of the cortical neurons, malformation of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, and hypoplasia of the hippocampus. Furthermore, the Tcf4 mutant shows an absence of midline remodeling, underlined by the loss of GFAP-expressing midline glia in the indusium griseum and callosal wedge and midline zipper glia in the telencephalic midline. RNA-sequencing on E14.5 cortex material shows that Tcf4 functions as a transcriptional activator and loss of Tcf4 results in downregulation of genes linked to neurogenesis and neuronal maturation. Furthermore, many genes that are differentially expressed after Tcf4 ablation are linked to other neurodevelopmental disorders. Taken together, we show that correct brain development and neuronal differentiation are severely affected in Tcf4 mutants, phenocopying morphological brain defects detected in PTHS patients. The presented data identifies new leads to understand the mechanisms behind brain and specifically cortical development and can provide novel insights in developmental mechanisms underlying human brain defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mesman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, FNWI University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinier Bakker
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, FNWI University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marten P Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, FNWI University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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31
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Zou Y. Breaking symmetry - cell polarity signaling pathways in growth cone guidance and synapse formation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 63:77-86. [PMID: 32361599 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Directional and positional information is essential for the diverse neuronal morphology and connectivity during development. The direction of axon growth is critical for building the correct networks among neurons, sometimes from far away. Neuronal synapses are asymmetric cell-cell junctions with distinct presynaptic and postsynaptic structures to convey neural activity in a directional fashion. Recent studies show that some of the key asymmetry is mediated by highly conversed cell polarity signaling pathways. These pathways, planar cell polarity and apical-basal polarity, are not required for the global axon-dendrite polarity. Therefore, the apparent distinct types of morphological asymmetry in the nervous system, growth cone turning and synaptic junctions, are mediated by similar cell polarity signaling mechanisms widely used in cellular and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zou
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States.
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32
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Dos-Santos Carvalho S, Moreau MM, Hien YE, Garcia M, Aubailly N, Henderson DJ, Studer V, Sans N, Thoumine O, Montcouquiol M. Vangl2 acts at the interface between actin and N-cadherin to modulate mammalian neuronal outgrowth. eLife 2020; 9:51822. [PMID: 31909712 PMCID: PMC6946565 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical interactions between adhesion complexes and the cytoskeleton are essential for axon outgrowth and guidance. Whether planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins, which regulate cytoskeleton dynamics and appear necessary for some axon guidance, also mediate interactions with membrane adhesion is still unclear. Here we show that Vangl2 controls growth cone velocity by regulating the internal retrograde actin flow in an N-cadherin-dependent fashion. Single molecule tracking experiments show that the loss of Vangl2 decreased fast-diffusing N-cadherin membrane molecules and increased confined N-cadherin trajectories. Using optically manipulated N-cadherin-coated microspheres, we correlated this behavior to a stronger mechanical coupling of N-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton. Lastly, we show that the spatial distribution of Vangl2 within the growth cone is selectively affected by an N-cadherin-coated substrate. Altogether, our data show that Vangl2 acts as a negative regulator of axonal outgrowth by regulating the strength of the molecular clutch between N-cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Dos-Santos Carvalho
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maite M Moreau
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yeri Esther Hien
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mikael Garcia
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Aubailly
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Studer
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Sans
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Thoumine
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mireille Montcouquiol
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
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33
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Frizzled3 and Frizzled6 Cooperate with Vangl2 to Direct Cochlear Innervation by Type II Spiral Ganglion Neurons. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8013-8023. [PMID: 31462532 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1740-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II spiral ganglion neurons provide afferent innervation to outer hair cells of the cochlea and are proposed to have nociceptive functions important for auditory function and homeostasis. These neurons are anatomically distinct from other classes of spiral ganglion neurons because they extend a peripheral axon beyond the inner hair cells that subsequently makes a distinct 90 degree turn toward the cochlear base. As a result, patterns of outer hair cell innervation are coordinated with the tonotopic organization of the cochlea. Previously, it was shown that peripheral axon turning is directed by a nonautonomous function of the core planar cell polarity (PCP) protein VANGL2. We demonstrate using mice of either sex that Fzd3 and Fzd6 similarly regulate axon turning, are functionally redundant with each other, and that Fzd3 genetically interacts with Vangl2 to guide this process. FZD3 and FZD6 proteins are asymmetrically distributed along the basolateral wall of cochlear-supporting cells, and are required to promote or maintain the asymmetric distribution of VANGL2 and CELSR1. These data indicate that intact PCP complexes formed between cochlear-supporting cells are required for the nonautonomous regulation of axon pathfinding. Consistent with this, in the absence of PCP signaling, peripheral axons turn randomly and often project toward the cochlear apex. Additional analyses of Porcn mutants in which WNT secretion is reduced suggest that noncanonical WNT signaling establishes or maintains PCP signaling in this context. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is necessary for repairing auditory circuits following acoustic trauma or promoting cochlear reinnervation during regeneration-based deafness therapies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling has emerged as a complementary mechanism to classical axon guidance in regulating axon track formation, axon outgrowth, and neuronal polarization. The core PCP proteins are also required for auditory circuit assembly, and coordinate hair cell innervation with the tonotopic organization of the cochlea. This is a non-cell-autonomous mechanism that requires the formation of PCP protein complexes between cochlear-supporting cells located along the trajectory of growth cone navigation. These findings are significant because they demonstrate how the fidelity of auditory circuit formation is ensured during development, and provide a mechanism by which PCP proteins may regulate axon outgrowth and guidance in the CNS.
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Ma J, Lwigale P. Transformation of the Transcriptomic Profile of Mouse Periocular Mesenchyme During Formation of the Embryonic Cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:661-676. [PMID: 30786278 PMCID: PMC6383728 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Defects in neural crest development are a major contributing factor in corneal dysgenesis, but little is known about the genetic landscape during corneal development. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed transcriptome profile and evaluate changes in gene expression during mouse corneal development. Methods RNA sequencing was used to uncover the transcriptomic profile of periocular mesenchyme (pNC) isolated at embryonic day (E) 10.5 and corneas isolated at E14.5 and E16.5. The spatiotemporal expression of several differentially expressed genes was validated by in situ hybridization. Results Analysis of the whole-transcriptome profile between pNC and embryonic corneas identified 3815 unique differentially expressed genes. Pathway analysis revealed an enrichment of differentially expressed genes involved in signal transduction (retinoic acid, transforming growth factor-β, and Wnt pathways) and transcriptional regulation. Conclusions Our analyses, for the first time, identify a large number of differentially expressed genes during progressive stages of mouse corneal development. Our data provide a comprehensive transcriptomic profile of the developing cornea. Combined, these data serve as a valuable resource for the identification of novel regulatory networks crucial for the advancement of studies in congenital defects, stem cell therapy, bioengineering, and adult corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ma
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Peter Lwigale
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
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35
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Hakanen J, Ruiz-Reig N, Tissir F. Linking Cell Polarity to Cortical Development and Malformations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:244. [PMID: 31213986 PMCID: PMC6558068 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of signaling molecules, cellular organelles, and cytoskeleton in a cell. Neural progenitors and neurons are highly polarized cells in which the cell membrane and cytoplasmic components are compartmentalized into distinct functional domains in response to internal and external cues that coordinate polarity and behavior during development and disease. In neural progenitor cells, polarity has a prominent impact on cell shape and coordinate several processes such as adhesion, division, and fate determination. Polarity also accompanies a neuron from the beginning until the end of its life. It is essential for development and later functionality of neuronal circuitries. During development, polarity governs transitions between multipolar and bipolar during migration of postmitotic neurons, and directs the specification and directional growth of axons. Once reaching final positions in cortical layers, neurons form dendrites which become compartmentalized to ensure proper establishment of neuronal connections and signaling. Changes in neuronal polarity induce signaling cascades that regulate cytoskeletal changes, as well as mRNA, protein, and vesicle trafficking, required for synapses to form and function. Hence, defects in establishing and maintaining cell polarity are associated with several neural disorders such as microcephaly, lissencephaly, schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. In this review we summarize the role of polarity genes in cortical development and emphasize the relationship between polarity dysfunctions and cortical malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hakanen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
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36
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Izumi Y. [Establishment of a novel evaluation system for dopaminergic axonal outgrowth and its regulatory factor]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2018; 152:240-245. [PMID: 30393256 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.152.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway is implicated with Parkinson's disease. Elucidation of this projection mechanism is not only important for considering developmental brain formation, but also contributes to the development of a therapy for regenerating the lost neural circuit. Although several axon guidance cues have been reported to induce dopaminergic axons from the substantia nigra to the striatum, the mechanisms by which the dopaminergic axons extend in the striatum remain unclear. An excellent culture system is necessary for studying the formation process of a neural circuit. Therefore, we tried to establish an in vitro model for the quantitative analysis of dopaminergic innervation of striatal neurons using primary dissociated cells. Mesencephalic cells prepared from rat embryos were seeded on the opposite side to striatal cells with the isolation wall in between. When the isolation wall was removed, the dopaminergic axons extended toward the striatal cell region and formed synapses with striatal neurons. The dopaminergic innervation of striatal neurons was suppressed by inhibiting integrin α5β1 expressed on dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, dopaminergic neurons overexpressing integrin α5 exhibited a longer neurite outgrowth on striatal cells than normal dopaminergic neurons did. Because this evaluation system using dissociated cell culture has relatively high throughput and is easy to be pharmacologically and genetically manipulated, it is considered to be a useful tool in the study of neural circuit formation. In addition, as a result, we found integrin α5β1 as a molecule promoting striatal innervation by dopaminergic neuron, which is expected to contribute to regeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Izumi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
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37
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He CW, Liao CP, Pan CL. Wnt signalling in the development of axon, dendrites and synapses. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180116. [PMID: 30282660 PMCID: PMC6223216 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnts are a highly conserved family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in the morphogenesis and body patterning during the development of metazoan species. In recent years, mounting evidence has revealed important functions of Wnt signalling in diverse aspects of neural development, including neuronal polarization, guidance and branching of the axon and dendrites, as well as synapse formation and its structural remodelling. In contrast to Wnt signalling in cell proliferation and differentiation, which mostly acts through β-catenin-dependent pathways, Wnts engage a diverse array of non-transcriptional cascades in neuronal development, such as the planar cell polarity, cytoskeletal or calcium signalling pathways. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the mechanisms of Wnt signalling in the development of axon, dendrite and synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei He
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Po Liao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Liang Pan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
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38
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Park EC, Rongo C. RPM-1 and DLK-1 regulate pioneer axon outgrowth by controlling Wnt signaling. Development 2018; 145:dev.164897. [PMID: 30093552 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Axons must correctly reach their targets for proper nervous system function, although we do not fully understand the underlying mechanism, particularly for the first 'pioneer' axons. In C. elegans, AVG is the first neuron to extend an axon along the ventral midline, and this pioneer axon facilitates the proper extension and guidance of follower axons that comprise the ventral nerve cord. Here, we show that the ubiquitin ligase RPM-1 prevents the overgrowth of the AVG axon by repressing the activity of the DLK-1/p38 MAPK pathway. Unlike in damaged neurons, where this pathway activates CEBP-1, we find that RPM-1 and the DLK-1 pathway instead regulate the response to extracellular Wnt cues in developing AVG axons. The Wnt LIN-44 promotes the posterior growth of the AVG axon. In the absence of RPM-1 activity, AVG becomes responsive to a different Wnt, EGL-20, through a mechanism that appears to be independent of canonical Fz-type receptors. Our results suggest that RPM-1 and the DLK-1 pathway regulate axon guidance and growth by preventing Wnt signaling crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chan Park
- The Waksman Institute, Department of Genetics, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Christopher Rongo
- The Waksman Institute, Department of Genetics, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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39
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Ghimire SR, Ratzan EM, Deans MR. A non-autonomous function of the core PCP protein VANGL2 directs peripheral axon turning in the developing cochlea. Development 2018; 145:dev.159012. [PMID: 29784671 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The cochlea is innervated by neurons that relay sound information from hair cells to central auditory targets. A subset of these are the type II spiral ganglion neurons, which have nociceptive features and contribute to feedback circuits providing neuroprotection in extreme noise. Type II neurons make a distinctive 90° turn towards the cochlear base to synapse with 10-15 outer hair cells. We demonstrate that this axon turning event requires planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling and is disrupted in Vangl2 and Celsr1 knockout mice, and that VANGL2 acts non-autonomously from the cochlea to direct turning. Moreover, VANGL2 is asymmetrically distributed at intercellular junctions between cochlear supporting cells, and in a pattern that could allow it to act directly as an axon guidance cue. Together, these data reveal a non-autonomous function for PCP signaling during axon guidance occurring in the tissue that is innervated, rather than the navigating growth cone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish R Ghimire
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Evan M Ratzan
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael R Deans
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA .,Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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40
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Garcia LP, Witteveen JS, Middelman A, van Hulten JA, Martens GJM, Homberg JR, Kolk SM. Perturbed Developmental Serotonin Signaling Affects Prefrontal Catecholaminergic Innervation and Cortical Integrity. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1405-1420. [PMID: 29948943 PMCID: PMC6400880 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proper development of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), crucial for correct cognitive functioning, requires projections from, among others, the serotonergic (5-HT) and catecholaminergic systems, but it is unclear how these systems influence each other during development. Here, we describe the parallel development of the 5-HT and catecholaminergic prefrontal projection systems in rat and demonstrate a close engagement of both systems in the proximity of Cajal-Retzius cells. We further show that in the absence of the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT), not only the developing 5-HT but also the catecholaminergic system, including their projections towards the mPFC, are affected. In addition, the layer identity of the mPFC neurons and reelin-positive interneuron number and integration are altered in the absence of the 5-HTT. Together, our data demonstrate a functional interplay between the developing mPFC 5-HT and catecholaminergic systems, and call for a holistic approach in studying neurotransmitter systems-specific developmental consequences for adult behavior, to eventually allow the design of better treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane P Garcia
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Josefine S Witteveen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthonieke Middelman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Josephus A van Hulten
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon M Kolk
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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41
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Abstract
During nervous system development, neurons extend axons to reach their targets and form functional circuits. The faulty assembly or disintegration of such circuits results in disorders of the nervous system. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms that guide axons and lead to neural circuit formation is of interest not only to developmental neuroscientists but also for a better comprehension of neural disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated how crosstalk between different families of guidance receptors can regulate axonal navigation at choice points, and how changes in growth cone behaviour at intermediate targets require changes in the surface expression of receptors. These changes can be achieved by a variety of mechanisms, including transcription, translation, protein-protein interactions, and the specific trafficking of proteins and mRNAs. Here, I review these axon guidance mechanisms, highlighting the most recent advances in the field that challenge the textbook model of axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther T Stoeckli
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Neuroscience Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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Shao Y, Zheng Q, Wang W, Xin N, Song X, Zhao C. Biological functions of macrophage-derived Wnt5a, and its roles in human diseases. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67674-67684. [PMID: 27608847 PMCID: PMC5341904 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a is implicated in development and tissue homeostasis by activating β-catenin-independent pathway. Excessive production of Wnt5a is related to some human diseases. Macrophage recruitment is a character of inflammation and cancer, therefore macrophage-derived Wnt5a is supposed to be a player in these conditions. Actually, macrophage-derived Wnt5a maintains macrophage immune function, stimulates pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and induces angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, macrophage-derived Wnt5a is involved in insulin resistance, atherosclerosis and cancer. These findings indicate that macrophage-derived Wnt5a may be a target in the treatment of these diseases. Notably, unlike macrophages, the exact role of macrophage-derived Wnt5a in bacterial infection remains largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Xin
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowen Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghai Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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43
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Deneris E, Gaspar P. Serotonin neuron development: shaping molecular and structural identities. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:10.1002/wdev.301. [PMID: 29072810 PMCID: PMC5746461 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The continuing fascination with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) as a nervous system chemical messenger began with its discovery in the brains of mammals in 1953. Among the many reasons for this decades-long interest is that the small numbers of neurons that make 5-HT influence the excitability of neural circuits in nearly every region of the brain and spinal cord. A further reason is that 5-HT dysfunction has been linked to a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders many of which have a neurodevelopmental component. This has led to intense interest in understanding 5-HT neuron development with the aim of determining whether early alterations in their generation lead to brain disease susceptibility. Here, we present an overview of the neuroanatomical organization of vertebrate 5-HT neurons, their neurogenesis, and prodigious axonal architectures, which enables the expansive reach of 5-HT neuromodulation in the central nervous system. We review recent findings that have revealed the molecular basis for the tremendous diversity of 5-HT neuron subtypes, the impact of environmental factors on 5-HT neuron development, and how 5-HT axons are topographically organized through disparate signaling pathways. We summarize studies of the gene regulatory networks that control the differentiation, maturation, and maintenance of 5-HT neurons. These studies show that the regulatory factors controlling acquisition of 5-HT-type transmitter identity continue to play critical roles in the functional maturation and the maintenance of 5-HT neurons. New insights are presented into how continuously expressed 5-HT regulatory factors control 5-HT neurons at different stages of life and how the regulatory networks themselves are maintained. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e301. doi: 10.1002/wdev.301 This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Cellular Differentiation Nervous System Development > Secondary: Vertebrates: Regional Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Deneris
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Patricia Gaspar
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-S839, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Campus Jussieu, Paris, France
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44
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Xie J, Zhao T, Liu Y. Sonic hedgehog regulates the pathfinding of descending serotonergic axons in hindbrain in collaboration with Wnt5a and secreted frizzled-related protein 1. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 66:24-32. [PMID: 29196093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that both Wnt5a and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) are involved in regulating the pathfinding of descending serotonergic (5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine) axons in an opposite manner in the brainstem. Shh and Wnt signaling pathways interact to guide post-crossing commissural axons, where Shh acts as a repellent directly and shaping the Wnt gradient indirectly by regulating the gradient expression of the frizzled-related protein 1 (Sfrp1). Whether such a mechanism functions in descending 5-HT axon guidance remains unknown. Here, we found that the core components of the Shh and Wnt planar cell polarity signaling pathways are expressed in caudal 5-HT neurons, and the expression gradients of Shh, Sfrp1, and Wnt5a exist simultaneously in hindbrain. Dunn chamber assays revealed that Sfrp1 suppressed the attractive Wnt gradient. Moreover, we found that Shh overexpression led to pathfinding defects in 5-HT axon descending, and the axonal pathfinding defects could be partially rescued by administration of an Sfrp1 antagonist in vivo. Biochemical evidence showed Shh overexpression upregulated the expression of the Sfrp1 gene and interrupted Wnt5a binding to Frizzled-3. Taken together, our results indicate that Shh, Sfrp1, and Wnt5a collaborate to direct the pathfinding of descending 5-HT axons in the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Teng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yaobo Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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45
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Wang JL, Zhou X, Zhang LF, Li F, Wang BY, Wang WD, Fu W. TGF-β signaling regulates DACT1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:864-869. [PMID: 29136762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DACT1, was first identified as a Dishevelled-associated antagonist of Wnt signaling pathway. It has been reported that DACT1 functions in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. However, the regulation of DACT1 still remains unclear. We found Wnt signaling has no effect on DACT1, but TGF-β increases expression of DACT1 in intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, the minimal promoter is located in the region of -500bp to +1bp and the region between -3000bp to +1bp enhanced promoter activity. Site-directed mutation analysis was performed and indicated that potential regulatory elements was near -335bp. Our study provided the basic information for the exploration of DACT1 regulation and expression. Moreover, TGF-β inhibits Wnt signaling to enhance the function of DACT1 inhibiting Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Lian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ling-Fu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bing-Yan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wen-Dong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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46
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Mesman S, Smidt MP. Tcf12 Is Involved in Early Cell-Fate Determination and Subset Specification of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:353. [PMID: 29163030 PMCID: PMC5671939 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein family has previously been shown to be involved in the development of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons in the murine midbrain. Specifically, Ngn2 and Mash1 are known to have a role in the specification of neural progenitors in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the midbrain towards an mdDA neuronal cell-fate. Furthermore, other members of the bHLH protein family, the E-box factors, are expressed in the developing midbrain and are thought to have a role in neuronal differentiation. Here we show that the E-box factor Tcf12 is implicated in early and late development of mdDA neurons. Tcf12 is expressed in the midbrain and in young TH-expressing mdDA neurons throughout development. Tcf12lox/lox;En1cre/+ embryos, that lose Tcf12 at ~embryonic day (E)9 throughout the En1 expression domain, have a changed spatial expression of Lmx1a and Nurr1 and a consistent loss of rostral TH expression. Expression of the subset marker Ahd2 is initially delayed, but recovers during development, eventually showing an ~10% increase in AHD2-expressing cells at postnatal day (P)30. Tcf12lox/lox;Pitx3cre/+ embryos, that lose Tcf12 at ~E12 in post-mitotic mdDA neurons, show no effect on the amount of TH-expressing neurons in the developing midbrain. However, similar as to Tcf12lox/lox;En1cre/+ embryos, subset specification is delayed during development. Taken together, we have identified Tcf12 as a novel factor in mdDA neuronal development. It serves a dual function; one in early cell-fate commitment of neural progenitors and one late in subset specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mesman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, FNWI University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marten P Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, FNWI University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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47
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Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is best known for its role in polarizing epithelial cells within the plane of a tissue but it also plays a role in a range of cell migration events during development. The mechanism by which the PCP pathway polarizes stationary epithelial cells is well characterized, but how PCP signaling functions to regulate more dynamic cell behaviors during directed cell migration is much less understood. Here, we review recent discoveries regarding the localization of PCP proteins in migrating cells and their impact on the cell biology of collective and individual cell migratory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal F Davey
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, B2-159, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, B2-159, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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48
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Netrin-1 Derived from the Ventricular Zone, but not the Floor Plate, Directs Hindbrain Commissural Axons to the Ventral Midline. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11992. [PMID: 28931893 PMCID: PMC5607380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 (Ntn1) emanating from the ventral midline has been thought to act as a long-range diffusible chemoattractant for commissural axons (CAs). However, CAs still grow towards the midline in the absence of the floor plate (FP), a glial structure occupying the midline. Here, using genetically loss-of-function approaches in mice, we show that Ntn1 derived from the ventricular zone (VZ), but not the FP, is crucial for CA guidance in the mouse hindbrain. During the period of CA growth, Ntn1 is expressed in the ventral two-thirds of the VZ, in addition to the FP. Remarkably, deletion of Ntn1 from the VZ and even from the dorsal VZ highly disrupts CA guidance to the midline, whereas the deletion from the FP has little impact on it. We also show that the severities of CA guidance defects found in the Ntn1 conditional mutants were irrelevant to their FP long-range chemoattractive activities. Our results are incompatible with the prevailing view that Ntn1 is an FP-derived long-range diffusible chemoattractant for CAs, but suggest a novel mechanism that VZ-derived Ntn1 directs CAs to the ventral midline by its local actions.
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49
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Gamboa NT, Taussky P, Park MS, Couldwell WT, Mahan MA, Kalani MYS. Neurovascular patterning cues and implications for central and peripheral neurological disease. Surg Neurol Int 2017; 8:208. [PMID: 28966815 PMCID: PMC5609400 DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_475_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly branched nervous and vascular systems run along parallel trajectories throughout the human body. This stereotyped pattern of branching shared by the nervous and vascular systems stems from a common reliance on specific cues critical to both neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Continually emerging evidence supports the notion of later-evolving vascular networks co-opting neural molecular mechanisms to ensure close proximity and adequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to nervous tissue. As our understanding of these biologic pathways and their phenotypic manifestations continues to advance, identification of where pathways go awry will provide critical insight into central and peripheral nervous system pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Gamboa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Philipp Taussky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Min S Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - William T Couldwell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mark A Mahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - M Yashar S Kalani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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50
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Lefebvre JL. Neuronal territory formation by the atypical cadherins and clustered protocadherins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:111-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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