1
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Al-Smadi S, Padros A, Goss GG, Dickson CT. The translational inhibitor and amnestic agent emetine also suppresses ongoing hippocampal neural activity similarly to other blockers of protein synthesis. Hippocampus 2024; 34:380-392. [PMID: 38785391 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The consolidation of memory is thought to ultimately depend on the synthesis of new proteins, since translational inhibitors such as anisomycin and cycloheximide adversely affect the permanence of long-term memory. However, when applied directly in brain, these agents also profoundly suppress neural activity to an extent that is directly correlated to the degree of protein synthesis inhibition caused. Given that neural activity itself is likely to help mediate consolidation, this finding is a serious criticism of the strict de novo protein hypothesis of memory. Here, we test the neurophysiological effects of another translational inhibitor, emetine. Unilateral intra-hippocampal infusion of emetine suppressed ongoing local field and multiunit activity at ipsilateral sites as compared to the contralateral hippocampus in a fashion that was positively correlated to the degree of protein synthesis inhibition as confirmed by autoradiography. This suppression of activity was also specific to the circumscribed brain region in which protein synthesis inhibition took place. These experiments provide further evidence that ongoing protein synthesis is necessary and fundamental for neural function and suggest that the disruption of memory observed in behavioral experiments using translational inhibitors may be due, in large part, to neural suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Al-Smadi
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - A Padros
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - G G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - C T Dickson
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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2
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Ko T, Jou C, Grau-Perales AB, Reynders M, Fenton AA, Trauner D. Photoactivated Protein Degrader for Optical Control of Synaptic Function. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3704-3713. [PMID: 37712589 PMCID: PMC10557063 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of proteins determine the function of synapses, and synapses define the neuronal circuits that subserve myriad brain, cognitive, and behavioral functions. It is thus necessary to precisely manipulate specific proteins at specific sub-cellular locations and times to elucidate the roles of particular proteins and synapses in brain function. We developed PHOtochemically TArgeting Chimeras (PHOTACs) as a strategy to optically degrade specific proteins with high spatial and temporal precision. PHOTACs are small molecules that, upon wavelength-selective illumination, catalyze ubiquitylation and degradation of target proteins through endogenous proteasomes. Here, we describe the design and chemical properties of a PHOTAC that targets Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα), which is abundant and crucial for the baseline synaptic function of excitatory neurons. We validate the PHOTAC strategy, showing that the CaMKIIα-PHOTAC is effective in mouse brain tissue. Light activation of CaMKIIα-PHOTAC removed CaMKIIα from regions of the mouse hippocampus only within 25 μm of the illuminated brain surface. The optically controlled degradation decreases synaptic function within minutes of light activation, measured by the light-initiated attenuation of evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) responses to physiological stimulation. The PHOTACs methodology should be broadly applicable to other key proteins implicated in synaptic function, especially for evaluating their precise roles in the maintenance of long-term potentiation and memory within subcellular dendritic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongil Ko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Claudia Jou
- Department
of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | | | - Martin Reynders
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - André A. Fenton
- Center
for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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3
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Ko T, Jou C, Grau-Perales A, Reynders M, Fenton A, Trauner D. A Photoactivated Protein Degrader for Optical Control of Synaptic Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.13.528397. [PMID: 36824807 PMCID: PMC9949324 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.528397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of proteins determine the function of synapses, and synapses define the neuronal circuits that subserve myriad brain, cognitive, and behavioral functions. It is thus necessary to precisely manipulate specific proteins at specific sub-cellular locations and times to elucidate the roles of particular proteins and synapses in brain function. We developed PHOtochemically TArgeting Chimeras (PHOTACs) as a strategy to optically degrade specific proteins with high spatial and temporal precision. PHOTACs are small molecules that, upon wavelength-selective illumination, catalyze ubiquitylation and degradation of target proteins through endogenous proteasomes. Here we describe the design and chemical properties of a PHOTAC that targets Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα), which is abundant and crucial for baseline synaptic function of excitatory neurons. We validate the PHOTAC strategy, showing that the CaMKIIα-PHOTAC is effective in mouse brain tissue. Light activation of CaMKIIα-PHOTAC removed CaMKIIα from regions of the mouse hippocampus only within 25 μm of the illuminated brain surface. The optically-controlled degradation decreases synaptic function within minutes of light activation, measured by the light-initiated attenuation of evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) responses to physiological stimulation. The PHOTACs methodology should be broadly applicable to other key proteins implicated in synaptic function, especially for evaluating their precise roles in the maintenance of long-term potentiation and memory within subcellular dendritic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - C. Jou
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - A.B. Grau-Perales
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - M. Reynders
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - A.A. Fenton
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - D. Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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4
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Augereau K, Migues PV, Hardt O. Infusing zeta inhibitory peptide into the perirhinal cortex of rats abolishes long-term object recognition memory without affecting novel object location recognition. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1007748. [PMID: 36560931 PMCID: PMC9763881 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1007748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infusing the amnesic agent zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) into the dorsal hippocampus disrupts established long-term object location recognition memory without affecting object identity recognition, which likely depends on the perirhinal cortex. Here, we tested whether infusing ZIP into the perirhinal cortex can abolish long-term memory supporting object identity recognition, leaving long-term object location recognition memory intact. We infused ZIP into the perirhinal cortex of rats either 1 day or 6 days after exposing them to two identical objects in an open field arena. One day after ZIP infusion, that is, 2 or 7 days after object exposure, we either assessed whether the animals recognized that now one of the two objects was novel or whether they recognized that one of the two familiar objects was at a new location. Our results show for both retention intervals, infusions of ZIP into the perirhinal cortex impaired novel object recognition but spared novel object location recognition. Rats that received a scrambled version of ZIP had no deficit in either test at both retention intervals and expressed stronger novel object recognition compared to rats infused with ZIP. These findings support the view that object recognition depends on dissociable memory representations distributed across different brain areas, with perirhinal cortex maintaining long-term memory for what objects had been encountered, and hippocampus supporting memory for where these objects had been placed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Hardt
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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5
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Outram AR, Brown MW, Warburton EC, Barker GRI. A critical role for long-term potentiation mechanisms in the maintenance of object recognition memory in perirhinal cortex revealed by the infusion of zeta inhibitory pseudosubstrate. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:970291. [PMID: 36263298 PMCID: PMC9574039 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.970291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Object recognition, the ability to discriminate between a novel and a familiar stimulus, is critically dependent upon the perirhinal cortex. Neural response reductions upon repetition of a stimulus, have been hypothesized to be the mechanism within perirhinal cortex that supports recognition memory function. Thus, investigations into the mechanisms of long-term depression (LTD) in perirhinal cortex has provided insight into the mechanism of object recognition memory formation, but the contribution of long-term potentiation (LTP) to object recognition memory formation has been less studied. Inhibition of atypical PKC activity by Zeta Inhibitory Pseudosubstrate (ZIP) impairs the maintenance of LTP but not LTD, thus here infusion of ZIP into the perirhinal cortex allowed us to investigate the contribution of LTP-like mechanisms to object recognition memory maintenance. Infusion of ZIP into the perirhinal cortex of rats 24 h after the sample phase impaired performance in an object recognition but not an object location task, in contrast infusion of ZIP into the hippocampus impaired performance in an object location but not an object recognition task. The impairment in object recognition by ZIP was prevented by administration of the peptide GluA23y, which blocks the endocytosis of GluA2 containing AMPA receptors. Finally, performance in a perceptual oddity task, which requires perirhinal cortex function, was not disrupted by ZIP. Together these results demonstrate the importance of LTP-like mechanisms to the maintenance of object recognition memory in the perirhinal cortex.
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6
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The Roles of Par3, Par6, and aPKC Polarity Proteins in Normal Neurodevelopment and in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4774-4793. [PMID: 35705493 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0059-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal neural circuits and functions depend on proper neuronal differentiation, migration, synaptic plasticity, and maintenance. Abnormalities in these processes underlie various neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neural development and maintenance are regulated by many proteins. Among them are Par3, Par6 (partitioning defective 3 and 6), and aPKC (atypical protein kinase C) families of evolutionarily conserved polarity proteins. These proteins perform versatile functions by forming tripartite or other combinations of protein complexes, which hereafter are collectively referred to as "Par complexes." In this review, we summarize the major findings on their biophysical and biochemical properties in cell polarization and signaling pathways. We next summarize their expression and localization in the nervous system as well as their versatile functions in various aspects of neurodevelopment, including neuroepithelial polarity, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neurite differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and memory. These versatile functions rely on the fundamental roles of Par complexes in cell polarity in distinct cellular contexts. We also discuss how cell polarization may correlate with subcellular polarization in neurons. Finally, we review the involvement of Par complexes in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. While emerging evidence indicates that Par complexes are essential for proper neural development and maintenance, many questions on their in vivo functions have yet to be answered. Thus, Par3, Par6, and aPKC continue to be important research topics to advance neuroscience.
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7
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Liu J. Involvement of PKMζ in Stress Response and Depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:907767. [PMID: 35669107 PMCID: PMC9163780 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.907767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress system in the brain plays a pivotal role in keeping humans and animals from harmful stimuli. However, excessive stress will cause maladaptive changes to the stress system and lead to depression. Despite the high prevalence of depression, the treatment remains limited. PKMζ, an atypical PKC isoform, has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in maintaining long-term potentiation and memory. Recent evidence shows that PKMζ is also involved in stress response and depressive-like behavior. In particular, it was demonstrated that stress that resulted in depressive-like behavior could decrease the expression of PKMζ in the prefrontal cortex, which could be reversed by antidepressants. Importantly, modulation of PKMζ expression could regulate depressive-like behaviors and the actions of antidepressants. These data suggested that PKMζ could be a molecular target for developing novel antidepressants. Here, I review the advance on the role of PKMζ in mediating stress response and its involvement in the development of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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8
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Patel H, Zamani R. The role of PKMζ in the maintenance of long-term memory: a review. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:481-494. [PMID: 33550786 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Long-term memories are thought to be stored in neurones and synapses that undergo physical changes, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), and these changes can be maintained for long periods of time. A candidate enzyme for the maintenance of LTP is protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), a constitutively active protein kinase C isoform that is elevated during LTP and long-term memory maintenance. This paper reviews the evidence and controversies surrounding the role of PKMζ in the maintenance of long-term memory. PKMζ maintains synaptic potentiation by preventing AMPA receptor endocytosis and promoting stabilisation of dendritic spine growth. Inhibition of PKMζ, with zeta-inhibitory peptide (ZIP), can reverse LTP and impair established long-term memories. However, a deficit of memory retrieval cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, ZIP, and in high enough doses the control peptide scrambled ZIP, was recently shown to be neurotoxic, which may explain some of the effects of ZIP on memory impairment. PKMζ knockout mice show normal learning and memory. However, this is likely due to compensation by protein-kinase C iota/lambda (PKCι/λ), which is normally responsible for induction of LTP. It is not clear how, or if, this compensatory mechanism is activated under normal conditions. Future research should utilise inducible PKMζ knockdown in adult rodents to investigate whether PKMζ maintains memory in specific parts of the brain, or if it represents a global memory maintenance molecule. These insights may inform future therapeutic targets for disorders of memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Patel
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Reza Zamani
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
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9
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Song S, Kim J, Park K, Lee J, Park S, Lee S, Kim J, Hong I, Song B, Choi S. GSK-3β activation is required for ZIP-induced disruption of learned fear. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18227. [PMID: 33106552 PMCID: PMC7588416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myristoylated zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP), which was originally developed as a protein kinase C/Mζ (PKCζ/PKMζ) inhibitor, is known to produce the loss of different forms of memories. However, ZIP induces memory loss even in the absence of PKMζ, and its mechanism of action, therefore, remains elusive. Here, through a kinome-wide screen, we found that glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) was robustly activated by ZIP in vitro. ZIP induced depotentiation (a cellular substrate of memory erasure) of conditioning-induced potentiation at LA synapses, and the ZIP-induced depotentiation was prevented by a GSK-3β inhibitor, 6-bromoindirubin-3-acetoxime (BIO-acetoxime). Consistently, GSK-3β inhibition by BIO-acetoxime infusion or GSK-3β knockdown by GSK-3β shRNA in the LA attenuated ZIP-induced disruption of learned fear. Furthermore, conditioned fear was decreased by expression of a non-inhibitable form of GSK-3β in the LA. Our findings suggest that GSK-3β activation is a critical step for ZIP-induced disruption of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukwoon Song
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjoon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Junghwa Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewon Park
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukwon Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyeon Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ingie Hong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Beomjong Song
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sukwoo Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Baptista-de-Souza D, Tavares-Ferreira D, Megat S, Sankaranarayanan I, Shiers S, Flores CM, Ghosh S, Luiz Nunes-de-Souza R, Canto-de-Souza A, Price TJ. Sex differences in the role of atypical PKC within the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in a mouse hyperalgesic priming model. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2020; 8:100049. [PMID: 32548337 PMCID: PMC7284072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Though sex differences in chronic pain have been consistently described in the literature, their underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. Previous work in humans has demonstrated that men and women differentially invoke distinct brain regions and circuits in coping with subjective pain unpleasantness. The goal of the present work was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) that modulate hyperalgesic priming, a pain plasticity model, in males and females. We used plantar incision as the first, priming stimulus and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as the second stimulus. We sought to assess whether hyperalgesic priming can be prevented or reversed by pharmacologically manipulating molecular targets in the BLA of male or female mice. We found that administering ZIP, a cell-permeable inhibitor of aPKC, into the BLA attenuated aspects of hyperalgesic priming induced by plantar incision in males and females. However, incision only upregulated PKCζ/PKMζ immunoreactivity in the BLA of male mice, and deficits in hyperalgesic priming were seen only when we restricted our analysis to male Prkcz-/- mice. On the other hand, intra-BLA microinjections of pep2m, a peptide that interferes with the trafficking and function of GluA2-containing AMPA receptors, a downstream target of aPKC, reduced mechanical hypersensitivity after plantar incision and disrupted the development of hyperalgesic priming in both male and female mice. In addition, pep2m treatment reduced facial grimacing and restored aberrant behavioral responses in the sucrose splash test in male and female primed mice. Immunofluorescence results demonstrated upregulation of GluA2 expression in the BLA of male and female primed mice, consistent with pep2m findings. We conclude that, in a model of incision-induced hyperalgesic priming, PKCζ/PKMζ in the BLA is critical for the development of hyperalgesic priming in males, while GluA2 in the BLA is crucial for the expression of both reflexive and affective pain-related behaviors in both male and female mice in this model. Our findings add to a growing body of evidence of sex differences in molecular pain mechanisms in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Baptista-de-Souza
- Dept. Psychology, Federal University of Sao Carlos-UFSCar, Sao Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, United States
| | - Diana Tavares-Ferreira
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, United States
| | - Salim Megat
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, United States
| | - Ishwarya Sankaranarayanan
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, United States
| | - Stephanie Shiers
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, United States
| | - Christopher M. Flores
- Janssen Research & Development, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, United States
| | - Ricardo Luiz Nunes-de-Souza
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
- Lab. Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Azair Canto-de-Souza
- Dept. Psychology, Federal University of Sao Carlos-UFSCar, Sao Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychology UFSCar, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Theodore J. Price
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, United States
- Corresponding author at: University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 800 W Campbell Rd., BSB 14.102, Richardson, TX 75080, United States.
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11
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Zeta Inhibitory Peptide attenuates learning and memory by inducing NO-mediated downregulation of AMPA receptors. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3688. [PMID: 32703948 PMCID: PMC7378180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP), a PKMζ inhibitor, is widely used to interfere with the maintenance of acquired memories. ZIP is able to erase memory even in the absence of PKMζ, via an unknown mechanism. We found that ZIP induces redistribution of the AMPARGluA1 in HEK293 cells and primary cortical neurons, and decreases AMPAR-mediated currents in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). These effects were mimicked by free arginine or by a modified ZIP in which all but the arginine residues were replaced by alanine. Redistribution was blocked by a peptidase-resistant version of ZIP and by treatment with the nitric oxide (NO)-synthase inhibitor L-NAME. ZIP increased GluA1-S831 phosphorylation and ZIP-induced redistribution was blocked by nitrosyl-mutant GluA1-C875S or serine-mutant GluA1-S831A. Introducing the cleavable arginine-alanine peptide into the NAc attenuated expression of cocaine-conditioned reward. Together, these results suggest that ZIP may act as an arginine donor, facilitating NO-dependent downregulation of AMPARs, thereby attenuating learning and memory. Zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) impairs the maintenance of acquired memories. ZIP is known as an inhibitor of PKMζ. Here, the authors unveil how ZIP impairs memory maintenance acting as an arginine donor, facilitating NO-dependent down-regulation of AMPARs, independently of its action on PKMζ.
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12
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Okuda K, Højgaard K, Privitera L, Bayraktar G, Takeuchi T. Initial memory consolidation and the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:6826-6849. [PMID: 32649022 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Everyday memories are retained automatically in the hippocampus and then decay very rapidly. Memory retention can be boosted when novel experiences occur shortly before or shortly after the time of memory encoding via a memory stabilization process called "initial memory consolidation." The dopamine release and new protein synthesis in the hippocampus during a novel experience are crucial for this novelty-induced memory boost. The mechanisms underlying initial memory consolidation are not well-understood, but the synaptic tagging and capture (STC) hypothesis provides a conceptual basis of synaptic plasticity events occurring during initial memory consolidation. In this review, we provide an overview of the STC hypothesis and its relevance to dopaminergic signalling, in order to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying initial memory consolidation in the hippocampus. We summarize electrophysiological STC processes based on the evidence from two-pathway experiments and a behavioural tagging hypothesis, which translates the STC hypothesis into a related behavioural hypothesis. We also discuss the function of two types of molecules, "synaptic tags" and "plasticity-related proteins," which have a crucial role in the STC process and initial memory consolidation. We describe candidate molecules for the roles of synaptic tag and plasticity-related proteins and interpret their candidacy based on evidence from two-pathway experiments ex vivo, behavioural tagging experiments in vivo and recent cutting-edge optical imaging experiments. Lastly, we discuss the direction of future studies to advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the STC process, which are critical for initial memory consolidation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okuda
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Højgaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lucia Privitera
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gülberk Bayraktar
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Institut für Klinische Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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13
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Moreno A. Molecular mechanisms of forgetting. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:6912-6932. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moreno
- Danish Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
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14
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Carroll CM, Hsiang H, Snyder S, Forsberg J, Dash MB. Cortical zeta-inhibitory peptide injection reduces local sleep need. Sleep 2020; 42:5306948. [PMID: 30722054 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Local sleep need within cortical circuits exhibits extensive interregional variability and appears to increase following learning during preceding waking. Although the biological mechanisms responsible for generating sleep need are unclear, this local variability could arise as a consequence of wake-dependent synaptic plasticity. To test whether cortical synaptic strength is a proximate driver of sleep homeostasis, we developed a novel experimental approach to alter local sleep need. One hour prior to light onset, we injected zeta-inhibitory peptide (ZIP), a pharmacological antagonist of protein kinase Mζ, which can produce pronounced synaptic depotentiation, into the right motor cortex of freely behaving rats. When compared with saline control, ZIP selectively reduced slow-wave activity (SWA; the best electrophysiological marker of sleep need) within the injected motor cortex without affecting SWA in a distal cortical site. This local reduction in SWA was associated with a significant reduction in the slope and amplitude of individual slow waves. Local ZIP injection did not significantly alter the amount of time spent in each behavioral state, locomotor activity, or EEG/LFP power during waking or REM sleep. Thus, local ZIP injection selectively produced a local reduction in sleep need; synaptic strength, therefore, may play a causal role in generating local homeostatic sleep need within the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sam Snyder
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT
| | - Jade Forsberg
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT
| | - Michael B Dash
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT.,Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT
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15
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PKMζ Inhibition Disrupts Reconsolidation and Erases Object Recognition Memory. J Neurosci 2019; 39:1828-1841. [PMID: 30622166 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2270-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Object recognition memory (ORM) confers the ability to discriminate the familiarity of previously encountered items. Reconsolidation is the process by which reactivated memories become labile and susceptible to modifications. The hippocampus is specifically engaged in reconsolidation to integrate new information into the original ORM through a mechanism involving activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling and induction of LTP. It is known that BDNF can control LTP maintenance through protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ), an atypical protein kinase C isoform that is thought to sustain memory storage by modulating glutamatergic neurotransmission. However, the potential involvement of PKMζ in ORM reconsolidation has never been studied. Using a novel ORM task combined with pharmacological, biochemical, and electrophysiological tools, we found that hippocampal PKMζ is essential to update ORM through reconsolidation, but not to maintain the inactive recognition memory trace stored over time, in adult male Wistar rats. Our results also indicate that hippocampal PKMζ acts downstream of BDNF and controls AMPAR synaptic insertion to elicit reconsolidation and suggest that blocking PKMζ activity during this process deletes active ORM.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Object recognition memory (ORM) is essential to remember facts and events. Reconsolidation integrates new information into ORM through changes in hippocampal plasticity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling. In turn, BDNF enhances synaptic efficacy through protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ), which might preserve memory. Here, we present evidence that hippocampal PKMζ acts downstream of BDNF to regulate AMPAR recycling during ORM reconsolidation and show that this kinase is essential to update the reactivated recognition memory trace, but not to consolidate or maintain an inactive ORM. We also demonstrate that the amnesia provoked by disrupting ORM reconsolidation through PKMζ inhibition is due to memory erasure and not to retrieval failure.
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Bear MF, Cooke SF, Giese KP, Kaang BK, Kennedy MB, Kim JI, Morris RGM, Park P. In memoriam: John Lisman - commentaries on CaMKII as a memory molecule. Mol Brain 2018; 11:76. [PMID: 30593282 PMCID: PMC6309094 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortly before he died in October 2017, John Lisman submitted an invited review to Molecular Brain on 'Criteria for identifying the molecular basis of the engram (CaMKII, PKMζ)'. John had no opportunity to read the referees' comments, and as a mark of the regard in which he was held by the neuroscience community the Editors decided to publish his review as submitted. This obituary takes the form of a series of commentaries on Lisman's review. At the same time we are publishing as a separate article a longer response by Todd Sacktor and André Fenton entitled 'What does LTP tell us about the roles of CaMKII and PKMζ in memory?' which presents the case for a rival memory molecule, PKMζ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Bear
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Sam F. Cooke
- King’s College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Karl Peter Giese
- King’s College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mary B. Kennedy
- The Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Ji-il Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard G. M. Morris
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Pojeong Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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What does LTP tell us about the roles of CaMKII and PKMζ in memory? Mol Brain 2018; 11:77. [PMID: 30593289 PMCID: PMC6309091 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In “Criteria for identifying the molecular basis of the engram (CaMKII, PKMζ),” Lisman proposes that elucidating the mechanism of LTP maintenance is key to understanding memory storage. He suggests three criteria for a maintenance mechanism to evaluate data on CaMKII and PKMζ as memory storage molecules: necessity, occlusion, and erasure. Here we show that when the criteria are tested, the results reveal important differences between the molecules. Inhibiting PKMζ reverses established, protein synthesis-dependent late-LTP, without affecting early-LTP or baseline synaptic transmission. In contrast, blocking CaMKII has two effects: 1) inhibiting CaMKII activity blocks LTP induction but not maintenance, and 2) disrupting CaMKII interactions with NMDARs in the postsynaptic density (PSD) depresses both early-LTP and basal synaptic transmission equivalently. To identify a maintenance mechanism, we propose a fourth criterion — persistence. PKMζ increases for hours during LTP maintenance in hippocampal slices, and for over a month in specific brain regions during long-term memory storage in conditioned animals. In contrast, increased CaMKII activity lasts only minutes following LTP induction, and CaMKII translocation to the PSD in late-LTP or memory has not been reported. Lastly, do the PKMζ and CaMKII models integrate the many other signaling molecules important for LTP? Activity-dependent PKMζ synthesis is regulated by many of the signaling molecules that induce LTP, including CaMKII, providing a plausible mechanism for new gene expression in the persistent phosphorylation by PKMζ maintaining late-LTP and memory. In contrast, CaMKII autophosphorylation and translocation do not appear to require new protein synthesis. Therefore, the cumulative evidence supports a core role for PKMζ in late-LTP and long-term memory maintenance, and separate roles for CaMKII in LTP induction and for the maintenance of postsynaptic structure and synaptic transmission in a mechanism distinct from late-LTP.
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18
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Awasthi A, Ramachandran B, Ahmed S, Benito E, Shinoda Y, Nitzan N, Heukamp A, Rannio S, Martens H, Barth J, Burk K, Wang YT, Fischer A, Dean C. Synaptotagmin-3 drives AMPA receptor endocytosis, depression of synapse strength, and forgetting. Science 2018; 363:science.aav1483. [PMID: 30545844 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Forgetting is important. Without it, the relative importance of acquired memories in a changing environment is lost. We discovered that synaptotagmin-3 (Syt3) localizes to postsynaptic endocytic zones and removes AMPA receptors from synaptic plasma membranes in response to stimulation. AMPA receptor internalization, long-term depression (LTD), and decay of long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength required calcium-sensing by Syt3 and were abolished through Syt3 knockout. In spatial memory tasks, mice in which Syt3 was knocked out learned normally but exhibited a lack of forgetting. Disrupting Syt3:GluA2 binding in a wild-type background mimicked the lack of LTP decay and lack of forgetting, and these effects were occluded in the Syt3 knockout background. Our findings provide evidence for a molecular mechanism in which Syt3 internalizes AMPA receptors to depress synaptic strength and promote forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Awasthi
- Trans-synaptic Signaling Group, European Neuroscience Institute, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Binu Ramachandran
- Trans-synaptic Signaling Group, European Neuroscience Institute, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Saheeb Ahmed
- Trans-synaptic Signaling Group, European Neuroscience Institute, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eva Benito
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yo Shinoda
- Trans-synaptic Signaling Group, European Neuroscience Institute, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Noam Nitzan
- Trans-synaptic Signaling Group, European Neuroscience Institute, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Alina Heukamp
- Trans-synaptic Signaling Group, European Neuroscience Institute, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Rannio
- Trans-synaptic Signaling Group, European Neuroscience Institute, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Barth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katja Burk
- Trans-synaptic Signaling Group, European Neuroscience Institute, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Brain Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T2B5, Canada
| | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Camin Dean
- Trans-synaptic Signaling Group, European Neuroscience Institute, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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19
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Rennó-Costa C, da Silva ACC, Blanco W, Ribeiro S. Computational models of memory consolidation and long-term synaptic plasticity during sleep. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 160:32-47. [PMID: 30321652 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain stores memories by persistently changing the connectivity between neurons. Sleep is known to be critical for these changes to endure. Research on the neurobiology of sleep and the mechanisms of long-term synaptic plasticity has provided data in support of various theories of how brain activity during sleep affects long-term synaptic plasticity. The experimental findings - and therefore the theories - are apparently quite contradictory, with some evidence pointing to a role of sleep in the forgetting of irrelevant memories, whereas other results indicate that sleep supports the reinforcement of the most valuable recollections. A unified theoretical framework is in need. Computational modeling and simulation provide grounds for the quantitative testing and comparison of theoretical predictions and observed data, and might serve as a strategy to organize the rather complicated and diverse pool of data and methodologies used in sleep research. This review article outlines the emerging progress in the computational modeling and simulation of the main theories on the role of sleep in memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Rennó-Costa
- BioMe - Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Digital Metropolis Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Costa da Silva
- BioMe - Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Digital Metropolis Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Wilfredo Blanco
- BioMe - Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Sidarta Ribeiro
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
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20
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Protein kinase Mζ in medial prefrontal cortex mediates depressive-like behavior and antidepressant response. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1878-1891. [PMID: 29180675 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal atrophy and alterations of synaptic structure and function in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ), a brain-specific atypical protein kinase C isoform, is important for maintaining long-term potentiation and storing memory. In the present study, we explored the role of PKMζ in mPFC in two rat models of depression, chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and learned helplessness. The involvement of PKMζ in the antidepressant effects of conventional antidepressants and ketamine were also investigated. We found that chronic stress decreased the expression of PKMζ in the mPFC and hippocampus but not in the orbitofrontal cortex. Overexpression of PKMζ in mPFC prevented the depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors induced by CUS, and reversed helplessness behaviors. Inhibition of PKMζ in mPFC by expressing a PKMζ dominant-negative mutant induced depressive-like behaviors after subthreshold unpredictable stress and increased learned helplessness behavior. Furthermore, stress-induced deficits in synaptic proteins and decreases in dendritic density and the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in the mPFC were prevented by PKMζ overexpression and potentiated by PKMζ inhibition in subthreshold stress rats. The antidepressants fluoxetine, desipramine and ketamine increased PKMζ expression in mPFC and PKMζ mediated the antidepressant effects of ketamine. These findings identify PKMζ in mPFC as a critical mediator of depressive-like behavior and antidepressant response, providing a potential therapeutic target in developing novel antidepressants.
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21
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Criteria for identifying the molecular basis of the engram (CaMKII, PKMzeta). Mol Brain 2017; 10:55. [PMID: 29187215 PMCID: PMC5707903 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The engram refers to the molecular changes by which a memory is stored in the brain. Substantial evidence suggests that memory involves learning-dependent changes at synapses, a process termed long-term potentiation (LTP). Thus, understanding the storages process that underlies LTP may provide insight into how the engram is stored. LTP involves induction, maintenance (storage), and expression sub-processes; special tests are required to specifically reveal properties of the storage process. The strongest of these is the Erasure test in which a transiently applied agent that attacks a putative storage molecule may lead to persistent erasure of previously induced LTP/memory. Two major hypotheses have been proposed for LTP/memory storage: the CaMKII and PKM-zeta hypotheses. After discussing the tests that can be used to identify the engram (Necessity test, Saturation/Occlusion test, Erasure test), the status of these hypotheses is evaluated, based on the literature on LTP and memory-guided behavior. Review of the literature indicates that all three tests noted above support the CaMKII hypothesis when done at both the LTP level and at the behavioral level. Taken together, the results strongly suggest that the engram is stored by an LTP process in which CaMKII is a critical memory storage molecule.
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22
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Metaplasticity mechanisms restore plasticity and associativity in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5527-5532. [PMID: 28484012 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613700114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of plasticity thresholds in a neuronal population is critical for the formation of long-term plasticity and memory and is achieved by mechanisms such as metaplasticity. Metaplasticity tunes the synapses to undergo changes that are necessary prerequisites for memory storage under physiological and pathological conditions. Here we discovered that, in amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) mice (age 3-4 mo), a prominent mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), late long-term potentiation (LTP; L-LTP) and its associative plasticity mechanisms such as synaptic tagging and capture (STC) were impaired already in presymptomatic mice. Interestingly, late long-term depression (LTD; L-LTD) was not compromised, but the positive associative interaction of LTP and LTD, cross-capture, was altered in these mice. Metaplastic activation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in these neurons reestablished L-LTP and STC. We propose that RyR-mediated metaplastic mechanisms can be considered as a possible therapeutic target for counteracting synaptic impairments in the neuronal networks during the early progression of AD.
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23
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Hales JB, Ocampo AC, Broadbent NJ, Clark RE. Consolidation of spatial memory in the rat: Findings using zeta-inhibitory peptide. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 136:220-227. [PMID: 27818270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Whether or not spatial memories reorganize in the rodent brain is an unanswered question that carries the importance of whether the rodent provides a suitable animal model of human retrograde amnesia. The finding of equally impaired recent and remote spatial memory could reflect the continued importance of the hippocampus for spatial memory or a performance deficit (for example, hippocampal lesions may impair the rat's ability to use distal spatial cues to navigate to a specific point in space). In the current study, we tested recent and remote spatial memory in rats following hippocampal ZIP (zeta-pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide) infusion to inhibit PKMzeta. Hippocampal ZIP infusion has previously been shown to impair spatial and nonspatial memory soon after learning, presumably by reversing late-phase long-term potentiation, allowing us to disrupt memory without damaging hippocampal tissue. We used a stereotaxic approach for infusing ZIP throughout the dorsal, intermediate, and ventral hippocampus following spatial memory training. Although rats showed intact memory retrieval on the standard Morris watermaze task and trace fear conditioning, rats infused with ZIP 24h after training on the annular watermaze task exhibited impaired spatial memory compared to control rats (those infused with aCSF) and performed no different than chance. In contrast, rats infused with ZIP 1month after training performed similar to control rats and both groups performed above chance. Additionally, the ability to form new memories after ZIP infusions remained intact. Thus, ZIP infusions into the hippocampus after learning impaired retrieval of recently formed spatial memories while sparing remote spatial memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena B Hales
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Amber C Ocampo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Robert E Clark
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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24
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Levitan D, Fortis-Santiago Y, Figueroa JA, Reid EE, Yoshida T, Barry NC, Russo A, Katz DB. Memory Retrieval Has a Dynamic Influence on the Maintenance Mechanisms That Are Sensitive to ζ-Inhibitory Peptide (ZIP). J Neurosci 2016; 36:10654-10662. [PMID: 27733615 PMCID: PMC5059432 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1568-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In neuroscientists' attempts to understand the long-term storage of memory, topics of particular importance and interest are the cellular and system mechanisms of maintenance (e.g., those sensitive to ζ-inhibitory peptide, ZIP) and those induced by memory retrieval (i.e., reconsolidation). Much is known about each of these processes in isolation, but less is known concerning how they interact. It is known that ZIP sensitivity and memory retrieval share at least some molecular targets (e.g., recycling α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, AMPA, receptors to the plasma membrane); conversely, the fact that sensitivity to ZIP emerges only after consolidation ends suggests that consolidation (and by extension reconsolidation) and maintenance might be mutually exclusive processes, the onset of one canceling the other. Here, we use conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in rats, a cortically dependent learning paradigm, to test this hypothesis. First, we demonstrate that ZIP infusions into gustatory cortex begin interfering with CTA memory 43-45 h after memory acquisition-after consolidation ends. Next, we show that a retrieval trial administered after this time point interrupts the ability of ZIP to induce amnesia and that ZIP's ability to induce amnesia is reengaged only 45 h after retrieval. This pattern of results suggests that memory retrieval and ZIP-sensitive maintenance mechanisms are mutually exclusive and that the progression from one to the other are similar after acquisition and retrieval. They also reveal concrete differences between ZIP-sensitive mechanisms induced by acquisition and retrieval: the latency with which ZIP-sensitive mechanisms are expressed differ for the two processes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Memory retrieval and the molecular mechanisms that are sensitive to ζ-inhibitory peptide (ZIP) are the few manipulations that have been shown to effect memory maintenance. Although much is known about their effect on maintenance separately, it is unknown how they interact. Here, we describe a model for the interaction between memory retrieval and ZIP-sensitive mechanisms, showing that retrieval trials briefly (i.e., for 45 h) interrupt these mechanisms. ZIP sensitivity emerges across a similar time window after memory acquisition and retrieval; the maintenance mechanisms that follow acquisition and retrieval differ, however, in the latency with which the impact of ZIP is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Takashi Yoshida
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | | | | | - Donald B Katz
- Program of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
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25
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