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Hu Y, Zhang F, Ikonomovic M, Yang T. The Role of NRF2 in Cerebrovascular Protection: Implications for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3833. [PMID: 38612642 PMCID: PMC11012233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) represents a broad spectrum of cognitive decline secondary to cerebral vascular aging and injury. It is the second most common type of dementia, and the prevalence continues to increase. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is enriched in the cerebral vasculature and has diverse roles in metabolic balance, mitochondrial stabilization, redox balance, and anti-inflammation. In this review, we first briefly introduce cerebrovascular aging in VCID and the NRF2 pathway. We then extensively discuss the effects of NRF2 activation in cerebrovascular components such as endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and perivascular macrophages. Finally, we summarize the clinical potential of NRF2 activators in VCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; (Y.H.); (F.Z.); (M.I.)
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) McKeesport, McKeesport, PA 15132, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; (Y.H.); (F.Z.); (M.I.)
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Milos Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; (Y.H.); (F.Z.); (M.I.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; (Y.H.); (F.Z.); (M.I.)
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
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2
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Xiong M, Wang C, Gratuze M, Saadi F, Bao X, Bosch ME, Lee C, Jiang H, Serrano JR, Gonzales ER, Kipnis M, Holtzman DM. Astrocytic APOE4 removal confers cerebrovascular protection despite increased cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:17. [PMID: 36922879 PMCID: PMC10018855 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer Disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are both characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain, although Aβ deposits mostly in the brain parenchyma in AD and in the cerebrovasculature in CAA. The presence of CAA can exacerbate clinical outcomes of AD patients by promoting spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemia leading to CAA-associated cognitive decline. Genetically, AD and CAA share the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene as the strongest genetic risk factor. Although tremendous efforts have focused on uncovering the role of APOE4 on parenchymal plaque pathogenesis in AD, mechanistic studies investigating the role of APOE4 on CAA are still lacking. Here, we addressed whether abolishing APOE4 generated by astrocytes, the major producers of APOE, is sufficient to ameliorate CAA and CAA-associated vessel damage. METHODS We generated transgenic mice that deposited both CAA and plaques in which APOE4 expression can be selectively suppressed in astrocytes. At 2-months-of-age, a timepoint preceding CAA and plaque formation, APOE4 was removed from astrocytes of 5XFAD APOE4 knock-in mice. Mice were assessed at 10-months-of-age for Aβ plaque and CAA pathology, gliosis, and vascular integrity. RESULTS Reducing the levels of APOE4 in astrocytes shifted the deposition of fibrillar Aβ from the brain parenchyma to the cerebrovasculature. However, despite increased CAA, astrocytic APOE4 removal reduced overall Aβ-mediated gliosis and also led to increased cerebrovascular integrity and function in vessels containing CAA. CONCLUSION In a mouse model of CAA, the reduction of APOE4 derived specifically from astrocytes, despite increased fibrillar Aβ deposition in the vasculature, is sufficient to reduce Aβ-mediated gliosis and cerebrovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (DBBS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Present Address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute for Brain Science and Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Maud Gratuze
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Present address: Institute of Neurophysiopathology (INP UMR7051), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13005 France
| | - Fareeha Saadi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Xin Bao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Megan E. Bosch
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Choonghee Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Ernesto R. Gonzales
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Michal Kipnis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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3
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Briyal S, Ranjan AK, Gulati A. Oxidative stress: A target to treat Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Neurochem Int 2023; 165:105509. [PMID: 36907516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been established as a well-known pathological condition in several neurovascular diseases. It starts with increased production of highly oxidizing free-radicals (e.g. reactive oxygen species; ROS and reactive nitrogen species; RNS) and becomes too high for the endogenous antioxidant system to neutralize them, which results in a significantly disturbed balance between free-radicals and antioxidants levels and causes cellular damage. A number of studies have evidently shown that oxidative stress plays a critical role in activating multiple cell signaling pathways implicated in both progression as well as initiation of neurological diseases. Therefore, oxidative stress continues to remain a key therapeutic target for neurological diseases. This review discusses the mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the brain, oxidative stress, and pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the scope of antioxidant therapies for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Briyal
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Amaresh K Ranjan
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Anil Gulati
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA; Pharmazz Inc. Research and Development, Willowbrook, IL, USA
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Sathianvichitr K, Lamoureux O, Nakada S, Tang Z, Schmetterer L, Chen C, Cheung CY, Najjar RP, Milea D. Through the eyes into the brain, using artificial intelligence. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2023. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2022369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Detection of neurological conditions is of high importance in the current context of increasingly ageing populations. Imaging of the retina and the optic nerve head represents a unique opportunity to detect brain diseases, but requires specific human expertise. We review the current outcomes of artificial intelligence (AI) methods applied to retinal imaging for the detection of neurological and neuro-ophthalmic conditions.
Method: Current and emerging concepts related to the detection of neurological conditions, using AI-based investigations of the retina in patients with brain disease were examined and summarised.
Results: Papilloedema due to intracranial hypertension can be accurately identified with deep learning on standard retinal imaging at a human expert level. Emerging studies suggest that patients with Alzheimer’s disease can be discriminated from cognitively normal individuals, using AI applied to retinal images.
Conclusion: Recent AI-based systems dedicated to scalable retinal imaging have opened new perspectives for the detection of brain conditions directly or indirectly affecting retinal structures. However, further validation and implementation studies are required to better understand their potential value in clinical practice.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, deep learning, dementia, optic neuropathy, papilloedema
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oriana Lamoureux
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Zhiqun Tang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Christopher Chen
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carol Y Cheung
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Raymond P Najjar
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Dan Milea
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
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5
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An in vitro study on probable inhibition of cerebrovascular disease by salidroside as a potent small molecule against Aβ aggregation and cytotoxicity in cerebrovascular endothelial cells. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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6
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Zheng L, Guo Y, Zhai X, Zhang Y, Chen W, Zhu Z, Xuan W, Li P. Perivascular macrophages in the CNS: From health to neurovascular diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1908-1920. [PMID: 36128654 PMCID: PMC9627394 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain perivascular macrophages (PVMs) are attracting increasing attention as this emerging cell population in the brain has multifaced roles in supporting the central nervous system structure, brain development, and maintaining physiological functions. They also widely participate in neurological diseases such as neurodegeneration and ischemic stroke. Moreover, PVMs have been reported to have both beneficial and detrimental effects under different pathological contexts. Advanced research technologies allowed the further in-depth study of PVMs and revealed novel concepts in their origins, differentiation, and regulatory mechanisms. Deepened understanding of the roles of PVMs in different brain pathological conditions can reveal novel phenotypic changes and regulatory signaling, which might pave the way for the development of novel treatment strategies targeting PVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yunlu Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaozhu Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Association of cerebral microvascular dysfunction and white matter injury in Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2022; 44:1-14. [PMID: 35612774 PMCID: PMC9617002 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often have cerebral white matter (WM) hyperintensities on MRI and microinfarcts of presumed microvascular origin pathologically. Here, we determined if vasodilator dysfunction of WM-penetrating arterioles is associated with pathologically defined WM injury and disturbances in quantitative MRI-defined WM integrity in patients with mixed microvascular and AD pathology. We analyzed tissues from 28 serially collected human brains from research donors diagnosed with varying degrees of AD neuropathologic change (ADNC) with or without cerebral microinfarcts (mVBI). WM-penetrating and pial surface arteriolar responses to the endothelium-dependent agonist bradykinin were quantified ex vivo with videomicroscopy. Vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and NAD(P)H-oxidase (Nox1, 2 and 4 isoforms) expression were measured with quantitative PCR. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-labeled astrocytes were quantified by unbiased stereological approaches in regions adjacent to the sites of WM-penetrating vessel collection. Post-mortem diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to measure mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA), quantitative indices of WM integrity. In contrast to pial surface arterioles, white matter-penetrating arterioles from donors diagnosed with high ADNC and mVBI exhibited a significantly reduced dilation in response to bradykinin when compared to the other groups. Expression of eNOS was reduced, whereas Nox1 expression was increased in WM arterioles in AD and mVBI cases. WM astrocyte density was increased in AD and mVBI, which correlated with a reduced vasodilation in WM arterioles. Moreover, in cases with low ADNC, bradykinin-induced WM arteriole dilation correlated with lower ADC and higher FA values. Comorbid ADNC and mVBI appear to synergistically interact to selectively impair bradykinin-induced vasodilation in WM-penetrating arterioles, which may be related to reduced nitric oxide- and excess reactive oxygen species-mediated vascular endothelial dysfunction. WM arteriole vasodilator dysfunction is associated with WM injury, as supported by reactive astrogliosis and MRI-defined disrupted WM microstructural integrity.
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Han BH, Cofell B, Everhart E, Humpal C, Kang SS, Lee SK, Kim-Han JS. Amentoflavone Promotes Cellular Uptake and Degradation of Amyloid-Beta in Neuronal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115885. [PMID: 35682567 PMCID: PMC9180170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deposition of fibrillar forms of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is commonly found in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated with cognitive decline. Impaired clearance of Aβ species is thought to be a major cause of late-onset sporadic AD. Aβ secreted into the extracellular milieu can be cleared from the brain through multiple pathways, including cellular uptake in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Recent studies have showed that the naturally-occurring polyphenol amentoflavone (AMF) exerts anti-amyloidogenic effects. However, its effects on metabolism and cellular clearance of Aβ remain to be tested. In the present study, we demonstrated that AMF significantly increased the cellular uptake of both Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, but not inverted Aβ42-1 in mouse neuronal N2a cells. Though AMF promoted internalization of cytotoxic Aβ1-42, it significantly reduced cell death in our assay condition. Our data further revealed that the internalized Aβ is translocated to lysosomes and undergoes enzymatic degradation. The saturable kinetic of Aβ uptake and our pharmacologic experiments showed the involvement of receptor-mediated endocytosis, in part, through the class A scavenger receptors as a possible mechanism of action of AMF. Taken together, our findings indicate that AMF can lower the levels of extracellular Aβ by increasing their cellular uptake and clearance, suggesting the therapeutic potential of AMF for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hee Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA; (B.C.); (E.E.); (C.H.); (J.S.K.-H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Brooke Cofell
- Department of Pharmacology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA; (B.C.); (E.E.); (C.H.); (J.S.K.-H.)
| | - Emily Everhart
- Department of Pharmacology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA; (B.C.); (E.E.); (C.H.); (J.S.K.-H.)
| | - Courtney Humpal
- Department of Pharmacology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA; (B.C.); (E.E.); (C.H.); (J.S.K.-H.)
| | - Sam-Sik Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-S.K.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-S.K.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Jeong Sook Kim-Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA; (B.C.); (E.E.); (C.H.); (J.S.K.-H.)
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9
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Yatawara C, Ng KP, Cristine Guevarra A, Wong B, Yong T, Kandiah N. Small Vessel Disease and Associations with Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid, Tau, and Neurodegeneration (ATN) Biomarkers and Cognition in Young Onset Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:1305-1314. [PMID: 32925034 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small vessel disease (SVD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) frequently coexist; however, it remains unclear how they collectively affect cognition. OBJECTIVE We investigated associations between SVD and AD biomarkers, namely amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration (ATN) in young onset dementia (YOD) and explored how SVD and ATN interact to affect cognition. METHODS 80 YOD individuals were recruited from a memory clinic. SVD burden (SVD+) was operationalized as a score >1 on the Staals scale and ATN was measured using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS SVD+ was associated with lower CSF Aβ1-42 (B = -0.20, 95% CI: -0.32 to -0.08) and greater neurodegeneration, indexed as hippocampal atrophy (B = -0.24, 95% CI: -0.40 to -0.04). SVD+ was not associated with tau. Cognitive impairment was associated with CSF Aβ1-42 (B = -0.35, 95% CI: -0.55 to -0.18) but not SVD. Rather, SVD was indirectly associated with cognition via reduced CSF Aβ1-42, specifically with global cognition (B = -0.03, 95% CI: -0.09 to -0.01) and memory (B = 0.08, 95% CI: -.01 to .21). SVD was indirectly associated with cognition via increased neurodegeneration in grey matter (Global cognition: B = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.17 to -0.03; Memory: B = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.18) and the hippocampus (Global cognition: B = -0.05, 95% CI: -0.11 to -0.01; Memory: B = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.17). CONCLUSION In YOD, SVD burden was associated with AD pathology, namely CSF Aβ1-42. SVD indirectly contributed to cognitive impairment via reducing CSF Aβ1-42 and increasing neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathuri Yatawara
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Pin Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Benjamin Wong
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - TingTing Yong
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore
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10
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Xiong M, Jiang H, Serrano JR, Gonzales ER, Wang C, Gratuze M, Hoyle R, Bien-Ly N, Silverman AP, Sullivan PM, Watts RJ, Ulrich JD, Zipfel GJ, Holtzman DM. APOE immunotherapy reduces cerebral amyloid angiopathy and amyloid plaques while improving cerebrovascular function. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/581/eabd7522. [PMID: 33597265 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd7522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and greatly influences the development of amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology. Our current study investigated the potential therapeutic effects of the anti-human APOE antibody HAE-4, which selectively recognizes human APOE that is co-deposited with Aβ in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and parenchymal amyloid pathology. In addition, we tested whether HAE-4 provoked brain hemorrhages, a component of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA). ARIA is an adverse effect secondary to treatment with anti-Aβ antibodies that can occur in blood vessels with CAA. We used 5XFAD mice expressing human APOE4 +/+ (5XE4) that have prominent CAA and parenchymal plaque pathology to assess the efficacy of HAE-4 compared to an Aβ antibody that removes parenchymal Aβ but increases ARIA in humans. In chronically treated 5XE4 mice, HAE-4 reduced Aβ deposition including CAA compared to a control antibody, whereas the anti-Aβ antibody had no effect on CAA. Furthermore, the anti-Aβ antibody exacerbated microhemorrhage severity, which highly correlated with reactive astrocytes surrounding CAA. In contrast, HAE-4 did not stimulate microhemorrhages and instead rescued CAA-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction in leptomeningeal arteries in vivo. HAE-4 not only reduced amyloid but also dampened reactive microglial, astrocytic, and proinflammatory-associated genes in the cortex. These results suggest that targeting APOE in the core of both CAA and plaques could ameliorate amyloid pathology while protecting cerebrovascular integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (DBBS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ernesto R Gonzales
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maud Gratuze
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rosa Hoyle
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nga Bien-Ly
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Patrick M Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ryan J Watts
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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11
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Zhou Y, Zhong F, Yan P, Lee JM, Hu S. Simultaneous imaging of amyloid deposition and cerebrovascular function using dual-contrast photoacoustic microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2561-2564. [PMID: 34061056 DOI: 10.1364/ol.419817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathological aggregation of Aβ peptides results in the deposition of amyloid in the brain parenchyma (senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease [AD]) and around cerebral microvessels (cerebral amyloid angiopathy [CAA]). Our current understanding of the amyloid-induced microvascular changes has been limited to the structure and hemodynamics-leaving the oxygen-metabolic aspect unattended. In this Letter, we report a dual-contrast photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) technique, which integrates the molecular contrast of dichroism PAM and the physiological contrast of multi-parametric PAM for simultaneous, intravital imaging of amyloid deposition and cerebrovascular function in a mouse model that develops AD and CAA. This technique opens up new opportunities to study the spatiotemporal interplay between amyloid deposition and vascular-metabolic dysfunction in AD and CAA.
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12
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Insoluble Vascular Amyloid Deposits Trigger Disruption of the Neurovascular Unit in Alzheimer's Disease Brains. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073654. [PMID: 33915754 PMCID: PMC8036769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, characterized histopathologically by intra-neuronal tau-related lesions and by the accumulation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in the brain parenchyma and around cerebral blood vessels. According to the vascular hypothesis of AD, an alteration in the neurovascular unit (NVU) could lead to Aβ vascular accumulation and promote neuronal dysfunction, accelerating neurodegeneration and dementia. To date, the effects of insoluble vascular Aβ deposits on the NVU and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are unknown. In this study, we analyze different Aβ species and their association with the cells that make up the NVU. We evaluated post-mortem AD brain tissue. Multiple immunofluorescence assays were performed against different species of Aβ and the main elements that constitute the NVU. Our results showed that there are insoluble vascular deposits of both full-length and truncated Aβ species. Besides, insoluble aggregates are associated with a decrease in the phenotype of the cellular components that constitute the NVU and with BBB disruption. This approach could help identify new therapeutic targets against key molecules and receptors in the NVU that can prevent the accumulation of vascular fibrillar Aβ in AD.
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13
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The Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042022. [PMID: 33670754 PMCID: PMC7922832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Histopathologically, AD presents with two hallmarks: neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and aggregates of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) both in the brain parenchyma as neuritic plaques, and around blood vessels as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). According to the vascular hypothesis of AD, vascular risk factors can result in dysregulation of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and hypoxia. Hypoxia may reduce Aβ clearance from the brain and increase its production, leading to both parenchymal and vascular accumulation of Aβ. An increase in Aβ amplifies neuronal dysfunction, NFT formation, and accelerates neurodegeneration, resulting in dementia. In recent decades, therapeutic approaches have attempted to decrease the levels of abnormal Aβ or tau levels in the AD brain. However, several of these approaches have either been associated with an inappropriate immune response triggering inflammation, or have failed to improve cognition. Here, we review the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets associated with dysfunction of the NVU in AD.
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14
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Howarth C, Mishra A, Hall CN. More than just summed neuronal activity: how multiple cell types shape the BOLD response. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190630. [PMID: 33190598 PMCID: PMC7116385 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging techniques are widely applied to investigations of human cognition and disease. The most commonly used among these is blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging. The BOLD signal occurs because neural activity induces an increase in local blood supply to support the increased metabolism that occurs during activity. This supply usually outmatches demand, resulting in an increase in oxygenated blood in an active brain region, and a corresponding decrease in deoxygenated blood, which generates the BOLD signal. Hence, the BOLD response is shaped by an integration of local oxygen use, through metabolism, and supply, in the blood. To understand what information is carried in BOLD signals, we must understand how several cell types in the brain-local excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, astrocytes and vascular cells (pericytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells), and their modulation by ascending projection neurons-contribute to both metabolism and haemodynamic changes. Here, we review the contributions of each cell type to the regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, and discuss situations where a simplified interpretation of the BOLD response as reporting local excitatory activity may misrepresent important biological phenomena, for example with regards to arousal states, ageing and neurological disease. This article is part of the theme issue 'Key relationships between non-invasive functional neuroimaging and the underlying neuronal activity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Howarth
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 2LT, UK
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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15
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Watanabe N, Noda Y, Nemoto T, Iimura K, Shimizu T, Hotta H. Cerebral artery dilation during transient ischemia is impaired by amyloid β deposition around the cerebral artery in Alzheimer's disease model mice. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:57. [PMID: 33302862 PMCID: PMC10718030 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transient ischemia is an exacerbation factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to examine the influence of amyloid β (Aβ) deposition around the cerebral (pial) artery in terms of diameter changes in the cerebral artery during transient ischemia in AD model mice (APPNL-G-F) under urethane anesthesia. Cerebral vasculature and Aβ deposition were examined using two-photon microscopy. Cerebral ischemia was induced by transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery. The diameter of the pial artery was quantitatively measured. In wild-type mice, the diameter of arteries increased during occlusion and returned to their basal diameter after re-opening. In AD model mice, the artery response during occlusion differed depending on Aβ deposition sites. Arterial diameter changes at non-Aβ deposition site were similar to those in wild-type mice, whereas they were significantly smaller at Aβ deposition site. The results suggest that cerebral artery changes during ischemia are impaired by Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Animal Facility, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Taeko Nemoto
- Animal Facility, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kaori Iimura
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- Aging Stress Response Research Project Team, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Harumi Hotta
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
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16
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Sharp PS, Ameen-Ali KE, Boorman L, Harris S, Wharton S, Howarth C, Shabir O, Redgrave P, Berwick J. Neurovascular coupling preserved in a chronic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: Methodology is critical. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2289-2303. [PMID: 31760864 PMCID: PMC7585931 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19890830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Impaired neurovascular coupling has been suggested as an early pathogenic factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which could serve as an early biomarker of cerebral pathology. We have established an anaesthetic regime to allow repeated measurements of neurovascular function over three months in the J20 mouse model of AD (J20-AD) and wild-type (WT) controls. Animals were 9-12 months old at the start of the experiment. Mice were chronically prepared with a cranial window through which 2-Dimensional optical imaging spectroscopy (2D-OIS) was used to generate functional maps of the cerebral blood volume and saturation changes evoked by whisker stimulation and vascular reactivity challenges. Unexpectedly, the hemodynamic responses were largely preserved in the J20-AD group. This result failed to confirm previous investigations using the J20-AD model. However, a final acute electrophysiology and 2D-OIS experiment was performed to measure both neural and hemodynamic responses concurrently. In this experiment, previously reported deficits in neurovascular coupling in the J20-AD model were observed. This suggests that J20-AD mice may be more susceptible to the physiologically stressing conditions of an acute experimental procedure compared to WT animals. These results therefore highlight the importance of experimental procedure when determining the characteristics of animal models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Sharp
- Nanomedicine Lab, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kamar E Ameen-Ali
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luke Boorman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sam Harris
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Wharton
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Clare Howarth
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Osman Shabir
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jason Berwick
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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17
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Ahmad S, Milan MDC, Hansson O, Demirkan A, Agustin R, Sáez ME, Giagtzoglou N, Cabrera-Socorro A, Bakker MHM, Ramirez A, Hankemeier T, Stomrud E, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM, Ikram MA, Malarstig A, Teunissen CE, Amin N, van Duijn CM. CDH6 and HAGH protein levels in plasma associate with Alzheimer's disease in APOE ε4 carriers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8233. [PMID: 32427856 PMCID: PMC7237496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many Alzheimer’s disease (AD) genes including Apolipoprotein E (APOE) are found to be expressed in blood-derived macrophages and thus may alter blood protein levels. We measured 91 neuro-proteins in plasma from 316 participants of the Rotterdam Study (incident AD = 161) using Proximity Extension Ligation assay. We studied the association of plasma proteins with AD in the overall sample and stratified by APOE. Findings from the Rotterdam study were replicated in 186 AD patients of the BioFINDER study. We further evaluated the correlation of these protein biomarkers with total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and amyloid-beta (Aβ) 42 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort (N = 441). Finally, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify the genetic variants determining the blood levels of AD-associated proteins. Plasma levels of the proteins, CDH6 (β = 0.638, P = 3.33 × 10−4) and HAGH (β = 0.481, P = 7.20 × 10−4), were significantly elevated in APOE ε4 carrier AD patients. The findings in the Rotterdam Study were replicated in the BioFINDER study for both CDH6 (β = 1.365, P = 3.97 × 10−3) and HAGH proteins (β = 0.506, P = 9.31 × 10−7) when comparing cases and controls in APOE ε4 carriers. In the CSF, CDH6 levels were positively correlated with t-tau and p-tau in the total sample as well as in APOE ε4 stratum (P < 1 × 10−3). The HAGH protein was not detected in CSF. GWAS of plasma CDH6 protein levels showed significant association with a cis-regulatory locus (rs111283466, P = 1.92 × 10−9). CDH6 protein is implicated in cell adhesion and synaptogenesis while HAGH protein is related to the oxidative stress pathway. Our findings suggest that these pathways may be altered during presymptomatic AD and that CDH6 and HAGH may be new blood-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marta Del Campo Milan
- Neurochemistry laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruiz Agustin
- Research Center and Memory clinic Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria E Sáez
- Centro Andaluz de Estudios Bioinformáticos CAEBi, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Margot H M Bakker
- Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Stomrud
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mattsson-Carlgren
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, UMC, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, UMC, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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18
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Min LJ, Iwanami J, Shudou M, Bai HY, Shan BS, Higaki A, Mogi M, Horiuchi M. Deterioration of cognitive function after transient cerebral ischemia with amyloid-β infusion-possible amelioration of cognitive function by AT 2 receptor activation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:106. [PMID: 32264971 PMCID: PMC7140348 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To promote understanding of the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment or dementia, we explored the potential interaction between transient cerebral ischemia and amyloid-β (Aβ) infusion in mediating cognitive decline and examined the possible ameliorative effect of angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) on this cognitive deficit. Methods Adult male wild-type mice (WT) and mice with VSMC-specific AT2 receptor overexpression (smAT2) were subjected to intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ1-40. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced by 15 min of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) 24 h after Aβ injection. Results Aβ injection in WT induced a cognitive decline, whereas BCCAO did not cause a significant cognitive deficit. In contrast, WT with BCCAO following Aβ injection exhibited more marked cognitive decline compared to Aβ injection alone, in concert with increases in superoxide anion production, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity, and expression of p22phox, p40phox, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β in the hippocampus, and upregulation of RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end product), an Aβ transporter. BCCAO following Aβ injection further enhanced neuronal pyknosis in the hippocampus, compared with BCCAO or Aβ injection alone. In contrast, smAT2 did not show a cognitive decline, increase in oxidative stress, inflammation, and RAGE level or neuronal pyknosis, which were induced by BCCAO with/without Aβ injection in WT. Conclusions Transient cerebral ischemia might worsen Aβ infusion-mediated cognitive decline and vice versa, with possible involvement of amplified oxidative stress and inflammation and impairment of the RAGE-mediated Aβ clearance system, contributing to exaggerated neuronal degeneration. AT2 receptor activation in VSMC could play an inhibitory role in this cognitive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Min
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Jun Iwanami
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masachika Shudou
- Division of Analytical Bio-Medicine, Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hui-Yu Bai
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Bao-Shuai Shan
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Akinori Higaki
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Horiuchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
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19
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Jäkel L, Biemans EA, Klijn CJ, Kuiperij HB, Verbeek MM. Reduced Influence of apoE on Aβ43 Aggregation and Reduced Vascular Aβ43 Toxicity as Compared with Aβ40 and Aβ42. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2131-2141. [PMID: 31953617 PMCID: PMC7118029 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid-β 43 (Aβ43) peptide has been shown to be abundantly expressed in Alzheimer's disease plaques, whereas only relatively low levels have been demonstrated in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). To better understand this discrepant distribution, we studied various biochemical properties of Aβ43, in comparison with Aβ40 and Aβ42. We assessed the interaction of Aβ43 with the three apoE isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4) using SDS-PAGE/Western blotting and ELISA, aggregation propensity using thioflavin T assays, and cytotoxicity towards cerebrovascular cells using MTT assays. We found that Aβ43 did not differ from Aβ42 in its interaction with apoE, whereas Aβ40 had a significantly lower degree of interaction with apoE. At a molar ratio of 1:100 (apoE:Aβ), all apoE isoforms were comparably capable of inhibiting aggregation of Aβ40 and Aβ42, but not Aβ43. All Aβ variants had a concentration-dependent negative effect on metabolic activity of cerebrovascular cells. However, the degree of this effect differed for the three Aβ isoforms (Aβ40 > Aβ42 > Aβ43), with Aβ43 being the least cytotoxic peptide towards cerebrovascular cells. We conclude that Aβ43 has different biochemical characteristics compared with Aβ40 and Aβ42. Aggregation of Aβ43 is not inhibited by apoE, in contrast to the aggregation of Aβ40 and Aβ42. Furthermore, cerebrovascular cells are less sensitive towards Aβ43, compared with Aβ40 and Aβ42. In contrast, Aβ43 neither differed from Aβ42 in its aggregation propensity (in the absence of apoE) nor in its apoE-binding capacity. Altogether, our findings may provide an explanation for the lower levels of Aβ43 accumulation in cerebral vessel walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Jäkel
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisanne A.L.M. Biemans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina J.M. Klijn
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H. Bea Kuiperij
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel M. Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, 830 TML, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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20
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Choi EY, Kang SS, Lee SK, Han BH. Polyphenolic Biflavonoids Inhibit Amyloid-Beta Fibrillation and Disaggregate Preformed Amyloid-Beta Fibrils. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:145-151. [PMID: 31697876 PMCID: PMC7059817 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease and a major cause of dementia in elderly individuals world-wide. Increased deposition of insoluble amyloid β (Aβ) fibrils in the brain is thought be a key neuropathological hallmark of AD. Many recent studies show that natural products such as polyphenolic flavonoids inhibit the formation of insoluble Aβ fibrils and/or destabilize β-sheet-rich Aβ fibrils to form non-cytotoxic aggregates. In the present study, we explored the structure-activity relationship of naturally-occurring biflavonoids on Aβ amyloidogenesis utilizing an in vitro thioflavin T assay with Aβ1–42 peptide which is prone to aggregate more rapidly to fibrils than Aβ1–40 peptide. Among the biflavonoids we tested, we found amentoflavone revealed the most potent effects on inhibiting Aβ1–42 fibrillization (IC50: 0.26 μM), as well as on disassembling preformed Aβ1–42 fibrils (EC50: 0.59 μM). Our structure-activity relationship study suggests that the hydroxyl groups of biflavonoid compounds play an essential role in their molecular interaction with the dynamic process of Aβ1–42 fibrillization. Our atomic force microscopic imaging analysis demonstrates that amentoflavone directly disrupts the fibrillar structure of preformed Aβ1–42 fibrils, resulting in conversion of those fibrils to amorphous Aβ1–42 aggregates. These results indicate that amentoflavone affords the most potent anti-amyloidogenic effects on both inhibition of Aβ1–42 fibrillization and disaggregation of preformed mature Aβ1–42 fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Y Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
| | - Sam Sik Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hee Han
- Department of Pharmacology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
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21
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Araque Caballero MÁ, Suárez-Calvet M, Duering M, Franzmeier N, Benzinger T, Fagan AM, Bateman RJ, Jack CR, Levin J, Dichgans M, Jucker M, Karch C, Masters CL, Morris JC, Weiner M, Rossor M, Fox NC, Lee JH, Salloway S, Danek A, Goate A, Yakushev I, Hassenstab J, Schofield PR, Haass C, Ewers M. White matter diffusion alterations precede symptom onset in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2019; 141:3065-3080. [PMID: 30239611 PMCID: PMC6158739 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter alterations are present in the majority of patients with Alzheimer's disease type dementia. However, the spatiotemporal pattern of white matter changes preceding dementia symptoms in Alzheimer's disease remains unclear, largely due to the inherent diagnostic uncertainty in the preclinical phase and increased risk of confounding age-related vascular disease and stroke in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. In early-onset autosomal-dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease, participants are destined to develop dementia, which provides the opportunity to assess brain changes years before the onset of symptoms, and in the absence of ageing-related vascular disease. Here, we assessed mean diffusivity alterations in the white matter in 64 mutation carriers compared to 45 non-carrier family non-carriers. Using tract-based spatial statistics, we mapped the interaction of mutation status by estimated years from symptom onset on mean diffusivity. For major atlas-derived fibre tracts, we determined the earliest time point at which abnormal mean diffusivity changes in the mutation carriers were detectable. Lastly, we assessed the association between mean diffusivity and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of amyloid, tau, phosphorylated-tau, and soluble TREM2, i.e. a marker of microglia activity. Results showed a significant interaction of mutations status by estimated years from symptom onset, i.e. a stronger increase of mean diffusivity, within the posterior parietal and medial frontal white matter in mutation carriers compared with non-carriers. The earliest increase of mean diffusivity was observed in the forceps major, forceps minor and long projecting fibres-many connecting default mode network regions-between 5 to 10 years before estimated symptom onset. Higher mean diffusivity in fibre tracts was associated with lower grey matter volume in the tracts' projection zones. Global mean diffusivity was correlated with lower cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid-β1-42 but higher levels of tau, phosphorylated-tau and soluble TREM2. Together, these results suggest that regionally selective white matter degeneration occurs years before the estimated symptom onset. Such white matter alterations are associated with primary Alzheimer's disease pathology and microglia activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Araque Caballero
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich), Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Tammie Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Celeste Karch
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Weiner
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Martin Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Adrian Danek
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Igor Yakushev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street Randwick, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich), Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Ewers
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany
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22
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Reduced spontaneous low frequency oscillations as measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy in mild cognitive impairment. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 13:283-292. [PMID: 29362991 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous low frequency oscillations (LFO) in functional imaging data have gained increased interest in the study of cognitive decline. Persons diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) display alterations in their amount of LFO in various brain regions. This is commonly interpreted as disruptions in the autoregulation of the cerebral microvascular system. In the present study LFO (0,07-0,11 Hz) were measured with 52-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in 61 healthy elderly persons (70-76 years), 54 MCI subjects (70-76 years) and 25 healthy young controls (21-48 years) during rest over the frontal and the parietal cortex. Both MCI and healthy elderly controls showed less LFO in the frontal cortex as compared to young subjects. For the parietal cortex a decrease in LFO could be observed for the MCI group in comparison to healthy elderly subjects. Correlations of more LFO with worse performance in neuropsychological tests point to compensatory processes. LFO measured with NIRS might be especially suited for longitudinal studies aiming at predicting cognitive decline.
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23
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Novel Therapeutic Potentials of Taxifolin for Amyloid-β-associated Neurodegenerative Diseases and Other Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092139. [PMID: 31052203 PMCID: PMC6539020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) has been closely implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the major causes of dementia. Thus, Aβ could be a target for the treatment of these diseases, for which, currently, there are no established effective treatments. Taxifolin is a bioactive catechol-type flavonoid present in various plants, such as herbs, and it exhibits pleiotropic effects including anti-oxidant and anti-glycation activities. Recently, we have demonstrated that taxifolin inhibits Aβ fibril formation in vitro and have further shown that it improves cerebral blood flow, facilitating Aβ clearance in the brain and suppressing cognitive decline in a mouse model of CAA. These findings suggest the novel therapeutic potentials of taxifolin for CAA. Furthermore, recent extensive studies have reported several novel aspects of taxifolin supporting its potential as a therapeutic drug for AD and metabolic diseases with a high risk for dementia as well as for CAA. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances in taxifolin research based on in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. Furthermore, we have discussed future research directions on the potential of taxifolin for use in novel therapeutic strategies for CAA, AD, and metabolic diseases with an increased risk for dementia.
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24
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van Veluw SJ, Reijmer YD, van der Kouwe AJ, Charidimou A, Riley GA, Leemans A, Bacskai BJ, Frosch MP, Viswanathan A, Greenberg SM. Histopathology of diffusion imaging abnormalities in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology 2019; 92:e933-e943. [PMID: 30700595 PMCID: PMC6404469 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the underlying mechanism for altered white matter diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures at the histopathologic level in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). METHODS Formalin-fixed intact hemispheres from 9 CAA cases and 2 elderly controls were scanned at 3-tesla MRI, including a diffusion-weighted sequence. DTI measures (i.e., fractional anisotropy [FA] and mean diffusivity [MD]) and histopathology measures were obtained from 2 tracts: the anterior thalamic radiation and inferior longitudinal fasciculus. RESULTS FA was reduced in both tracts and MD was increased in cases with CAA compared to controls. Regional FA was significantly correlated with tissue rarefaction, myelin density, axonal density, and white matter microinfarcts. MD correlated significantly with tissue rarefaction, myelin density, and white matter microinfarcts, but not axonal density. FA and MD did not correlate with oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, or gliosis. Multivariate analysis revealed that tissue rarefaction (β = -0.32 ± 0.12, p = 0.009) and axonal density (β = 0.25 ± 0.12, p = 0.04) were both independently associated with FA, whereas myelin density was independently associated with MD (β = -0.32 ± 0.12, p = 0.013). Finally, we found an association between increased MD in the frontal white matter and CAA severity in the frontal cortex (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that overall tissue loss, and in particular axonal and myelin loss, are major components underlying CAA-related alterations in DTI properties observed in living patients. The findings allow for a more mechanistic interpretation of DTI parameters in small vessel disease and for mechanism-based selection of candidate treatments to prevent vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne J van Veluw
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown.
| | - Yael D Reijmer
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Andre J van der Kouwe
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Grace A Riley
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Alexander Leemans
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Brian J Bacskai
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
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25
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Sheng M, Lu H, Liu P, Li Y, Ravi H, Peng SL, Diaz-Arrastia R, Devous MD, Womack KB. Sildenafil Improves Vascular and Metabolic Function in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:1351-1364. [PMID: 29036811 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of degenerative dementia in the aging population. Patients with AD have alterations in cerebral hemodynamic function including reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate. Therefore, improved cerebrovascular function may be an attractive goal for pharmaceutical intervention in AD. OBJECTIVE We wished to observe the acute effects of sildenafil on cerebrovascular function and brain metabolism in patients with AD. METHODS We used several novel non-invasive MRI techniques to investigate the alterations of CBF, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) after a single dose of sildenafil administration in order to assess its physiological effects in patients with AD. CBF, CMRO2, and CVR measurements using MRI were performed before and one hour after the oral administration of 50 mg sildenafil. Baseline Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was also obtained. RESULTS Complete CBF and CMRO2 data were obtained in twelve patients. Complete CVR data were obtained in eight patients. Global CBF and CMRO2 significantly increased (p = 0.03, p = 0.05, respectively) following sildenafil administration. Voxel-wise analyses of CBF maps showed that increased CBF was most pronounced in the bilateral medial temporal lobes. CVR significantly decreased after administration of sildenafil. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that a single dose of sildenafil improves cerebral hemodynamic function and increases cerebral oxygen metabolism in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sheng
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Beijing Eden Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peiying Liu
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harshan Ravi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shin-Lei Peng
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D Devous
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kyle B Womack
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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26
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Ni R, Rudin M, Klohs J. Cortical hypoperfusion and reduced cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in the arcAβ mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2018; 10:38-47. [PMID: 29682448 PMCID: PMC5909030 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of cerebral amyloidosis on cerebral hemodynamics was investigated with photoacoustic tomography (PAT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). First, the sensitivity and robustness of PAT for deriving metrics of vascular and tissue oxygenation in the murine brain was assessed in wild-type mice with a hyperoxia-normoxia challenge. Secondly, cerebral oxygenation was assessed in young and aged arcAβ mice and wild-type controls with PAT, while cerebral blood flow (CBF) was determined by perfusion MRI. The investigations revealed that PAT can sensitively and robustly detect physiological changes in vascular and tissue oxygenation. An advanced stage of cerebral amyloidosis in arcAβ mice is accompanied by a decreases in cortical CBF and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), as oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) has been found unaffected. Thus, PAT constitutes a robust non-invasive tool for deriving metrics of tissue oxygenation, extraction and metabolism in the mouse brain under physiological and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Carmichael O, Schwarz AJ, Chatham CH, Scott D, Turner JA, Upadhyay J, Coimbra A, Goodman JA, Baumgartner R, English BA, Apolzan JW, Shankapal P, Hawkins KR. The role of fMRI in drug development. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:333-348. [PMID: 29154758 PMCID: PMC5931333 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been known for over a decade to have the potential to greatly enhance the process of developing novel therapeutic drugs for prevalent health conditions. However, the use of fMRI in drug development continues to be relatively limited because of a variety of technical, biological, and strategic barriers that continue to limit progress. Here, we briefly review the roles that fMRI can have in the drug development process and the requirements it must meet to be useful in this setting. We then provide an update on our current understanding of the strengths and limitations of fMRI as a tool for drug developers and recommend activities to enhance its utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | | | - Christopher H Chatham
- Translational Medicine Neuroscience and Biomarkers, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jessica A Turner
- Psychology Department & Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Richard Baumgartner
- Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences (BARDS), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - John W Apolzan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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28
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Akoudad S, Gurol ME, Fotiadis P, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Ikram MA, Greenberg SM, Vernooij MW. Cerebral Microbleeds and Cerebrovascular Reactivity in the General Population: The EDAN Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:497-503. [PMID: 27163807 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with symptomatic cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), cerebrovascular reactivity to visual stimuli is reduced. Lobar microbleeds are a diagnostic hallmark of CAA, but are also highly prevalent in asymptomatic individuals. Recent data suggest that the latter group might have CAA. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether cerebrovascular reactivity is impaired in asymptomatic individuals with lobar microbleeds. METHODS From the population-based Rotterdam Study, we invited 35 participants with lobar microbleeds and 15 age-matched controls (all≥55 years) for functional MRI (fMRI) as part of the Early Detection of Angiopathy Network (EDAN) Study. Cerebrovascular reactivity parameters (i.e., amplitude and time to peak responses) were assessed in response to visual stimulation using fMRI. Student's t-test and linear regression were used to compare fMRI parameters in participants with and without microbleeds. RESULTS Amplitude and time to peak responses did not differ between participants with and without microbleeds (respectively, p = 0.179 and p = 0.555). Participants with microbleeds had slightly higher amplitude responses compared to participants without microbleeds. After excluding individuals with mixed microbleeds (i.e., lobar and non-lobar microbleeds), we found no significant difference in cerebrovascular reactivity for persons with a single microbleed or multiple microbleeds compared to persons without microbleeds. CONCLUSIONS In the general population, lobar microbleeds may not relate to impaired cerebrovascular reactivity. In asymptomatic individuals, lobar microbleeds may either reflect less advanced CAA pathology insufficient to cause functional vascular impairment, or reflect vascular pathology other than CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloua Akoudad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Edip Gurol
- Department of Neurology, Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Panagiotis Fotiadis
- Department of Neurology, Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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29
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Hald ES, Timm CD, Alford PW. Amyloid Beta Influences Vascular Smooth Muscle Contractility and Mechanoadaptation. J Biomech Eng 2017; 138:2551747. [PMID: 27590124 DOI: 10.1115/1.4034560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta accumulation in neuronal and cerebrovascular tissue is a key precursor to development of Alzheimer's disease and can result in neurodegeneration. While its persistence in Alzheimer's cases is well-studied, amyloid beta's direct effect on vascular function is unclear. Here, we measured the effect of amyloid beta treatment on vascular smooth muscle cell functional contractility and modeled the mechanoadaptive growth and remodeling response to these functional perturbations. We found that the amyloid beta 1-42 isoform induced a reduction in vascular smooth muscle cell mechanical output and reduced response to vasocontractile cues. These data were used to develop a thin-walled constrained mixture arterial model that suggests vessel growth, and remodeling in response to amyloid betamediated alteration of smooth muscle function leads to decreased ability of cerebrovascular vessels to vasodilate. These findings provide a possible explanation for the vascular injury and malfunction often associated with the development of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Hald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 7-105 Nils Hasselmo Hall, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 554555 e-mail:
| | - Connor D Timm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 7-105 Nils Hasselmo Hall, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 554555 e-mail:
| | - Patrick W Alford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 7-105 Nils Hasselmo Hall, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 554555 e-mail:
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30
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Hattori Y, Maki T, Saito S, Yamamoto Y, Nagatsuka K, Ihara M. Influence of Low-Dose Aspirin on Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:1037-45. [PMID: 27079719 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain is one of the most important features of Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by Aβ accumulation in the walls of cerebral arteries and capillaries, and is present in over 90% of patients with AD. Several novel agents for AD/CAA developed around the amyloid hypothesis have shown positive signs in animal studies but have failed in clinical trials due to adverse events and/or lack of efficiency. As CAA is presumably caused by a failure in Aβ clearance, drugs that promote Aβ clearance may hold promise in the treatment of CAA and possibly AD. With this in mind, cilostazol, an anti-platelet drug with vasodilating action, has been found to promote Aβ clearance along perivascular drainage pathway, reduce Aβ accumulation in the brain, and restore memory impairment in Tg-SwDI mice, an animal model of CAA. We therefore tested whether the most common anti-platelet agent, aspirin, also reduced Aβ and rescued cognitive impairment in Tg-SwDI mice, and also whether aspirin affected hemorrhagic complications that can occur in Tg-SwDI mice. Mice aged 4 months were assigned into vehicle-treated and low-dose aspirin-treated groups. Low-dose aspirin for 8 months did not increase hemorrhagic lesions, nor increase resting cerebral blood flow or cerebral vascular reserve in response to hypercapnia or acetylcholine. Subsequently, aspirin did not restore cognitive dysfunction. These results suggest that low-dose aspirin does not have a direct influence on cerebrovascular Aβ metabolism nor aggravate hemorrhagic complications in CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorito Hattori
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saito
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nagatsuka
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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31
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The Neurovascular Unit Coming of Age: A Journey through Neurovascular Coupling in Health and Disease. Neuron 2017; 96:17-42. [PMID: 28957666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1265] [Impact Index Per Article: 180.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU), formalized at the 2001 Stroke Progress Review Group meeting of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, emphasizes the intimate relationship between the brain and its vessels. Since then, the NVU has attracted the interest of the neuroscience community, resulting in considerable advances in the field. Here the current state of knowledge of the NVU will be assessed, focusing on one of its most vital roles: the coupling between neural activity and blood flow. The evidence supports a conceptual shift in the mechanisms of neurovascular coupling, from a unidimensional process involving neuronal-astrocytic signaling to local blood vessels to a multidimensional one in which mediators released from multiple cells engage distinct signaling pathways and effector systems across the entire cerebrovascular network in a highly orchestrated manner. The recently appreciated NVU dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases, although still poorly understood, supports emerging concepts that maintaining neurovascular health promotes brain health.
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32
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Animal models of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2469-2488. [PMID: 28963121 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), due to vascular amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, is a risk factor for intracerebral haemorrhage and dementia. CAA can occur in sporadic or rare hereditary forms, and is almost invariably associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Experimental (animal) models are of great interest in studying mechanisms and potential treatments for CAA. Naturally occurring animal models of CAA exist, including cats, dogs and non-human primates, which can be used for longitudinal studies. However, due to ethical considerations and low throughput of these models, other animal models are more favourable for research. In the past two decades, a variety of transgenic mouse models expressing the human Aβ precursor protein (APP) has been developed. Many of these mouse models develop CAA in addition to senile plaques, whereas some of these models were generated specifically to study CAA. In addition, other animal models make use of a second stimulus, such as hypoperfusion or hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), to accelerate CAA. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive review of existing animal models for CAA, which can aid in understanding the pathophysiology of CAA and explore the response to potential therapies.
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33
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Smith EE. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy as a cause of neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2017; 144:651-658. [PMID: 28833176 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic, age-related cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is most commonly recognized clinically as a cause of hemorrhagic stroke and transient focal neurological episodes in older persons. But a growing body of research in the last 5 years shows that the pathophysiology of CAA is much more complex than previously believed, leading to many different types of brain injury. CAA has now been linked with brain atrophy in regions remote from those directly affected by intracerebral hematomas, and with risk for progressive cognitive decline in the absence of new hemorrhagic strokes. Therefore, CAA is associated with features - brain atrophy and progressive cognitive decline - that are typically considered hallmarks of neurodegenerative disease. Although CAA is usually accompanied by some degree of Alzheimer's disease pathology, the profiles of cortical thinning and cognitive impairment do not fully overlap with those seen in Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that there are CAA-specific pathways of neurodegeneration. CAA-related brain ischemia may be an important mechanism that leads to brain injury, cortical disconnection, and cognitive impairment. This article is part of the Special Issue "Vascular Dementia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Smith
- Associate Professor of Neurology, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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34
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Bandara N, Sharma AK, Krieger S, Schultz JW, Han BH, Rogers BE, Mirica LM. Evaluation of 64Cu-Based Radiopharmaceuticals that Target Aβ Peptide Aggregates as Diagnostic Tools for Alzheimer's Disease. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12550-12558. [PMID: 28823165 PMCID: PMC5677763 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents that detect amyloid plaques containing amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide aggregates in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have been successfully developed and recently approved by the FDA for clinical use. However, the short half-lives of the currently used radionuclides 11C (20.4 min) and 18F (109.8 min) may limit the widespread use of these imaging agents. Therefore, we have begun to evaluate novel AD diagnostic agents that can be radiolabeled with 64Cu, a radionuclide with a half-life of 12.7 h, ideal for PET imaging. Described herein are a series of bifunctional chelators (BFCs), L1-L5, that were designed to tightly bind 64Cu and shown to interact with Aβ aggregates both in vitro and in transgenic AD mouse brain sections. Importantly, biodistribution studies show that these compounds exhibit promising brain uptake and rapid clearance in wild-type mice, and initial microPET imaging studies of transgenic AD mice suggest that these compounds could serve as lead compounds for the development of improved diagnostic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilantha Bandara
- Mallinckrodt
Institute of Radiology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, United States
| | - Anuj K. Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Stephanie Krieger
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, United States
| | - Jason W. Schultz
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Byung Hee Han
- Department
of Pharmacology, A.T. Still University of
Health Sciences, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, Missouri 63501, United States
| | - Buck E. Rogers
- Mallinckrodt
Institute of Radiology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, United States
| | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Hope
Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington
University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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35
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Charidimou A, Boulouis G, Gurol ME, Ayata C, Bacskai BJ, Frosch MP, Viswanathan A, Greenberg SM. Emerging concepts in sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain 2017; 140:1829-1850. [PMID: 28334869 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a common, well-defined small vessel disease and a largely untreatable cause of intracerebral haemorrhage and contributor to age-related cognitive decline. The term 'cerebral amyloid angiopathy' now encompasses not only a specific cerebrovascular pathological finding, but also different clinical syndromes (both acute and progressive), brain parenchymal lesions seen on neuroimaging and a set of diagnostic criteria-the Boston criteria, which have resulted in increasingly detected disease during life. Over the past few years, it has become clear that, at the pathophysiological level, cerebral amyloid angiopathy appears to be in part a protein elimination failure angiopathy and that this dysfunction is a feed-forward process, which potentially leads to worsening vascular amyloid-β accumulation, activation of vascular injury pathways and impaired vascular physiology. From a clinical standpoint, cerebral amyloid angiopathy is characterized by individual focal lesions (microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis, microinfarcts) and large-scale alterations (white matter hyperintensities, structural connectivity, cortical thickness), both cortical and subcortical. This review provides an interdisciplinary critical outlook on various emerging and changing concepts in the field, illustrating mechanisms associated with amyloid cerebrovascular pathology and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Charidimou
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregoire Boulouis
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Edip Gurol
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Bacskai
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Park L, Uekawa K, Garcia-Bonilla L, Koizumi K, Murphy M, Pistik R, Younkin L, Younkin S, Zhou P, Carlson G, Anrather J, Iadecola C. Brain Perivascular Macrophages Initiate the Neurovascular Dysfunction of Alzheimer Aβ Peptides. Circ Res 2017; 121:258-269. [PMID: 28515043 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Increasing evidence indicates that alterations of the cerebral microcirculation may play a role in Alzheimer disease, the leading cause of late-life dementia. The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), a key pathogenic factor in Alzheimer disease, induces profound alterations in neurovascular regulation through the innate immunity receptor CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36), which, in turn, activates a Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase, leading to cerebrovascular oxidative stress. Brain perivascular macrophages (PVM) located in the perivascular space, a major site of brain Aβ collection and clearance, are juxtaposed to the wall of intracerebral resistance vessels and are a powerful source of reactive oxygen species. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that PVM are the main source of reactive oxygen species responsible for the cerebrovascular actions of Aβ and that CD36 and Nox2 in PVM are the molecular substrates of the effect. METHODS AND RESULTS Selective depletion of PVM using intracerebroventricular injection of clodronate abrogates the reactive oxygen species production and cerebrovascular dysfunction induced by Aβ applied directly to the cerebral cortex, administered intravascularly, or overproduced in the brain of transgenic mice expressing mutated forms of the amyloid precursor protein (Tg2576 mice). In addition, using bone marrow chimeras, we demonstrate that PVM are the cells expressing CD36 and Nox2 responsible for the dysfunction. Thus, deletion of CD36 or Nox2 from PVM abrogates the deleterious vascular effects of Aβ, whereas wild-type PVM reconstitute the vascular dysfunction in CD36-null mice. CONCLUSIONS The data identify PVM as a previously unrecognized effector of the damaging neurovascular actions of Aβ and unveil a new mechanism by which brain-resident innate immune cells and their receptors may contribute to the pathobiology of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laibaik Park
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (L.P., K.U., L.G.B., K.K., M.M., P.Z., J.A., C.I.); McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT (R.P., G.C.); and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL (L.Y., S.Y.).
| | - Ken Uekawa
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (L.P., K.U., L.G.B., K.K., M.M., P.Z., J.A., C.I.); McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT (R.P., G.C.); and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL (L.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Lidia Garcia-Bonilla
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (L.P., K.U., L.G.B., K.K., M.M., P.Z., J.A., C.I.); McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT (R.P., G.C.); and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL (L.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Kenzo Koizumi
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (L.P., K.U., L.G.B., K.K., M.M., P.Z., J.A., C.I.); McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT (R.P., G.C.); and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL (L.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Michelle Murphy
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (L.P., K.U., L.G.B., K.K., M.M., P.Z., J.A., C.I.); McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT (R.P., G.C.); and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL (L.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Rose Pistik
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (L.P., K.U., L.G.B., K.K., M.M., P.Z., J.A., C.I.); McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT (R.P., G.C.); and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL (L.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Linda Younkin
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (L.P., K.U., L.G.B., K.K., M.M., P.Z., J.A., C.I.); McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT (R.P., G.C.); and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL (L.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Steven Younkin
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (L.P., K.U., L.G.B., K.K., M.M., P.Z., J.A., C.I.); McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT (R.P., G.C.); and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL (L.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Ping Zhou
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (L.P., K.U., L.G.B., K.K., M.M., P.Z., J.A., C.I.); McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT (R.P., G.C.); and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL (L.Y., S.Y.)
| | - George Carlson
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (L.P., K.U., L.G.B., K.K., M.M., P.Z., J.A., C.I.); McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT (R.P., G.C.); and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL (L.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Josef Anrather
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (L.P., K.U., L.G.B., K.K., M.M., P.Z., J.A., C.I.); McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT (R.P., G.C.); and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL (L.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (L.P., K.U., L.G.B., K.K., M.M., P.Z., J.A., C.I.); McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT (R.P., G.C.); and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL (L.Y., S.Y.).
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37
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Joo IL, Lai AY, Bazzigaluppi P, Koletar MM, Dorr A, Brown ME, Thomason LAM, Sled JG, McLaurin J, Stefanovic B. Early neurovascular dysfunction in a transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46427. [PMID: 28401931 PMCID: PMC5388880 DOI: 10.1038/srep46427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), pathologically characterized by amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and neurodegeneration, is thought to involve early-onset neurovascular abnormalities. Hitherto studies on AD-associated neurovascular injury have used animal models that exhibit only a subset of AD-like pathologies and demonstrated some Aβ-dependent vascular dysfunction and destabilization of neuronal network. The present work focuses on the early stage of disease progression and uses TgF344-AD rats that recapitulate a broader repertoire of AD-like pathologies to investigate the cerebrovascular and neuronal network functioning using in situ two-photon fluorescence microscopy and laminar array recordings of local field potentials, followed by pathological analyses of vascular wall morphology, tau hyperphosphorylation, and amyloid plaques. Concomitant to widespread amyloid deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, cerebrovascular reactivity was strongly attenuated in cortical penetrating arterioles and venules of TgF344-AD rats in comparison to those in non-transgenic littermates. Blood flow elevation to hypercapnia was abolished in TgF344-AD rats. Concomitantly, the phase-amplitude coupling of the neuronal network was impaired, evidenced by decreased modulation of theta band phase on gamma band amplitude. These results demonstrate significant neurovascular network dysfunction at an early stage of AD-like pathology. Our study identifies early markers of pathology progression and call for development of combinatorial treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illsung L. Joo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Aaron Y. Lai
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Paolo Bazzigaluppi
- Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2R1, Canada
| | - Margaret M. Koletar
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Adrienne Dorr
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Mary E. Brown
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Lynsie A. M. Thomason
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - John G. Sled
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
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Saito S, Yamamoto Y, Maki T, Hattori Y, Ito H, Mizuno K, Harada-Shiba M, Kalaria RN, Fukushima M, Takahashi R, Ihara M. Taxifolin inhibits amyloid-β oligomer formation and fully restores vascular integrity and memory in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:26. [PMID: 28376923 PMCID: PMC5379578 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) induces various forms of cerebral infarcts and hemorrhages from vascular amyloid-β accumulation, resulting in acceleration of cognitive impairment, which is currently untreatable. Soluble amyloid-β protein likely impairs cerebrovascular integrity as well as cognitive function in early stage Alzheimer’s disease. Taxifolin, a flavonol with strong anti-oxidative and anti-glycation activities, has been reported to disassemble amyloid-β in vitro but the in vivo relevance remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether taxifolin has therapeutic potential in attenuating CAA, hypothesizing that inhibiting amyloid-β assembly may facilitate its clearance through several elimination pathways. Vehicle- or taxifolin-treated Tg-SwDI mice (commonly used to model CAA) were used in this investigation. Cognitive and cerebrovascular function, as well as the solubility and oligomerization of brain amyloid-β proteins, were investigated. Spatial reference memory was assessed by water maze test. Cerebral blood flow was measured with laser speckle flowmetry and cerebrovascular reactivity evaluated by monitoring cerebral blood flow changes in response to hypercapnia. Significantly reduced cerebrovascular pan-amyloid-β and amyloid-β1-40 accumulation was found in taxifolin-treated Tg-SwDI mice compared to vehicle-treated counterparts (n = 5). Spatial reference memory was severely impaired in vehicle-treated Tg-SwDI mice but normalized after taxifolin treatment, with scoring similar to wild type mice (n = 10–17). Furthermore, taxifolin completely restored decreased cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity in Tg-SwDI mice (n = 4–6). An in vitro thioflavin-T assay showed taxifolin treatment resulted in efficient inhibition of amyloid-β1-40 assembly. In addition, a filter trap assay and ELISA showed Tg-SwDI mouse brain homogenates exhibited significantly reduced levels of amyloid-β oligomers in vivo after taxifolin treatment (n = 4–5), suggesting the effects of taxifolin on CAA are attributable to the inhibition of amyloid-β oligomer formation. In conclusion, taxifolin prevents amyloid-β oligomer assembly and fully sustains cognitive and cerebrovascular function in a CAA model mice. Taxifolin thus appears a promising therapeutic approach for CAA.
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Duncombe J, Lennen RJ, Jansen MA, Marshall I, Wardlaw JM, Horsburgh K. Ageing causes prominent neurovascular dysfunction associated with loss of astrocytic contacts and gliosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2017; 43:477-491. [PMID: 28039950 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Normal neurovascular coupling, mediated by the fine interplay and communication of cells within the neurovascular unit, is critical for maintaining normal brain activity and cognitive function. This study investigated whether, with advancing age there is disruption of neurovascular coupling and specific cellular components of the neurovascular unit, and whether the effects of increasing amyloid (a key feature of Alzheimer's disease) would exacerbate these changes. METHODS Wild-type mice, in which amyloid deposition is absent, were compared to transgenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) littermates (TgSwDI) which develop age-dependent increases in amyloid. Baseline cerebral blood flow and responses to whisker stimulation were measured. Components of the neurovascular unit (astrocytes, end-feet, pericytes, microglia) were measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Neurovascular coupling was progressively impaired with increasing age (starting at 12 months) but was not further altered in TgSwDI mice. Aged mice showed reduced vascular pericyte coverage relative to young but this was not related to neurovascular function. Aged mice displayed significant reductions in astrocytic end-feet expression of aquaporin-4 on blood vessels compared to young mice, and a prominent increase in microglial proliferation which correlated with neurovascular function. CONCLUSIONS Strategies aimed to restore the loss of astrocytic end feet contact and reduce gliosis may improve neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Duncombe
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R J Lennen
- BHF/Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M A Jansen
- BHF/Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - I Marshall
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J M Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K Horsburgh
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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40
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Abstract
Migraine and other primary headache disorders affect a large population and cause debilitating pain. Establishing animal models that display behavioral correlates of long-lasting and ongoing headache, the most common and disabling symptom of migraine, is vital for the elucidation of disease mechanisms and identification of drug targets. We have developed a mouse model of headache, using dural application of capsaicin along with a mixture of inflammatory mediators (IScap) to simulate the induction of a headache episode. This elicited intermittent head-directed wiping and scratching as well as the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in trigeminal ganglion neurons. Interestingly, dural application of IScap preferentially induced FOS protein expression in the excitatory but not inhibitory cervical/medullary dorsal horn neurons. The duration of IScap-induced behavior and the number of FOS-positive neurons correlated positively in individual mice; both were reduced to the control level by the pretreatment of antimigraine drug sumatriptan. Dural application of CGRP(8-37), the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist, also effectively blocked IScap-induced behavior, which suggests that the release of endogenous CGRP in the dura is necessary for IScap-induced nociception. These data suggest that dural IScap-induced nocifensive behavior in mice may be mechanistically related to the ongoing headache in humans. In addition, dural application of IScap increased resting time in female mice. Taken together, we present the first detailed study using dural application of IScap in mice. This headache model can be applied to genetically modified mice to facilitate research on the mechanisms and therapeutic targets for migraine headache.
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van Opstal AM, van Rooden S, van Harten T, Ghariq E, Labadie G, Fotiadis P, Gurol ME, Terwindt GM, Wermer MJH, van Buchem MA, Greenberg SM, van der Grond J. Cerebrovascular function in presymptomatic and symptomatic individuals with hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol 2016; 16:115-122. [PMID: 27989553 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work suggests that impairments of cerebrovascular flow or reactivity might be early markers of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type (HCHWA-D) is a genetic form of CAA that can be diagnosed before the onset of clinical symptoms by DNA testing. We aimed to investigate whether haemodynamic measures are decreased in presymptomatic and symptomatic HCHWA-D mutation carriers compared with healthy controls. METHODS In this case-control study, we included presymptomatic and symptomatic HCHWA-D mutation carriers diagnosed through genetic testing and recruited through the HCHWA-D patient association (Katwijk, Netherlands) and the outpatient clinic of the Department of Neurology of the Leiden University Medical Center (Leiden, Netherlands), and healthy controls. We measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling. Quantitative flow was measured by phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography of the cerebropetal vessels. Vascular reactivity was established by measuring changes in blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal after visual stimulation. Data from presymptomatic and symptomatic individuals were compared with healthy controls using mixed-model regression analysis. FINDINGS Between May 15, 2012, and December 22, 2015, we investigated cross-sectional imaging data from 27 HCHWA-D mutation carriers (12 presymptomatic and 15 symptomatic) and 33 healthy controls. Compared with controls, symptomatic HCHWA-D carriers had significantly decreased cortical grey matter rCBF in the occipital lobe (mean difference -11·1 mL/100 g per min, 95% CI -2·8 to -19·3; uncorrected p=0·010) and decreased flux in the basilar artery (mean difference -0·9 mL/s, 95% CI -1·5 to -0·2; uncorrected p=0·019). However, we noted no changes in rCBF and flux in presymptomatic carriers compared with controls. Vascular reactivity was significantly decreased in the occipital lobe in both presymptomatic (mean BOLD change 1·1% [SD 0·5], mean difference -0·4% change, 95% CI -0·7 to -0·2; p=0·001; mean time to baseline 10·1 s [SD 7·6], mean difference 4·6 s, 95% CI 0·4 to 8·8; p=0·032) and symptomatic carriers (mean BOLD change 0·4% [SD 0·1], mean difference -0·9%, 95% CI -1·1 to -0·6; p<0·0001; mean time to baseline 20·3 s [SD 8·4], mean difference 13·1 s, 95% CI 9·4 to 16·9; p<0·0001) compared with controls; however, the difference in mean time to peak was only significant for symptomatic carriers (mean difference 12·2 s, 95% CI 8·6 to 15·9; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that determination of vascular reactivity might be a useful biomarker for early detection of vascular amyloid pathology in sporadic CAA, and a biomarker of efficacy in future intervention trials. Our data indicate that vascular reactivity measurements might be useful for differential diagnosis in dementia to determine the vascular component. FUNDING USA National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M van Opstal
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Sanneke van Rooden
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thijs van Harten
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eidrees Ghariq
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gerda Labadie
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - M Edip Gurol
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marieke J H Wermer
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mark A van Buchem
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Finch CE, Shams S. Apolipoprotein E and Sex Bias in Cerebrovascular Aging of Men and Mice. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:625-637. [PMID: 27546867 PMCID: PMC5040339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) research has mainly focused on neurodegenerative processes associated with the classic neuropathologic markers of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Additionally, cerebrovascular contributions to dementia are increasingly recognized, particularly from cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). Remarkably, in AD brains, the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ɛ4 allele shows male excess for cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), a marker of SVD, which is opposite to the female excess of plaques and tangles. Mouse transgenic models add further complexities to sex-ApoE ɛ4 allele interactions, with female excess of both CMBs and brain amyloid. We conclude that brain aging and AD pathogenesis cannot be understood in humans without addressing major gaps in the extent of sex differences in cerebrovascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sara Shams
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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43
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Di Marco LY, Farkas E, Martin C, Venneri A, Frangi AF. Is Vasomotion in Cerebral Arteries Impaired in Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:35-53. [PMID: 25720414 PMCID: PMC4878307 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence supports the hypothesis of a vascular component in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cerebral hypoperfusion and blood-brain barrier dysfunction have been indicated as key elements of this pathway. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a cerebrovascular disorder, frequent in AD, characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in cerebral blood vessel walls. CAA is associated with loss of vascular integrity, resulting in impaired regulation of cerebral circulation, and increased susceptibility to cerebral ischemia, microhemorrhages, and white matter damage. Vasomotion— the spontaneous rhythmic modulation of arterial diameter, typically observed in arteries/arterioles in various vascular beds including the brain— is thought to participate in tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery regulation. Vasomotion is impaired in adverse conditions such as hypoperfusion and hypoxia. The perivascular and glymphatic pathways of Aβ clearance are thought to be driven by the systolic pulse. Vasomotion produces diameter changes of comparable amplitude, however at lower rates, and could contribute to these mechanisms of Aβ clearance. In spite of potential clinical interest, studies addressing cerebral vasomotion in the context of AD/CAA are limited. This study reviews the current literature on vasomotion, and hypothesizes potential paths implicating impaired cerebral vasomotion in AD/CAA. Aβ and oxidative stress cause vascular tone dysregulation through direct effects on vascular cells, and indirect effects mediated by impaired neurovascular coupling. Vascular tone dysregulation is further aggravated by cholinergic deficit and results in depressed cerebrovascular reactivity and (possibly) impaired vasomotion, aggravating regional hypoperfusion and promoting further Aβ and oxidative stress accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Yuri Di Marco
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Chris Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,IRCCS, Fondazione Ospedale S. Camillo, Venice, Italy
| | - Alejandro F Frangi
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Hamel E, Royea J, Ongali B, Tong XK. Neurovascular and Cognitive failure in Alzheimer’s Disease: Benefits of Cardiovascular Therapy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:219-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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45
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Ulrich JD, Huynh TP, Holtzman DM. Re-evaluation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Presence of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Neuron 2016; 88:237-9. [PMID: 26494271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier disruption is believed to occur in Alzheimer's disease, which could influence the bioavailability of drugs within the brain. However, in this issue of Neuron, Bien-Ly et al. (2015) report no evidence of widespread blood-brain barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tien-Phat Huynh
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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46
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Bien-Ly N, Boswell CA, Jeet S, Beach TG, Hoyte K, Luk W, Shihadeh V, Ulufatu S, Foreman O, Lu Y, DeVoss J, van der Brug M, Watts RJ. Lack of Widespread BBB Disruption in Alzheimer's Disease Models: Focus on Therapeutic Antibodies. Neuron 2016; 88:289-97. [PMID: 26494278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits brain uptake of therapeutic antibodies. It is believed that the BBB is disrupted in Alzheimer's disease (AD), potentially increasing drug permeability de facto. Here we compared active versus passive brain uptake of systemically dosed antibodies (anti-transferrin receptor [TfR] bispecific versus control antibody) in mouse models of AD. We first confirmed BBB disruption in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis as a positive control. Importantly, we found that BBB permeability was vastly spared in mouse models of AD, including PS2-APP, Tau transgenics, and APOE4 knockin mice. Brain levels of TfR in mouse models or in human cases of AD resembled controls, suggesting target engagement of TfR bispecific is not limited. Furthermore, infarcts from human AD brain showed similar occurrences compared to age-matched controls. These results question the widely held view that the BBB is largely disrupted in AD, raising concern about assumptions of drug permeability in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Bien-Ly
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Surinder Jeet
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institutes, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85372, USA
| | - Kwame Hoyte
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wilman Luk
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Vera Shihadeh
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sheila Ulufatu
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yanmei Lu
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Marcel van der Brug
- Department of Diagnostic Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Ryan J Watts
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Reynolds MR, Singh I, Azad TD, Holmes BB, Verghese PB, Dietrich HH, Diamond M, Bu G, Han BH, Zipfel GJ. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate Aβ-induced oxidative stress and hypercontractility in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:9. [PMID: 26801396 PMCID: PMC4722750 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial evidence suggests that amyloid-β (Aβ) species induce oxidative stress and cerebrovascular (CV) dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD), potentially contributing to the progressive dementia of this disease. The upstream molecular pathways governing this process, however, are poorly understood. In this report, we examine the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in Aβ-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction in vitro. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that pharmacological depletion of HSPG (by enzymatic degradation with active, but not heat-inactivated, heparinase) in primary human cerebral and transformed rat VSMC mitigates Aβ(1-40⁻) and Aβ(1-42⁻)induced oxidative stress. This inhibitory effect is specific for HSPG depletion and does not occur with pharmacological depletion of other glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family members. We also found that Aβ(1-40) (but not Aβ(1-42)) causes a hypercontractile phenotype in transformed rat cerebral VSMC that likely results from a HSPG-mediated augmentation in intracellular Ca(2+) activity, as both Aβ(1-40⁻)induced VSMC hypercontractility and increased Ca(2+) influx are inhibited by pharmacological HSPG depletion. Moreover, chelation of extracellular Ca(2+) with ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) does not prevent the production of Aβ(1-40⁻) or Aβ(1-42⁻)mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that Aβ-induced ROS and VSMC hypercontractility occur through different molecular pathways. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data indicate that HSPG are critical mediators of Aβ-induced oxidative stress and Aβ(1-40⁻)induced VSMC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Reynolds
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Itender Singh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Tej D Azad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Brandon B Holmes
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Phillip B Verghese
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hans H Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Marc Diamond
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Byung Hee Han
- Department of Pharmacology, AT Still University Health Sciences, Kirksville, Missouri, USA
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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48
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Reijmer YD, van Veluw SJ, Greenberg SM. Ischemic brain injury in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:40-54. [PMID: 25944592 PMCID: PMC4758563 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common form of cerebral small vessel disease and an important risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage and cognitive impairment. While the majority of research has focused on the hemorrhagic manifestation of CAA, its ischemic manifestations appear to have substantial clinical relevance as well. Findings from imaging and pathologic studies indicate that ischemic lesions are common in CAA, including white-matter hyperintensities, microinfarcts, and microstructural tissue abnormalities as detected with diffusion tensor imaging. Furthermore, imaging markers of ischemic disease show a robust association with cognition, independent of age, hemorrhagic lesions, and traditional vascular risk factors. Widespread ischemic tissue injury may affect cognition by disrupting white-matter connectivity, thereby hampering communication between brain regions. Challenges are to identify imaging markers that are able to capture widespread microvascular lesion burden in vivo and to further unravel the etiology of ischemic tissue injury by linking structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities to their underlying pathophysiology and histopathology. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of ischemic brain injury in CAA will be a key step toward new interventions to improve long-term cognitive outcomes for patients with CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael D Reijmer
- Department of Neurology, Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susanne J van Veluw
- Department of Neurology, Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cacciottolo M, Christensen A, Moser A, Liu J, Pike CJ, Smith C, LaDu MJ, Sullivan PM, Morgan TE, Dolzhenko E, Charidimou A, Wahlund LO, Wiberg MK, Shams S, Chiang GCY, Finch CE. The APOE4 allele shows opposite sex bias in microbleeds and Alzheimer's disease of humans and mice. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 37:47-57. [PMID: 26686669 PMCID: PMC4687024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein APOE4 allele confers greater risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) for women than men, in conjunction with greater clinical deficits per unit of AD neuropathology (plaques, tangles). Cerebral microbleeds, which contribute to cognitive dysfunctions during AD, also show APOE4 excess, but sex-APOE allele interactions are not described. We report that elderly men diagnosed for mild cognitive impairment and AD showed a higher risk of cerebral cortex microbleeds with APOE4 allele dose effect in 2 clinical cohorts (ADNI and KIDS). Sex-APOE interactions were further analyzed in EFAD mice carrying human APOE alleles and familial AD genes (5XFAD (+/-) /human APOE(+/+)). At 7 months, E4FAD mice had cerebral cortex microbleeds with female excess, in contrast to humans. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, plaques, and soluble Aβ also showed female excess. Both the cerebral microbleeds and cerebral amyloid angiopathy increased in proportion to individual Aβ load. In humans, the opposite sex bias of APOE4 allele for microbleeds versus the plaques and tangles is the first example of organ-specific, sex-linked APOE allele effects, and further shows AD as a uniquely human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Cacciottolo
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy Christensen
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Moser
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian J Pike
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Conor Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick M Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham VA Medical Center and GRECC, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Todd E Morgan
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Egor Dolzhenko
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lars-Olof Wahlund
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kristofferson Wiberg
- Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Shams
- Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Caleb E Finch
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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50
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Salmina AB, Komleva YK, Szijártó IA, Gorina YV, Lopatina OL, Gertsog GE, Filipovic MR, Gollasch M. H2S- and NO-Signaling Pathways in Alzheimer's Amyloid Vasculopathy: Synergism or Antagonism? Front Physiol 2015; 6:361. [PMID: 26696896 PMCID: PMC4675996 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's type of neurodegeneration dramatically affects H2S and NO synthesis and interactions in the brain, which results in dysregulated vasomotor function, brain tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia, development of perivascular inflammation, promotion of Aβ deposition, and impairment of neurogenesis/angiogenesis. H2S- and NO-signaling pathways have been described to offer protection against Alzheimer's amyloid vasculopathy and neurodegeneration. This review describes recent developments of the increasing relevance of H2S and NO in Alzheimer's disease (AD). More studies are however needed to fully determine their potential use as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's and other forms of vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla B. Salmina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yulia K. Komleva
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - István A. Szijártó
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - University Medicine Berlin and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin, Germany
| | - Yana V. Gorina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Olga L. Lopatina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Galina E. Gertsog
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Milos R. Filipovic
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - University Medicine Berlin and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin, Germany
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