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Machold R, Rudy B. Genetic approaches to elucidating cortical and hippocampal GABAergic interneuron diversity. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1414955. [PMID: 39113758 PMCID: PMC11303334 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1414955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons (INs) in the mammalian forebrain represent a diverse population of cells that provide specialized forms of local inhibition to regulate neural circuit activity. Over the last few decades, the development of a palette of genetic tools along with the generation of single-cell transcriptomic data has begun to reveal the molecular basis of IN diversity, thereby providing deep insights into how different IN subtypes function in the forebrain. In this review, we outline the emerging picture of cortical and hippocampal IN speciation as defined by transcriptomics and developmental origin and summarize the genetic strategies that have been utilized to target specific IN subtypes, along with the technical considerations inherent to each approach. Collectively, these methods have greatly facilitated our understanding of how IN subtypes regulate forebrain circuitry via cell type and compartment-specific inhibition and thus have illuminated a path toward potential therapeutic interventions for a variety of neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Machold
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bernardo Rudy
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Rubenstein JL, Nord AS, Ekker M. DLX genes and proteins in mammalian forebrain development. Development 2024; 151:dev202684. [PMID: 38819455 PMCID: PMC11190439 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The vertebrate Dlx gene family encode homeobox transcription factors that are related to the Drosophila Distal-less (Dll) gene and are crucial for development. Over the last ∼35 years detailed information has accrued about the redundant and unique expression and function of the six mammalian Dlx family genes. DLX proteins interact with general transcriptional regulators, and co-bind with other transcription factors to enhancer elements with highly specific activity in the developing forebrain. Integration of the genetic and biochemical data has yielded a foundation for a gene regulatory network governing the differentiation of forebrain GABAergic neurons. In this Primer, we describe the discovery of vertebrate Dlx genes and their crucial roles in embryonic development. We largely focus on the role of Dlx family genes in mammalian forebrain development revealed through studies in mice. Finally, we highlight questions that remain unanswered regarding vertebrate Dlx genes despite over 30 years of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L. Rubenstein
- UCSF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alex S. Nord
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and Department of Psychiatry and 20 Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Marc Ekker
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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3
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Puvogel S, Alsema A, North HF, Webster MJ, Weickert CS, Eggen BJL. Single-Nucleus RNA-Seq Characterizes the Cell Types Along the Neuronal Lineage in the Adult Human Subependymal Zone and Reveals Reduced Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Abundance with Age. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0246-23.2024. [PMID: 38351133 PMCID: PMC10913050 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0246-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The subependymal zone (SEZ), also known as the subventricular zone (SVZ), constitutes a neurogenic niche that persists during postnatal life. In humans, the neurogenic potential of the SEZ declines after the first year of life. However, studies discovering markers of stem and progenitor cells highlight the neurogenic capacity of progenitors in the adult human SEZ, with increased neurogenic activity occurring under pathological conditions. In the present study, the complete cellular niche of the adult human SEZ was characterized by single-nucleus RNA sequencing, and compared between four youth (age 16-22) and four middle-aged adults (age 44-53). We identified 11 cellular clusters including clusters expressing marker genes for neural stem cells (NSCs), neuroblasts, immature neurons, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. The relative abundance of NSC and neuroblast clusters did not differ between the two age groups, indicating that the pool of SEZ NSCs does not decline in this age range. The relative abundance of oligodendrocyte progenitors and microglia decreased in middle-age, indicating that the cellular composition of human SEZ is remodeled between youth and adulthood. The expression of genes related to nervous system development was higher across different cell types, including NSCs, in youth as compared with middle-age. These transcriptional changes suggest ongoing central nervous system plasticity in the SEZ in youth, which declined in middle-age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Puvogel
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Alsema
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Hayley F North
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Rockville 20850, Maryland
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13201
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
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Evolutionarily conservative and non-conservative regulatory networks during primate interneuron development revealed by single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing. Cell Res 2022; 32:425-436. [PMID: 35273378 PMCID: PMC9061815 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The differences in size and function between primate and rodent brains, and the association of disturbed excitatory/inhibitory balance with many neurodevelopmental disorders highlight the importance to study primate ganglionic eminences (GEs) development. Here we used single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing to characterize the emergence of cell diversity in monkey and human GEs where most striatal and cortical interneurons are generated. We identified regional and temporal diversity among progenitor cells which give rise to a variety of interneurons. These cells are specified within the primate GEs by well conserved gene regulatory networks, similar to those identified in mice. However, we detected, in human, several novel regulatory pathways or factors involved in the specification and migration of interneurons. Importantly, comparison of progenitors between our human and published mouse GE datasets led to the discovery and confirmation of outer radial glial cells in GEs in human cortex. Our findings reveal both evolutionarily conservative and nonconservative regulatory networks in primate GEs, which may contribute to their larger brain sizes and more complex neural networks compared with mouse.
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Fazel Darbandi S, Esau C, Lesage-Pelletier C, Monis S, Poitras L, Yu M, Perin S, Hatch G, Ekker M. Increased Sociability in Mice Lacking Intergenic Dlx Enhancers. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:718948. [PMID: 34671237 PMCID: PMC8520905 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.718948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dlx homeodomain transcription factors play important roles in the differentiation and migration of GABAergic interneuron precursors. The mouse and human genomes each have six Dlx genes organized into three convergently transcribed bigene clusters (Dlx1/2, Dlx3/4, and Dlx5/6) with cis-regulatory elements (CREs) located in the intergenic region of each cluster. Amongst these, the I56i and I12b enhancers from the Dlx1/2 and Dlx5/6 locus, respectively, are active in the developing forebrain. I56i is also a binding site for GTF2I, a transcription factor whose function is associated with increased sociability and Williams-Beuren syndrome. In determining the regulatory roles of these CREs on forebrain development, we have generated mutant mouse-lines where Dlx forebrain intergenic enhancers have been deleted (I56i(-/-), I12b(-/-)). Loss of Dlx intergenic enhancers impairs expression of Dlx genes as well as some of their downstream targets or associated genes including Gad2 and Evf2. The loss of the I56i enhancer resulted in a transient decrease in GABA+ cells in the developing forebrain. The intergenic enhancer mutants also demonstrate increased sociability and learning deficits in a fear conditioning test. Characterizing mice with mutated Dlx intergenic enhancers will help us to further enhance our understanding of the role of these Dlx genes in forebrain development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Crystal Esau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Simon Monis
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Luc Poitras
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Man Yu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sofia Perin
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Hatch
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Ekker
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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DLX Genes: Roles in Development and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123005. [PMID: 34203994 PMCID: PMC8232755 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary DLX homeobox family genes encode transcription factors that have indispensable roles in embryonic and postnatal development. These genes are critically linked to the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures, branchial arches, forebrain, and sensory organs. DLX genes are also involved in postnatal homeostasis, particularly hematopoiesis and, when dysregulated, oncogenesis. DLX1/2, DLX3/4, and DLX5/6 exist as bigenes on different chromosomes, sharing intergenic enhancers between gene pairs, which allows orchestrated spatiotemporal expression. Genomic alterations of human DLX gene enhancers or coding sequences result in congenital disorders such as split-hand/foot malformation. Aberrant postnatal expression of DLX genes is associated with hematological malignancies, including leukemias and lymphomas. In several mouse models of T-cell lymphoma, Dlx5 has been shown to act as an oncogene by cooperating with activated Akt, Notch1/3, and/or Wnt to drive tumor formation. In humans, DLX5 is aberrantly expressed in lung and ovarian carcinomas and holds promise as a therapeutic target. Abstract Homeobox genes control body patterning and cell-fate decisions during development. The homeobox genes consist of many families, only some of which have been investigated regarding a possible role in tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of HOX family genes have been widely implicated in cancer etiology. DLX homeobox genes, which belong to the NK-like family, exert dual roles in development and cancer. The DLX genes are the key transcription factors involved in regulating the development of craniofacial structures in vertebrates. The three DLX bigenes have overlapping expression in the branchial arches. Disruption of DLX function has destructive consequences in organogenesis and is associated with certain congenital disorders in humans. The role of DLX genes in oncogenesis is only beginning to emerge. DLX2 diminishes cellular senescence by regulating p53 function, whereas DLX4 has been associated with metastasis in breast cancer. In human ovarian cancer cells, DLX5 is essential for regulating AKT signaling, thereby promoting cell proliferation and survival. We previously implicated Dlx5 as an oncogene in murine T-cell lymphoma driven by a constitutively active form of Akt2. In this mouse model, overexpression of Dlx5 was caused by a chromosomal rearrangement that juxtaposed the Tcr-beta promoter region near the Dlx5 locus. Moreover, transgenic mice overexpressing Dlx5, specifically in immature T-cells, develop spontaneous thymic lymphomas. Oncogenesis in this mouse model involves binding of Dlx5 to the Notch1 and Notch3 gene loci to activate their transcription. Dlx5 also cooperates with Akt signaling to accelerate lymphomagenesis by activating Wnt signaling. We also discuss the fact that human DLX5 is aberrantly expressed in several human malignancies.
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Weinschutz Mendes H, Taktek M, Duret T, Ekker M. Expression of dlx genes in the normal and regenerating brain of adult zebrafish. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229549. [PMID: 32497078 PMCID: PMC7272068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions in the GABAergic system lead to various pathological conditions and impaired inhibitory function is one of the causes behind neuropathies characterized by neuronal hyper excitability. The Dlx homeobox genes are involved in the development of nervous system, neural crest, branchial arches and developing appendages. Dlx genes also take part in neuronal migration and differentiation during development, more precisely, in the migration and differentiation of GABAergic neurons. Functional analysis of dlx genes has mainly been carried out in developing zebrafish embryos and larvae, however information regarding the expression and roles of these genes in the adult zebrafish brain is still lacking. The extensive neurogenesis that takes place in the adult zebrafish brain, makes them a good model for the visualization of mechanisms involving dlx genes during adulthood in physiological conditions and during regeneration of the nervous system. We have identified the adult brain regions where transcripts of dlx1a, dlx2a, dlx5a and dlx6a genes are normally found and have confirmed that within telencephalic domains, there is high overlapping expression of the four dlx paralogs with a marker for GABAergic neurons. Co-localization analyses carried with the Tg(dlx6a-1.4kbdlx5a/dlx6a:GFP) reporter line have also shown that in some areas of the diencephalon, cells expressing the dlx5a/6a bigene may have a neural stem cell identity. Furthermore, investigations in a response to stab wound lesions, have demonstrated a possible participation of the dlx5a/6a bigene, most likely of dlx5a, during regeneration of the adult zebrafish brain. These observations suggest a possible participation of dlx-expressing cells during brain regeneration in adult zebrafish and also provide information on the role of dlx genes under normal physiological conditions in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariam Taktek
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Duret
- Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Marc Ekker
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Sumiyama K, Tanave A. The regulatory landscape of the
Dlx
gene system in branchial arches: Shared characteristics among
Dlx
bigene clusters and evolution. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:355-362. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Sumiyama
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic EngineeringRIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Akira Tanave
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic EngineeringRIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Suita Osaka Japan
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9
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László ZI, Bercsényi K, Mayer M, Lefkovics K, Szabó G, Katona I, Lele Z. N-cadherin (Cdh2) Maintains Migration and Postmitotic Survival of Cortical Interneuron Precursors in a Cell-Type-Specific Manner. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:1318-1329. [PMID: 31402374 PMCID: PMC7219024 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiplex role of cadherin-based adhesion complexes during development of pallial excitatory neurons has been thoroughly characterized. In contrast, much less is known about their function during interneuron development. Here, we report that conditional removal of N-cadherin (Cdh2) from postmitotic neuroblasts of the subpallium results in a decreased number of Gad65-GFP-positive interneurons in the adult cortex. We also found that interneuron precursor migration into the pallium was already delayed at E14. Using immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assay in the embryonic subpallium, we excluded decreased mitosis and elevated cell death as possible sources of this defect. Moreover, by analyzing the interneuron composition of the adult somatosensory cortex, we uncovered an unexpected interneuron-type-specific defect caused by Cdh2-loss. This was not due to a fate-switch between interneuron populations or altered target selection during migration. Instead, potentially due to the migration delay, part of the precursors failed to enter the cortical plate and consequently got eliminated at early postnatal stages. In summary, our results indicate that Cdh2-mediated interactions are necessary for migration and survival during the postmitotic phase of interneuron development. Furthermore, we also propose that unlike in pallial glutamatergic cells, Cdh2 is not universal, rather a cell type-specific factor during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia I László
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Szentágothai János Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Bercsényi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, and Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mátyás Mayer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornél Lefkovics
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Katona
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Lele
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Wullimann MF, Umeasalugo KE. Sonic hedgehog expression in zebrafish forebrain identifies the teleostean pallidal signaling center and shows preglomerular complex and posterior tubercular dopamine cells to arise from shh cells. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1321-1348. [PMID: 31760659 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ventralization, a major patterning process in the developing vertebrate neural tube (central nervous system, CNS), depends on Sonic hedgehog (SHH) as a main signaling morphogen. We studied the CNS of late larval and young adult zebrafish in a transgenic shh-GFP line revealing increased neuroanatomical detail due to the progressed differentiation state compared to earlier stages. Some major findings emerge from the present study. (a) shh -GFP is still expressed along the adult zebrafish CNS neuraxis in most locations seen in larvae. (b) We newly identify a ventroposterior shh pallidal domain representing the basal telencephalic signaling center important for basal ganglia development known in other vertebrates (i.e., the anterior entopeduncular area-basal medial ganglionic eminence of mammals). (c) We further show late-emerging shh-GFP positive radial glia cells in the medial zone of the dorsal telencephalon (i.e., the teleostan pallial amygdala). (d) Immunostains for tyrosine hydroxylase demonstrate that there is selective colocalization in adult dopamine cells with shh-GFP in the posterior tuberculum, including in projection cells to striatum, which represents a striking parallel to amniote mesodiencephalic dopamine cell origin from shh expressing floor plate cells. (e) There is no colocalization of shh and islet1 as shown by respective shh-GFP and islet1-GFP lines. (f) The only radially far migrated shh-GFP cells are located in the preglomerular area. (g) There are no adult cerebellar and tectal shh-GFP cells confirming their exclusive role during early development as previously reported by our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Wullimann
- Department Biology II, Division of Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Kosisochukwu E Umeasalugo
- Department Biology II, Division of Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
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11
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Li Z, Jagadapillai R, Gozal E, Barnes G. Deletion of Semaphorin 3F in Interneurons Is Associated with Decreased GABAergic Neurons, Autism-like Behavior, and Increased Oxidative Stress Cascades. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5520-5538. [PMID: 30635860 PMCID: PMC6614133 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autism and epilepsy are diseases which have complex genetic inheritance. Genome-wide association and other genetic studies have implicated at least 500+ genes associated with the occurrence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) including the human semaphorin 3F (Sema 3F) and neuropilin 2 (NRP2) genes. However, the genetic basis of the comorbid occurrence of autism and epilepsy is unknown. The aberrant development of GABAergic circuitry is a possible risk factor in autism and epilepsy. Molecular biological approaches were used to test the hypothesis that cell-specific genetic variation in mouse homologs affects the formation and function of GABAergic circuitry. The empirical analysis with mice homozygous null for one of these genes, Sema 3F, in GABAergic neurons substantiated these predictions. Notably, deletion of Sema 3F in interneurons but not excitatory neurons during early development decreased the number of interneurons/neurites and mRNAs for cell-specific GABAergic markers and increased epileptogenesis and autistic behaviors. Studies of interneuron cell-specific knockout of Sema 3F signaling suggest that deficient Sema 3F signaling may lead to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Further studies of mouse KO models of ASD genes such as Sema 3F or NRP2 may be informative to clinical phenotypes contributing to the pathogenesis in autism and epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rekha Jagadapillai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Evelyne Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gregory Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville Autism Center, 1405 East Burnett Ave, Louisville, KY, 40217, USA.
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12
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Wang CZ, Ma J, Xu YQ, Jiang SN, Chen TQ, Yuan ZL, Mao XY, Zhang SQ, Liu LY, Fu Y, Yu YC. Early-generated interneurons regulate neuronal circuit formation during early postnatal development. eLife 2019; 8:44649. [PMID: 31120418 PMCID: PMC6533056 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A small subset of interneurons that are generated earliest as pioneer neurons are the first cohort of neurons that enter the neocortex. However, it remains largely unclear whether these early-generated interneurons (EGIns) predominantly regulate neocortical circuit formation. Using inducible genetic fate mapping to selectively label EGIns and pseudo-random interneurons (pRIns), we found that EGIns exhibited more mature electrophysiological and morphological properties and higher synaptic connectivity than pRIns in the somatosensory cortex at early postnatal stages. In addition, when stimulating one cell, the proportion of EGIns that influence spontaneous network synchronization is significantly higher than that of pRIns. Importantly, toxin-mediated ablation of EGIns after birth significantly reduce spontaneous network synchronization and decrease inhibitory synaptic formation during the first postnatal week. These results suggest that EGIns can shape developing networks and may contribute to the refinement of neuronal connectivity before the establishment of the adult neuronal circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zheng Wang
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Qian Xu
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Na Jiang
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Qi Chen
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zu-Liang Yuan
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Mao
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Qing Zhang
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Yun Liu
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghui Fu
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Chun Yu
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Enhancer Trapping and Annotation in Zebrafish Mediated with Sleeping Beauty, piggyBac and Tol2 Transposons. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9120630. [PMID: 30551672 PMCID: PMC6316676 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transposon-mediated enhancer trapping (ET) is successfully applied in diverse models, the efficiency of various transposon systems varies significantly, and little information is available regarding efficiency of enhancer trapping by various transposons in zebrafish. Most potential enhancers (Ens) still lack evidence of actual En activity. Here, we compared the differences in ET efficiency between sleeping beauty (SB), piggyBac (PB) and Tol2 transposons. Tol2 represented the highest germline transfer efficiencies at 55.56% (NF0 = 165), followed by SB (38.36%, NF0 = 151) and PB (32.65%, NF0 = 149). ET lines generated by the Tol2 transposon tended to produce offspring with a single expression pattern per line, while PB and SB tended to generate embryos with multiple expression patterns. In our tests, 10 putative Ens (En1–10) were identified by splinkerette PCR and comparative genomic analysis. Combining the GFP expression profiles and mRNA expression patterns revealed that En1 and En2 may be involved in regulation of the expression of dlx1a and dlx2a, while En6 may be involved in regulation of the expression of line TK4 transgene and rps26, and En7 may be involved in the regulation of the expression of wnt1 and wnt10b. Most identified Ens were found to be transcribed in zebrafish embryos, and their regulatory function may involve eRNAs.
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14
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Pla R, Stanco A, Howard MA, Rubin AN, Vogt D, Mortimer N, Cobos I, Potter GB, Lindtner S, Price JD, Nord AS, Visel A, Schreiner CE, Baraban SC, Rowitch DH, Rubenstein JLR. Dlx1 and Dlx2 Promote Interneuron GABA Synthesis, Synaptogenesis, and Dendritogenesis. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:3797-3815. [PMID: 29028947 PMCID: PMC6188538 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The postnatal functions of the Dlx1&2 transcription factors in cortical interneurons (CINs) are unknown. Here, using conditional Dlx1, Dlx2, and Dlx1&2 knockouts (CKOs), we defined their roles in specific CINs. The CKOs had dendritic, synaptic, and survival defects, affecting even PV+ CINs. We provide evidence that DLX2 directly drives Gad1, Gad2, and Vgat expression, and show that mutants had reduced mIPSC amplitude. In addition, the mutants formed fewer GABAergic synapses on excitatory neurons and had reduced mIPSC frequency. Furthermore, Dlx1/2 CKO had hypoplastic dendrites, fewer excitatory synapses, and reduced excitatory input. We provide evidence that some of these phenotypes were due to reduced expression of GRIN2B (a subunit of the NMDA receptor), a high confidence Autism gene. Thus, Dlx1&2 coordinate key components of CIN postnatal development by promoting their excitability, inhibitory output, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Pla
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amelia Stanco
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - MacKenzie A Howard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna N Rubin
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Niall Mortimer
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Inma Cobos
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Brian Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James D Price
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex S Nord
- Departments of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Christoph E Schreiner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott C Baraban
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, Eli and Edyth Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Ruiz-Reig N, Studer M. Rostro-Caudal and Caudo-Rostral Migrations in the Telencephalon: Going Forward or Backward? Front Neurosci 2017; 11:692. [PMID: 29311773 PMCID: PMC5742585 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation and differentiation of an appropriate number of neurons, as well as its distribution in different parts of the brain, is crucial for the proper establishment, maintenance and plasticity of neural circuitries. Newborn neurons travel along the brain in a process known as neuronal migration, to finalize their correct position in the nervous system. Defects in neuronal migration produce abnormalities in the brain that can generate neurodevelopmental pathologies, such as autism, schizophrenia and intellectual disability. In this review, we present an overview of the developmental origin of the different telencephalic subdivisions and a description of migratory pathways taken by distinct neural populations traveling long distances before reaching their target position in the brain. In addition, we discuss some of the molecules implicated in the guidance of these migratory paths and transcription factors that contribute to the correct migration and integration of these neurons.
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16
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Chang WH, Choi SH, Moon BS, Cai M, Lyu J, Bai J, Gao F, Hajjali I, Zhao Z, Campbell DB, Weiner LP, Lu W. Smek1/2 is a nuclear chaperone and cofactor for cleaved Wnt receptor Ryk, regulating cortical neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10717-E10725. [PMID: 29180410 PMCID: PMC5740651 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715772114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-like tyrosine kinase (Ryk), a Wnt receptor, is important for cell fate determination during corticogenesis. During neuronal differentiation, the Ryk intracellular domain (ICD) is cleaved. Cleavage of Ryk and nuclear translocation of Ryk-ICD are required for neuronal differentiation. However, the mechanism of translocation and how it regulates neuronal differentiation remain unclear. Here, we identified Smek1 and Smek2 as Ryk-ICD partners that regulate its nuclear localization and function together with Ryk-ICD in the nucleus through chromatin recruitment and gene transcription regulation. Smek1/2 double knockout mice displayed pronounced defects in the production of cortical neurons, especially interneurons, while the neural stem cell population increased. In addition, both Smek and Ryk-ICD bound to the Dlx1/2 intergenic regulator element and were involved in its transcriptional regulation. These findings demonstrate a mechanism of the Ryk signaling pathway in which Smek1/2 and Ryk-ICD work together to mediate neural cell fate during corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsuan Chang
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- The Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Si Ho Choi
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, South Korea
| | - Byoung-San Moon
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Mingyang Cai
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Jungmook Lyu
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Myung-Gok Eye Research Institute, Department of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 320-832, South Korea
| | - Jinlun Bai
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Fan Gao
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Ibrahim Hajjali
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Zhongfang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Daniel B Campbell
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Leslie P Weiner
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Wange Lu
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
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17
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Gilbert J, Man HY. Fundamental Elements in Autism: From Neurogenesis and Neurite Growth to Synaptic Plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:359. [PMID: 29209173 PMCID: PMC5701944 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders with a high prevalence and impact on society. ASDs are characterized by deficits in both social behavior and cognitive function. There is a strong genetic basis underlying ASDs that is highly heterogeneous; however, multiple studies have highlighted the involvement of key processes, including neurogenesis, neurite growth, synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review article, we focus on the major genes and signaling pathways implicated in ASD and discuss the cellular, molecular and functional studies that have shed light on common dysregulated pathways using in vitro, in vivo and human evidence. HighlightsAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a prevalence of 1 in 68 children in the United States. ASDs are highly heterogeneous in their genetic basis. ASDs share common features at the cellular and molecular levels in the brain. Most ASD genes are implicated in neurogenesis, structural maturation, synaptogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Heng-Ye Man
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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18
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Floruta CM, Du R, Kang H, Stein JL, Weick JP. Default Patterning Produces Pan-cortical Glutamatergic and CGE/LGE-like GABAergic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1463-1476. [PMID: 29107596 PMCID: PMC5831028 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Default differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells has been promoted as a model of cortical development. In this study, a developmental transcriptome analysis of default-differentiated hPSNs revealed a gene expression program resembling in vivo CGE/LGE subpallial domains and GABAergic signaling. A combination of bioinformatic, functional, and immunocytochemical analysis further revealed that hPSNs consist of both cortical glutamatergic and CGE-like GABAergic neurons. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the heterogeneous group of neurons produced by default differentiation and insight into future directed differentiation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crina M. Floruta
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico-Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ruofei Du
- UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico-Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Huining Kang
- UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico-Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico-Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jason L. Stein
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason P. Weick
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico-Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA,Corresponding author
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19
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Subpallial Enhancer Transgenic Lines: a Data and Tool Resource to Study Transcriptional Regulation of GABAergic Cell Fate. Neuron 2017; 92:59-74. [PMID: 27710791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the transcriptional circuitry controlling forebrain development requires an understanding of enhancer activity and regulation. We generated stable transgenic mouse lines that express CreERT2 and GFP from ten different enhancer elements with activity in distinct domains within the embryonic basal ganglia. We used these unique tools to generate a comprehensive regional fate map of the mouse subpallium, including sources for specific subtypes of amygdala neurons. We then focused on deciphering transcriptional mechanisms that control enhancer activity. Using machine-learning computations, in vivo chromosomal occupancy of 13 transcription factors that regulate subpallial patterning and differentiation and analysis of enhancer activity in Dlx1/2 and Lhx6 mutants, we elucidated novel molecular mechanisms that regulate region-specific enhancer activity in the developing brain. Thus, these subpallial enhancer transgenic lines are data and tool resources to study transcriptional regulation of GABAergic cell fate.
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20
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Deng D, Jian C, Lei L, Zhou Y, McSweeney C, Dong F, Shen Y, Zou D, Wang Y, Wu Y, Zhang L, Mao Y. A prenatal interruption of DISC1 function in the brain exhibits a lasting impact on adult behaviors, brain metabolism, and interneuron development. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84798-84817. [PMID: 29156684 PMCID: PMC5689574 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental illnesses like schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depression disorder (MDD) are devastating brain disorders. The SCZ risk gene, disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), has been associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. However, little is known regarding the long-lasting impacts on brain metabolism and behavioral outcomes from genetic insults on fetal NPCs during early life. We have established a new mouse model that specifically interrupts DISC1 functions in NPCs in vivo by a dominant-negative DISC1 (DN-DISC1) with a precise temporal and spatial regulation. Interestingly, prenatal interruption of mouse Disc1 function in NPCs leads to abnormal depression-like deficit in adult mice. Here we took a novel unbiased metabonomics approach to identify brain-specific metabolites that are significantly changed in DN-DISC1 mice. Surprisingly, the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, is augmented. Consistently, parvalbumin (PV) interneurons are increased in the cingulate cortex, retrosplenial granular cortex, and motor cortex. Interestingly, somatostatin (SST) positive and neuropeptide Y (NPY) interneurons are decreased in some brain regions, suggesting that DN-DISC1 expression affects the localization of interneuron subtypes. To further explore the cellular mechanisms that cause this change, DN-DISC1 suppresses proliferation and promotes the cell cycle exit of progenitors in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), whereas it stimulates ectopic proliferation of neighboring cells through cell non-autonomous effect. Mechanistically, it modulates GSK3 activity and interrupts Dlx2 activity in the Wnt activation. In sum, our results provide evidence that specific genetic insults on NSCs at a short period of time could lead to prolonged changes of brain metabolism and development, eventually behavioral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Deng
- Department of Emergency, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chongdong Jian
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ling Lei
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Health Examination Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yijing Zhou
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Colleen McSweeney
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Fengping Dong
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yilun Shen
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingwei Mao
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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21
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Solek CM, Feng S, Perin S, Weinschutz Mendes H, Ekker M. Lineage tracing of dlx1a/2a and dlx5a/6a expressing cells in the developing zebrafish brain. Dev Biol 2017; 427:131-147. [PMID: 28479339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lineage tracing of specific populations of progenitor cells provides crucial information about developmental programs. Four members of the Dlx homeobox gene family, Dlx1,2, 5 and 6, are involved in the specification of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in the vertebrate forebrain. Orthologous genes in mammals and teleost show similarities in expression patterns and transcriptional regulation mechanisms. We have used lineage tracing to permanently label dlx-expressing cells in the zebrafish and have characterized the progeny of these cells in the larva and in the juvenile and adult brain. We have found that dlx1a/2a and dlx5a/6a expressing progenitors give rise, for the most part, to small populations of cells which constitute only a small proportion of GABAergic cells in the adult brain tissue. Moreover, some of the cells do not acquire a neuronal phenotype suggesting that, regardless of the time a cell expresses dlx genes in the brain, it can potentially give rise to cells other than neurons. In some instances, labeling larval dlx5a/6a-expressing cells, but not dlx1a/2a-expressing cells, results in massively expanding, widespread clonal expansion throughout the adult brain. Our data provide a detailed lineage analysis of the dlx1a/2a and dlx5a/6a expressing progenitors in the zebrafish brain and lays the foundation for further characterization of the role of these transcription factors beyond the specification of GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Solek
- CAREG, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Shengrui Feng
- CAREG, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Sofia Perin
- CAREG, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Hellen Weinschutz Mendes
- CAREG, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Marc Ekker
- CAREG, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
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22
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Zhang Q, Zagozewski J, Cheng S, Dixit R, Zhang S, de Melo J, Mu X, Klein WH, Brown NL, Wigle JT, Schuurmans C, Eisenstat DD. Regulation of Brn3b by DLX1 and DLX2 is required for retinal ganglion cell differentiation in the vertebrate retina. Development 2017; 144:1698-1711. [PMID: 28356311 PMCID: PMC5450843 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulated retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation and axonal guidance is required for a functional visual system. Homeodomain and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors are required for retinogenesis, as well as patterning, differentiation and maintenance of specific retinal cell types. We hypothesized that Dlx1, Dlx2 and Brn3b homeobox genes function in parallel intrinsic pathways to determine RGC fate and therefore generated Dlx1/Dlx2/Brn3b triple-knockout mice. A more severe retinal phenotype was found in the Dlx1/Dlx2/Brn3b-null retinas than was predicted by combining features of the Brn3b single- and Dlx1/Dlx2 double-knockout retinas, including near total RGC loss with a marked increase in amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer. Furthermore, we discovered that DLX1 and DLX2 function as direct transcriptional activators of Brn3b expression. Knockdown of Dlx2 expression in primary embryonic retinal cultures and Dlx2 gain of function in utero strongly support that DLX2 is both necessary and sufficient for Brn3b expression in vivo. We suggest that ATOH7 specifies RGC-committed progenitors and that Dlx1 and Dlx2 function both downstream of ATOH7 and in parallel, but cooperative, pathways that involve regulation of Brn3b expression to determine RGC fate. Summary:Dlx1/2 homeobox genes regulate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation by directly activating Brn3b expression; accordingly, Dlx1/Dlx2/Brn3b triple-knockout mice exhibit near complete RGC loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3E 0J9
| | - Jamie Zagozewski
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Shaohong Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3A 1S1
| | - Rajiv Dixit
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Shunzhen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3E 3J7
| | - Jimmy de Melo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3E 0J9
| | - Xiuqian Mu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William H Klein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nadean L Brown
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3E 3J7
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - David D Eisenstat
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3E 0J9 .,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2H7.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3A 1S1.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3E 3J7.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
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23
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Transplantation of GABAergic interneurons for cell-based therapy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 231:57-85. [PMID: 28554401 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many neurological disorders stem from defects in or the loss of specific neurons. Neuron transplantation has tremendous clinical potential for central nervous system therapy as it may allow for the targeted replacement of those cells that are lost in diseases. Normally, most neurons are added during restricted periods of embryonic and fetal development. The permissive milieu of the developing brain promotes neuronal migration, neuronal differentiation, and synaptogenesis. Once this active period of neurogenesis ends, the chemical and physical environment of the brain changes dramatically. The brain parenchyma becomes highly packed with neuronal and glial processes, extracellular matrix, myelin, and synapses. The migration of grafted cells to allow them to home into target regions and become functionally integrated is a key challenge to neuronal transplantation. Interestingly, transplanted young telencephalic inhibitory interneurons are able to migrate, differentiate, and integrate widely throughout the postnatal brain. These grafted interneurons can also functionally modify local circuit activity. These features have facilitated the use of interneuron transplantation to study fundamental neurodevelopmental processes including cell migration, cell specification, and programmed neuronal cell death. Additionally, these cells provide a unique opportunity to develop interneuron-based strategies for the treatment of diseases linked to interneuron dysfunction and neurological disorders associated to circuit hyperexcitability.
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24
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Development and Organization of the Evolutionarily Conserved Three-Layered Olfactory Cortex. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-REV-0193-16. [PMID: 28144624 PMCID: PMC5272922 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0193-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory cortex is part of the mammalian cerebral cortex together with the neocortex and the hippocampus. It receives direct input from the olfactory bulbs and participates in odor discrimination, association, and learning (Bekkers and Suzuki, 2013). It is thought to be an evolutionarily conserved paleocortex, which shares common characteristics with the three-layered general cortex of reptiles (Aboitiz et al., 2002). The olfactory cortex has been studied as a “simple model” to address sensory processing, though little is known about its precise cell origin, diversity, and identity. While the development and the cellular diversity of the six-layered neocortex are increasingly understood, the olfactory cortex remains poorly documented in these aspects. Here is a review of current knowledge of the development and organization of the olfactory cortex, keeping the analogy with those of the neocortex. The comparison of olfactory cortex and neocortex will allow the opening of evolutionary perspectives on cortical development.
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Fazel Darbandi S, Poitras L, Monis S, Lindtner S, Yu M, Hatch G, Rubenstein JL, Ekker M. Functional consequences of I56ii Dlx enhancer deletion in the developing mouse forebrain. Dev Biol 2016; 420:S0012-1606(16)30263-9. [PMID: 27983964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dlx homeobox genes encode a group of transcription factors that play an essential role during developmental processes including maintaining the differentiation, proliferation and migration of GABAergic interneurons. The Dlx1/2 and Dlx5/6 genes are expressed in the forebrain and are arranged in convergently transcribed bigene clusters, with I12a/I12b and I56i/I56ii cis-regulatory elements (CREs) located in the intergenic region of each cluster respectively. We have characterized the phenotypic consequences of deleting I56ii on forebrain development and spatial patterning of corridor cells that are involved in guiding thalamocortical projections. Here we report that deletion of I56ii impairs expression of Dlx genes and that of potential targets including Gad2 as well as striatal markers Islet1, Meis2, and Ebf1. In addition, I56ii deletion reduces both the binding of DLX2 in the Dlx5/Dlx6 intergenic region and the presence of H3K9Ac at the Dlx5/Dlx6 locus, consistent with the reduced expression of these genes. Deletion of I56ii reduces the expression of the ISLET1 and CTIP2 in the striatum and disrupts the number of parvalbumin and calretinin expressing cells in the adult somatosensory cortex of the ΔI56ii mice. These data suggest an important regulatory role for I56ii in the developing forebrain by means of a potential regulatory mechanism which may regulate the expression of Dlx genes, notably Dlx6 as well as the spatial patterning of the ventral telencephalon, including possibly corridor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fazel Darbandi
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON Canada K1N 6N5; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Rock Hall, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - L Poitras
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON Canada K1N 6N5
| | - S Monis
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON Canada K1N 6N5
| | - S Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Rock Hall, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - M Yu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON Canada K1N 6N5
| | - G Hatch
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON Canada K1N 6N5
| | - J L Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Rock Hall, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - M Ekker
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON Canada K1N 6N5.
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Measuring inputs to a common function: The case of Dlx5 and Dlx6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:371-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Evidence That the Laminar Fate of LGE/CGE-Derived Neocortical Interneurons Is Dependent on Their Progenitor Domains. J Neurosci 2016; 36:2044-56. [PMID: 26865626 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3550-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neocortical interneurons show tremendous diversity in terms of their neurochemical marker expressions, morphology, electrophysiological properties, and laminar fate. Allocation of interneurons to their appropriate regions and layers in the neocortex is thought to play important roles for the emergence of higher functions of the neocortex. Neocortical interneurons mainly originate from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE). The diversity and the laminar fate of MGE-derived interneurons depend on the location of their birth and birthdate, respectively. However, this relationship does not hold for CGE-derived interneurons. Here, using the method of in utero electroporation, which causes arbitrary occurrence of labeled progenitor domains, we tracked all descendants of the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE)/CGE progenitors in mice. We provide evidence that neocortical interneurons with distinct laminar fate originate from distinct progenitor domains within the LGE/CGE. We find layer I interneurons are predominantly labeled in a set of animals, whereas other upper layer neurons are predominantly labeled in another set. We also find distinct subcortical structures labeled between the two sets. Further, interneurons labeled in layer I show distinct neurochemical properties from those in other layers. Together, these results suggest that the laminar fate of LGE/CGE-derived interneurons depends on their spatial origin. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Diverse types of neocortical interneurons have distinct laminar fate, neurochemical marker expression, morphology, and electrophysiological properties. Although the specifications and laminar fate of medial ganglionic eminence-derived neocortical interneurons depend on their location of embryonic origin and birthdate, no similar causality of lateral/caudal ganglionic eminence (LGE/CGE)-derived neocortical interneurons is known. Here, we performed in utero electroporation on mouse LGE/CGE and found two groups of animals, one with preferential labeling of layer I and the other with preferential labeling of other layers. Interneurons labeled in these two groups show distinct neurochemical properties and morphologies and are associated with labeling of distinct subcortical structures. These findings suggest that the laminar fate of LGE/CGE-derived neocortical interneurons depends on their spatial origin.
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Postnatal development of GABAergic interneurons in the neocortical subplate of mice. Neuroscience 2016; 322:78-93. [PMID: 26892297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The subplate (SP) plays important roles in developmental and functional events in the neocortex, such as thalamocortical and corticofugal projection, cortical oscillation generation and corticocortical connectivity. Although accumulated evidence indicates that SP interneurons are crucial for SP function, the molecular composition of SP interneurons as well as their developmental profile and distribution remain largely unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated dynamic development of SP thickness and chemical marker expression in SP interneurons in distinct cortical regions during the first postnatal month. We found that, although the relative area of the SP in the cerebral cortex significantly declined with postnatal development, the absolute thickness did not change markedly. We also found that somatostatin (SOM), the ionotropic serotonin receptor 3A (5HT3AR), and parvalbumin (PV) reliably identify three distinct non-overlapping subpopulations of SP interneurons. The SOM group, which represents ~30% of total SP interneurons, expresses neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and calbindin (CB) and colocalizes entirely with neuropeptide Y (NPY). The 5HT3AR group, which accounts for ~60% of the total interneuronal population, expresses calretinin (CR) and GABA-A receptor subunit delta (GABAARδ). The PV group accounts for ~10% of total SP interneurons and coexpressed GABAARδ. Moreover, distinct interneuron subtypes show characteristic temporal and spatial distribution in the SP. nNOS(+) interneurons in the SP increase from the anterior motor cortex to posterior visual cortex, while CR(+) and CB(+) interneurons the opposite. Interestedly, the majority of GABAARδ(+) neurons in SP are non-GABAergic neurons in contrast to other cortical layers. These findings clarify and extend our understanding of SP interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex and will underpin further study of SP function.
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Reiner O, Karzbrun E, Kshirsagar A, Kaibuchi K. Regulation of neuronal migration, an emerging topic in autism spectrum disorders. J Neurochem 2015; 136:440-56. [PMID: 26485324 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) encompass a group of neurodevelopmental diseases that demonstrate strong heritability, however, the inheritance is not simple and many genes have been associated with these disorders. ASD is regarded as a neurodevelopmental disorder, and abnormalities at different developmental stages are part of the disease etiology. This review provides a general background on neuronal migration during brain development and discusses recent advancements in the field connecting ASD and aberrant neuronal migration. We propose that neuronal migration impairment may be an important common pathophysiology in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This review provides a general background on neuronal migration during brain development and discusses recent advancements in the field connecting ASD and aberrant neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Karzbrun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aditya Kshirsagar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
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Delgado RN, Lim DA. Embryonic Nkx2.1-expressing neural precursor cells contribute to the regional heterogeneity of adult V-SVZ neural stem cells. Dev Biol 2015; 407:265-74. [PMID: 26387477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the lateral ventricle produces several subtypes of olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons throughout life. Neural stem cells (NSCs) within this zone are heterogeneous, with NSCs located in different regions of the lateral ventricle wall generating distinct OB interneuron subtypes. The regional expression of specific transcription factors appears to correspond to such geographical differences in the developmental potential of V-SVZ NSCs. However, the transcriptional definition and developmental origin of V-SVZ NSC regional identity are not well understood. In this study, we found that a population of NSCs in the ventral region of the V-SVZ expresses the transcription factor Nkx2.1 and is derived from Nkx2.1-expressing (Nkx2.1+) embryonic precursors. To follow the fate of Nkx2.1+ cells and their progeny in vivo, we used mice with an Nkx2.1-CreER "knock-in" allele. Nkx2.1+ V-SVZ NSCs labeled in adult mice generated interneurons for the deep granule cell layer of the OB. Embryonic brain Nkx2.1+ precursors labeled at embryonic day 12.5 gave rise to Nkx2.1+ NSCs of the ventral V-SVZ in postnatal and adult mice. Thus, embryonic Nkx2.1+ neural precursors give rise to a population of Nkx2.1+ NSCs in the ventral V-SVZ where they contribute to the regional heterogeneity of V-SVZ NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Delgado
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA..
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31
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Radial and tangential migration of telencephalic somatostatin neurons originated from the mouse diagonal area. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3027-65. [PMID: 26189100 PMCID: PMC4920861 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The telencephalic subpallium is the source of various GABAergic interneuron cohorts that invade the pallium via tangential migration. Based on genoarchitectonic studies, the subpallium has been subdivided into four major domains: striatum, pallidum, diagonal area and preoptic area (Puelles et al. 2013; Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas), and a larger set of molecularly distinct progenitor areas (Flames et al. 2007). Fate mapping, genetic lineage-tracing studies, and other approaches have suggested that each subpallial subdivision produces specific sorts of inhibitory interneurons, distinguished by differential peptidic content, which are distributed tangentially to pallial and subpallial target territories (e.g., olfactory bulb, isocortex, hippocampus, pallial and subpallial amygdala, striatum, pallidum, septum). In this report, we map descriptively the early differentiation and apparent migratory dispersion of mouse subpallial somatostatin-expressing (Sst) cells from E10.5 onward, comparing their topography with the expression patterns of the genes Dlx5, Gbx2, Lhx7-8, Nkx2.1, Nkx5.1 (Hmx3), and Shh, which variously label parts of the subpallium. Whereas some experimental results suggest that Sst cells are pallidal, our data reveal that many, if not most, telencephalic Sst cells derive from de diagonal area (Dg). Sst-positive cells initially only present at the embryonic Dg selectively populate radially the medial part of the bed nucleus striae terminalis (from paraseptal to amygdaloid regions) and part of the central amygdala; they also invade tangentially the striatum, while eschewing the globus pallidum and the preoptic area, and integrate within most cortical and nuclear pallial areas between E10.5 and E16.5.
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Hoch RV, Lindtner S, Price JD, Rubenstein JLR. OTX2 Transcription Factor Controls Regional Patterning within the Medial Ganglionic Eminence and Regional Identity of the Septum. Cell Rep 2015; 12:482-94. [PMID: 26166575 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Otx2 homeodomain transcription factor is essential for gastrulation and early neural development. We generated Otx2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice to investigate its roles in telencephalon development after neurulation (approximately embryonic day 9.0). We conducted transcriptional profiling and in situ hybridization to identify genes de-regulated in Otx2 cKO ventral forebrain. In parallel, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to identify enhancer elements, the OTX2 binding motif, and de-regulated genes that are likely direct targets of OTX2 transcriptional regulation. We found that Otx2 was essential in septum specification, regulation of Fgf signaling in the rostral telencephalon, and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) patterning, neurogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis. Within the MGE, Otx2 was required for ventral, but not dorsal, identity, thus controlling the production of specific MGE derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée V Hoch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - James D Price
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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33
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Al-Jaberi N, Lindsay S, Sarma S, Bayatti N, Clowry GJ. The early fetal development of human neocortical GABAergic interneurons. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:631-45. [PMID: 24047602 PMCID: PMC4318531 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons are crucial to controlling the excitability and responsiveness of cortical circuitry. Their developmental origin may differ between rodents and human. We have demonstrated the expression of 12 GABAergic interneuron-associated genes in samples from human neocortex by quantitative rtPCR from 8 to 12 postconceptional weeks (PCW) and shown a significant anterior to posterior expression gradient, confirmed by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry for GAD1 and 2, DLX1, 2, and 5, ASCL1, OLIG2, and CALB2. Following cortical plate (CP) formation from 8 to 9 PCW, a proportion of cells were strongly stained for all these markers in the CP and presubplate. ASCL1 and DLX2 maintained high expression in the proliferative zones and showed extensive immunofluorescent double-labeling with the cell division marker Ki-67. CALB2-positive cells increased steadily in the SVZ/VZ from 10 PCW but were not double-labeled with Ki-67. Expression of GABAergic genes was generally higher in the dorsal pallium than in the ganglionic eminences, with lower expression in the intervening ventral pallium. It is widely accepted that the cortical proliferative zones may generate CALB2-positive interneurons from mid-gestation; we now show that the anterior neocortical proliferative layers especially may be a rich source of interneurons in the early neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahidh Al-Jaberi
- Institute of Neuroscience Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Susan Lindsay
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Subrot Sarma
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Nadhim Bayatti
- Institute of Neuroscience Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK Current address: Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
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34
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Shibata M, Gulden FO, Sestan N. From trans to cis: transcriptional regulatory networks in neocortical development. Trends Genet 2015; 31:77-87. [PMID: 25624274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional mechanisms mediated by the binding of transcription factors (TFs) to cis-acting regulatory elements (CREs) in DNA play crucial roles in directing gene expression. While TFs have been extensively studied, less effort has gone towards the identification and functional characterization of CREs and associated epigenetic modulation. However, owing to methodological and analytical advances, more comprehensive studies of regulatory elements and mechanisms are now possible. We summarize recent progress in integrative analyses of these regulatory components in the development of the cerebral neocortex, the part of the brain involved in cognition and complex behavior. These studies are uncovering not only the underlying transcriptional regulatory networks, but also how these networks are altered across species and in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihito Shibata
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Forrest O Gulden
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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35
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Nord AS, Pattabiraman K, Visel A, Rubenstein JLR. Genomic perspectives of transcriptional regulation in forebrain development. Neuron 2015; 85:27-47. [PMID: 25569346 PMCID: PMC4438709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The forebrain is the seat of higher-order brain functions, and many human neuropsychiatric disorders are due to genetic defects affecting forebrain development, making it imperative to understand the underlying genetic circuitry. Recent progress now makes it possible to begin fully elucidating the genomic regulatory mechanisms that control forebrain gene expression. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge of how transcription factors drive gene expression programs through their interactions with cis-acting genomic elements, such as enhancers; how analyses of chromatin and DNA modifications provide insights into gene expression states; and how these approaches yield insights into the evolution of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Nord
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
| | - Kartik Pattabiraman
- Department of Psychiatry, Rock Hall, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Rock Hall, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
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36
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Clowry GJ. An enhanced role and expanded developmental origins for gamma-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons in the human cerebral cortex. J Anat 2014; 227:384-93. [PMID: 24839870 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings have considerably expanded cognitive abilities compared with all other species and they also have a relatively larger cerebral cortex compared with their body size. But is a bigger brain the only reason for higher cognition or have other features evolved in parallel? Humans have more and different types of GABAergic interneurons, found in different places, than our model species. Studies are beginning to show differences in function. Is this expanded repertoire of functional types matched by an evolution of their developmental origins? Recent studies support the idea that generation of interneurons in the ventral telencephalon may be more complicated in primates, which have evolved a large and complex outer subventricular zone in the ganglionic eminences. In addition, proportionally more interneurons appear to be produced in the caudal ganglionic eminence, the majority of which populate the superficial layers of the cortex. Whether or not the cortical proliferative zones are a source of interneurogenesis, and to what extent and of what significance, is a contentious issue. As there is growing evidence that conditions such as autism, schizophrenia and congenital epilepsy may have developmental origins in the failure of interneuron production and migration, it is important we understand fully the similarities and differences between human development and our animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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37
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Pattabiraman K, Golonzhka O, Lindtner S, Nord AS, Taher L, Hoch R, Silberberg SN, Zhang D, Chen B, Zeng H, Pennacchio LA, Puelles L, Visel A, Rubenstein JLR. Transcriptional regulation of enhancers active in protodomains of the developing cerebral cortex. Neuron 2014; 82:989-1003. [PMID: 24814534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the genetic control of cerebral cortical (pallial) development is essential for understanding function, evolution, and disorders of the brain. Transcription factors (TFs) that embryonically regulate pallial regionalization are expressed in gradients, raising the question of how discrete domains are generated. We provide evidence that small enhancer elements active in protodomains integrate broad transcriptional information. CreER(T2) and GFP expression from 14 different enhancer elements in stable transgenic mice allowed us to define a comprehensive regional fate map of the pallium. We explored transcriptional mechanisms that control the activity of the enhancers using informatics, in vivo occupancy by TFs that regulate cortical patterning (CoupTFI, Pax6, and Pbx1), and analysis of enhancer activity in Pax6 mutants. Overall, the results provide insights into how broadly expressed patterning TFs regulate the activity of small enhancer elements that drive gene expression in pallial protodomains that fate map to distinct cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Pattabiraman
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Olga Golonzhka
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA; Acetylon Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Alex S Nord
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leila Taher
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA; Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Renee Hoch
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Shanni N Silberberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Dongji Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - HongKui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Axel Visel
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA.
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38
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Silbereis JC, Nobuta H, Tsai HH, Heine VM, McKinsey GL, Meijer DH, Howard MA, Petryniak MA, Potter GB, Alberta JA, Baraban SC, Stiles CD, Rubenstein JLR, Rowitch DH. Olig1 function is required to repress dlx1/2 and interneuron production in Mammalian brain. Neuron 2014; 81:574-87. [PMID: 24507192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal GABAergic interneuron density, and imbalance of excitatory versus inhibitory tone, is thought to result in epilepsy, neurodevelopmental disorders, and psychiatric disease. Recent studies indicate that interneuron cortical density is determined primarily by the size of the precursor pool in the embryonic telencephalon. However, factors essential for regulating interneuron allocation from telencephalic multipotent precursors are poorly understood. Here we report that Olig1 represses production of GABAergic interneurons throughout the mouse brain. Olig1 deletion in mutant mice results in ectopic expression and upregulation of Dlx1/2 genes in the ventral medial ganglionic eminences and adjacent regions of the septum, resulting in an ∼30% increase in adult cortical interneuron numbers. We show that Olig1 directly represses the Dlx1/2 I12b intergenic enhancer and that Dlx1/2 functions genetically downstream of Olig1. These findings establish Olig1 as an essential repressor of Dlx1/2 and interneuron production in developing mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Silbereis
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Hiroko Nobuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Hui-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gabriel L McKinsey
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dimphna H Meijer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mackenzie A Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Magda A Petryniak
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gregory B Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John A Alberta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott C Baraban
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Charles D Stiles
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Achim K, Salminen M, Partanen J. Mechanisms regulating GABAergic neuron development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1395-415. [PMID: 24196748 PMCID: PMC11113277 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurons using gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their neurotransmitter are the main inhibitory neurons in the mature central nervous system (CNS) and show great variation in their form and function. GABAergic neurons are produced in all of the main domains of the CNS, where they develop from discrete regions of the neuroepithelium. Here, we review the gene expression and regulatory mechanisms controlling the main steps of GABAergic neuron development: early patterning of the proliferative neuroepithelium, production of postmitotic neural precursors, establishment of their identity and migration. By comparing the molecular regulation of these events across CNS, we broadly identify three regions utilizing distinct molecular toolkits for GABAergic fate determination: telencephalon-anterior diencephalon (DLX2 type), posterior diencephalon-midbrain (GATA2 type) and hindbrain-spinal cord (PTF1A and TAL1 types). Similarities and differences in the molecular regulatory mechanisms reveal the core determinants of a GABAergic neuron as well as provide insights into generation of the vast diversity of these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia Achim
- EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marjo Salminen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjobergin katu 2, PO Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Partanen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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García-Moreno F, Vasistha NA, Begbie J, Molnár Z. CLoNe is a new method to target single progenitors and study their progeny in mouse and chick. Development 2014; 141:1589-98. [PMID: 24644261 PMCID: PMC3957378 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell lineage analysis enables us to address pivotal questions relating to: the embryonic origin of cells and sibling cell relationships in the adult body; the contribution of progenitors activated after trauma or disease; and the comparison across species in evolutionary biology. To address such fundamental questions, several techniques for clonal labelling have been developed, each with its shortcomings. Here, we report a novel method, CLoNe that is designed to work in all vertebrate species and tissues. CLoNe uses a cocktail of labelling, targeting and transposition vectors that enables targeting of specific subpopulations of progenitor types with a combination of fluorophores resulting in multifluorescence that describes multiple clones per specimen. Furthermore, transposition into the genome ensures the longevity of cell labelling. We demonstrate the robustness of this technique in mouse and chick forebrain development, and show evidence that CLoNe will be broadly applicable to study clonal relationships in different tissues and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando García-Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Navneet A. Vasistha
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Jo Begbie
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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41
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RAS/ERK signaling controls proneural genetic programs in cortical development and gliomagenesis. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2169-90. [PMID: 24501358 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4077-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural cell fate specification is well understood in the embryonic cerebral cortex, where the proneural genes Neurog2 and Ascl1 are key cell fate determinants. What is less well understood is how cellular diversity is generated in brain tumors. Gliomas and glioneuronal tumors, which are often localized in the cerebrum, are both characterized by a neoplastic glial component, but glioneuronal tumors also have an intermixed neuronal component. A core abnormality in both tumor groups is overactive RAS/ERK signaling, a pro-proliferative signal whose contributions to cell differentiation in oncogenesis are largely unexplored. We found that RAS/ERK activation levels differ in two distinct human tumors associated with constitutively active BRAF. Pilocytic astrocytomas, which contain abnormal glial cells, have higher ERK activation levels than gangliogliomas, which contain abnormal neuronal and glial cells. Using in vivo gain of function and loss of function in the mouse embryonic neocortex, we found that RAS/ERK signals control a proneural genetic switch, inhibiting Neurog2 expression while inducing Ascl1, a competing lineage determinant. Furthermore, we found that RAS/ERK levels control Ascl1's fate specification properties in murine cortical progenitors--at higher RAS/ERK levels, Ascl1(+) progenitors are biased toward proliferative glial programs, initiating astrocytomas, while at moderate RAS/ERK levels, Ascl1 promotes GABAergic neuronal and less glial differentiation, generating glioneuronal tumors. Mechanistically, Ascl1 is phosphorylated by ERK, and ERK phosphoacceptor sites are necessary for Ascl1's GABAergic neuronal and gliogenic potential. RAS/ERK signaling thus acts as a rheostat to influence neural cell fate selection in both normal cortical development and gliomagenesis, controlling Neurog2-Ascl1 expression and Ascl1 function.
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Gonzales-Roybal G, Lim DA. Chromatin-based epigenetics of adult subventricular zone neural stem cells. Front Genet 2013; 4:194. [PMID: 24115953 PMCID: PMC3792351 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In specific regions of the adult mammalian brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) generate new neurons throughout life. Emerging evidence indicate that chromatin-based transcriptional regulation is a key epigenetic mechanism for the life-long function of adult NSCs. In the adult mouse brain, NSCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ) retain the ability to produce both neurons and glia for the life of the animal. In this review, we discuss the origin and function of SVZ NSCs as they relate to key epigenetic concepts of development and potential underlying mechanism of chromatin-based transcriptional regulation. A central point of discussion is how SVZ NSCs - which possess many characteristics of mature, non-neurogenic astrocytes - maintain a "youthful" ability to produce both neuronal and glial lineages. In addition to reviewing data regarding the function of chromatin-modifying factors in SVZ neurogenesis, we incorporate our growing understanding that long non-coding RNAs serve as an important element to chromatin-based transcriptional regulation, including that of SVZ NSCs. Discoveries regarding the epigenetic mechanisms of adult SVZ NSCs may provide key insights into fundamental principles of adult stem cell biology as well as the more complex and dynamic developmental environment of the embryonic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gonzales-Roybal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A. Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California at San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
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43
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Berghoff EG, Clark MF, Chen S, Cajigas I, Leib DE, Kohtz JD. Evf2 (Dlx6as) lncRNA regulates ultraconserved enhancer methylation and the differential transcriptional control of adjacent genes. Development 2013; 140:4407-16. [PMID: 24089468 DOI: 10.1242/dev.099390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-dependent mechanisms regulate transcription and CpG DNA methylation. Whereas CpG island methylation has been studied in detail, the significance of enhancer DNA methylation and its relationship with lncRNAs is relatively unexplored. Previous experiments proposed that the ultraconserved lncRNA Evf2 represses transcription through Dlx6 antisense (Dlx6as) transcription and methyl-CpG binding protein (MECP2) recruitment to the Dlx5/6 ultraconserved DNA regulatory enhancer (Dlx5/6ei) in embryonic day 13.5 medial ganglionic eminence (E13.5 MGE). Here, genetic epistasis experiments show that MECP2 transcriptional repression of Evf2 and Dlx5, but not Dlx6, occurs through antagonism of DLX1/2 in E13.5 MGE. Analysis of E13.5 MGE from mice lacking Evf2 and of partially rescued Evf2 transgenic mice shows that Evf2 prevents site-specific CpG DNA methylation of Dlx5/6ei in trans, without altering Dlx5/6 expression. Dlx1/2 loss increases CpG DNA methylation, whereas Mecp2 loss does not affect Dlx5/6ei methylation. Based on these studies, we propose a model in which Evf2 inhibits enhancer DNA methylation, effectively modulating competition between the DLX1/2 activator and MECP2 repressor. Evf2 antisense transcription and Evf2-dependent balanced recruitment of activator and repressor proteins enables differential transcriptional control of adjacent genes with shared DNA regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Berghoff
- Developmental Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Children's Research Center, and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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Irvine SQ. Study of Cis-regulatory Elements in the Ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Curr Genomics 2013; 14:56-67. [PMID: 23997651 PMCID: PMC3580780 DOI: 10.2174/138920213804999192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ascidian (sea squirt) C. intestinalis has become an important model organism for the study of cis-regulation. This is largely due to the technology that has been developed for assessing cis-regulatory activity through the use of transient reporter transgenes introduced into fertilized eggs. This technique allows the rapid and inexpensive testing of endogenous or altered DNA for regulatory activity in vivo. This review examines evidence that C. intestinaliscis-regulatory elements are located more closely to coding regions than in other model organisms. I go on to compare the organization of cis-regulatory elements and conserved non-coding sequences in Ciona, mammals, and other deuterostomes for three representative C.intestinalis genes, Pax6, FoxAa, and the DlxA-B cluster, along with homologs in the other species. These comparisons point out some of the similarities and differences between cis-regulatory elements and their study in the various model organisms. Finally, I provide illustrations of how C. intestinalis lends itself to detailed study of the structure of cis-regulatory elements, which have led, and promise to continue to lead, to important insights into the fundamentals of transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Q Irvine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Niquille M, Minocha S, Hornung JP, Rufer N, Valloton D, Kessaris N, Alfonsi F, Vitalis T, Yanagawa Y, Devenoges C, Dayer A, Lebrand C. Two specific populations of GABAergic neurons originating from the medial and the caudal ganglionic eminences aid in proper navigation of callosal axons. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:647-72. [PMID: 23420573 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) plays a crucial role in interhemispheric communication. It has been shown that CC formation relies on the guidepost cells located in the midline region that include glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons as well as glial cells. However, the origin of these guidepost GABAergic neurons and their precise function in callosal axon pathfinding remain to be investigated. Here, we show that two distinct GABAergic neuronal subpopulations converge toward the midline prior to the arrival of callosal axons. Using in vivo and ex vivo fate mapping we show that CC GABAergic neurons originate in the caudal and medial ganglionic eminences (CGE and MGE) but not in the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE). Time lapse imaging on organotypic slices and in vivo analyses further revealed that CC GABAergic neurons contribute to the normal navigation of callosal axons. The use of Nkx2.1 knockout (KO) mice confirmed a role of these neurons in the maintenance of proper behavior of callosal axons while growing through the CC. Indeed, using in vitro transplantation assays, we demonstrated that both MGE- and CGE-derived GABAergic neurons exert an attractive activity on callosal axons. Furthermore, by combining a sensitive RT-PCR technique with in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that CC neurons express multiple short and long range guidance cues. This study strongly suggests that MGE- and CGE-derived interneurons may guide CC axons by multiple guidance mechanisms and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Niquille
- Département des neurosciences fondamentales, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Debiais-Thibaud M, Metcalfe CJ, Pollack J, Germon I, Ekker M, Depew M, Laurenti P, Borday-Birraux V, Casane D. Heterogeneous conservation of Dlx paralog co-expression in jawed vertebrates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68182. [PMID: 23840829 PMCID: PMC3695995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Dlx gene family encodes transcription factors involved in the development of a wide variety of morphological innovations that first evolved at the origins of vertebrates or of the jawed vertebrates. This gene family expanded with the two rounds of genome duplications that occurred before jawed vertebrates diversified. It includes at least three bigene pairs sharing conserved regulatory sequences in tetrapods and teleost fish, but has been only partially characterized in chondrichthyans, the third major group of jawed vertebrates. Here we take advantage of developmental and molecular tools applied to the shark Scyliorhinus canicula to fill in the gap and provide an overview of the evolution of the Dlx family in the jawed vertebrates. These results are analyzed in the theoretical framework of the DDC (Duplication-Degeneration-Complementation) model. Results The genomic organisation of the catshark Dlx genes is similar to that previously described for tetrapods. Conserved non-coding elements identified in bony fish were also identified in catshark Dlx clusters and showed regulatory activity in transgenic zebrafish. Gene expression patterns in the catshark showed that there are some expression sites with high conservation of the expressed paralog(s) and other expression sites with events of paralog sub-functionalization during jawed vertebrate diversification, resulting in a wide variety of evolutionary scenarios within this gene family. Conclusion Dlx gene expression patterns in the catshark show that there has been little neo-functionalization in Dlx genes over gnathostome evolution. In most cases, one tandem duplication and two rounds of vertebrate genome duplication have led to at least six Dlx coding sequences with redundant expression patterns followed by some instances of paralog sub-functionalization. Regulatory constraints such as shared enhancers, and functional constraints including gene pleiotropy, may have contributed to the evolutionary inertia leading to high redundancy between gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Université de Montpellier II, UMR5554, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Cushla J. Metcalfe
- Laboratoire Evolution Génome et Spéciation UPR9034 CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jacob Pollack
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Isabelle Germon
- Laboratoire Evolution Génome et Spéciation UPR9034 CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc Ekker
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael Depew
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick Laurenti
- Laboratoire Evolution Génome et Spéciation UPR9034 CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Borday-Birraux
- Laboratoire Evolution Génome et Spéciation UPR9034 CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Didier Casane
- Laboratoire Evolution Génome et Spéciation UPR9034 CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Arguello A, Yang X, Vogt D, Stanco A, Rubenstein JLR, Cheyette BNR. Dapper antagonist of catenin-1 cooperates with Dishevelled-1 during postsynaptic development in mouse forebrain GABAergic interneurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67679. [PMID: 23826333 PMCID: PMC3691262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptogenesis has been extensively studied along with dendritic spine development in glutamatergic pyramidal neurons, however synapse development in cortical interneurons, which are largely aspiny, is comparatively less well understood. Dact1, one of 3 paralogous Dact (Dapper/Frodo) family members in mammals, is a scaffold protein implicated in both the Wnt/β-catenin and the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity pathways. We show here that Dact1 is expressed in immature cortical interneurons. Although Dact1 is first expressed in interneuron precursors during proliferative and migratory stages, constitutive Dact1 mutant mice have no major defects in numbers or migration of these neurons. However, cultured cortical interneurons derived from these mice have reduced numbers of excitatory synapses on their dendrites. We selectively eliminated Dact1 from mouse cortical interneurons using a conditional knock-out strategy with a Dlx-I12b enhancer-Cre allele, and thereby demonstrate a cell-autonomous role for Dact1 during postsynaptic development. Confirming this cell-autonomous role, we show that synapse numbers in Dact1 deficient cortical interneurons are rescued by virally-mediated re-expression of Dact1 specifically targeted to these cells. Synapse numbers in these neurons are also rescued by similarly targeted expression of the Dact1 binding partner Dishevelled-1, and partially rescued by expression of Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1, a synaptic protein genetically implicated in susceptibility to several major mental illnesses. In sum, our results support a novel cell-autonomous postsynaptic role for Dact1, in cooperation with Dishevelled-1 and possibly Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1, in the formation of synapses on cortical interneuron dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Arguello
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - XiaoYong Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Amelia Stanco
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John L. R. Rubenstein
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N. R. Cheyette
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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MacDonald RB, Pollack JN, Debiais-Thibaud M, Heude E, Talbot JC, Ekker M. The ascl1a and dlx genes have a regulatory role in the development of GABAergic interneurons in the zebrafish diencephalon. Dev Biol 2013; 381:276-85. [PMID: 23747543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During development of the mouse forebrain interneurons, the Dlx genes play a key role in a gene regulatory network (GRN) that leads to the GABAergic phenotype. Here, we have examined the regulatory relationships between the ascl1a, dlx, and gad1b genes in the zebrafish forebrain. Expression of ascl1a overlaps with dlx1a in the telencephalon and diencephalon during early forebrain development. The loss of Ascl1a function results in a loss of dlx expression, and subsequent losses of dlx5a and gad1b expression in the diencephalic prethalamus and hypothalamus. Loss of Dlx1a and Dlx2a function, and, to a lesser extent, of Dlx5a and Dlx6a, impairs gad1b expression in the prethalamus and hypothalamus. We conclude that dlx1a/2a act downstream of ascl1a but upstream of dlx5a/dlx6a and gad1b to activate GABAergic specification. This pathway is conserved in the diencephalon, but has diverged between mammals and teleosts in the telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B MacDonald
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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Chen YJJ, Vogt D, Wang Y, Visel A, Silberberg SN, Nicholas CR, Danjo T, Pollack JL, Pennacchio LA, Anderson S, Sasai Y, Baraban SC, Kriegstein AR, Alvarez-Buylla A, Rubenstein JLR. Use of "MGE enhancers" for labeling and selection of embryonic stem cell-derived medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) progenitors and neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61956. [PMID: 23658702 PMCID: PMC3641041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) is an embryonic forebrain structure that generates the majority of cortical interneurons. MGE transplantation into specific regions of the postnatal central nervous system modifies circuit function and improves deficits in mouse models of epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, pain, and phencyclidine-induced cognitive deficits. Herein, we describe approaches to generate MGE-like progenitor cells from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Using a modified embryoid body method, we provided gene expression evidence that mouse ES-derived Lhx6(+) cells closely resemble immature interneurons generated from authentic MGE-derived Lhx6(+) cells. We hypothesized that enhancers that are active in the mouse MGE would be useful tools in detecting when ES cells differentiate into MGE cells. Here we demonstrate the utility of enhancer elements [422 (DlxI12b), Lhx6, 692, 1056, and 1538] as tools to mark MGE-like cells in ES cell differentiation experiments. We found that enhancers DlxI12b, 692, and 1538 are active in Lhx6-GFP(+) cells, while enhancer 1056 is active in Olig2(+) cells. These data demonstrate unique techniques to follow and purify MGE-like derivatives from ES cells, including GABAergic cortical interneurons and oligodendrocytes, for use in stem cell-based therapeutic assays and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jiun J. Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Axel Visel
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, and Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Shanni N. Silberberg
- Department of Psychiatry and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cory R. Nicholas
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Teruko Danjo
- Neurogenesis and Organogenesis Group, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Joshua L. Pollack
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Len A. Pennacchio
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, and Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Stewart Anderson
- 3Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yoshiki Sasai
- Neurogenesis and Organogenesis Group, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Scott C. Baraban
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arnold R. Kriegstein
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurosurgery and Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John L. R. Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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The Rb/E2F pathway modulates neurogenesis through direct regulation of the Dlx1/Dlx2 bigene cluster. J Neurosci 2012; 32:8219-30. [PMID: 22699903 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1344-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During brain morphogenesis, the mechanisms through which the cell cycle machinery integrates with differentiation signals remain elusive. Here we show that the Rb/E2F pathway regulates key aspects of differentiation and migration through direct control of the Dlx1 and Dlx2 homeodomain proteins, required for interneuron specification. Rb deficiency results in a dramatic reduction of Dlx1 and Dlx2 gene expression manifested by loss of interneuron subtypes and severe migration defects in the mouse brain. The Rb/E2F pathway modulates Dlx1/Dlx2 regulation through direct interaction with a Dlx forebrain-specific enhancer, I12b, and the Dlx1/Dlx2 proximal promoter regions, through repressor E2F sites both in vitro and in vivo. In the absence of Rb, we demonstrate that repressor E2Fs inhibit Dlx transcription at the Dlx1/Dlx2 promoters and Dlx1/2-I12b enhancer to suppress differentiation. Our findings support a model whereby the cell cycle machinery not only controls cell division but also modulates neuronal differentiation and migration through direct regulation of the Dlx1/Dlx2 bigene cluster during embryonic development.
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