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Liu T, Zhu W, Zhang X, He C, Liu X, Xin Q, Chen K, Wang H. Recent Advances in Cell and Functional Biomaterial Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5079153. [PMID: 35978649 PMCID: PMC9377911 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5079153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating central nervous system disease caused by accidental events, resulting in loss of sensory and motor function. Considering the multiple effects of primary and secondary injuries after spinal cord injury, including oxidative stress, tissue apoptosis, inflammatory response, and neuronal autophagy, it is crucial to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, local microenvironment changes, and neural tissue functional recovery for preparing novel treatment strategies. Treatment based on cell transplantation has become the forefront of spinal cord injury therapy. The transplanted cells provide physical and nutritional support for the damaged tissue. At the same time, the implantation of biomaterials with specific biological functions at the site of the SCI has also been proved to improve the local inhibitory microenvironment and promote axonal regeneration, etc. The combined transplantation of cells and functional biomaterials for SCI treatment can result in greater neuroprotective and regenerative effects by regulating cell differentiation, enhancing cell survival, and providing physical and directional support for axon regeneration and neural circuit remodeling. This article reviews the pathophysiology of the spinal cord, changes in the microenvironment after injury, and the mechanisms and strategies for spinal cord regeneration and repair. The article will focus on summarizing and discussing the latest intervention models based on cell and functional biomaterial transplantation and the latest progress in combinational therapies in SCI repair. Finally, we propose the future prospects and challenges of current treatment regimens for SCI repair, to provide references for scientists and clinicians to seek better SCI repair strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wenhao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qiang Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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2
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Gliovascular Mechanisms and White Matter Injury in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Four Seasons for Schwann Cell Biology, Revisiting Key Periods: Development, Homeostasis, Repair, and Aging. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121887. [PMID: 34944531 PMCID: PMC8699407 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Like the seasons of the year, all natural things happen in stages, going through adaptations when challenged, and Schwann cells are a great example of that. During maturation, these cells regulate several steps in peripheral nervous system development. The Spring of the cell means the rise and bloom through organized stages defined by time-dependent regulation of factors and microenvironmental influences. Once matured, the Summer of the cell begins: a high energy stage focused on maintaining adult homeostasis. The Schwann cell provides many neuron-glia communications resulting in the maintenance of synapses. In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are pivotal after injuries, balancing degeneration and regeneration, similarly to when Autumn comes. Their ability to acquire a repair phenotype brings the potential to reconnect axons to targets and regain function. Finally, Schwann cells age, not only by growing old, but also by imposed environmental cues, like loss of function induced by pathologies. The Winter of the cell presents as reduced activity, especially regarding their role in repair; this reflects on the regenerative potential of older/less healthy individuals. This review gathers essential information about Schwann cells in different stages, summarizing important participation of this intriguing cell in many functions throughout its lifetime.
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4
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Morris AD, Kucenas S. A Novel Lysolecithin Model for Visualizing Damage in vivo in the Larval Zebrafish Spinal Cord. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654583. [PMID: 34095120 PMCID: PMC8173112 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lysolecithin is commonly used to induce demyelinating lesions in the spinal cord and corpus callosum of mammalian models. Although these models and clinical patient samples are used to study neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), they do not allow for direct visualization of disease-related damage in vivo. To overcome this limitation, we created and characterized a focal lysolecithin injection model in zebrafish that allows us to investigate the temporal dynamics underlying lysolecithin-induced damage in vivo. Results: We injected lysolecithin into 4-6 days post-fertilization (dpf) zebrafish larval spinal cords and, coupled with in vivo, time-lapse imaging, observed hallmarks consistent with mammalian models of lysolecithin-induced demyelination, including myelinating glial cell loss, myelin perturbations, axonal sparing, and debris clearance. Conclusion: We have developed and characterized a lysolecithin injection model in zebrafish that allows us to investigate myelin damage in a living, vertebrate organism. This model may be a useful pre-clinical screening tool for investigating the safety and efficacy of novel therapeutic compounds that reduce damage and/or promote repair in neurodegenerative disorders, such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D. Morris
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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5
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Chen CZ, Neumann B, Förster S, Franklin RJM. Schwann cell remyelination of the central nervous system: why does it happen and what are the benefits? Open Biol 2021; 11:200352. [PMID: 33497588 PMCID: PMC7881176 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin sheaths, by supporting axonal integrity and allowing rapid saltatory impulse conduction, are of fundamental importance for neuronal function. In response to demyelinating injuries in the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) migrate to the lesion area, proliferate and differentiate into new oligodendrocytes that make new myelin sheaths. This process is termed remyelination. Under specific conditions, demyelinated axons in the CNS can also be remyelinated by Schwann cells (SCs), the myelinating cell of the peripheral nervous system. OPCs can be a major source of these CNS-resident SCs-a surprising finding given the distinct embryonic origins, and physiological compartmentalization of the peripheral and central nervous system. Although the mechanisms and cues governing OPC-to-SC differentiation remain largely undiscovered, it might nevertheless be an attractive target for promoting endogenous remyelination. This article will (i) review current knowledge on the origins of SCs in the CNS, with a particular focus on OPC to SC differentiation, (ii) discuss the necessary criteria for SC myelination in the CNS and (iii) highlight the potential of using SCs for myelin regeneration in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
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6
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Ahuja CS, Mothe A, Khazaei M, Badhiwala JH, Gilbert EA, van der Kooy D, Morshead CM, Tator C, Fehlings MG. The leading edge: Emerging neuroprotective and neuroregenerative cell-based therapies for spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1509-1530. [PMID: 32691994 PMCID: PMC7695641 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are associated with tremendous physical, social, and financial costs for millions of individuals and families worldwide. Rapid delivery of specialized medical and surgical care has reduced mortality; however, long-term functional recovery remains limited. Cell-based therapies represent an exciting neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategy for SCI. This article summarizes the most promising preclinical and clinical cell approaches to date including transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, Schwann cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells, as well as strategies to activate endogenous multipotent cell pools. Throughout, we emphasize the fundamental biology of cell-based therapies, critical features in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury, and the strengths and limitations of each approach. We also highlight salient completed and ongoing clinical trials worldwide and the bidirectional translation of their findings. We then provide an overview of key adjunct strategies such as trophic factor support to optimize graft survival and differentiation, engineered biomaterials to provide a support scaffold, electrical fields to stimulate migration, and novel approaches to degrade the glial scar. We also discuss important considerations when initiating a clinical trial for a cell therapy such as the logistics of clinical-grade cell line scale-up, cell storage and transportation, and the delivery of cells into humans. We conclude with an outlook on the future of cell-based treatments for SCI and opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Ahuja
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Andrea Mothe
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Mohamad Khazaei
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Jetan H. Badhiwala
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Emily A. Gilbert
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Cindi M. Morshead
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Charles Tator
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
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7
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Enhanced proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells by peptide-containing temperature-sensitive hydrogel scaffold. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111258. [PMID: 32806302 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel has attracted great attention in the past few years as a widely used material for repairing central nerve damage. However, conventional hydrogel bio-scaffold, such as chitosan, gelatin, and sodium alginate, lack sufficient biological activity and have limited nerve repair capabilities. Therefore, to explore biologically active and intelligent hydrogel materials is particularly important and necessary for central nerve repair. Herein, we developed a temperature-sensitive hydrogel grafted with a bioactive peptide IKVAV (Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val, IKVAV). The hydrogel was prepared by copolymerization of N-propan-2-ylprop-2-enamide (NIPAM) and AC-PEG-IKVAV copolymers via reversible addition-fracture chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, using polyethylene glycol (PEGDA) and N, N'-Methylenebisacrylamide (BISAM) as cross-linking agents. The prepared hydrogel scaffold demonstrates a series of excellent properties such as rapid (de)swelling performance, good biocompatibility, regular three-dimensional porous structure, and in particular good biological activity, which can guide cell fate and mediate neuron's differentiation. Therefore, the developed peptide hydrogel scaffold provides a new strategy for designing biomaterials that are widely used in tissue engineering for central nervous system injury.
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8
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Garcia-Diaz B, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Schwann cells: Rescuers of central demyelination. Glia 2020; 68:1945-1956. [PMID: 32027054 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The presence of peripheral myelinating cells in the central nervous system (CNS) has gained the neurobiologist attention over the years. Despite the confirmed presence of Schwann cells in the CNS in pathological conditions, and the long list of their beneficial effects on central remyelination, the cues that impede or allow Schwann cells to successfully conquer and remyelinate central axons remain partially undiscovered. A better knowledge of these factors stands out as crucial to foresee a rational therapeutic approach for the use of Schwann cells in CNS repair. Here, we review the diverse origins of Schwann cells into the CNS, both peripheral and central, as well as the CNS components that inhibit Schwann survival and migration into the central parenchyma. Namely, we analyze the astrocyte- and the myelin-derived components that restrict Schwann cells into the CNS. Finally, we highlight the unveiled mode of invasion of these peripheral cells through the central environment, using blood vessels as scaffolds to pave their ways toward demyelinated lesions. In short, this review presents the so far uncovered knowledge of this complex CNS-peripheral nervous system (PNS) relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Diaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Paris, France
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9
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Metformin-induced AMPK activation stimulates remyelination through induction of neurotrophic factors, downregulation of NogoA and recruitment of Olig2+ precursor cells in the cuprizone murine model of multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:583-592. [PMID: 31620963 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oligodendrocytes (OLGs) damage and myelin distraction is considered as a critical step in many neurological disorders especially multiple sclerosis (MS). Cuprizone (cup) animal model of MS targets OLGs degeneration and frequently used to the mechanistic understanding of de- and remyelination. The aim of this study was exploring the effects of metformin on the OLGs regeneration, myelin repair and profile of neurotrophic factors in the mice brain after cup-induced acute demyelination. METHODS Mice (C57BL/6 J) were fed with chow containing 0.2% cup for 5 weeks to induce specific OLGs degeneration and acute demyelination. Next, the cup was withdrawn to allow one-week recovery (spontaneous remyelination). At the end of this period, mature OLGs markers, myelin-associated neurite outgrowth inhibitor protein A (NogoA), premature specific OLGs transcription factor (Olig2), anti-apoptosis marker (survivin), neurotrophic factors, and AMPK activation were monitored in the presence or absence of metformin (50 mg/kg body weight/day) in the corpus callosum (CC). RESULTS Our finding indicated that consumption of metformin during the recovery period potentially induced an active form of AMPK (p-AMPK) and promoted repopulation of mature OLGs (MOG+ cells, MBP+ cells) in CC through up-regulation of BDNF, CNTF, and NGF as well as down-regulation of NogoA and recruitment of Olig2+ precursor cells. CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time reveals that metformin-induced AMPK, a master regulator of energy homeostasis, activation following toxic demyelination could potentially accelerate regeneration and supports spontaneous demyelination. These findings suggest the development of new therapeutic strategies based on AMPK activation for MS in the near future. Graphical abstract An overview of the possible molecular mechanisms of action of metformin-mediated remyelinationa.
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10
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Sanabria-Castro A, Flores-Díaz M, Alape-Girón A. Biological models in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:491-508. [PMID: 31571267 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considering the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown, experimental models resembling specific aspects of this immune-mediated demyelinating human disease have been developed to increase the understanding of processes related to pathogenesis, disease evolution, evaluation of therapeutic interventions, and demyelination and remyelination mechanisms. Based on the nature of the investigation, biological models may include in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assessments. Even though these approaches have disclosed valuable information, every disease animal model has limitations and can only replicate specific features of MS. In vitro and ex vivo models generally do not reflect what occurs in the organism, and in vivo animal models are more likely used; nevertheless, they are able to reproduce only certain stages of the disease. In vivo MS disease animal models in mammals include: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, viral encephalomyelitis, and induced demyelination. This review examines and describes the most common biological disease animal models for the study of MS, their specific characteristics and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sanabria-Castro
- Research Unit, San Juan de Dios Hospital CCSS, San José, Costa Rica.,School of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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11
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Zhang CH, Lv X, Du W, Cheng MJ, Liu YP, Zhu L, Hao J. The Akt/mTOR cascade mediates high glucose-induced reductions in BDNF via DNMT1 in Schwann cells in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111502. [PMID: 31323191 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) deficiency in Schwann cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Little is known about the mechanism involved in BDNF downregulation in Schwann cells in DPN. In this study, we first confirmed downregulation of BDNF and neurotrophin 3 expression in the sciatic nerves of diabetic mice, which was accompanied by myelin sheath abnormalities. Moreover, in vitro, high glucose was revealed to cause downregulation of BDNF, but not neurotrophin 3, expression in RSC96 cells, which was accompanied by DNA hypermethylation of BDNF promoters I and II. DNMT1 was subsequently revealed to be enhanced at the mRNA and protein levels in high glucose-stimulated RSC96 cells, and inhibition of DNMT1 with 5-Aza treatment or shRNA vector transfection reversed high glucose-induced reductions in BDNF expression. Furthermore, the mTOR and upstream Akt pathways were indicated to mediate high glucose-induced DNMT1 and BDNF expression in RSC96 cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the Akt/mTOR cascade mediates high glucose-induced reductions in BDNF via DNMT1 in Schwann cells in DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mei-Juan Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Electromyogram, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Jun Hao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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12
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Zhu W, Zhang H, Chen X, Jin K, Ning L. Numerical characterization of regenerative axons growing along a spherical multifunctional scaffold after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205961. [PMID: 30365562 PMCID: PMC6203361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) followed by extensive cell loss, inflammation, and scarring, often permanently damages neurological function. Biomaterial scaffolds are promising but currently have limited applicability in SCI because after entering the scaffold, regenerating axons tend to become trapped and rarelyre-enter the host tissue, the reasons for which remain to be completely explored. Here, we propose a mathematical model and computer simulation for characterizing regenerative axons growing along a scaffold following SCI, and how their growth may be guided. The model assumed a solid, spherical, multifunctional, biomaterial scaffold, that would bridge the rostral and caudal stumps of a completely transected spinal cord in a rat model and would guide the rostral regenerative axons toward the caudal tissue. Other assumptions include the whole scaffold being coated with extracellular matrix components, and the caudal area being additionally seeded with chemoattractants. The chemical factors on and around the scaffold were formulated to several coupled variables, and the parameter values were derived fromexisting experimental data. Special attention was given to the effects of coating strength, seeding location, and seeding density, as well as the ramp slope of the scaffold, on axonal regeneration. In numerical simulations, a slimmer scaffold provided a small slope at the entry "on-ramp" area that improved the success rate of axonal regeneration. If success rates are high, an increased number of regenerative axons traverse through the narrow channels, causing congestion and lowering the growth rate. An increase in the number of severed axons (300-12000) did not significantly affect the growth rate, but it reduced the success rate of axonal regeneration. However, an increase in the seeding densities of the complexes on the whole scaffold, and that in the seeding densities of the chemoattractants on the caudal area, improved both the success and growth rates. However, an increase in the density of thecomplexes on the whole scaffold risks an over-eutrophic surface that harms axonal regeneration.Although theoretical predictions are yet to be validated directly by experiments, this theoretical tool can advance the treatment of SCI, and is also applicable to scaffolds with other architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Han Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuning Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kan Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Ning
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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13
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Wang Q, Wang Z, Tian Y, Zhang H, Fang Y, Yu Z, Wang W, Xie M, Ding F. Inhibition of Astrocyte Connexin 43 Channels Facilitates the Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Under Hypoxic Conditions In Vitro. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:591-600. [PMID: 29623602 PMCID: PMC6763517 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) proliferation and differentiation are essential for remyelination after white matter injury. Astrocytes could promote oligodendrogenesis after white matter damage whereas the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, the role of astrocytic connexin43 (Cx43) hemichannels involved in OPC proliferation and differentiation in chronic hypoxia was evaluated. In an astrocyte-OPC co-culture chronic hypoxia model, OPCs became proliferative but failed to mature into oligodendrocytes. Application of astrocytic Cx43 blockers attenuated astrocyte activation, suppressed Cx43 hemichannel uptake activity and glutamate release induced by hypoxia, as well as improved OPC differentiation. Moreover, AMPA but not NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist rescued OPC differentiation in hypoxia. In conclusion, these findings suggested that astrocytic Cx43 hemichannel inhibition could potentially improve OPC maturation by attenuating AMPAR-mediated glutamate signaling. Astrocytic Cx43 hemichannels could serve as a potential therapeutic target for remyelination after chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqiu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, the School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, the School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengfei Ding
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Prasad A, Teh DBL, Blasiak A, Chai C, Wu Y, Gharibani PM, Yang IH, Phan TT, Lim KL, Yang H, Liu X, All AH. Static Magnetic Field Stimulation Enhances Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Secretion of Neurotrophic Factors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6743. [PMID: 28751716 PMCID: PMC5532210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular-level effects of low/high frequency oscillating magnetic field on excitable cells such as neurons are well established. In contrast, the effects of a homogeneous, static magnetic field (SMF) on Central Nervous System (CNS) glial cells are less investigated. Here, we have developed an in vitro SMF stimulation set-up to investigate the genomic effects of SMF exposure on oligodendrocyte differentiation and neurotrophic factors secretion. Human oligodendrocytes precursor cells (OPCs) were stimulated with moderate intensity SMF (0.3 T) for a period of two weeks (two hours/day). The differential gene expression of cell activity marker (c-fos), early OPC (Olig1, Olig2. Sox10), and mature oligodendrocyte markers (CNP, MBP) were quantified. The enhanced myelination capacity of the SMF stimulated oligodendrocytes was validated in a dorsal root ganglion microfluidics chamber platform. Additionally, the effects of SMF on the gene expression and secretion of neurotrophic factors- BDNF and NT3 was quantified. We also report that SMF stimulation increases the intracellular calcium influx in OPCs as well as the gene expression of L-type channel subunits-CaV1.2 and CaV1.3. Our findings emphasize the ability of glial cells such as OPCs to positively respond to moderate intensity SMF stimulation by exhibiting enhanced differentiation, functionality as well as neurotrophic factor release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankshita Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, E4, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Daniel B Loong Teh
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 5-COR, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Agata Blasiak
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 5-COR, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Chou Chai
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Payam M Gharibani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - In Hong Yang
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 5-COR, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Thang T Phan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School. 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hyunsoo Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Angelo H All
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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15
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Zhao YZ, Jiang X, Lin Q, Xu HL, Huang YD, Lu CT, Cai J. Thermosensitive heparin-poloxamer hydrogels enhance the effects of GDNF on neuronal circuit remodeling and neuroprotection after spinal cord injury. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2816-2829. [PMID: 28593744 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in paraplegia or quadriplegia, and currently, therapeutic interventions for axonal regeneration after SCI are not clinically available. Animal studies have revealed that glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plays multiple beneficial roles in neuroprotection, glial scarring remodeling, axon regeneration and remyelination in SCI. However, the poor physicochemical stability of GDNF, as well as its limited ability to cross the blood-spinal cord barrier, hampers the development of GDNF as an effective therapeutic intervention in clinical practice. In this study, a novel temperature-sensitive heparin-poloxamer (HP) hydrogel with high GDNF-binding affinity was developed. HP hydrogels showed a supporting scaffold for GDNF when it was injected into the lesion epicenter after SCI. GDNF-HP by orthotopic injection on lesioned spinal cord promoted the beneficial effects of GDNF on neural stem cell proliferation, reactive astrogliosis inhibition, axonal regeneration or plasticity, neuroprotection against cell apoptosis, and body functional recovery. Most interestingly, GDNF demonstrated a bidirectional regulation of autophagy, which inhibited cell apoptosis at different stages of SCI. Furthermore, the HP hydrogel promoted the inhibition of autophagy-induced apoptosis by GDNF in SCI. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2816-2829, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zheng Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China.,Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang University Mingzhou Hospital, Zhejiang, 315104, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China.,Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - He-Lin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Dong Huang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Tao Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.,Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
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16
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Schaal SM, Kitay BM, Cho KS, Lo TP, Barakat DJ, Marcillo AE, Sanchez AR, Andrade CM, Pearse DD. Schwann Cell Transplantation Improves Reticulospinal Axon Growth and Forelimb Strength after Severe Cervical Spinal Cord Contusion. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:207-28. [PMID: 17503734 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) implantation alone has been shown to promote the growth of propriospinal and sensory axons, but not long-tract descending axons, after thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). In the current study, we examined if an axotomy close to the cell body of origin (so as to enhance the intrinsic growth response) could permit supraspinal axons to grow onto SC grafts. Adult female Fischer rats received a severe (C5) cervical contusion (1.1 mm displacement, 3 KDyn). At 1 week postinjury, 2 million SCs ex vivo transduced with lentiviral vector encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were implanted within media into the injury epicenter; injury-only animals served as controls. Animals were tested weekly using the BBB score for 7 weeks postimplantation and received at end point tests for upper body strength: self-supported forelimb hanging, forearm grip force, and the incline plane. Following behavioral assessment, animals were anterogradely traced bilaterally from the reticular formation using BDA-Texas Red. Stereological quantification revealed a twofold increase in the numbers of preserved NeuN+ neurons rostral and caudal to the injury/graft site in SC implanted animals, corroborating previous reports of their neuroprotective efficacy. Examination of labeled reticulospinal axon growth revealed that while rarely an axon was present within the lesion site of injury-only controls, numerous reticulospinal axons had penetrated the SC implant/lesion milieu. This has not been observed following implantation of SCs alone into the injured thoracic spinal cord. Significant behavioral improvements over injury-only controls in upper limb strength, including an enhanced grip strength (a 296% increase) and an increased self-supported forelimb hanging, accompanied SC-mediated neuroprotection and reticulospinal axon growth. The current study further supports the neuroprotective efficacy of SC implants after SCI and demonstrates that SCs alone are capable of supporting modest supraspinal axon growth when the site of axon injury is closer to the cell body of the axotomized neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Schaal
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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17
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Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Inhibits Schwann Cell Migration and Induces Their Death. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5885-5899. [PMID: 28522736 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1822-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination of CNS axons by Schwann cells (SCs) is not efficient, in part due to the poor migration of SCs into the adult CNS. Although it is known that migrating SCs avoid white matter tracts, the molecular mechanisms underlying this exclusion have never been elucidated. We now demonstrate that myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a well known inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, inhibits rat SC migration and induces their death via γ-secretase-dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (also known as p75 cleavage). Blocking p75 cleavage using inhibitor X (Inh X), a compound that inhibits γ-secretase activity before exposing to MAG or CNS myelin improves SC migration and survival in vitro Furthermore, mouse SCs pretreated with Inh X migrate extensively in the demyelinated mouse spinal cord and remyelinate axons. These results suggest a novel role for MAG/myelin in poor SC-myelin interaction and identify p75 cleavage as a mechanism that can be therapeutically targeted to enhance SC-mediated axon remyelination in the adult CNS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Numerous studies have used Schwann cells, the myelin-making cells of the peripheral nervous system to remyelinate adult CNS axons. Indeed, these transplanted cells successfully remyelinate axons, but unfortunately they do not migrate far and so remyelinate only a few axons in the vicinity of the transplant site. It is believed that if Schwann cells could be induced to migrate further and survive better, they may represent a valid therapy for remyelination. We show that myelin-associated glycoprotein or CNS myelin, in general, inhibit rodent Schwann cell migration and induce their death via cleavage of the neurotrophin receptor p75. Blockade of p75 cleavage using a specific inhibitor significantly improves migration and survival of the transplanted Schwann cells in vivo.
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18
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Xiao J, Yang R, Biswas S, Zhu Y, Qin X, Zhang M, Zhai L, Luo Y, He X, Mao C, Deng W. Neural Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Approaches for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3152-3171. [PMID: 28466274 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory, and demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), which ultimately leads to axonal loss and permanent neurological disability. Current treatments for MS are largely comprised of medications that are either immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive and are aimed at reducing the frequency and intensity of relapses. Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult brain can differentiate into oligodendrocytes in a context-specific manner and are shown to be involved in the remyelination in these patients. NSCs may exert their beneficial effects not only through oligodendrocyte replacement but also by providing trophic support and immunomodulation, a phenomenon now known as "therapeutic plasticity." In this review, we first provided an update on the current knowledge regarding MS pathogenesis and the role of immune cells, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in MS disease progression. Next, we reviewed the current progress on research aimed toward stimulating endogenous NSC proliferation and differentiation to oligodendrocytes in vivo and in animal models of demyelination. In addition, we explored the neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects of transplanted exogenous NSCs on T cell activation, microglial activation, and endogenous remyelination and their effects on the pathological process and prognosis in animal models of MS. Finally, we examined various protocols to generate genetically engineered NSCs as a potential therapy for MS. Overall, this review highlights the studies involving the immunomodulatory, neurotrophic, and regenerative effects of NSCs and novel methods aiming at stimulating the potential of NSCs for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Yang Central Hospital, Medical College of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China.,Department of Biological Treatment, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Rongbing Yang
- Department of Biological Treatment, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Sangita Biswas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Yunhua Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Yang Central Hospital, Medical College of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Qin
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Yang Central Hospital, Medical College of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Yang Central Hospital, Medical College of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Lihong Zhai
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Yang Central Hospital, Medical College of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Yang Central Hospital, Medical College of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Yang Central Hospital, Medical College of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Chun Mao
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Yang Central Hospital, Medical College of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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19
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Matrine promotes NT3 expression in CNS cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurosci Lett 2017; 649:100-106. [PMID: 28392360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophin 3 (NT3) is a potent neurotrophic factor for promoting remyelination and recovery of neuronal function; upregulation of its expression in the central nervous system (CNS) is thus of major therapeutic importance for neurological deficits. Matrine (MAT), a quinolizidine alkaloid derived from the herb Radix Sophorae Flavescent, has been recently reported to effectively ameliorate clinical signs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), by secreting antiinflammatory cytokines. In the present study, our goal was to investigate whether MAT could affect NT3 expression of glial cells in the CNS, the major cell populations in the CNS foci of MS/EAE. We found that MAT markedly upregulated NT3 expression in the CNS not only by microglia/macrophages and astrocytes, but also by oligodendrocyte precursor cells, indicative of both paracrine and autocrine effects on myelinating cells. While MAT treatment reduced the numbers of iNOS+ M1, but increased Arg1+ M2 microglia/macrophage phenotypes, NT3 expression was upregulated in both phenotypes. These results indicate that MAT therapy for EAE acts, at least in part, by stimulating local production of NT3 by glial cells in the CNS, which protects neural cells from CNS inflammation-induced tissue damage.
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20
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Li YH, Xie C, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang HF, Wang Q, Chai Z, Xiao BG, Thome R, Zhang GX, Ma CG. FSD-C10, a Fasudil derivative, promotes neuroregeneration through indirect and direct mechanisms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41227. [PMID: 28112256 PMCID: PMC5255566 DOI: 10.1038/srep41227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
FSD-C10, a Fasudil derivative, was shown to reduce severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), through the modulation of the immune response and induction of neuroprotective molecules in the central nervous system (CNS). However, whether FSD-C10 can promote neuroregeneration remains unknown. In this study, we further analyzed the effect of FSD-C10 on neuroprotection and remyelination. FSD-C10-treated mice showed a longer, thicker and more intense MAP2 and synaptophysin positive signal in the CNS, with significantly fewer CD4+ T cells, macrophages and microglia. Importantly, the CNS of FSD-C10-treated mice showed a shift of activated macrophages/microglia from the type 1 to type 2 status, elevated numbers of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and oligodendrocytes, and increased levels of neurotrophic factors NT-3, GDNF and BDNF. FSD-C10-treated microglia significantly inhibited Th1/Th17 cell differentiation and increased the number of IL-10+ CD4+ T cells, and the conditioned medium from FSD-C10-treated microglia promoted OPC survival and oligodendrocyte maturation. Addition of FSD-C10 directly promoted remyelination in a chemical-induced demyelination model on organotypic slice culture, in a BDNF-dependent manner. Together, these findings demonstrate that FSD-C10 promotes neural repair through mechanisms that involved both immunomodulation and induction of neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Li
- Institute of Brain Science, Datong key Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Immunology, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hai-Fei Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Datong key Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Immunology, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Qing Wang
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zhi Chai
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Rodolfo Thome
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Datong key Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Immunology, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China.,"2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China
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21
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Ramamurthy P, White JB, Yull Park J, Hume RI, Ebisu F, Mendez F, Takayama S, Barald KF. Concomitant differentiation of a population of mouse embryonic stem cells into neuron-like cells and schwann cell-like cells in a slow-flow microfluidic device. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:7-27. [PMID: 27761977 PMCID: PMC5159187 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To send meaningful information to the brain, an inner ear cochlear implant (CI) must become closely coupled to as large and healthy a population of remaining spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) as possible. Inner ear gangliogenesis depends on macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a directionally attractant neurotrophic cytokine made by both Schwann and supporting cells (Bank et al., 2012). MIF-induced mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC)-derived "neurons" could potentially substitute for lost or damaged SGN. mESC-derived "Schwann cells" produce MIF, as do all Schwann cells (Huang et al., a; Roth et al., 2007; Roth et al., 2008) and could attract SGN to a "cell-coated" implant. RESULTS Neuron- and Schwann cell-like cells were produced from a common population of mESCs in an ultra-slow-flow microfluidic device. As the populations interacted, "neurons" grew over the "Schwann cell" lawn, and early events in myelination were documented. Blocking MIF on the Schwann cell side greatly reduced directional neurite outgrowth. MIF-expressing "Schwann cells" were used to coat a CI: Mouse SGN and MIF-induced "neurons" grew directionally to the CI and to a wild-type but not MIF-knockout organ of Corti explant. CONCLUSIONS Two novel stem cell-based approaches for treating the problem of sensorineural hearing loss are described. Developmental Dynamics 246:7-27, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornapriya Ramamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joshua B White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joong Yull Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard I Hume
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fumi Ebisu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Flor Mendez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kate F Barald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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22
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Li X, Zhang Y, Yan Y, Ciric B, Ma CG, Gran B, Curtis M, Rostami A, Zhang GX. RETRACTED: Neural Stem Cells Engineered to Express Three Therapeutic Factors Mediate Recovery from Chronic Stage CNS Autoimmunity. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1456-1469. [PMID: 27203442 PMCID: PMC5023377 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the editor-in-chief. Similarities were found between images in this article and a previously published article in Scientific Reports (Zhang et al., 2015, Sci. Rep. 30, 17407, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17407). Similarities were also found between images within this article. These concerns were initially reported in a PubPeer thread (https://pubpeer.com/publications/11D757FEEACDC81ACAF60BD0A32607). Image analysis performed by the editorial office confirmed findings of image reuse in Figures 2C and 5C of the Molecular Therapy article. In addition, some of the original data provided by the authors do not match the published article. This reuse (and in part misrepresentation) of data without appropriate attribution represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The authors disagree with this retraction and maintain that these mistakes do not alter the conclusions of the study.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Engineering
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/diagnosis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Microglia/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
- Myelin Basic Protein/biosynthesis
- Myelin Proteins/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factors/genetics
- Neural Stem Cells/cytology
- Neural Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Oligodendroglia/cytology
- Oligodendroglia/metabolism
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Northwest China National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Northwest China National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Northwest China National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Shanxi Datong University Medical School, Datong, China
| | - Bruno Gran
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Curtis
- Department of Neuropathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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23
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Ahn SM, Kim YR, Kim HN, Shin YI, Shin HK, Choi BT. Electroacupuncture ameliorates memory impairments by enhancing oligodendrocyte regeneration in a mouse model of prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28646. [PMID: 27350403 PMCID: PMC4923909 DOI: 10.1038/srep28646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We modeled prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion in mice using bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) and electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation was applied at two acupoints, Baihui (GV20) and Dazhui (GV14). In behavioral tests of memory, BCAS produced impairments in spatial and short-term memory in mice that were attenuated by therapeutic EA stimulation. Therapeutic use of EA in BCAS also enhanced oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), in association with white matter improvements in the corpus callosum (CC). In PCR analyses of growth factor gene expression, significant positive changes in 3 genes were observed following EA stimulation in BCAS, and here we highlight alterations in neurotrophin-4/5 (NT4/5). We confirmed EA-mediated positive changes in the expression of NT4/5 and its receptor, tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB). Treatment of naïve and BCAS + EA animals with a selective TrkB antagonist, ANA-12, produced losses of myelin and cognitive function that were ameliorated by EA therapy. Moreover, following BCAS we observed an EA-dependent increase in phospho-activated CREB (a downstream mediator of NT4/5-TrkB signaling) in OPCs and OLs of the CC. Our results suggest that EA stimulation promotes the recovery of memory function following white matter injury via a mechanism that promotes oligodendrocyte regeneration and involves NT4/5-TrkB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Ahn
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Yu Ri Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Yong-Il Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
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24
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Zhao YZ, Jiang X, Xiao J, Lin Q, Yu WZ, Tian FR, Mao KL, Yang W, Wong HL, Lu CT. Using NGF heparin-poloxamer thermosensitive hydrogels to enhance the nerve regeneration for spinal cord injury. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:71-80. [PMID: 26472614 PMCID: PMC7517710 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nerve growth factor (NGF) has potential in spinal cord injury (SCI) therapy, but limited by the poor physicochemical stability and low ability to cross the blood spinal cord barrier. Novel heparin-poloxamer (HP) thermo-sensitive hydrogel was constructed to enhance the NGF regeneration on SCI. METHOD NGF-HP thermo-sensitive hydrogel was prepared and related characteristics including gelation temperature, rheological behavior and micromorphology were measured. Local NGF delivery to the injured spinal cord was achieved by in situ injection in the injured space. The cellular uptake of NGF-HP hydrogel was evaluated with PC12 cells in vitro. Pathologic characteristics and neuron regeneration effects on the SCI rats were studied to evaluate the enhanced therapy of NGF-HP hydrogel. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis was analyzed to explore the related mechanism in SCI regeneration. RESULTS NGF-HP hydrogel showed good morphology and stable bioactivity of NGF in vitro. NGF-HP hydrogel combined treatment significantly enhanced the efficiency of NGF cellular uptake (P<0.05) without obvious cytotoxicity. Significant improvements in both neuron functions and tissue morphology on the SCI rats were observed in NGF-HP hydrogel group. Compared with free HP hydrogel and NGF treatment groups, NGF-HP hydrogel group showed significant inhibition on the formation of glial scars in the extreme crushed rat SCI model. The neuroprotective effects of NGF-HP were related to the inhibition of chronic ER stress-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS HP hydrogel combined with orthotopic injection technique might be an effective method to deliver NGF into the injured site, which will provide an effective strategy for SCI regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that can lead to sudden loss of sensory and autonomic function. Current treatment includes decompression surgery, injury stabilization, secondary complications prevention and rehabilitation. However, neurological recovery is limited. Nerve growth factor (NGF) has potential in SCI therapy, but limited by the poor physicochemical stability and low ability to cross the blood spinal cord barrier. Hydrogels have good affinity and compatibility to biological tissue. In this study, we developed a novel heparin-poloxamer (HP) thermo-sensitive hydrogel to enhance the spinal cord regeneration of NGF. From SCI rat experiment, HP hydrogel combined with orthotopic injection technique showed best neuroprotective effects among experimental groups. This novel combined technique will provide an effective strategy for SCI regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zheng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China; Hainan Medical College, Haikou City, Hainan Province 571000, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Zhejiang University Mingzhou Hospital, Zhejiang Province 315104, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Qian Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Wen-Ze Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Fu-Rong Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Kai-Li Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Ho Lun Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Cui-Tao Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China.
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25
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Shindo A, Liang AC, Maki T, Miyamoto N, Tomimoto H, Lo EH, Arai K. Subcortical ischemic vascular disease: Roles of oligodendrocyte function in experimental models of subcortical white-matter injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:187-98. [PMID: 25920960 PMCID: PMC4758561 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are one of the major cell types in cerebral white matter. Under normal conditions, they form myelin sheaths that encircle axons to support fast nerve conduction. Under conditions of cerebral ischemia, oligodendrocytes tend to die, resulting in white-matter dysfunction. Repair of white matter involves the ability of oligodendrocyte precursors to proliferate and mature. However, replacement of lost oligodendrocytes may not be the only mechanism for white-matter recovery. Emerging data now suggest that coordinated signaling between neural, glial, and vascular cells in the entire neurovascular unit may be required. In this mini-review, we discuss how oligodendrocyte lineage cells participate in signaling and crosstalk with other cell types to underlie function and recovery in various experimental models of subcortical white-matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shindo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Anna C Liang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nobukazu Miyamoto
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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18β-glycyrrhetinic acid suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through inhibition of microglia activation and promotion of remyelination. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13713. [PMID: 26329786 PMCID: PMC4557075 DOI: 10.1038/srep13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are intrinsic immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). The under controlled microglia activation plays important roles in inflammatory demyelination diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the means to modulate microglia activation as a therapeutic modality and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we show that administration of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA), by using both preventive and therapeutic treatment protocols, significantly suppresses disease severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice. The treatment effect of GRA on EAE is attributed to its regulatory effect on microglia. GRA-modulated microglia significantly decreased pro-inflammatory profile in the CNS through suppression of MAPK signal pathway. The ameliorated CNS pro-inflammatory profile prevented the recruitment of encephalitogenic T cells into the CNS, which alleviated inflammation-induced demyelination. In addition, GRA treatment promoted remyelination in the CNS of EAE mice. The induced remyelination can be mediated by the overcome of inflammation-induced blockade of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in microglia, as well as enhancing oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GRA-modulated microglia suppresses EAE through inhibiting microglia activation-mediated CNS inflammation, and promoting neuroprotective effect of microglia, which represents a potential therapeutic strategy for MS and maybe other neuroinflammatory diseases associated with microglia activation.
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27
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Mozafari S, Laterza C, Roussel D, Bachelin C, Marteyn A, Deboux C, Martino G, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Skin-derived neural precursors competitively generate functional myelin in adult demyelinated mice. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3642-56. [PMID: 26301815 DOI: 10.1172/jci80437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPS-derived) neural precursor cells may represent the ideal autologous cell source for cell-based therapy to promote remyelination and neuroprotection in myelin diseases. So far, the therapeutic potential of reprogrammed cells has been evaluated in neonatal demyelinating models. However, the repair efficacy and safety of these cells has not been well addressed in the demyelinated adult CNS, which has decreased cell plasticity and scarring. Moreover, it is not clear if these induced pluripotent-derived cells have the same reparative capacity as physiologically committed CNS-derived precursors. Here, we performed a side-by-side comparison of CNS-derived and skin-derived neural precursors in culture and following engraftment in murine models of adult spinal cord demyelination. Grafted induced neural precursors exhibited a high capacity for survival, safe integration, migration, and timely differentiation into mature bona fide oligodendrocytes. Moreover, grafted skin-derived neural precursors generated compact myelin around host axons and restored nodes of Ranvier and conduction velocity as efficiently as CNS-derived precursors while outcompeting endogenous cells. Together, these results provide important insights into the biology of reprogrammed cells in adult demyelinating conditions and support use of these cells for regenerative biomedicine of myelin diseases that affect the adult CNS.
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28
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Siddiqui AM, Khazaei M, Fehlings MG. Translating mechanisms of neuroprotection, regeneration, and repair to treatment of spinal cord injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 218:15-54. [PMID: 25890131 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the big challenges in neuroscience that remains to be understood is why the central nervous system is not able to regenerate to the extent that the peripheral nervous system does. This is especially problematic after traumatic injuries, like spinal cord injury (SCI), since the lack of regeneration leads to lifelong deficits and paralysis. Treatment of SCI has improved during the last several decades due to standardized protocols for emergency medical response teams and improved medical, surgical, and rehabilitative treatments. However, SCI continues to result in profound impairments for the individual. There are many processes that lead to the pathophysiology of SCI, such as ischemia, vascular disruption, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, demyelination, and cell death. Current treatments include surgical decompression, hemodynamic control, and methylprednisolone. However, these early treatments are associated with modest functional recovery. Some treatments currently being investigated for use in SCI target neuroprotective (riluzole, minocycline, G-CSF, FGF-2, and polyethylene glycol) or neuroregenerative (chondroitinase ABC, self-assembling peptides, and rho inhibition) strategies, while many cell therapies (embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, Schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and macrophages) have also shown promise. However, since SCI has multiple factors that determine the progress of the injury, a combinatorial therapeutic approach will most likely be required for the most effective treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad M Siddiqui
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohamad Khazaei
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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29
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Shi H, Hu X, Leak RK, Shi Y, An C, Suenaga J, Chen J, Gao Y. Demyelination as a rational therapeutic target for ischemic or traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2015; 272:17-25. [PMID: 25819104 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous research on stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) heavily emphasized pathological alterations in neuronal cells within gray matter. However, recent studies have highlighted the equal importance of white matter integrity in long-term recovery from these conditions. Demyelination is a major component of white matter injury and is characterized by loss of the myelin sheath and oligodendrocyte cell death. Demyelination contributes significantly to long-term sensorimotor and cognitive deficits because the adult brain only has limited capacity for oligodendrocyte regeneration and axonal remyelination. In the current review, we will provide an overview of the major causes of demyelination and oligodendrocyte cell death following acute brain injuries, and discuss the crosstalk between myelin, axons, microglia, and astrocytes during the process of demyelination. Recent discoveries of molecules that regulate the processes of remyelination may provide novel therapeutic targets to restore white matter integrity and improve long-term neurological recovery in stroke or TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Anesthesiology of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Chengrui An
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Suenaga
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Yanqin Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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30
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Papastefanaki F, Matsas R. From demyelination to remyelination: the road toward therapies for spinal cord injury. Glia 2015; 63:1101-25. [PMID: 25731941 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin integrity is crucial for central nervous system (CNS) physiology while its preservation and regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is key to functional restoration. Disturbance of nodal organization acutely after SCI exposes the axon and triggers conduction block in the absence of overt demyelination. Oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and myelin degradation follow as a consequence of secondary damage. Here, we provide an overview of the major biological events and underlying mechanisms leading to OL death and demyelination and discuss strategies to restrain these processes. Another aspect which is critical for SCI repair is the enhancement of endogenously occurring spontaneous remyelination. Recent findings have unveiled the complex roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in remyelination and the immunoregulatory potential of the glial scar. Moreover, the intimate crosstalk between neuronal activity, oligodendrogenesis and myelination emphasizes the contribution of rehabilitation to functional recovery. With a view toward clinical applications, several therapeutic strategies have been devised to target SCI pathology, including genetic manipulation, administration of small therapeutic molecules, immunomodulation, manipulation of the glial scar and cell transplantation. The implementation of new tools such as cellular reprogramming for conversion of one somatic cell type to another or the use of nanotechnology and tissue engineering products provides additional opportunities for SCI repair. Given the complexity of the spinal cord tissue after injury, it is becoming apparent that combinatorial strategies are needed to rescue OLs and myelin at early stages after SCI and support remyelination, paving the way toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
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31
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Yao ZG, Sun XL, Li P, Liu HL, Wu HL, Xi ZQ, Zheng ZH. Neural stem cells transplantation alleviate the hyperalgesia of spinal cord injured (SCI) associated with down-regulation of BDNF. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:404-412. [PMID: 25785011 PMCID: PMC4358466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the injured spinal cord has been shown to improve functional outcome. However, the influence of NSCs transplantation on the sensory function and analgesic behaviors has not been elucidated yet. Here, we investigated whether transplanted NSCs would improve sensory function in rats subjected to complete cord transection (T10) and explore the underlying mechanism. The rats were divided into sham, SCT (spinal cord transection), and NSC implanted groups. NSCs (3 × 10(6)/ml) were implanted into injury site at the day after operation. Mechanical (the hind paw test) and thermal (the tail-flick test) were measured at 5 weeks. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to demonstrate that expression of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the superficial of the dorsal horn. Consequently, the tail-flick latencies and paw withdrawal thresholds in NSC implanted group exhibit a significant higher than SCT group (P < 0.05). RT-PCR demonstrate that mRNA expression of BDNF was down-regulated remarkably in NSC engrafted rats. The present findings suggest that NSC transplantation inhibits neuropathic pain associated with BDNF down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Lei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Long Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Hui Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, P.R. China
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Gao Z, Wen Q, Xia Y, Yang J, Gao P, Zhang N, Li H, Zou S. Osthole augments therapeutic efficiency of neural stem cells-based therapy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:54-65. [PMID: 24441773 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13144fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of adult neural stem cells (NSCs)-derived from bone marrow (BM) has been recently described in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis; however, the beneficial effects are modest due to their marginal anti-inflammatory capacity. To overcome this weakness and endow BM-NSC therapy with profound anti-inflammatory capacity, in this study we pretreated EAE mice with osthole, a natural coumarin with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, and neuroprotection, before NSC-application and continued throughout the study. We found that osthole conferred a potent anti-inflammatory capacity to this BM-NSC therapy, thus more profoundly suppressing ongoing EA and exhibiting significant advantages over conventional NSC-therapy as follows: 1) Enhanced anti-inflammatory effect, thus improving survival environment for engrafted BM-NSCs and protecting myelin sheaths from further demyelination; 2)Drove transplanted (exogenous) BM-NSCs to differentiate into more oligodendrocytes and neurons but inhibited differentiation into astrocytes, thus promoting remyelination and axonal growth, and reducing astrogliosis; and 3) augmented CNS neurotrophic support thus promoted resident (endogenous) repair of myelin/axonal damage. These effects make the BM-NSCs-based therapy a more promising approach to enhance remyelination and neuronal repopulation, thus more effectively promoting anatomic and functional recovery from neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Gao
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, China
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El Waly B, Macchi M, Cayre M, Durbec P. Oligodendrogenesis in the normal and pathological central nervous system. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:145. [PMID: 24971048 PMCID: PMC4054666 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLGs) are generated late in development and myelination is thus a tardive event in the brain developmental process. It is however maintained whole life long at lower rate, and myelin sheath is crucial for proper signal transmission and neuronal survival. Unfortunately, OLGs present a high susceptibility to oxidative stress, thus demyelination often takes place secondary to diverse brain lesions or pathologies. OLGs can also be the target of immune attacks, leading to primary demyelination lesions. Following oligodendrocytic death, spontaneous remyelination may occur to a certain extent. In this review, we will mainly focus on the adult brain and on the two main sources of progenitor cells that contribute to oligodendrogenesis: parenchymal oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived progenitors. We will shortly come back on the main steps of oligodendrogenesis in the postnatal and adult brain, and summarize the key factors involved in the determination of oligodendrocytic fate. We will then shed light on the main causes of demyelination in the adult brain and present the animal models that have been developed to get insight on the demyelination/remyelination process. Finally, we will synthetize the results of studies searching for factors able to modulate spontaneous myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal El Waly
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Magali Macchi
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Myriam Cayre
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Durbec
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
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34
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Wang X, Xu XM. Long-term survival, axonal growth-promotion, and myelination of Schwann cells grafted into contused spinal cord in adult rats. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:308-19. [PMID: 24873728 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) have been considered to be one of the most promising cell types for transplantation to treat spinal cord injury (SCI) due to their unique growth-promoting properties. Despite the extensive use as donor cells for transplantation in SCI models, the fate of SCs is controversial due in part to the lack of a reliable marker for tracing the grafted SCs. To precisely assess the fate and temporal profile of transplanted SCs, we isolated purified SCs from sciatic nerves of adult transgenic rats overexpressing GFP (SCs-GFP). SCs-GFP were directly injected into the epicenter of a moderate contusive SCI at the mid-thoracic level at 1week post-injury. The number of SCs-GFP or SCs-GFP labeled with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was quantified at 5min, 1day, and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24weeks after cell injection. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale, footfall error, thermal withdrawal latency, and footprint analysis were performed before and after the SCs-GFP transplantation. After transplantation, SCs-GFP quickly filled the lesion cavity. A remarkable survival of grafted SCs-GFP up to 24weeks post-grafting was observed with clearly identified SC individuals. SCs-GFP proliferated after injection, peaked at 2weeks (26% of total SCs-GFP), decreased thereafter, and ceased at 12weeks post-grafting. Although grafted SCs-GFP were mainly confined within the border of surrounding host tissue, they migrated along the central canal for up to 5.0mm at 4weeks post-grafting. Within the lesion site, grafted SCs-GFP myelinated regenerated axons and expressed protein zero (P0) and myelin basic protein (MBP). Within the SCs-GFP grafts, new blood vessels were formed. Except for a significant decrease of angle of rotation in the footprint analysis, we did not observe significant behavioral improvements in BBB locomotor rating scale, thermal withdrawal latency, or footfall errors, compared to the control animals that received no SCs-GFP. We conclude that SCs-GFP can survive remarkably well, proliferate, migrate along the central canal, and myelinate regenerated axons when being grafted into a clinically-relevant contusive SCI in adult rats. Combinatorial strategies, however, are essential to achieve a more meaningful functional regeneration of which SCs may play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Cui B, Li E, Yang B, Wang B. Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1233-1236. [PMID: 24940417 PMCID: PMC3991533 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell (HUCB-MSC) transplantation on the functional restoration of spinal cord injury (SCI). A total of 46 adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: Injury (n=15), control (n=15) and transplantation (n=16). A SCI model was established using the modified Allen’s method (vulnerating energy, 25 g/cm). The rats in the control and transplantation groups were injected at the site of the injury with physiological saline and HUCB-MSC suspension, respectively. At week one, two and four following treatment, the behavior of the rats was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan locomotor rating scale. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on samples from the rats that had been sacrificed four weeks subsequent to the treatment. Recovery of the spinal cord nerve function was identified to be significantly different at week two and four following treatment (P<0.05), and IHC identified that at week four following treatment novel nerve cells were being produced. Thus, transplantation of HUCB-MSCs promoted the recovery of the damaged function of spinal cord nerves in rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhou Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - En Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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Schwann cells but not olfactory ensheathing cells inhibit CNS myelination via the secretion of connective tissue growth factor. J Neurosci 2014; 33:18686-97. [PMID: 24259589 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3233-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a promising strategy to promote CNS repair and has been studied for several decades with a focus on glial cells. Promising candidates include Schwann cells (SCs) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). Both cell types are thought to be neural crest derived and share many properties in common, although OECs appear to be a better candidate for transplantation by evoking less astrogliosis. Using CNS mixed myelinating rat cultures plated on to a monolayer of astrocytes, we demonstrated that SCs, but not OECs, secrete a heat labile factor(s) that inhibits oligodendrocyte myelination. Comparative qRT-PCR and ELISA showed that SCs expressed higher levels of mRNA and protein for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) than OECs. Anti-CTGF reversed the SCM-mediated effects on myelination. Both SCM and CTGF inhibited the differentiation of purified rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Furthermore, pretreatment of astrocyte monolayers with SCM inhibited CNS myelination and led to transcriptional changes in the astrocyte, corresponding to upregulation of bone morphogenic protein 4 mRNA and CTGF mRNA (inhibitors of OPC differentiation) and the downregulation of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA (promoter of OPC differentiation). CTGF pretreatment of astrocytes increased their expression of CTGF, suggesting that this inhibitory factor can be positively regulated in astrocytes. These data provide evidence for the advantages of using OECs, and not mature SCs, for transplant-mediated repair and provide more evidence that they are a distinct and unique glial cell type.
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Chen J, Zhang Z, Liu J, Zhou R, Zheng X, Chen T, Wang L, Huang M, Yang C, Li Z, Yang C, Bai X, Jin D. Acellular spinal cord scaffold seeded with bone marrow stromal cells protects tissue and promotes functional recovery in spinal cord-injured rats. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:307-17. [PMID: 24375695 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapy using scaffolds seeded with stem cells plays an important role in repair of spinal cord injury (SCI), with the transplanted cells differentiating into nerve cells to replace the lost tissue while releasing neurotrophic factors that contribute to repair following SCI and enhance the function of the damaged nervous system. The present study investigated the ability to extend the survival time of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) to restore the damaged spinal cord and improve functional recovery by grafting acellular spinal cord (ASC) scaffold seeded or not with BMSCs in a rat model of acute hemisected SCI. BBB scores revealed that treatment with BMSCs seeded into ASC scaffold led to an obvious improvement in motor function recovery compared with treatment with ASC scaffold alone or untreated controls. This improvement was evident at 2 and 8 weeks after surgery (P < 0.05). When BMSCs labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine were implanted together with ASC scaffold into the injured sites, they differentiated into glial cells, and some BMSCs could be observed within the graft by immunofluorescent staining at 8 weeks after implantation. Evaluation of caspase-3 activation suggested that the graft group was able to reduce apoptosis compared with SCI alone at 8 weeks after operation (P < 0.05). This study suggests that ASC scaffolds have the ability to enhance BMSC survival and improve differentiation and could also reduce native damaged nerve tissue apoptosis, thus protecting host tissue as well as improving functional recovery after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guagnzhou, China; Orthopaedic Research Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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38
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Flora G, Joseph G, Patel S, Singh A, Bleicher D, Barakat DJ, Louro J, Fenton S, Garg M, Bunge MB, Pearse DD. Combining Neurotrophin-Transduced Schwann Cells and Rolipram to Promote Functional Recovery from Subacute Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:2203-17. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x658872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), both an inhibitory environment and lack of intrinsic growth capacity impede axonal regeneration. In a previous study, prevention of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) hydrolysis by the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram, in combination with Schwann cell (SC) grafts, promoted significant supraspinal and proprioceptive fiber growth and/or sparing and improved locomotion. In another study, transplanted SCs transduced to generate a bifunctional neurotrophin (D15A) led to significant increases in graft SCs and axons, including supraspinal and myelinated axons. Here we studied the growth and myelination of local and supraspinal axons and functional outcome following the combination of rolipram administration and neurotrophin-transduced SC implantation after SCI. Rolipram was administered subcutaneously for 4 weeks immediately after contusion at vertebral T8 (25.0-mm weight drop, MASCIS impactor). GFP or GFP-D15A-transduced SCs were injected into the injury epicenter 1 week after SCI. GFP-D15A SC grafts and GFP SC grafts with rolipram contained significantly more serotonergic fibers compared to GFP SCs. SC myelinated axons were increased significantly in GFP SC with rolipram-treated animals compared to animals receiving SCI alone. Rolipram administered with either GFP or GFP-D15A SCs significantly increased numbers of brain stem-derived axons below the lesion/implant area and improved hindlimb function. Compared to the single treatments, the combination led to the largest SC grafts, the highest numbers of serotonergic fibers in the grafts, and increased numbers of axons from the reticular formation below the lesion/implant area and provided the greatest improvement in hindlimb function. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential for a combination therapy involving the maintenance of cyclic AMP levels and neurotrophin-transduced SCs to repair the subacutely injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinder Flora
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gravil Joseph
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Samik Patel
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Amanpreet Singh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Drew Bleicher
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David J. Barakat
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jack Louro
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie Fenton
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maneesh Garg
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mary Bartlett Bunge
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Damien D. Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Yang J, Yan Y, Xia Y, Kang T, Li X, Ciric B, Xu H, Rostami A, Zhang GX. Neurotrophin 3 transduction augments remyelinating and immunomodulatory capacity of neural stem cells. Mol Ther 2013; 22:440-450. [PMID: 24247929 PMCID: PMC3918915 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have therapeutic potential in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS); however, to date, their use has resulted in only limited clinical and pathological improvement. To enhance their therapeutic capacity, in the present study, we transduced bone marrow-derived NSCs (BM-NSCs) with neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), a potent neurotrophic factor that is both neuroprotective and immunomodulatory. We found that BM-NSCs transduced with NT-3 reduced central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and neurological deficits in ongoing EAE significantly more than conventional NSC therapy, and, in addition, had the following advantages: (i) enhanced BM-NSC proliferation and differentiation into oligodendrocytes and neurons, as well as inhibited differentiation into astrocytes, thus promoting remyelination and neuronal repopulation, and reducing astrogliosis; (ii) enhanced anti-inflammatory capacity of BM-NSCs, thus more effectively suppressing CNS inflammation and accelerating remyelination; (iii) the easy accessibility of BM-NSCs provides another advantage over brain-derived NSCs for MS therapy; and (iv) a novel Tet-on system we used enables efficient control of NT-3 expression. Thus, our study provides a novel approach to break the vicious inflammation-demyelination cycle, and could pave the way to an easily accessible and highly effective therapy for CNS inflammatory demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Yang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- College of Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Tingguo Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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40
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Kako E, Kaneko N, Aoyama M, Hida H, Takebayashi H, Ikenaka K, Asai K, Togari H, Sobue K, Sawamoto K. Subventricular zone-derived oligodendrogenesis in injured neonatal white matter in mice enhanced by a nonerythropoietic erythropoietin derivative. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2234-47. [PMID: 22890889 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) frequently causes white-matter injury, leading to severe neurological deficits and mortality, and only limited therapeutic options exist. The white matter of animal models and human patients with HI-induced brain injury contains increased numbers of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). However, the origin and fates of these OPCs and their potential to repair injured white matter remain unclear. Here, using cell-type- and region-specific genetic labeling methods in a mouse HI model, we characterized the Olig2-expressing OPCs. We found that after HI, Olig2+ cells increased in the posterior part of the subventricular zone (pSVZ) and migrated into the injured white matter. However, their oligodendrocytic differentiation efficiency was severely compromised compared with the OPCs in normal tissue, indicating the need for an intervention to promote their differentiation. Erythropoietin (EPO) treatment is a promising candidate, but it has detrimental effects that preclude its clinical use for brain injury. We found that long-term postinjury treatment with a nonerythropoietic derivative of EPO, asialo-erythropoietin, promoted the maturation of pSVZ-derived OPCs and the recovery of neurological function, without affecting hematopoiesis. These results demonstrate the limitation and potential of endogenous OPCs in the pSVZ as a therapeutic target for treating neonatal white-matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Kako
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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41
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Zhang N, Kang T, Xia Y, Wen Q, Zhang X, Li H, Hu Y, Hao H, Zhao D, Sun D, Yan Y, Zhang GX, Yang J. Effects of salvianolic acid B on survival, self-renewal and neuronal differentiation of bone marrow derived neural stem cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 697:32-9. [PMID: 23085027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of bone marrow derived-neural stem cells (BM-NSCs) in CNS disorders; however, the beneficial effects are modest due to the poor survival and low neural differentiation frequency. Here, we demonstrate that salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a potent aqueous of a well known Chinese medicine herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza, possesses the ability to promote BM-NSCs proliferation in a dose dependent manner as verified by growth curve and Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assays; While in differentiation medium, Sal B promoted nestin(+) BM-NSCs differentiated into greater numbers of NF-M(+) neurons and NG2(+) oligodendrocyte precursors, but fewer GFAP(+) astrocytes as verified by triple immunostaining and quantitative analysis; upon exposure to H(2)O(2), Sal B facilitated the cells survival, reduced LDH leakage, and inhibited apoptosis, displaying a dose-dependent neuroprotective effect on BM-NSCs. Sal B induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production by BM-NSCs, which may be beneficial for the cells survival and differentiation in unfavourable environment. The collective evidence indicates that Sal B may be a potential drug to upgrade the therapeutic efficiency of BM-NSCs in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Sheng Ming Yi Lu, Dalian, Liaoning 116600, China
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Weishaupt N, Blesch A, Fouad K. BDNF: the career of a multifaceted neurotrophin in spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2012; 238:254-64. [PMID: 22982152 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been identified as a potent promoter of neurite growth, a finding that has led to an ongoing exploration of this neurotrophin as a potential treatment for spinal cord injury. BDNF's many effects in the nervous system make it an excellent candidate for neuroprotective strategies as well as for promoting axonal regeneration, plasticity and re-myelination. In addition, neuronal activity and physical exercise can modulate the expression of BDNF, suggesting that non-invasive means to increase BDNF levels might exist. Nonetheless, depending on the location, amount and duration of BDNF delivery, this potent neurotrophin can also have adverse effects, such as modulation of nociceptive pathways or contribution to spasticity. Taken together, the benefits and possible risks require careful assessment when considering this multifaceted neurotrophin as a treatment option for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Weishaupt
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Zujovic V, Doucerain C, Hidalgo A, Bachelin C, Lachapelle F, Weissert R, Stadelmann C, Linington C, Evercooren ABV. Exogenous schwann cells migrate, remyelinate and promote clinical recovery in experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42667. [PMID: 22984406 PMCID: PMC3439443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) transplantation is currently being discussed as a strategy that may promote functional recovery in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). However this assumes they will not only survive but also remyelinate demyelinated axons in the chronically inflamed CNS. To address this question we investigated the fate of transplanted SCs in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the Dark Agouti rat; an animal model that reproduces the complex inflammatory demyelinating immunopathology of MS. We now report that SCs expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP-SCs) allografted after disease onset not only survive but also migrate to remyelinate lesions in the inflamed CNS. GFP-SCs were detected more frequently in the parenchyma after direct injection into the spinal cord, than via intra-thecal delivery into the cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases the transplanted cells intermingled with astrocytes in demyelinated lesions, aligned with axons and by twenty one days post transplantation had formed Pzero protein immunoreactive internodes. Strikingly, GFP-SCs transplantation was associated with marked decrease in clinical disease severity in terms of mortality; all GFP-SCs transplanted animals survived whilst 80% of controls died within 40 days of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Zujovic
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Doucerain
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Hidalgo
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - François Lachapelle
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Chris Linington
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Fédération de Neurologie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Goins WF, Cohen JB, Glorioso JC. Gene therapy for the treatment of chronic peripheral nervous system pain. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 48:255-70. [PMID: 22668775 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major health concern affecting 80 million Americans at some time in their lives with significant associated morbidity and effects on individual quality of life. Chronic pain can result from a variety of inflammatory and nerve damaging events that include cancer, infectious diseases, autoimmune-related syndromes and surgery. Current pharmacotherapies have not provided an effective long-term solution as they are limited by drug tolerance and potential abuse. These concerns have led to the development and testing of gene therapy approaches to treat chronic pain. The potential efficacy of gene therapy for pain has been reported in numerous pre-clinical studies that demonstrate pain control at the level of the spinal cord. This promise has been recently supported by a Phase-I human trial in which a replication-defective herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector was used to deliver the human pre-proenkephalin (hPPE) gene, encoding the natural opioid peptides met- and leu-enkephalin (ENK), to cancer patients with intractable pain resulting from bone metastases (Fink et al., 2011). The study showed that the therapy was well tolerated and that patients receiving the higher doses of therapeutic vector experienced a substantial reduction in their overall pain scores for up to a month post vector injection. These exciting early clinical results await further patient testing to demonstrate treatment efficacy and will likely pave the way for other gene therapies to treat chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Goins
- Dept of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15219, USA.
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45
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Mekhail M, Almazan G, Tabrizian M. Oligodendrocyte-protection and remyelination post-spinal cord injuries: a review. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 96:322-39. [PMID: 22307058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past four decades, the main focus of investigators in the field of spinal cord regeneration has been to devise therapeutic measures that enhance neural regeneration. More recently, emphasis has been placed on enhancing remyelination and providing oligodendrocyte-protection after a spinal cord injury (SCI). Demyelination post-SCI is part of the cascading secondary injury that takes place immediately after the primary insult; therefore, therapeutic measures are needed to reduce oligodendrocyte death and/or enhance remyelination during the acute stage, preserving neurological functions that would be lost otherwise. In this review a thorough investigation of the oligodendrocyte-protective and remyelinative molecular therapies available to date is provided. The advent of new biomaterials shown to promote remyelination post-SCI is discussed mainly in the context of a combinatorial approach where the biomaterial also provides drug delivery capabilities. The aim of these molecular and biomaterial-based therapies is twofold: (1) oligodendrocyte-protective therapy, which involves protecting already existing oligodendrocytes from undergoing apoptosis/necrosis; and (2) inductive remyelination, which involves harnessing the remyelinative capabilities of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) at the lesion site by providing a suitable environment for their migration, survival, proliferation and differentiation. From the evidence reported in the literature, we conclude that the use of a combinatorial approach including biomaterials and molecular therapies would provide advantages such as: (1) sustained release of the therapeutic molecule, (2) local delivery at the lesion site, and (3) an environment at the site of injury that promotes OPC migration, differentiation and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mekhail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Multifunctional, multichannel bridges that deliver neurotrophin encoding lentivirus for regeneration following spinal cord injury. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1618-26. [PMID: 22130565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies following spinal cord injury must address the multiple barriers that limit regeneration. Multiple channel bridges have been developed that stabilize the injury following implantation and provide physical guidance for regenerating axons. These bridges have now been employed as a vehicle for localized delivery of lentivirus. Implantation of lentivirus loaded multiple channel bridges produced transgene expression that persisted for at least 4 weeks. Expression was maximal at the implant at the earliest time point, and decreased with increasing time of implantation, as well as rostral and caudal to the bridge. Immunohistochemical staining indicated transduction of macrophages, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and astrocytes within the bridge and adjacent tissue. Subsequently, the delivery of lentivirus encoding the neurotrophic factors NT-3 or BDNF significantly increased the extent of axonal growth into the bridge relative to empty scaffolds. In addition to promoting axon growth, the induced expression of neurotrophic factors led to myelination of axons within the channels of the bridge, where the number of myelinated axons was significantly enhanced relative to control. Combining gene delivery with biomaterials to provide physical guidance and create a permissive environment can provide a platform to enhance axonal growth and promote regeneration.
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Yazdani SO, Golestaneh AF, Shafiee A, Hafizi M, Omrani HAG, Soleimani M. Effects of low level laser therapy on proliferation and neurotrophic factor gene expression of human schwann cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 107:9-13. [PMID: 22178388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have been proposed that proliferation and release of certain growth factors by different types of cells can be modulated by low level laser therapy. We aimed to demonstrate the effect of laser irradiation on human schwann cell proliferation and neurotrophic factor gene expression in vitro. Human schwann cells (SCs) were harvested from sural nerve that was obtained from organ donor followed by treatment with an 810 nm, 50 mW diode laser (two different energies: 1 J/cm(2) and 4 J/cm(2)) in three consecutive days. SC proliferation was measured, after first irradiation on days 1, 4 and 7 by the MTT assay. Real time PCR analysis was utilized on days 5 and 20 to evaluate the expression of key genes involved in nerve regeneration consist of NGF, BDNF and GDNF. Evaluation of cellular proliferation following one day after laser treatment revealed significant decrease in cell proliferation compared to control group. However on day 7, significant increase in proliferation was found in both the irradiated groups in comparison with the control group. No significant difference was found between the laser treated groups. Treatment of SCs with laser resulted in significant increase in NGF gene expression on day 20. Difference between two treated groups and control group was not significant for BDNF and GDNF gene expression. Our results demonstrate that low level laser therapy stimulate human schwann cell proliferation and NGF gene expression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Oraee Yazdani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
The failure of the optic nerve to regenerate after injury or in neurodegenerative disease remains a major clinical and scientific problem. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons course through the optic nerve and carry all the visual information to the brain, but after injury, they fail to regrow through the optic nerve and RGC cell bodies typically die, leading to permanent loss of vision. There are at least 4 hurdles to overcome in preserving RGCs and regenerating their axons: 1) increase RGC survival, 2) overcome the inhibitory environment of the optic nerve, 3) enhance RGC intrinsic axon growth potential, and 4) optimize the mapping of RGC connections back into their targets in the brain.
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Zhang J, Kramer EG, Asp L, Dutta DJ, Navrazhina K, Pham T, Mariani JN, Argaw AT, Melendez-Vasquez CV, John GR. Promoting myelin repair and return of function in multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3813-20. [PMID: 21864535 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Conduction block in demyelinated axons underlies early neurological symptoms, but axonal transection and neuronal loss are believed to be responsible for more permanent chronic deficits. Several therapies are approved for treatment of relapsing-remitting MS, all of which are immunoregulatory and clinically proven to reduce the rate of lesion formation and exacerbation. However, existing approaches are only partially effective in preventing the onset of disability in MS patients, and novel treatments to protect myelin-producing oligodendrocytes and enhance myelin repair may improve long-term outcomes. Studies in vivo in genetically modified mice have assisted in the characterization of mechanisms underlying the generation of neuropathology in MS patients, and have identified potential avenues for oligodendrocyte protection and myelin repair. However, no treatments are yet approved that target these areas directly, and in addition, the relationship between demyelination and axonal transection in the lesions of the disease remains unclear. Here, we review translational research targeting oligodendrocyte protection and myelin repair in models of autoimmune demyelination, and their potential relevance as therapies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Zhang
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Zhang J, Kramer EG, Mahase S, Dutta DJ, Bonnamain V, Argaw AT, John GR. Targeting oligodendrocyte protection and remyelination in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 78:244-57. [PMID: 21425268 DOI: 10.1002/msj.20244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord with a presumed autoimmune etiology. Conduction block in demyelinated axons underlies early neurological symptoms, whereas axonal transection is believed responsible for more permanent later deficits. Approved treatments for the disease are immunoregulatory and reduce the rate of lesion formation and clinical exacerbation, but are only partially effective in preventing the onset of disability in multiple sclerosis patients. Approaches that directly protect myelin-producing oligodendrocytes and enhance remyelination may improve long-term outcomes and reduce the rate of axonal transection. Studies in genetically modified animals have improved our understanding of mechanisms underlying central nervous system pathology in multiple sclerosis models, and have identified pathways that regulate oligodendrocyte viability and myelin repair. However, although clinical trials are ongoing, many have been unsuccessful, and no treatments are yet approved that target these areas in multiple sclerosis. In this review, we examine avenues for oligodendrocyte protection and endogenous myelin repair in animal models of demyelination and remyelination, and their relevance as therapeutics in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Zhang
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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