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Mergenthaler P, Balami JS, Neuhaus AA, Mottahedin A, Albers GW, Rothwell PM, Saver JL, Young ME, Buchan AM. Stroke in the Time of Circadian Medicine. Circ Res 2024; 134:770-790. [PMID: 38484031 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Time-of-day significantly influences the severity and incidence of stroke. Evidence has emerged not only for circadian governance over stroke risk factors, but also for important determinants of clinical outcome. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the interplay between chronobiology and cerebrovascular disease. We discuss circadian regulation of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying stroke onset or tolerance as well as in vascular dementia. This includes cell death mechanisms, metabolism, mitochondrial function, and inflammation/immunity. Furthermore, we present clinical evidence supporting the link between disrupted circadian rhythms and increased susceptibility to stroke and dementia. We propose that circadian regulation of biochemical and physiological pathways in the brain increase susceptibility to damage after stroke in sleep and attenuate treatment effectiveness during the active phase. This review underscores the importance of considering circadian biology for understanding the pathology and treatment choice for stroke and vascular dementia and speculates that considering a patient's chronotype may be an important factor in developing precision treatment following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mergenthaler
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.M., A.M.B.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology (P.M.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Stroke Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., A.M.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA) (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., G.W.A., P.M.R., J.L.S., M.E.Y., A.M.B.)
| | - Joyce S Balami
- Stroke Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., A.M.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA) (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., G.W.A., P.M.R., J.L.S., M.E.Y., A.M.B.)
| | - Ain A Neuhaus
- Stroke Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., A.M.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom (A.A.N.)
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA) (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., G.W.A., P.M.R., J.L.S., M.E.Y., A.M.B.)
| | - Amin Mottahedin
- Stroke Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., A.M.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.M., P.M.R.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA) (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., G.W.A., P.M.R., J.L.S., M.E.Y., A.M.B.)
| | - Gregory W Albers
- Department of Neurology, Stanford Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (G.W.A.)
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA) (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., G.W.A., P.M.R., J.L.S., M.E.Y., A.M.B.)
| | - Peter M Rothwell
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.M., P.M.R.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.R.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA) (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., G.W.A., P.M.R., J.L.S., M.E.Y., A.M.B.)
| | - Jeffrey L Saver
- Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, Geffen School of Medicine, University of Los Angeles, CA (J.L.S.)
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA) (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., G.W.A., P.M.R., J.L.S., M.E.Y., A.M.B.)
| | - Martin E Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.E.Y.)
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA) (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., G.W.A., P.M.R., J.L.S., M.E.Y., A.M.B.)
| | - Alastair M Buchan
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.M., A.M.B.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Stroke Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., A.M.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA) (P.M., J.S.B., A.A.N., A.M., G.W.A., P.M.R., J.L.S., M.E.Y., A.M.B.)
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2
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Naveed M, Chao OY, Hill JW, Yang YM, Huston JP, Cao R. Circadian neurogenetics and its implications in neurophysiology, behavior, and chronomedicine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 157:105523. [PMID: 38142983 PMCID: PMC10872425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm affects multiple physiological processes, and disruption of the circadian system can be involved in a range of disease-related pathways. The genetic underpinnings of the circadian rhythm have been well-studied in model organisms. Significant progress has been made in understanding how clock genes affect the physiological functions of the nervous system. In addition, circadian timing is becoming a key factor in improving drug efficacy and reducing drug toxicity. The circadian biology of the target cell determines how the organ responds to the drug at a specific time of day, thus regulating pharmacodynamics. The current review brings together recent advances that have begun to unravel the molecular mechanisms of how the circadian clock affects neurophysiological and behavioral processes associated with human brain diseases. We start with a brief description of how the ubiquitous circadian rhythms are regulated at the genetic, cellular, and neural circuit levels, based on knowledge derived from extensive research on model organisms. We then summarize the latest findings from genetic studies of human brain disorders, focusing on the role of human clock gene variants in these diseases. Lastly, we discuss the impact of common dietary factors and medications on human circadian rhythms and advocate for a broader application of the concept of chronomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Owen Y Chao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Yi-Mei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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3
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Chen R, Routh BN, Gaudet AD, Fonken LK. Circadian Regulation of the Neuroimmune Environment Across the Lifespan: From Brain Development to Aging. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:419-446. [PMID: 37357738 PMCID: PMC10475217 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231178950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks confer 24-h periodicity to biological systems, to ultimately maximize energy efficiency and promote survival in a world with regular environmental light cycles. In mammals, circadian rhythms regulate myriad physiological functions, including the immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems. Within the central nervous system, specialized glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia survey and maintain the neuroimmune environment. The contributions of these neuroimmune cells to both homeostatic and pathogenic demands vary greatly across the day. Moreover, the function of these cells changes across the lifespan. In this review, we discuss circadian regulation of the neuroimmune environment across the lifespan, with a focus on microglia and astrocytes. Circadian rhythms emerge in early life concurrent with neuroimmune sculpting of brain circuits and wane late in life alongside increasing immunosenescence and neurodegeneration. Importantly, circadian dysregulation can alter immune function, which may contribute to susceptibility to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight circadian neuroimmune interactions across the lifespan and share evidence that circadian dysregulation within the neuroimmune system may be a critical component in human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhuo Chen
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Brandy N. Routh
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Andrew D. Gaudet
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura K. Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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4
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Cheng PC, Cheng RC, Huang RC. Glutamate-Evoked Ca2+ Responses in the Rat Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Involvement of Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/Ca2+-Exchanger. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076444. [PMID: 37047417 PMCID: PMC10095050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate mediates photic entrainment of the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) by evoking intracellular Ca2+ signaling mechanisms. However, the detailed mechanisms of glutamate-evoked Ca2+ signals are not entirely clear. Here, we used a ratiometric Ca2+ and Na+ imaging technique to investigate glutamate-evoked Ca2+ responses. The comparison of Ca2+ responses to glutamate (100 μM) and high (20 mM) K+ solution indicated slower Ca2+ clearance, along with rebound Ca2+ suppression for glutamate-evoked Ca2+ transients. Increasing the length of exposure time in glutamate, but not in 20 mM K+, slowed Ca2+ clearance and increased rebound Ca2+ suppression, a result correlated with glutamate-induced Na+ loads. The rebound Ca2+ suppression was abolished by ouabain, monensin, Na+-free solution, or nimodipine, suggesting an origin of activated Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) by glutamate-induced Na+ loads. Ouabain or Na+-free solution also slowed Ca2+ clearance, apparently by retarding Na+/Ca2+-exchanger (NCX)-mediated Ca2+ extrusion. Together, our results indicated the involvement of glutamate-induced Na+ loads, NKA, and NCX in shaping the Ca2+ response to glutamate. Nevertheless, in the absence of external Na+ (NMDG substituted), Ca2+ clearance was still slower for the Ca2+ response to glutamate than for 20 mM K+, suggesting participation of additional Ca2+ handlers to the slower Ca2+ clearance under this condition.
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5
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Lodovichi C, Ratto GM. Control of circadian rhythm on cortical excitability and synaptic plasticity. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1099598. [PMID: 37063387 PMCID: PMC10098176 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1099598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Living organisms navigate through a cyclic world: activity, feeding, social interactions are all organized along the periodic succession of night and day. At the cellular level, periodic activity is controlled by the molecular machinery driving the circadian regulation of cellular homeostasis. This mechanism adapts cell function to the external environment and its crucial importance is underlined by its robustness and redundancy. The cell autonomous clock regulates cell function by the circadian modulation of mTOR, a master controller of protein synthesis. Importantly, mTOR integrates the circadian modulation with synaptic activity and extracellular signals through a complex signaling network that includes the RAS-ERK pathway. The relationship between mTOR and the circadian clock is bidirectional, since mTOR can feedback on the cellular clock to shift the cycle to maintain the alignment with the environmental conditions. The mTOR and ERK pathways are crucial determinants of synaptic plasticity and function and thus it is not surprising that alterations of the circadian clock cause defective responses to environmental challenges, as witnessed by the bi-directional relationship between brain disorders and impaired circadian regulation. In physiological conditions, the feedback between the intrinsic clock and the mTOR pathway suggests that also synaptic plasticity should undergo circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lodovichi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Claudia Lodovichi,
| | - Gian Michele Ratto
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- National Enterprise for NanoScience and NanoTechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
- Gian Michele Ratto,
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6
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Claudio A, Andrea F. Circadian neuromarkers of mood disorders. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Yoshitane H, Imamura K, Okubo T, Otobe Y, Kawakami S, Ito S, Takumi T, Hattori K, Naguro I, Ichijo H, Fukada Y. mTOR-AKT Signaling in Cellular Clock Resetting Triggered by Osmotic Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:631-646. [PMID: 35018792 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aims: The circadian clock oscillates in a cell-autonomous manner with a period of ∼24 h, and the phase is regulated by various time cues such as light and temperature through multiple clock input pathways. We previously found that osmotic and oxidative stress strongly affected the circadian period and phase of cellular rhythms, and triple knockout of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) family members, Ask1, Ask2, and Ask3, abolished the phase shift (clock resetting) induced by hyperosmotic pulse treatment. We aimed at exploring a key molecule(s) and signaling events in the clock input pathway dependent on ASK kinases. Results: The phase shift of the cellular clock induced by the hyperosmotic pulse treatment was significantly reduced by combined deficiencies of the clock(-related) genes, Dec1, Dec2, and E4 promoter-binding protein 4 (also known as Nfil3) (E4bp4). In addition, liquid chromatography mass/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomic analysis identified hyperosmotic pulse-induced phosphorylation of circadian locomotor output cycles caput (CLOCK) Ser845 in an AKT-dependent manner. We found that AKT kinase was phosphorylated at Ser473 (i.e., activated) in response to the hyperosmotic pulse experiments. Inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase by Torin 1 treatment completely abolished the AKT activation, suppressed the phosphorylation of CLOCK Ser845, and blocked the clock resetting induced by the hyperosmotic pulse treatment. Innovation and Conclusions: We conclude that mTOR-AKT signaling is indispensable for the CLOCK Ser845 phosphorylation, which correlates with the clock resetting induced by the hyperosmotic pulse treatment. Immediate early induction of the clock(-related) genes and CLOCK carboxyl-terminal (C-terminal) region containing Ser845 also play important roles in the clock input pathway through redox-sensitive ASK kinases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 631-646.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Yoshitane
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,Circadiain Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Kiyomichi Imamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takenori Okubo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yuta Otobe
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,Circadiain Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawakami
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,Circadiain Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,Circadiain Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Toru Takumi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hattori
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Isao Naguro
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fukada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,Circadiain Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Liu M, Ding J, Wang X. The interaction between circadian rhythm and epilepsy. ACTA EPILEPTOLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s42494-022-00094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEvidence about the interaction between circadian rhythms (CR) and epilepsy has been expanded with the application of advanced detection technology. An adequate understanding of how circadian system and epilepsy interact with each other could contribute to more accurate seizure prediction as well as rapid development of potential treatment timed to specific phases of CR. In this review, we present the reciprocal relationship between CR and epileptic activities from aspects of sleep effect, genetic modulation and brain biochemistry. It has been found that sleep-wake patterns, circadian timing systems and multidien rhythms have essential roles in seizure activities and interictal epileptiform discharge (IED). For instance, specific distribution patterns of seizures and IED have been reported, i.e., lighter non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stage (stage 2) induces seizures while deeper NREM sleep stage (stage 3) activates IEDs. Furthermore, the epilepsy type, seizure type and seizure onset zone can significantly affect the rhythms of seizure occurrence. Apart from the common seizure types, several specific epilepsy syndromes also have a close correlation with sleep-wakefulness patterns. Sleep influences the epilepsy rhythm, and conversely, epilepsy alters the sleep rhythm through multiple pathways. Clock genes accompanied by two feedback loops of regulation have an important role in cortical excitability and seizure occurrence, which may be involved in the mTORopathy. The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) has a rhythm of melatonin and cortisol secretion under the circadian pattern, and then these hormones can feed back into a central oscillator to affect the SCN-dependent rhythms, leading to variable but prominent influence on epilepsy. Furthermore, we discuss the precise predictive algorithms and chronotherapy strategies based on different temporal patterns of seizure occurrence for patients with epilepsy, which may offer a valuable indication for non-invasive closed-loop treatment system. Optimization of the time and dose of antiseizure medications, and resynchronization of disturbed CR (by hormone therapy, light exposure, ketogenic diet, novel small molecules) would be beneficial for epileptic patients in the future. Before formal clinical practice, future large-scale studies are urgently needed to assist prediction and treatment of circadian seizure activities and address unsolved restrictions.
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Singla R, Mishra A, Cao R. The trilateral interactions between mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, the circadian clock, and psychiatric disorders: an emerging model. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:355. [PMID: 36045116 PMCID: PMC9433414 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian (~24 h) rhythms in physiology and behavior are evolutionarily conserved and found in almost all living organisms. The rhythms are endogenously driven by daily oscillatory activities of so-called "clock genes/proteins", which are widely distributed throughout the mammalian brain. Mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a fundamental intracellular signal transduction cascade that controls important neuronal processes including neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, metabolism, and aging. Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway is associated with psychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and mood disorders (MD), in which patients often exhibit disrupted daily physiological rhythms and abnormal circadian gene expression in the brain. Recent work has found that the activities of mTOR signaling are temporally controlled by the circadian clock and exhibit robust circadian oscillations in multiple systems. In the meantime, mTOR signaling regulates fundamental properties of the central and peripheral circadian clocks, including period length, entrainment, and synchronization. Whereas the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, increasing clinical and preclinical evidence support significant crosstalk between mTOR signaling, the circadian clock, and psychiatric disorders. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the trilateral interactions and propose an "interaction triangle" model between mTOR signaling, the circadian clock, and psychiatric disorders (focusing on ASD and MD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubal Singla
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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10
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Sato T, Sassone-Corsi P. Nutrition, metabolism, and epigenetics: pathways of circadian reprogramming. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e52412. [PMID: 35412705 PMCID: PMC9066069 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food intake profoundly affects systemic physiology. A large body of evidence has indicated a link between food intake and circadian rhythms, and ~24-h cycles are deemed essential for adapting internal homeostasis to the external environment. Circadian rhythms are controlled by the biological clock, a molecular system remarkably conserved throughout evolution. The circadian clock controls the cyclic expression of numerous genes, a regulatory program common to all mammalian cells, which may lead to various metabolic and physiological disturbances if hindered. Although the circadian clock regulates multiple metabolic pathways, metabolic states also provide feedback on the molecular clock. Therefore, a remarkable feature is reprogramming by nutritional challenges, such as a high-fat diet, fasting, ketogenic diet, and caloric restriction. In addition, various factors such as energy balance, histone modifications, and nuclear receptor activity are involved in the remodeling of the clock. Herein, we review the interaction of dietary components with the circadian system and illustrate the relationships linking the molecular clock to metabolism and critical roles in the remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Sato
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, School of Medicine, INSERM U1233, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, School of Medicine, INSERM U1233, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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11
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Winterhalter PR, Simm A. How Justified is the Assumption of Programmed Aging in Reminiscence of Weismann's Theories? BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:35-53. [PMID: 35491022 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Theories about the benefits of death and the resulting increased likelihood of programmed aging are controversial, advocated only by a minority. The extent to which their assumptions might be justified should be investigated. To this end, various approaches to the possible utility or origin were considered, particularly potential benefits of the faster generational change caused by possible evolutionary compound interest. Reference was made to the thinking of Weismann, the father of regulated aging theories, who advocated non-adaptive concepts at the end of his career. In a thought experiment, circadian rhythms are discussed as a possible molecular source of aging regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Simm
- Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
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12
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Bai X, Liao Y, Sun F, Xiao X, Fu S. Diurnal regulation of oxidative phosphorylation restricts hepatocyte proliferation and inflammation. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109659. [PMID: 34496251 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The principles guiding the diurnal organization of biological pathways remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we perturb the hepatic transcriptome through nutrient regulators (high-fat diet and mTOR signaling components) to identify enduring properties of pathway organization. Temporal separation and counter-regulation between pathways of energy metabolism and inflammation/proliferation emerge as persistent transcriptome features across animal models, and network analysis identifies the G0s2 and Rgs16 genes as potential mediators at the metabolism-inflammation interface. Mechanistically, G0s2 and Rgs16 are sequentially induced during the light phase, promoting amino acid oxidation and suppressing overall mitochondrial respiration. In their absence, sphingolipids and diacylglycerides accumulate, accompanied by hepatic inflammation and hepatocyte proliferation. Notably, the expression of G0s2 and Rgs16 is further induced in obese mouse livers, and silencing of their expression accentuates hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, diurnal regulation of energy metabolism alleviates inflammatory and proliferative stresses under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Yilie Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Fangfang Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Xia Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Suneng Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; Department of Basic Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong, China 510005.
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Acosta-Rodríguez VA, Rijo-Ferreira F, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Importance of circadian timing for aging and longevity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2862. [PMID: 34001884 PMCID: PMC8129076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) decreases body weight, improves health, and extends lifespan. DR can be achieved by controlling how much and/or when food is provided, as well as by adjusting nutritional composition. Because these factors are often combined during DR, it is unclear which are necessary for beneficial effects. Several drugs have been utilized that target nutrient-sensing gene pathways, many of which change expression throughout the day, suggesting that the timing of drug administration is critical. Here, we discuss how dietary and pharmacological interventions promote a healthy lifespan by influencing energy intake and circadian rhythms. Circadian clocks link physiologic processes to environmental conditions and a mismatch between internal and external rhythms has negative effects on organismal health. In this review, the authors discuss the interactions between circadian clocks and dietary interventions targeted to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Acosta-Rodríguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Filipa Rijo-Ferreira
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carla B Green
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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14
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Hossain MF, Wang N, Chen R, Li S, Roy J, Uddin MG, Li Z, Lim LW, Song YQ. Exploring the multifunctional role of melatonin in regulating autophagy and sleep to mitigate Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101304. [PMID: 33610813 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a neurohormone that is regulated by the circadian clock and plays multifunctional roles in numerous neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is the most common form of dementia and is associated with the degradation of axons and synapses resulting in memory loss and cognitive impairment. Despite extensive research, there is still no effective cure or specific treatment to prevent the progression of AD. The pathogenesis of AD involves atrophic alterations in the brain that also result in circadian alterations, sleep disruption, and autophagic dysfunction. In this scenario, MLT and autophagy play a central role in removing the misfolded protein aggregations. MLT also promotes autophagy through inhibiting methamphetamine toxicity to protect against neuronal cell death in AD brain. Besides, MLT plays critical roles as either a pro-autophagic indicator or anti-autophagic regulator depending on the phase of autophagy. MLT also has antioxidant properties that can counteract mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Aging, a major risk factor for AD, can change sleep patterns and sleep quality, and MLT can improve sleep quality through regulating sleep cycles. The primary purpose of this review is to explore the putative mechanisms of the beneficial effects of MLT in AD patients. Furthermore, we also summarize the findings from preclinical and clinical studies on the multifunctional roles of MLT on autophagic regulation, the control of the circadian clock-associated genes, and sleep regulation.
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15
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Parnell AA, De Nobrega AK, Lyons LC. Translating around the clock: Multi-level regulation of post-transcriptional processes by the circadian clock. Cell Signal 2021; 80:109904. [PMID: 33370580 PMCID: PMC8054296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous circadian clock functions to maintain optimal physiological health through the tissue specific coordination of gene expression and synchronization between tissues of metabolic processes throughout the 24 hour day. Individuals face numerous challenges to circadian function on a daily basis resulting in significant incidences of circadian disorders in the United States and worldwide. Dysfunction of the circadian clock has been implicated in numerous diseases including cancer, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular and hepatic abnormalities, mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The circadian clock regulates molecular, metabolic and physiological processes through rhythmic gene expression via transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Mounting evidence indicates that post-transcriptional regulation by the circadian clock plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue specific biological rhythms. Circadian regulation affecting RNA stability and localization through RNA processing, mRNA degradation, and RNA availability for translation can result in rhythmic protein synthesis, even when the mRNA transcripts themselves do not exhibit rhythms in abundance. The circadian clock also targets the initiation and elongation steps of translation through multiple pathways. In this review, the influence of the circadian clock across the levels of post-transcriptional, translation, and post-translational modifications are examined using examples from humans to cyanobacteria demonstrating the phylogenetic conservation of circadian regulation. Lastly, we briefly discuss chronotherapies and pharmacological treatments that target circadian function. Understanding the complexity and levels through which the circadian clock regulates molecular and physiological processes is important for future advancement of therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber A Parnell
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Aliza K De Nobrega
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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16
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Lorsung E, Karthikeyan R, Cao R. Biological Timing and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Role for Circadian Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:642745. [PMID: 33776640 PMCID: PMC7994532 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.642745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. ASDs affect nearly 2% of the United States child population and the worldwide prevalence has dramatically increased in recent years. The etiology is not clear but ASD is thought to be caused by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Circadian rhythms are the ∼24 h rhythms driven by the endogenous biological clock, and they are found in a variety of physiological processes. Growing evidence from basic and clinical studies suggest that the dysfunction of the circadian timing system may be associated with ASD and its pathogenesis. Here we review the findings that link circadian dysfunctions to ASD in both experimental and clinical studies. We first introduce the organization of the circadian system and ASD. Next, we review physiological indicators of circadian rhythms that are found disrupted in ASD individuals, including sleep-wake cycles, melatonin, cortisol, and serotonin. Finally, we review evidence in epidemiology, human genetics, and biochemistry that indicates underlying associations between circadian regulation and the pathogenesis of ASD. In conclusion, we propose that understanding the functional importance of the circadian clock in normal and aberrant neurodevelopmental processes may provide a novel perspective to tackle ASD, and clinical treatments for ASD individuals should comprise an integrative approach considering the dynamics of daily rhythms in physical, mental, and social processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Lorsung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Ramanujam Karthikeyan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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17
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Patel SA, Kondratov RV. Clock at the Core of Cancer Development. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:150. [PMID: 33672910 PMCID: PMC7918730 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To synchronize various biological processes with the day and night cycle, most organisms have developed circadian clocks. This evolutionarily conserved system is important in the temporal regulation of behavior, physiology and metabolism. Multiple pathological changes associated with circadian disruption support the importance of the clocks in mammals. Emerging links have revealed interplay between circadian clocks and signaling networks in cancer. Understanding the cross-talk between the circadian clock and tumorigenesis is imperative for its prevention, management and development of effective treatment options. In this review, we summarize the role of the circadian clock in regulation of one important metabolic pathway, insulin/IGF1/PI3K/mTOR signaling, and how dysregulation of this metabolic pathway could lead to uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation and growth. Targeting the circadian clock and rhythms either with recently discovered pharmaceutical agents or through environmental cues is a new direction in cancer chronotherapy. Combining the circadian approach with traditional methods, such as radiation, chemotherapy or the recently developed, immunotherapy, may improve tumor response, while simultaneously minimizing the adverse effects commonly associated with cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal A. Patel
- Fusion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Hamilton, ON L8P 0A6, Canada;
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Roman V. Kondratov
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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18
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Song B, Zhu J. A Novel Application of Ketamine for Improving Perioperative Sleep Disturbances. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:2251-2266. [PMID: 34992482 PMCID: PMC8715868 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s341161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Perioperative sleep disturbances are commonly observed before, during, and after surgery and can be caused by several factors, such as preoperative negative moods, general anesthetics, surgery trauma, and pain. Over the past decade, the fast-acting antidepressant effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine represent one of the most attractive discoveries in the field of psychiatry, such as antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. It is also widely used as a short-acting anesthetic and analgesic. Recent research has revealed new possible applications for ketamine, such as for perioperative sleep disorders and circadian rhythm disorders. Here, we summarize the risk factors for perioperative sleep disturbances, outcomes of perioperative sleep disturbances, and mechanism of action of ketamine in improving perioperative sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijia Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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19
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors as Molecular Links between Caloric Restriction and Circadian Rhythm. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113476. [PMID: 33198317 PMCID: PMC7696073 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm plays a chief role in the adaptation of all bodily processes to internal and environmental changes on the daily basis. Next to light/dark phases, feeding patterns constitute the most essential element entraining daily oscillations, and therefore, timely and appropriate restrictive diets have a great capacity to restore the circadian rhythm. One of the restrictive nutritional approaches, caloric restriction (CR) achieves stunning results in extending health span and life span via coordinated changes in multiple biological functions from the molecular, cellular, to the whole-body levels. The main molecular pathways affected by CR include mTOR, insulin signaling, AMPK, and sirtuins. Members of the family of nuclear receptors, the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ take part in the modulation of these pathways. In this non-systematic review, we describe the molecular interconnection between circadian rhythm, CR-associated pathways, and PPARs. Further, we identify a link between circadian rhythm and the outcomes of CR on the whole-body level including oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging. Since PPARs contribute to many changes triggered by CR, we discuss the potential involvement of PPARs in bridging CR and circadian rhythm.
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20
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Wan L, Shi XY, Ge WR, Sun YL, Zhang S, Wang J, Hu LY, Zou LP, Yang G. The Instigation of the Associations Between Melatonin, Circadian Genes, and Epileptic Spasms in Infant Rats. Front Neurol 2020; 11:497225. [PMID: 33192961 PMCID: PMC7649768 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.497225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infantile spasm (IS) is one of the most common catastrophic epilepsy syndromes in infancy characterized by epileptic spasm. While adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is the first-line treatment for IS, it is evident that the seizures associated with IS exhibit a clear circadian rhythm; however, the precise mechanisms underlying such seizures remain unclear. Melatonin is an important amine hormone and is regulated by circadian rhythm. Circadian proteins, especially Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Trasnslocator-like Protein (ARNTL or BMAL1) and Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (CLOCK), and their target proteins Period Circadian Regulator 1 (PER1), Period Circadian Regulator 2 (PER2), Cryptochrome 1 (CRY1), and Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2), play key roles in circadian rhythm. This study explored the relationships between melatonin, genes associated with circadian rhythm, and epileptic spasm. Materials and Methods: Eighteen female rats were mated with nine male rats and 16 became pregnant. Twelve pregnant rats were subjected to prenatal stress by forced swimming in cold water from the day of conception. Rat pups produced by stressed mothers received an intraperitoneal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on the 13th day after birth and were divided into four groups: NMDA (15 mg/kg), NMDA+ACTH (20 IU/kg), NMDA+melatonin (55 mg/kg), and NMDA+ACTH+melatonin (n = 36/group). Offspring from four dams that were not subjected to prenatal stress were used as controls. We then recorded latency and the frequency of flexion seizures. All offspring were sacrificed on the 14th day after birth and CLOCK, BMAL1, PER1, PER2, CRY1, and CRY2 expression was analyzed by western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Results: NMDA induced spasm-like symptoms in rats. ACTH and melatonin significantly increased seizure latency and significantly reduced the frequency of seizures (P < 0.05). CLOCK, BMAL1, PER1, PER2, CRY1, and CRY2 expression was significantly lower in the NMDA group than the controls (P < 0.05). ACTH significantly increased the expression of CLOCK, BAML1, PER1, and CRY1 (P < 0.05) and melatonin significantly increased the expression of CLOCK, BMAL1, PER1, PER2, CRY1, and CRY2 (P < 0.05) compared with those of the NMDA group. There were no significant differences in the expression of BMAL1, CRY2, PER1, and PER2 when compared between the NMDA+ACTH+melatonin and control groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: ACTH and melatonin significantly increased the expression of circadian genes and improved NMDA-induced seizures. The anticonvulsant effects of ACTH and melatonin are likely to involve regulation of the expression of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wan
- The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Yu Shi
- The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Rong Ge
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Lin Sun
- The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Yan Hu
- The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Zou
- The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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21
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Rapid acting antidepressants in the mTOR pathway: Current evidence. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:170-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Crosby P, Partch CL. New insights into non-transcriptional regulation of mammalian core clock proteins. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/18/jcs241174. [PMID: 32934011 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian circadian rhythms drive ∼24 h periodicity in a wide range of cellular processes, temporally coordinating physiology and behaviour within an organism, and synchronising this with the external day-night cycle. The canonical model for this timekeeping consists of a delayed negative-feedback loop, containing transcriptional activator complex CLOCK-BMAL1 (BMAL1 is also known as ARNTL) and repressors period 1, 2 and 3 (PER1, PER2 and PER3) and cryptochrome 1 and 2 (CRY1 and CRY2), along with a number of accessory factors. Although the broad strokes of this system are defined, the exact molecular mechanisms by which these proteins generate a self-sustained rhythm with such periodicity and fidelity remains a topic of much research. Recent studies have identified prominent roles for a number of crucial post-transcriptional, translational and, particularly, post-translational events within the mammalian circadian oscillator, providing an increasingly complex understanding of the activities and interactions of the core clock proteins. In this Review, we highlight such contemporary work on non-transcriptional events and set it within our current understanding of cellular circadian timekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Crosby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Carrie L Partch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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23
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The paradoxical lean phenotype of hypothyroid mice is marked by increased adaptive thermogenesis in the skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22544-22551. [PMID: 32826330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008919117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health problem worldwide, given its growing incidence and its association with a variety of comorbidities. Weight gain results from an increase in energy intake without a concomitant increase in energy expenditure. To combat the obesity epidemic, many studies have focused on the pathways underlying satiety and hunger signaling, while other studies have concentrated on the mechanisms involved in energy expenditure, most notably adaptive thermogenesis. Hypothyroidism in humans is typically associated with a decreased basal metabolic rate, lower energy expenditure, and weight gain. However, hypothyroid mouse models have been reported to have a leaner phenotype than euthyroid controls. To elucidate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we used a drug-free mouse model of hypothyroidism: mice lacking the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), the plasma membrane protein that mediates active iodide uptake in the thyroid. In addition to being leaner than euthyroid mice, owing in part to reduced food intake, these hypothyroid mice show signs of compensatory up-regulation of the skeletal-muscle adaptive thermogenic marker sarcolipin, with an associated increase in fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Neither catecholamines nor thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are responsible for sarcolipin expression or FAO stimulation; rather, thyroid hormones are likely to negatively regulate both processes in skeletal muscle. Our findings indicate that hypothyroidism in mice results in a variety of metabolic changes, which collectively lead to a leaner phenotype. A deeper understanding of these changes may make it possible to develop new strategies against obesity.
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24
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Impact of circadian and diurnal rhythms on cellular metabolic function and neurodegenerative diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:393-412. [PMID: 32739012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The 24-h rotational period of the earth has driven evolution of biological systems that serve to synchronize organismal physiology and behavior to this predictable environmental event. In mammals, the circadian (circa, "about" and dia, "a day") clock keeps 24-h time at the organismal and cellular level, optimizing biological function for a given time of day. The most obvious circadian output is the sleep-wake cycle, though countless bodily functions, ranging from hormone levels to cognitive function, are influenced by the circadian clock. Here we discuss the regulation of metabolic pathways by the circadian clock, discuss the evidence implicating circadian and sleep disruption in neurodegenerative diseases, and suggest some possible connections between the clock, metabolism, and neurodegenerative disease.
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25
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Castelo-Szekely V, Gatfield D. Emerging Roles of Translational Control in Circadian Timekeeping. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3483-3497. [PMID: 32246961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A large part of mammalian physiology and behaviour shows regular daily variations. This temporal organisation is driven by the activity of an endogenous circadian clock, whose molecular basis consists of diurnal waves in gene expression. Circadian transcription is the major driver of these rhythms, yet post-transcriptional mechanisms, some of which occur in response to systemic cues and in a tissue-specific fashion, have central roles in ultimately establishing the oscillatory gene expression programme as well. Regulatory control that occurs at the level of translation is emerging as an important player in the generation and modulation of protein accumulation rhythms. As a mechanism, translation lies at a privileged position to integrate genetically encoded rhythmic signals with other, external and internal stimuli, including nutrient-derived cues. In this review, we summarise our current knowledge of how diurnal control of translation affects both bulk protein levels and gene-specific protein biosynthesis. We discuss mechanisms of regulation, in particular with regard to the complex interplay between circadian cycles and feeding/fasting cycles, as well as emerging roles for upstream open reading frames in clock control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Castelo-Szekely
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Gatfield
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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26
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Gonzalez-Freire M, Diaz-Ruiz A, Hauser D, Martinez-Romero J, Ferrucci L, Bernier M, de Cabo R. The road ahead for health and lifespan interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 59:101037. [PMID: 32109604 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a modifiable risk factor for most chronic diseases and an inevitable process in humans. The development of pharmacological interventions aimed at delaying or preventing the onset of chronic conditions and other age-related diseases has been at the forefront of the aging field. Preclinical findings have demonstrated that species, sex and strain confer significant heterogeneity on reaching the desired health- and lifespan-promoting pharmacological responses in model organisms. Translating the safety and efficacy of these interventions to humans and the lack of reliable biomarkers that serve as predictors of health outcomes remain a challenge. Here, we will survey current pharmacological interventions that promote lifespan extension and/or increased healthspan in animals and humans, and review the various anti-aging interventions selected for inclusion in the NIA's Interventions Testing Program as well as the ClinicalTrials.gov database that target aging or age-related diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Group, Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Alberto Diaz-Ruiz
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA; Nutritional Interventions Group, Precision Nutrition and Aging, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - IMDEA Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Hauser
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Jorge Martinez-Romero
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, IMDEA Food, CEI, UAM/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
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27
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li T, Han J, Wang Y. The tight junction protein TJP1 regulates the feeding-modulated hepatic circadian clock. Nat Commun 2020; 11:589. [PMID: 32001717 PMCID: PMC6992704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral tissues orchestrate behavioral and physiological activities of mammals in response to environmental cues. In the liver, the circadian clock is also modulated by feeding. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are unclear. Here, we show that TJP1 (tight junction protein 1) functions as a mediator of mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) to modulate the hepatic circadian clock. TJP1 interacts with PER1 (period circadian regulator 1) and prevents its nuclear translocation. During feeding, mTOR phosphorylates TJP1 and attenuates its association with PER1, thereby enhancing nuclear shuttling of PER1 to dampen circadian oscillation. Therefore, our results provide a previously uncharacterized mechanistic insight into how feeding modulates the hepatic circadian clock. The circadian clock regulates rhythms of physiology and metabolism in response to environmental cues such as food intake. Here, the authors show that tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) interacts with period 1 and modulates its nuclear translocation in a mTOR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinbo Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yiguo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Zhang S, Dai M, Wang X, Jiang SH, Hu LP, Zhang XL, Zhang ZG. Signalling entrains the peripheral circadian clock. Cell Signal 2020; 69:109433. [PMID: 31982551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, 24-h rhythms of behaviour and physiology are regulated by the circadian clock. The circadian clock is controlled by a central clock in the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that synchronizes peripheral clocks in peripheral tissues. Clock genes in the SCN are primarily entrained by light. Increasing evidence has shown that peripheral clocks are also regulated by light and hormones independent of the SCN. How the peripheral clocks deal with internal signals is dependent on the relevance of a specific cue to a specific tissue. In different tissues, most genes that are under circadian control are not overlapping, revealing the tissue-specific control of peripheral clocks. We will discuss how different signals control the peripheral clocks in different peripheral tissues, such as the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas, and discuss the organ-to-organ communication between the peripheral clocks at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Dai
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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29
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Mosser EA, Chiu CN, Tamai TK, Hirota T, Li S, Hui M, Wang A, Singh C, Giovanni A, Kay SA, Prober DA. Identification of pathways that regulate circadian rhythms using a larval zebrafish small molecule screen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12405. [PMID: 31455847 PMCID: PMC6712016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock ensures that behavioral and physiological processes occur at appropriate times during the 24-hour day/night cycle, and is regulated at both the cellular and organismal levels. To identify pathways acting on intact animals, we performed a small molecule screen using a luminescent reporter of molecular circadian rhythms in zebrafish larvae. We identified both known and novel pathways that affect circadian period, amplitude and phase. Several drugs identified in the screen did not affect circadian rhythms in cultured cells derived from luminescent reporter embryos or in established zebrafish and mammalian cell lines, suggesting they act via mechanisms absent in cell culture. Strikingly, using drugs that promote or inhibit inflammation, as well as a mutant that lacks microglia, we found that inflammatory state affects circadian amplitude. These results demonstrate a benefit of performing drug screens using intact animals and provide novel targets for treating circadian rhythm disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Mosser
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.,Program in Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Cindy N Chiu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - T Katherine Tamai
- Centre for Cell and Molecular Dynamics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirota
- PRESTO, JST, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Suna Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - May Hui
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Amy Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Chanpreet Singh
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Steve A Kay
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - David A Prober
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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30
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Walton ZE, Brooks RC, Dang CV. mTOR Senses Intracellular pH through Lysosome Dispersion from RHEB. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1800265. [PMID: 31157925 PMCID: PMC6730656 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acidity, generated in hypoxia or hypermetabolic states, perturbs homeostasis and is a feature of solid tumors. That acid peripherally disperses lysosomes is a three-decade-old observation, yet one little understood or appreciated. However, recent work has recognized the inhibitory impact this spatial redistribution has on mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a key regulator of metabolism. This finding argues for a paradigm shift in localization of mTORC1 activator Ras homolog enriched in brain (RHEB), a conclusion several others have now independently reached. Thus, mTORC1, known to sense amino acids, mitogens, and energy to restrict biosynthesis to times of adequate resources, also senses pH and, via dampened mTOR-governed synthesis of clock proteins, regulates the circadian clock to achieve concerted responses to metabolic stress. While this may allow cancer to endure metabolic deprivation, immune cell mTOR signaling likewise exhibits pH sensitivity, suggesting that suppression of antitumor immune function by solid tumor acidity may additionally fuel cancers, an obstacle potentially reversible through therapeutic pH manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chi V. Dang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10017
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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31
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A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Circadian Timekeeping in Mice and Flies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092363. [PMID: 31086044 PMCID: PMC6540063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central pacemakers of circadian timekeeping systems are highly robust yet adaptable, providing the temporal coordination of rhythms in behavior and physiological processes in accordance with the demands imposed by environmental cycles. These features of the central pacemaker are achieved by a multi-oscillator network in which individual cellular oscillators are tightly coupled to the environmental day-night cycle, and to one another via intercellular coupling. In this review, we will summarize the roles of various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the regulation of circadian entrainment and synchrony within the mammalian and Drosophila central pacemakers. We will also describe the diverse functions of protein kinases in the relay of input signals to the core oscillator or the direct regulation of the molecular clock machinery.
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32
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Barone I, Hawks-Mayer H, Lipton JO. Mechanisms of sleep and circadian ontogeny through the lens of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 160:160-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Leite Góes Gitai D, de Andrade TG, Dos Santos YDR, Attaluri S, Shetty AK. Chronobiology of limbic seizures: Potential mechanisms and prospects of chronotherapy for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:122-134. [PMID: 30629979 PMCID: PMC7023906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (mTLE) characterized by progressive development of complex partial seizures originating from the hippocampus is the most prevalent and refractory type of epilepsy. One of the remarkable features of mTLE is the rhythmic pattern of occurrence of spontaneous seizures, implying a dependence on the endogenous clock system for seizure threshold. Conversely, circadian rhythms are affected by epilepsy too. Comprehending how the circadian system and seizures interact with each other is essential for understanding the pathophysiology of epilepsy as well as for developing innovative therapies that are efficacious for better seizure control. In this review, we confer how the temporal dysregulation of the circadian clock in the hippocampus combined with multiple uncoupled oscillators could lead to periodic seizure occurrences and comorbidities. Unraveling these associations with additional research would help in developing chronotherapy for mTLE, based on the chronobiology of spontaneous seizures. Notably, differential dosing of antiepileptic drugs over the circadian period and/or strategies that resynchronize biological rhythms may substantially improve the management of seizures in mTLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leite Góes Gitai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA; Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA.
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34
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The Impact of Ramadan Fasting on the Reduction of PASI Score, in Moderate-To-Severe Psoriatic Patients: A Real-Life Multicenter Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020277. [PMID: 30691245 PMCID: PMC6412911 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting during the month of Ramadan consists of alternate abstinence and re-feeding periods (circadian or intermittent fasting). Nothing is currently known on the impact of this kind of fasting on psoriasis. A sample of 108 moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis patients (aged 42.84 ± 13.61 years, 62 males, 46 females) volunteered to take part in the study. A significant decrease in the “Psoriasis Area and Severity Index” (PASI) score after the Ramadan fasting (mean difference = −0.89 ± 1.21, p < 0.0001) was found. At the multivariate regression, the use of cyclosporine (p = 0.0003), interleukin-17 or IL-17 blockers (p < 0.0001), and tumor necrosis factor or TNF blockers (p = 0.0107) was independently associated with a low PASI score, while the use of apremilast (p = 0.0009), and phototherapy (p = 0.0015) was associated with a high PASI score before the Ramadan fasting. Similarly, the consumption of cyclosporine (p < 0.0001), IL-17 blockers (p < 0.0001), mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR inhibitors (p = 0.0081), and TNF blockers (p = 0.0017) predicted a low PASI score after the Ramadan fasting. By contrast, narrow band ultraviolet light B or NB-UVB (p = 0.0015) was associated with a high PASI score after Ramadan fasting. Disease duration (p = 0.0078), use of apremilast (p = 0.0005), and of mTOR inhibitors (p = 0.0034) were independent predictors of the reduction in the PASI score after the Ramadan fasting. These findings reflect the influence of dieting strategy, the biological clock, and circadian rhythm on the treatment of plaque psoriasis.
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35
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Kramer P, Bressan P. Mitochondria Inspire a Lifestyle. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2019; 231:105-126. [PMID: 30610376 DOI: 10.1007/102_2018_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tucked inside our cells, we animals (and plants, and fungi) carry mitochondria, minuscule descendants of bacteria that invaded our common ancestor 2 billion years ago. This unplanned breakthrough endowed our ancestors with a convenient, portable source of energy, enabling them to progress towards more ambitious forms of life. Mitochondria still manufacture most of our energy; we have evolved to invest it to grow and produce offspring, and to last long enough to make it all happen. Yet because the continuous generation of energy is inevitably linked to that of toxic free radicals, mitochondria give us life and give us death. Stripping away clutter and minutiae, here we present a big-picture perspective of how mitochondria work, how they are passed on virtually only by mothers, and how they shape the lifestyles of species and individuals. We discuss why restricting food prolongs lifespan, why reproducing shortens it, and why moving about protects us from free radicals despite increasing their production. We show that our immune cells use special mitochondria to keep control over our gut microbes. And we lay out how the fabrication of energy and free radicals sets the internal clocks that command our everyday rhythms-waking, eating, sleeping. Mitochondria run the show.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kramer
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Bressan
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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36
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37
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Khan S, Nobili L, Khatami R, Loddenkemper T, Cajochen C, Dijk DJ, Eriksson SH. Circadian rhythm and epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:1098-1108. [PMID: 30366868 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in diagnostic technology, including chronic intracranial EEG recordings, have confirmed the clinical observation of different temporal patterns of epileptic activity and seizure occurrence over a 24-h period. The rhythmic patterns in epileptic activity and seizure occurrence are probably related to vigilance states and circadian variation in excitatory and inhibitory balance. Core circadian genes BMAL1 and CLOCK, which code for transcription factors, have been shown to influence excitability and seizure threshold. Despite uncertainties about the relative contribution of vigilance states versus circadian rhythmicity, including circadian factors such as seizure timing improves sensitivity of seizure prediction algorithms in individual patients. Improved prediction of seizure occurrence opens the possibility for personalised antiepileptic drug-dosing regimens timed to particular phases of the circadian cycle to improve seizure control and to reduce side-effects and risks associated with seizures. Further studies are needed to clarify the pathways through which rhythmic patterns of epileptic activity are generated, because this might also inform future treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Khan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Lino Nobili
- Centre of Sleep Medicine, Centre for Epilepsy Surgery C Munari, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Pediatric Institute, DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Ramin Khatami
- Centre for Sleep Research, Sleep Medicine and Epileptology, Klinik Barmelweid AG, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Loddenkemper
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Sofia H Eriksson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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38
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Cao R. mTOR Signaling, Translational Control, and the Circadian Clock. Front Genet 2018; 9:367. [PMID: 30250482 PMCID: PMC6139299 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all cellular processes are regulated by the approximately 24 h rhythms that are endogenously driven by the circadian clock. mRNA translation, as the most energy consuming step in gene expression, is temporally controlled by circadian rhythms. Recent research has uncovered key mechanisms of translational control that are orchestrated by circadian rhythmicity and in turn feed back to the clock machinery to maintain robustness and accuracy of circadian timekeeping. Here I review recent progress in our understanding of translation control mechanisms in the circadian clock, focusing on a role for the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in modulating entrainment, synchronization and autonomous oscillation of circadian clocks. I also discuss the relevance of circadian mTOR functions in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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39
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Farzaei MH, Tewari D, Momtaz S, Argüelles S, Nabavi SM. Targeting ERK signaling pathway by polyphenols as novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegeneration. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:183-195. [PMID: 29981370 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous chemicals, such as phenolic compounds are strong radical scavengers, capable of alleviating oxidative stress induced neurodegeneration. Dietary antioxidants, especially flavonoids, are being considered as a promising approach to prevent or slow the pathological development of neurological illness and aging. One of the major advantage of natural products is that of their anti-amyloid effects over synthetic counterpart, however a healthy diet provides these beneficial natural substances as nutraceuticals. The extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is one of the main pharmacological target of natural phenolic compounds, participating in several therapeutic effects. Mounting evidence revealed that numerous bioflavonoids, obtained from a variety of dietary fruits or plants as well as medicinal herbal sources, exhibit protective or therapeutic functions versus development of neurodegenerative diseases mainly through modulation of different compartments of ERK signaling pathway. Currently, there is remarkable interest in the beneficial effects of natural flavonoids to improve neural performance and prevent the onset and development of major neurodegenerative diseases. Natural products originated from medicinal plants, in particular antioxidants, have gained a great deal of attention due to their safe and non-toxic natures. Here, we summarized the effect of natural bioflavonoids on ERK signaling pathway and their molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Bhimtal Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sandro Argüelles
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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40
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Walton ZE, Patel CH, Brooks RC, Yu Y, Ibrahim-Hashim A, Riddle M, Porcu A, Jiang T, Ecker BL, Tameire F, Koumenis C, Weeraratna AT, Welsh DK, Gillies R, Alwine JC, Zhang L, Powell JD, Dang CV. Acid Suspends the Circadian Clock in Hypoxia through Inhibition of mTOR. Cell 2018; 174:72-87.e32. [PMID: 29861175 PMCID: PMC6398937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that hypoxia influences the circadian clock through the transcriptional activities of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) at clock genes. Unexpectedly, we uncover a profound disruption of the circadian clock and diurnal transcriptome when hypoxic cells are permitted to acidify to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment. Buffering against acidification or inhibiting lactic acid production fully rescues circadian oscillation. Acidification of several human and murine cell lines, as well as primary murine T cells, suppresses mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, a key regulator of translation in response to metabolic status. We find that acid drives peripheral redistribution of normally perinuclear lysosomes away from perinuclear RHEB, thereby inhibiting the activity of lysosome-bound mTOR. Restoring mTORC1 signaling and the translation it governs rescues clock oscillation. Our findings thus reveal a model in which acid produced during the cellular metabolic response to hypoxia suppresses the circadian clock through diminished translation of clock constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zandra E Walton
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Chirag H Patel
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Rebekah C Brooks
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yongjun Yu
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arig Ibrahim-Hashim
- Department of Cancer Physiology and Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Malini Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Alessandra Porcu
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | | | - Brett L Ecker
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Feven Tameire
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman University School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman University School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - David K Welsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Robert Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology and Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - James C Alwine
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Center for Research on Reproduction & Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Chi V Dang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10017, USA.
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41
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Green CB. Circadian Posttranscriptional Regulatory Mechanisms in Mammals. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a030692. [PMID: 28778869 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock drives rhythms in the levels of thousands of proteins in the mammalian cell, arising in part from rhythmic transcriptional regulation of the genes that encode them. However, recent evidence has shown that posttranscriptional processes also play a major role in generating the rhythmic protein makeup and ultimately the rhythmic physiology of the cell. Regulation of steps throughout the life of the messenger RNA (mRNA), ranging from initial mRNA processing and export from the nucleus to extensive control of translation and degradation in the cytosol have been shown to be important for producing the final rhythms in protein levels critical for proper circadian rhythmicity. These findings will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Green
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9111
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42
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Ramanathan C, Kathale ND, Liu D, Lee C, Freeman DA, Hogenesch JB, Cao R, Liu AC. mTOR signaling regulates central and peripheral circadian clock function. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007369. [PMID: 29750810 PMCID: PMC5965903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock coordinates physiology and metabolism. mTOR (mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin) is a major intracellular sensor that integrates nutrient and energy status to regulate protein synthesis, metabolism, and cell growth. Previous studies have identified a key role for mTOR in regulating photic entrainment and synchrony of the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Given that mTOR activities exhibit robust circadian oscillations in a variety of tissues and cells including the SCN, here we continued to investigate the role of mTOR in orchestrating autonomous clock functions in central and peripheral circadian oscillators. Using a combination of genetic and pharmacological approaches we show that mTOR regulates intrinsic clock properties including period and amplitude. In peripheral clock models of hepatocytes and adipocytes, mTOR inhibition lengthens period and dampens amplitude, whereas mTOR activation shortens period and augments amplitude. Constitutive activation of mTOR in Tsc2-/-fibroblasts elevates levels of core clock proteins, including CRY1, BMAL1 and CLOCK. Serum stimulation induces CRY1 upregulation in fibroblasts in an mTOR-dependent but Bmal1- and Period-independent manner. Consistent with results from cellular clock models, mTOR perturbation also regulates period and amplitude in the ex vivo SCN and liver clocks. Further, mTOR heterozygous mice show lengthened circadian period of locomotor activity in both constant darkness and constant light. Together, these results support a significant role for mTOR in circadian timekeeping and in linking metabolic states to circadian clock functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambaram Ramanathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nimish D. Kathale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Choogon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - David A. Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John B. Hogenesch
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RC); (ACL)
| | - Andrew C. Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RC); (ACL)
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Abstract
The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase resides at the crux of an intracellular signaling network that controls fundamental biological processes. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling is linked to neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, the physiological functions of mTOR signaling in the adult brain are not fully understood. In the current study, we discovered that mTOR in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons plays a key role in regulating neurophysiology in the brain circadian clock and the olfactory system. The conditional mTOR knockout mouse will be a useful model for future investigations of mTOR and/or VIP. Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling controls cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism in dividing cells. Less is known regarding its function in postmitotic neurons in the adult brain. Here we created a conditional mTOR knockout mouse model to address this question. Using the Cre-LoxP system, the mTOR gene was specifically knocked out in cells expressing Vip (vasoactive intestinal peptide), which represent a major population of interneurons widely distributed in the neocortex, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), olfactory bulb (OB), and other brain regions. Using a combination of biochemical, behavioral, and imaging approaches, we found that mice lacking mTOR in VIP neurons displayed erratic circadian behavior and weakened synchronization among cells in the SCN, the master circadian pacemaker in mammals. Furthermore, we have discovered a critical role for mTOR signaling in mediating olfaction. Odor stimulated mTOR activation in the OB, anterior olfactory nucleus, as well as piriform cortex. Odor-evoked c-Fos responses along the olfactory pathway were abolished in mice lacking mTOR in VIP neurons, which is consistent with reduced olfactory sensitivity in these animals. Together, these results demonstrate that mTOR is a key regulator of SCN circadian clock synchrony and olfaction.
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Navidhamidi M, Ghasemi M, Mehranfard N. Epilepsy-associated alterations in hippocampal excitability. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:307-334. [PMID: 28099137 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus exhibits a wide range of epilepsy-related abnormalities and is situated in the mesial temporal lobe, where limbic seizures begin. These abnormalities could affect membrane excitability and lead to overstimulation of neurons. Multiple overlapping processes refer to neural homeostatic responses develop in neurons that work together to restore neuronal firing rates to control levels. Nevertheless, homeostatic mechanisms are unable to restore normal neuronal excitability, and the epileptic hippocampus becomes hyperexcitable or hypoexcitable. Studies show that there is hyperexcitability even before starting recurrent spontaneous seizures, suggesting although hippocampal hyperexcitability may contribute to epileptogenesis, it alone is insufficient to produce epileptic seizures. This supports the concept that the hippocampus is not the only substrate for limbic seizure onset, and a broader hyperexcitable limbic structure may contribute to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) seizures. Nevertheless, seizures also occur in conditions where the hippocampus shows a hypoexcitable phenotype. Since TLE seizures most often originate in the hippocampus, it could therefore be assumed that both hippocampal hypoexcitability and hyperexcitability are undesirable states that make the epileptic hippocampal network less stable and may, under certain conditions, trigger seizures.
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Rao RT, Pierre KK, Schlesinger N, Androulakis IP. The Potential of Circadian Realignment in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 44:177-191. [PMID: 28605351 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2016018812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this short review, we discuss evidence supporting the modulation of peripheral circadian systems as a therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We first review the role of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, two of the primary mediators of chronic inflammation in RA, and their regulation by circadian clock machinery. We further highlight the role of environmental and metabolic signals in regulating the central and peripheral circadian clocks, with an emphasis on seasonal variations in photoperiod and rhythmic metabolic input, respectively. Finally, we hypothesize that the entrainment and realignment of peripheral clock rhythms have the ability to modulate these mediators, improving clinical outcomes in RA patients. Our discussion emphasizes the use of light therapy and time-restricted feeding for entraining peripheral clocks either via the entrainment of the central circadian clock in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) or directly by uncoupling the peripheral circadian clocks from SCN. In doing so, we highlight the use of nonpharmacologic interventions as a potential strategy for improving clinical outcomes in chronic inflammatory conditions such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit T Rao
- Chemical & Biochemical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kamau K Pierre
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Naomi Schlesinger
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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46
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Impact of Time-Restricted Feeding and Dawn-to-Sunset Fasting on Circadian Rhythm, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:3932491. [PMID: 29348746 PMCID: PMC5733887 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3932491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity now affects millions of people and places them at risk of developing metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and even hepatocellular carcinoma. This rapidly emerging epidemic has led to a search for cost-effective methods to prevent the metabolic syndrome and NAFLD as well as the progression of NAFLD to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In murine models, time-restricted feeding resets the hepatic circadian clock and enhances transcription of key metabolic regulators of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Studies of the effect of dawn-to-sunset Ramadan fasting, which is akin to time-restricted feeding model, have also identified significant improvement in body mass index, serum lipid profiles, and oxidative stress parameters. Based on the findings of studies conducted on human subjects, dawn-to-sunset fasting has the potential to be a cost-effective intervention for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and NAFLD.
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47
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XIE X, GUO A, WU T, HU Q, HUANG L, YAO C, ZHAO B, ZHANG W, CHI B, LU P, ZHAO Z, FU Z. Preventive Effect of L-Carnitine on the Disorder of Lipid Metabolism and Circadian Clock of Mice Subjected to Chronic Jet-Lag. Physiol Res 2017; 66:801-810. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clock plays an essential role in orchestrating daily physiology, and its disruption can evoke metabolic diseases such as obesity. L-Carnitine can reduce blood lipid levels, and ameliorate fatty liver through regulating lipid metabolism. However, whether L-Carnitine administration may affect the disturbance of lipid metabolism and circadian rhythm of mice induced by prolonged circadian disruption is still unknown. Herein, we investigated the effects of L-Carnitine on conditions of circadian clock and lipid metabolism through a chronic jet-lag mice model which was developed by reversing 12 h light/12 h dark cycle every 4 days for a continuous 12 weeks. Results showed that L-Carnitine administration significantly decreased levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and triglycerides (TG), which were remarkably elevated by chronic jet-lag. More importantly, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that L-Carnitine supplementation would effectively counteract the negative alterations in gene expression which related to lipid metabolism (Srebp1, Acaca, Fasn, and Scd1), metabolic regulator (mTOR) and circadian rhythm (Bmal1, Per1, Cry1 and Dec1) in the liver of mice subjected to the chronic jet-lag. As a conclusion, L-Carnitine was partly effective in preventing the disruption of circadian clock and lipid metabolic disorders induced by the chronic jet-lag.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Z. FU
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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48
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Martinez-Royo A, Alabart JL, Sarto P, Serrano M, Lahoz B, Folch J, Calvo JH. Genome-wide association studies for reproductive seasonality traits in Rasa Aragonesa sheep breed. Theriogenology 2017; 99:21-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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49
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Duncan WC, Slonena E, Hejazi NS, Brutsche N, Yu KC, Park L, Ballard ED, Zarate CA. Motor-Activity Markers of Circadian Timekeeping Are Related to Ketamine's Rapid Antidepressant Properties. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:361-369. [PMID: 28457485 PMCID: PMC5546993 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid clinical antidepressant effects of the glutamatergic modulator ketamine may be due to its ability to restore synaptic plasticity and related effects on sleep-wake and circadian systems. Preclinical studies indicate that ketamine alters expression of circadian clock-associated molecules, and clinical studies of ketamine on plasticity-related biomarkers further suggest an association with sleep slow waves and sleep homeostasis. METHODS Wrist-activity monitors were used to examine the pharmacologic and rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine on markers of circadian timekeeping (amplitude and timing) in mood disorders. Circadian amplitude and timing of activity at baseline, postinfusion day 1 (D1), and day 3 (D3) were measured in 51 patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. RESULTS Compared with either placebo or baseline, a mood-independent decrease of the central circadian value (mesor) was present on D1 after ketamine treatment. Mood-associated circadian effects between rapid (D1) responders and nonresponders were found at baseline, D1, and D3. At baseline, a phase-advanced activity pattern and lower mesor distinguished subsequent responders from nonresponders. On D1, ketamine nonresponders had a lower mesor and a blunted 24-hour amplitude relative to baseline. On D3, patients with a persisting clinical response exhibited a higher amplitude and mesor compared with nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS The findings are the first to demonstrate an association between ketamine's clinical antidepressant effects and circadian timekeeping. The results suggest that traitlike circadian activity patterns indicate rapid mood response to ketamine, and that mediators of continuing ketamine-induced mood changes include altered timing and amplitude of the circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace C Duncan
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Elizabeth Slonena
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nadia S Hejazi
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nancy Brutsche
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin C Yu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lawrence Park
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth D Ballard
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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50
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Lipton JO, Boyle LM, Yuan ED, Hochstrasser KJ, Chifamba FF, Nathan A, Tsai PT, Davis F, Sahin M. Aberrant Proteostasis of BMAL1 Underlies Circadian Abnormalities in a Paradigmatic mTOR-opathy. Cell Rep 2017; 20:868-880. [PMID: 28746872 PMCID: PMC5603761 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, whose products form a critical inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Loss of TSC1/2 gene function renders an mTOR-overactivated state. Clinically, TSC manifests with epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism, and sleep dysfunction. Here, we report that mouse models of TSC have abnormal circadian rhythms. We show that mTOR regulates the proteostasis of the core clock protein BMAL1, affecting its translation, degradation, and subcellular localization. This results in elevated levels of BMAL1 and a dysfunctional clock that displays abnormal timekeeping under constant conditions and exaggerated responses to phase resetting. Genetically lowering the dose of BMAL1 rescues circadian behavioral phenotypes in TSC mouse models. These findings indicate that BMAL1 deregulation is a feature of the mTOR-activated state and suggest a molecular mechanism for mitigating circadian phenotypes in a neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O Lipton
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Lara M Boyle
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Yuan
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin J Hochstrasser
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fortunate F Chifamba
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ashwin Nathan
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter T Tsai
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 73590, TX 75390, USA
| | - Fred Davis
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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