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Ruknudin P, Nazari AR, Wirth M, Lahaie I, Bajon E, Rivard A, Chemtob S, Desjarlais M. Novel Function of Nogo-A as Negative Regulator of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Angiogenic Activity: Impact in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13185. [PMID: 37685993 PMCID: PMC10488245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) can actively participate in revascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Yet the mechanisms responsible for their dysfunction is unclear. Nogo-A, whose function is traditionally related to the inhibition of neurite function in the central nervous system, has recently been documented to display anti-angiogenic pro-repellent properties. Based on the significant impact of EPCs in retinal vascularization, we surmised that Nogo-A affects EPC function, and proceeded to investigate the role of Nogo-A on EPC function in OIR. The expression of Nogo-A and its specific receptor NgR1 was significantly increased in isolated EPCs exposed to hyperoxia, as well as in EPCs isolated from rats subjected to OIR compared with respective controls (EPCs exposed to normoxia). EPCs exposed to hyperoxia displayed reduced migratory and tubulogenic activity, associated with the suppressed expression of prominent EPC-recruitment factors SDF-1/CXCR4. The inhibition of Nogo-A (using a Nogo-66 neutralizing antagonist peptide) or siRNA-NGR1 in hyperoxia-exposed EPCs restored SDF-1/CXCR4 expression and, in turn, rescued the curtailed neovascular functions of EPCs in hyperoxia. The in vivo intraperitoneal injection of engineered EPCs (Nogo-A-inhibited or NgR1-suppressed) in OIR rats at P5 (prior to exposure to hyperoxia) prevented retinal and choroidal vaso-obliteration upon localization adjacent to vasculature; coherently, the inhibition of Nogo-A/NgR1 in EPCs enhanced the expression of key angiogenic factors VEGF, SDF-1, PDGF, and EPO in retina; CXCR4 knock-down abrogated suppressed NgR1 pro-angiogenic effects. The findings revealed that hyperoxia-induced EPC malfunction is mediated to a significant extent by Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling via CXCR4 suppression; the inhibition of Nogo-A in EPCs restores specific angiogenic growth factors in retina and the ensuing vascularization of the retina in an OIR model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakiza Ruknudin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Ali Riza Nazari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Maelle Wirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lahaie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Bajon
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Alain Rivard
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM) Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
| | - Michel Desjarlais
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 2H2, Canada
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Intranasal delivery of full-length anti-Nogo-A antibody: A potential alternative route for therapeutic antibodies to central nervous system targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2200057120. [PMID: 36649432 PMCID: PMC9942809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200057120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody delivery to the CNS remains a huge hurdle for the clinical application of antibodies targeting a CNS antigen. The blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier restrict access of therapeutic antibodies to their CNS targets in a major way. The very high amounts of therapeutic antibodies that are administered systemically in recent clinical trials to reach CNS targets are barely viable cost-wise for broad, routine applications. Though global CNS delivery of antibodies can be achieved by intrathecal application, these procedures are invasive. A non-invasive method to bring antibodies into the CNS reliably and reproducibly remains an important unmet need in neurology. In the present study, we show that intranasal application of a mouse monoclonal antibody against the neurite growth-inhibiting and plasticity-restricting membrane protein Nogo-A leads to a rapid transfer of significant amounts of antibody to the brain and spinal cord in intact adult rats. Daily intranasal application for 2 wk of anti-Nogo-A antibody enhanced growth and compensatory sprouting of corticofugal projections and functional recovery in rats after large unilateral cortical strokes. These findings are a starting point for clinical translation for a less invasive route of application of therapeutic antibodies to CNS targets for many neurological indications.
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Xiao P, Gu J, Xu W, Niu X, Zhang J, Li J, Chen Y, Pei Z, Zeng J, Xing S. RTN4/Nogo-A-S1PR2 negatively regulates angiogenesis and secondary neural repair through enhancing vascular autophagy in the thalamus after cerebral cortical infarction. Autophagy 2022; 18:2711-2730. [PMID: 35263212 PMCID: PMC9629085 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2047344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral infarction induces angiogenesis in the thalamus and influences functional recovery. The mechanisms underlying angiogenesis remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of RTN4/Nogo-A in mediating macroautophagy/autophagy and angiogenesis in the thalamus following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We assessed secondary neuronal damage, angiogenesis, vascular autophagy, RTN4 and S1PR2 signaling in the thalamus. The effects of RTN4-S1PR2 on vascular autophagy and angiogenesis were evaluated using lentiviral and pharmacological approaches. The results showed that RTN4 and S1PR2 signaling molecules were upregulated in parallel with angiogenesis in the ipsilateral thalamus after MCAO. Knockdown of Rtn4 by siRNA markedly reduced MAP1LC3B-II conversion and levels of BECN1 and SQSTM1 in vessels, coinciding with enhanced angiogenesis in the ipsilateral thalamus. This effect coincided with rescued neuronal loss of the thalamus and improved cognitive function. Conversely, activating S1PR2 augmented vascular autophagy, along with suppressed angiogenesis and aggravated neuronal damage of the thalamus. Further inhibition of autophagic initiation with 3-methyladenine or spautin-1 enhanced angiogenesis while blockade of lysosomal degradation by bafilomycin A1 suppressed angiogenesis in the ipsilateral thalamus. The control of autophagic flux by RTN4-S1PR2 was verified in vitro. Additionally, ROCK1-BECN1 interaction along with phosphorylation of BECN1 (Thr119) was identified in the thalamic vessels after MCAO. Knockdown of Rtn4 markedly reduced BECN1 phosphorylation whereas activating S1PR2 increased its phosphorylation in vessels. These results suggest that blockade of RTN4-S1PR2 interaction promotes angiogenesis and secondary neural repair in the thalamus by suppressing autophagic activation and alleviating dysfunction of lysosomal degradation in vessels after cerebral infarction.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTA2/ɑ-SMA: actin alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta; AIF1/Iba1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BMVECs: brain microvascular endothelial cells; BrdU: 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; CLDN11/OSP: claudin 11; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; LAMA1: laminin, alpha 1; MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2; MBP2: myelin basic protein 2; MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion; PDGFRB/PDGFRβ: platelet derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide; RECA-1: rat endothelial cell antigen-1; RHOA: ras homolog family member A; RHRSP: stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats; ROCK1: Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1; RTN4/Nogo-A: reticulon 4; RTN4R/NgR1: reticulon 4 receptor; S1PR2: sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinmin Gu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingyang Niu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yicong Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinsheng Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shihui Xing
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Seng C, Luo W, Földy C. Circuit formation in the adult brain. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4187-4213. [PMID: 35724981 PMCID: PMC9546018 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the mammalian central nervous system display an enormous capacity for circuit formation during development but not later in life. In principle, new circuits could be also formed in adult brain, but the absence of the developmental milieu and the presence of growth inhibition and hundreds of working circuits are generally viewed as unsupportive for such a process. Here, we bring together evidence from different areas of neuroscience—such as neurological disorders, adult‐brain neurogenesis, innate behaviours, cell grafting, and in vivo cell reprogramming—which demonstrates robust circuit formation in adult brain. In some cases, adult‐brain rewiring is ongoing and required for certain types of behaviour and memory, while other cases show significant promise for brain repair in disease models. Together, these examples highlight that the adult brain has higher capacity for structural plasticity than previously recognized. Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind this retained plasticity has the potential to advance basic knowledge regarding the molecular organization of synaptic circuits and could herald a new era of neural circuit engineering for therapeutic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Seng
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wenshu Luo
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Földy
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Wang J, Miao Y, Wicklein R, Sun Z, Wang J, Jude KM, Fernandes RA, Merrill SA, Wernig M, Garcia KC, Südhof TC. RTN4/NoGo-receptor binding to BAI adhesion-GPCRs regulates neuronal development. Cell 2021; 184:5869-5885.e25. [PMID: 34758294 PMCID: PMC8620742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RTN4-binding proteins were widely studied as "NoGo" receptors, but their physiological interactors and roles remain elusive. Similarly, BAI adhesion-GPCRs were associated with numerous activities, but their ligands and functions remain unclear. Using unbiased approaches, we observed an unexpected convergence: RTN4 receptors are high-affinity ligands for BAI adhesion-GPCRs. A single thrombospondin type 1-repeat (TSR) domain of BAIs binds to the leucine-rich repeat domain of all three RTN4-receptor isoforms with nanomolar affinity. In the 1.65 Å crystal structure of the BAI1/RTN4-receptor complex, C-mannosylation of tryptophan and O-fucosylation of threonine in the BAI TSR-domains creates a RTN4-receptor/BAI interface shaped by unusual glycoconjugates that enables high-affinity interactions. In human neurons, RTN4 receptors regulate dendritic arborization, axonal elongation, and synapse formation by differential binding to glial versus neuronal BAIs, thereby controlling neural network activity. Thus, BAI binding to RTN4/NoGo receptors represents a receptor-ligand axis that, enabled by rare post-translational modifications, controls development of synaptic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rebecca Wicklein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zijun Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jinzhao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sean A Merrill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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6
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Niedzwiedz-Massey VM, Douglas JC, Rafferty T, Kane CJ, Drew PD. Ethanol effects on cerebellar myelination in a postnatal mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol 2021; 96:43-53. [PMID: 34358666 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are alarmingly common, result in significant personal and societal loss, and there are no effective treatments for these disorders. Cerebellar neuropathology is common in FASD and can cause impaired cognitive and motor function. The current study evaluates the effects of ethanol on oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, as well as molecules that modulate oligodendrocyte differentiation and function in the cerebellum in a postnatal mouse model of FASD. Neonatal mice were treated with ethanol from P4-P9 (postnatal day), the cerebellum was isolated at P10, and mRNAs encoding oligodendrocyte-associated molecules were quantitated by qRT-PCR. Our studies demonstrated that ethanol significantly reduced the expression of markers for multiple stages of oligodendrocyte maturation, including oligodendrocyte precursor cells, pre-myelinating oligodendrocytes, and mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Additionally, we determined that ethanol significantly decreased the expression of molecules that play critical roles in oligodendrocyte differentiation. Interestingly, we also observed that ethanol significantly reduced the expression of myelin-associated inhibitors, which may act as a compensatory mechanism to ethanol toxicity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ethanol alters the expression of a variety of molecules important in oligodendrocyte function and myelination. Collectively, our studies increase our understanding of specific mechanisms by which ethanol modulates myelination in the developing cerebellum, and potentially identify novel targets for FASD therapy.
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Parcerisas A, Ortega-Gascó A, Pujadas L, Soriano E. The Hidden Side of NCAM Family: NCAM2, a Key Cytoskeleton Organization Molecule Regulating Multiple Neural Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10021. [PMID: 34576185 PMCID: PMC8471948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been over 20 years since Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule 2 (NCAM2) was identified as the second member of the NCAM family with a high expression in the nervous system, the knowledge of NCAM2 is still eclipsed by NCAM1. The first studies with NCAM2 focused on the olfactory bulb, where this protein has a key role in axonal projection and axonal/dendritic compartmentalization. In contrast to NCAM1, NCAM2's functions and partners in the brain during development and adulthood have remained largely unknown until not long ago. Recent studies have revealed the importance of NCAM2 in nervous system development. NCAM2 governs neuronal morphogenesis and axodendritic architecture, and controls important neuron-specific processes such as neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis and memory formation. In the adult brain, NCAM2 is highly expressed in dendritic spines, and it regulates synaptic plasticity and learning processes. NCAM2's functions are related to its ability to adapt to the external inputs of the cell and to modify the cytoskeleton accordingly. Different studies show that NCAM2 interacts with proteins involved in cytoskeleton stability and proteins that regulate calcium influx, which could also modify the cytoskeleton. In this review, we examine the evidence that points to NCAM2 as a crucial cytoskeleton regulation protein during brain development and adulthood. This key function of NCAM2 may offer promising new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neurodevelopmental diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Parcerisas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alba Ortega-Gascó
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
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The Implication of Reticulons (RTNs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094630. [PMID: 33924890 PMCID: PMC8125174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticulons (RTNs) are crucial regulatory factors in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as immune system and play pleiotropic functions. In CNS, RTNs are transmembrane proteins mediating neuroanatomical plasticity and functional recovery after central nervous system injury or diseases. Moreover, RTNs, particularly RTN4 and RTN3, are involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation processes. The crucial role of RTNs in the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or other neurological conditions such as brain injury or spinal cord injury, has attracted scientific interest. Reticulons, particularly RTN-4A (Nogo-A), could provide both an understanding of early pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and be potential therapeutic targets which may offer effective treatment or inhibit disease progression. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and functions of RTNs and their potential usefulness in clinical practice as a diagnostic tool or therapeutic strategy.
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Klimaschewski L, Claus P. Fibroblast Growth Factor Signalling in the Diseased Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3884-3902. [PMID: 33860438 PMCID: PMC8280051 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) act as key signalling molecules in brain development, maintenance, and repair. They influence the intricate relationship between myelinating cells and axons as well as the association of astrocytic and microglial processes with neuronal perikarya and synapses. Advances in molecular genetics and imaging techniques have allowed novel insights into FGF signalling in recent years. Conditional mouse mutants have revealed the functional significance of neuronal and glial FGF receptors, not only in tissue protection, axon regeneration, and glial proliferation but also in instant behavioural changes. This review provides a summary of recent findings regarding the role of FGFs and their receptors in the nervous system and in the pathogenesis of major neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Klimaschewski
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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LOTUS, an endogenous Nogo receptor antagonist, is involved in synapse and memory formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5085. [PMID: 33658590 PMCID: PMC7930056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nogo signal is involved in impairment of memory formation. We previously reported the lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS) as an endogenous antagonist of the Nogo receptor 1 that mediates the inhibition of axon growth and synapse formation. Moreover, we found that LOTUS plays an essential role in neural circuit formation and nerve regeneration. However, the effects of LOTUS on synapse formation and memory function have not been elucidated. Here, we clearly showed the involvement of LOTUS in synapse formation and memory function. The cultured hippocampal neurons derived from lotus gene knockout (LOTUS-KO) mice exhibited a decrease in synaptic density compared with those from wild-type mice. We also found decrease of dendritic spine formation in the adult hippocampus of LOTUS-KO mice. Finally, we demonstrated that LOTUS deficiency impairs memory formation in the social recognition test and the Morris water maze test, indicating that LOTUS is involved in functions of social and spatial learning and memory. These findings suggest that LOTUS affects synapse formation and memory function.
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11
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Chowdhury D, Watters K, Biederer T. Synaptic recognition molecules in development and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 142:319-370. [PMID: 33706921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic connectivity patterns underlie brain functions. How recognition molecules control where and when neurons form synapses with each other, therefore, is a fundamental question of cellular neuroscience. This chapter delineates adhesion and signaling complexes as well as secreted factors that contribute to synaptic partner recognition in the vertebrate brain. The sections follow a developmental perspective and discuss how recognition molecules (1) guide initial synaptic wiring, (2) provide for the rejection of incorrect partner choices, (3) contribute to synapse specification, and (4) support the removal of inappropriate synapses once formed. These processes involve a rich repertoire of molecular players and key protein families are described, notably the Cadherin and immunoglobulin superfamilies, Semaphorins/Plexins, Leucine-rich repeat containing proteins, and Neurexins and their binding partners. Molecular themes that diversify these recognition systems are defined and highlighted throughout the text, including the neuron-type specific expression and combinatorial action of recognition factors, alternative splicing, and post-translational modifications. Methodological innovations advancing the field such as proteomic approaches and single cell expression studies are additionally described. Further, the chapter highlights the importance of choosing an appropriate brain region to analyze synaptic recognition factors and the advantages offered by laminated structures like the hippocampus or retina. In a concluding section, the profound disease relevance of aberrant synaptic recognition for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders is discussed. Based on the current progress, an outlook is presented on research goals that can further advance insights into how recognition molecules provide for the astounding precision and diversity of synaptic connections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine Watters
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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12
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Scholl T, Gruber VE, Samueli S, Lehner R, Kasprian G, Czech T, Reinten RJ, Hoogendijk L, Hainfellner JA, Aronica E, Mühlebner A, Feucht M. Neurite Outgrowth Inhibitor (NogoA) Is Upregulated in White Matter Lesions of Complex Cortical Malformations. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:274-282. [PMID: 33517425 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex cortical malformations (CCMs), such as hemimegalencephaly and polymicrogyria, are associated with drug-resistant epilepsy and developmental impairment. They share certain neuropathological characteristics including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and an atypical number of white matter neurons. To get a better understanding of the pathobiology of the lesion architecture, we investigated the role of neurite outgrowth inhibitor A (NogoA), a known regulator of neuronal migration. Epilepsy surgery specimens from 16 CCM patients were analyzed and compared with sections of focal cortical dysplasia IIB (FCD IIB, n = 22), tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC, n = 8) as well as healthy controls (n = 15). Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize NogoA, myelination, and mTOR signaling. Digital slides were evaluated automatically with ImageJ. NogoA staining showed a significantly higher expression within the white matter of CCM and FCD IIB, whereas cortical tubers presented levels similar to controls. Further analysis of possible associations of NogoA with other factors revealed a positive correlation with mTOR and seizure frequency. To identify the main expressing NogoA cell type, double staining revealed dysmorphic neuronal white matter cells. Increased NogoA expression is associated with profound inhibition of neuritic sprouting and therefore contributes to a decrease in neuronal network complexity in CCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Scholl
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria-Elisabeth Gruber
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sharon Samueli
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Lehner
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czech
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roy J Reinten
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Hoogendijk
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Hainfellner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martha Feucht
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Fricke S, Metzdorf K, Ohm M, Haak S, Heine M, Korte M, Zagrebelsky M. Fast Regulation of GABA AR Diffusion Dynamics by Nogo-A Signaling. Cell Rep 2020; 29:671-684.e6. [PMID: 31618635 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Precisely controlling the excitatory and inhibitory balance is crucial for the stability and information-processing ability of neuronal networks. However, the molecular mechanisms maintaining this balance during ongoing sensory experiences are largely unclear. We show that Nogo-A signaling reciprocally regulates excitatory and inhibitory transmission. Loss of function for Nogo-A signaling through S1PR2 rapidly increases GABAAR diffusion, thereby decreasing their number at synaptic sites and the amplitude of GABAergic mIPSCs at CA3 hippocampal neurons. This increase in GABAAR diffusion rate is correlated with an increase in Ca2+ influx and requires the calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of the γ2 subunit at serine 327. These results suggest that Nogo-A signaling rapidly strengthens inhibitory GABAergic transmission by restricting the diffusion dynamics of GABAARs. Together with the observation that Nogo-A signaling regulates excitatory transmission in an opposite manner, these results suggest a crucial role for Nogo-A signaling in modulating the excitation and inhibition balance to restrict synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Fricke
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Kristin Metzdorf
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Melanie Ohm
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Stefan Haak
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Martin Heine
- Molecular Physiology Group, Leibniz Institute of Neurobiology, Magdeburg 39118, Germany; Functional Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38108, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Inhoffenstr. 7, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Marta Zagrebelsky
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38108, Germany.
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14
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Petratos S, Theotokis P, Kim MJ, Azari MF, Lee JY. That's a Wrap! Molecular Drivers Governing Neuronal Nogo Receptor-Dependent Myelin Plasticity and Integrity. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:227. [PMID: 32848619 PMCID: PMC7417613 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is a dynamic membrane that is important for coordinating the fast propagation of action potentials along small or large caliber axons (0.1-10 μm) some of which extend the entire length of the spinal cord. Due to the heterogeneity of electrical and energy demands of the variable neuronal populations, the axo-myelinic and axo-glial interactions that regulate the biophysical properties of myelinated axons also vary in terms of molecular interactions at the membrane interfaces. An important topic of debate in neuroscience is how myelin is maintained and modified under neuronal control and how disruption of this control (due to disease or injury) can initiate and/or propagate neurodegeneration. One of the key molecular signaling cascades that have been investigated in the context of neural injury over the past two decades involves the myelin-associated inhibitory factors (MAIFs) that interact with Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1). Chief among the MAIF superfamily of molecules is a reticulon family protein, Nogo-A, that is established as a potent inhibitor of neurite sprouting and axon regeneration. However, an understated role for NgR1 is its ability to control axo-myelin interactions and Nogo-A specific ligand binding. These interactions may occur at axo-dendritic and axo-glial synapses regulating their functional and dynamic membrane domains. The current review provides a comprehensive analysis of how neuronal NgR1 can regulate myelin thickness and plasticity under normal and disease conditions. Specifically, we discuss how NgR1 plays an important role in regulating paranodal and juxtaparanodal domains through specific signal transduction cascades that are important for microdomain molecular architecture and action potential propagation. Potential therapeutics designed to target NgR1-dependent signaling during disease are being developed in animal models since interference with the involvement of the receptor may facilitate neurological recovery. Hence, the regulatory role played by NgR1 in the axo-myelinic interface is an important research field of clinical significance that requires comprehensive investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael F Azari
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
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15
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Yang X. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: key modulators of neuronal plasticity, long-term memory, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:555-568. [PMID: 32126020 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are large groups of heterogenous proteoglycans that are mainly expressed by reactive astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). They share similar core proteins and are post-transcriptionally modified by chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. CSPGs are the major components of the perineuronal nets (PNN) that regulate the opening and closure of the critical period. Mounting reports have documented the crucial roles of CSPGs in restricting neuronal plasticity, axonal growth, and pathfinding during development as well as axonal regeneration after CNS injury. Moreover, CSPGs and PNNs modulate long-term memory, which impairments frequently happened in several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. This review will shortly introduce the expression patterns of CSPGs during development and after injury, the PNNs constitutions, the roles of CSPGs and PNNs in axonal regrowth, discuss the most recently identified roles of CSPGs and PNNs in mediating long-term memory and their correlation with brain disorders, and finally, propose a short perspective of future investigations. Hopefully, further explorations may validate the therapeutic potentials of PNNs and CSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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16
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Shahidi SH, Kordi MR, Rajabi H, Malm C, Shah F, Quchan ASK. Exercise modulates the levels of growth inhibitor genes before and after multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 341:577172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Orfila JE, Dietz RM, Rodgers KM, Dingman A, Patsos OP, Cruz-Torres I, Grewal H, Strnad F, Schroeder C, Herson PS. Experimental pediatric stroke shows age-specific recovery of cognition and role of hippocampal Nogo-A receptor signaling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:588-599. [PMID: 30762478 PMCID: PMC7026845 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19828581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and clinical data suggest that children may recover from stroke better than adults; however, supporting experimental data are lacking. We used our novel mouse model of experimental juvenile ischemic stroke (MCAO) to characterize age-specific cognitive dysfunction following ischemia. Juvenile and adult mice subjected to 45-min MCAO, and extracellular field recordings of CA1 neurons were performed to assess hippocampal synaptic plasticity changes after MCAO, and contextual fear conditioning was performed to evaluate memory and biochemistry used to analyze Nogo-A expression. Juvenile mice showed impaired synaptic plasticity seven days after MCAO, followed by full recovery by 30 days. Memory behavior was consistent with synaptic impairments and recovery after juvenile MCAO. Nogo-A expression increased in ipsilateral hippocampus seven days after MCAO compared to contralateral and sham hippocampus. Further, inhibition of Nogo-A receptors reversed MCAO-induced synaptic impairment in slices obtained seven days after juvenile MCAO. Adult MCAO-induced impairment of LTP was not associated with increased Nogo-A. This study demonstrates that stroke causes functional impairment in the hippocampus and recovery of behavioral and synaptic function is more robust in the young brain. Nogo-A receptor activity may account for the impairments seen following juvenile ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Orfila
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert M Dietz
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Krista M Rodgers
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andra Dingman
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Olivia P Patsos
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ivelisse Cruz-Torres
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Himmat Grewal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Frank Strnad
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christian Schroeder
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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18
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Zemmar A, Chen CC, Weinmann O, Kast B, Vajda F, Bozeman J, Isaad N, Zuo Y, Schwab ME. Oligodendrocyte- and Neuron-Specific Nogo-A Restrict Dendritic Branching and Spine Density in the Adult Mouse Motor Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2109-2117. [PMID: 28505229 PMCID: PMC6018724 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nogo-A has been well described as a myelin-associated inhibitor of neurite outgrowth and functional neuroregeneration after central nervous system (CNS) injury. Recently, a new role of Nogo-A has been identified as a negative regulator of synaptic plasticity in the uninjured adult CNS. Nogo-A is present in neurons and oligodendrocytes. However, it is yet unclear which of these two pools regulate synaptic plasticity. To address this question we used newly generated mouse lines in which Nogo-A is specifically knocked out in (1) oligodendrocytes (oligoNogo-A KO) or (2) neurons (neuroNogo-A KO). We show that both oligodendrocyte- and neuron-specific Nogo-A KO mice have enhanced dendritic branching and spine densities in layer 2/3 cortical pyramidal neurons. These effects are compartmentalized: neuronal Nogo-A affects proximal dendrites whereas oligodendrocytic Nogo-A affects distal regions. Finally, we used two-photon laser scanning microscopy to measure the spine turnover rate of adult mouse motor cortex layer 5 cells and find that both Nogo-A KO mouse lines show enhanced spine remodeling after 4 days. Our results suggest relevant control functions of glial as well as neuronal Nogo-A for synaptic plasticity and open new possibilities for more selective and targeted plasticity enhancing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Zemmar
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Chien Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Oliver Weinmann
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brigitt Kast
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flora Vajda
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James Bozeman
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Noel Isaad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Motahari Z, Moody SA, Maynard TM, LaMantia AS. In the line-up: deleted genes associated with DiGeorge/22q11.2 deletion syndrome: are they all suspects? J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:7. [PMID: 31174463 PMCID: PMC6554986 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a copy number variation (CNV) disorder, occurs in approximately 1:4000 live births due to a heterozygous microdeletion at position 11.2 (proximal) on the q arm of human chromosome 22 (hChr22) (McDonald-McGinn and Sullivan, Medicine 90:1-18, 2011). This disorder was known as DiGeorge syndrome, Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) or conotruncal anomaly face syndrome (CTAF) based upon diagnostic cardiovascular, pharyngeal, and craniofacial anomalies (McDonald-McGinn and Sullivan, Medicine 90:1-18, 2011; Burn et al., J Med Genet 30:822-4, 1993) before this phenotypic spectrum was associated with 22q11.2 CNVs. Subsequently, 22q11.2 deletion emerged as a major genomic lesion associated with vulnerability for several clinically defined behavioral deficits common to a number of neurodevelopmental disorders (Fernandez et al., Principles of Developmental Genetics, 2015; Robin and Shprintzen, J Pediatr 147:90-6, 2005; Schneider et al., Am J Psychiatry 171:627-39, 2014). RESULTS The mechanistic relationships between heterozygously deleted 22q11.2 genes and 22q11DS phenotypes are still unknown. We assembled a comprehensive "line-up" of the 36 protein coding loci in the 1.5 Mb minimal critical deleted region on hChr22q11.2, plus 20 protein coding loci in the distal 1.5 Mb that defines the 3 Mb typical 22q11DS deletion. We categorized candidates based upon apparent primary cell biological functions. We analyzed 41 of these genes that encode known proteins to determine whether haploinsufficiency of any single 22q11.2 gene-a one gene to one phenotype correspondence due to heterozygous deletion restricted to that locus-versus complex multigenic interactions can account for single or multiple 22q11DS phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our 22q11.2 functional genomic assessment does not support current theories of single gene haploinsufficiency for one or all 22q11DS phenotypes. Shared molecular functions, convergence on fundamental cell biological processes, and related consequences of individual 22q11.2 genes point to a matrix of multigenic interactions due to diminished 22q11.2 gene dosage. These interactions target fundamental cellular mechanisms essential for development, maturation, or homeostasis at subsets of 22q11DS phenotypic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Motahari
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| | - Sally Ann Moody
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| | - Thomas Michael Maynard
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
| | - Anthony-Samuel LaMantia
- The Institute for Neuroscience, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, 20037 USA
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20
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Can We Design a Nogo Receptor-Dependent Cellular Therapy to Target MS? Cells 2018; 8:cells8010001. [PMID: 30577457 PMCID: PMC6357095 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current landscape of therapeutics designed to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) and its pathological sequelae is saturated with drugs that modify disease course and limit relapse rates. While these small molecules and biologicals are producing profound benefits to patients with reductions in annualized relapse rates, the repair or reversal of demyelinated lesions with or without axonal damage, remains the principle unmet need for progressive forms of the disease. Targeting the extracellular pathological milieu and the signaling mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration are potential means to achieve neuroprotection and/or repair in the central nervous system of progressive MS patients. The Nogo-A receptor-dependent signaling mechanism has raised considerable interest in neurological disease paradigms since it can promulgate axonal transport deficits, further demyelination, and extant axonal dystrophy, thereby limiting remyelination. If specific therapeutic regimes could be devised to directly clear the Nogo-A-enriched myelin debris in an expedited manner, it may provide the necessary CNS environment for neurorepair to become a clinical reality. The current review outlines novel means to achieve neurorepair with biologicals that may be directed to sites of active demyelination.
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21
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The Nogo Receptor Ligand LGI1 Regulates Synapse Number and Synaptic Activity in Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0185-18. [PMID: 30225353 PMCID: PMC6140115 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0185-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) is a secreted neuronal protein and a Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) ligand. Mutations in LGI1 in humans causes autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy and homozygous deletion of LGI1 in mice results in severe epileptic seizures that cause early postnatal death. NgR1 plays an important role in the development of CNS synapses and circuitry by limiting plasticity in the adult cortex via the activation of RhoA. These relationships and functions prompted us to examine the effect of LGI1 on synapse formation in vitro and in vivo. We report that application of LGI1 increases synaptic density in neuronal culture and that LGI1 null hippocampus has fewer dendritic mushroom spines than in wild-type (WT) littermates. Further, our electrophysiological investigations demonstrate that LGI1 null hippocampal neurons possess fewer and weaker synapses. RhoA activity is significantly increased in cortical cultures derived from LGI1 null mice and using a reconstituted system; we show directly that LGI1 antagonizes NgR1-tumor necrosis factor receptor orphan Y (TROY) signaling. Our data suggests that LGI1 enhances synapse formation in cortical and hippocampal neurons by reducing NgR1 signaling.
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22
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Kovrazhkina EA, Stakhovskaya LV, Razinskaya OD, Serdyuk AV. [Inhibitors of CNS regeneration, their physiological role and participation in pathogenesis of diseases]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:143-149. [PMID: 29927419 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811851143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to axon growth inhibitors in the CNS, including a physiological role of myelin-associated proteins (Nogo-A, MAG, OMgp) and their involvement in the pathogenesis of various diseases (spinal injuries, stroke, neurodegenerations).
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kovrazhkina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Stakhovskaya
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - O D Razinskaya
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Serdyuk
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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23
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Abstract
When one eye does not function well during development, the visual cortex becomes less responsive to it and visual acuity declines. New research suggests that reduced response strength and deteriorating acuity occur in separate circuits.
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24
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Taetzsch T, Brayman VL, Valdez G. FGF binding proteins (FGFBPs): Modulators of FGF signaling in the developing, adult, and stressed nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2983-2991. [PMID: 29902550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family are involved in a variety of cellular processes. In the nervous system, they affect the differentiation and migration of neurons, the formation and maturation of synapses, and the repair of neuronal circuits following insults. Because of the varied yet critical functions of FGF ligands, their availability and activity must be tightly regulated for the nervous system, as well as other tissues, to properly develop and function in adulthood. In this regard, FGF binding proteins (FGFBPs) have emerged as strong candidates for modulating the actions of secreted FGFs in neural and non-neural tissues. Here, we will review the roles of FGFBPs in the peripheral and central nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Taetzsch
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA.
| | - Vanessa L Brayman
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Gregorio Valdez
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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25
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The Extracellular Environment of the CNS: Influence on Plasticity, Sprouting, and Axonal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:2952386. [PMID: 29849554 PMCID: PMC5932463 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2952386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular environment of the central nervous system (CNS) becomes highly structured and organized as the nervous system matures. The extracellular space of the CNS along with its subdomains plays a crucial role in the function and stability of the CNS. In this review, we have focused on two components of the neuronal extracellular environment, which are important in regulating CNS plasticity including the extracellular matrix (ECM) and myelin. The ECM consists of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and tenascins, which are organized into unique structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs associate with the neuronal cell body and proximal dendrites of predominantly parvalbumin-positive interneurons, forming a robust lattice-like structure. These developmentally regulated structures are maintained in the adult CNS and enhance synaptic stability. After injury, however, CSPGs and tenascins contribute to the structure of the inhibitory glial scar, which actively prevents axonal regeneration. Myelin sheaths and mature adult oligodendrocytes, despite their important role in signal conduction in mature CNS axons, contribute to the inhibitory environment existing after injury. As such, unlike the peripheral nervous system, the CNS is unable to revert to a “developmental state” to aid neuronal repair. Modulation of these external factors, however, has been shown to promote growth, regeneration, and functional plasticity after injury. This review will highlight some of the factors that contribute to or prevent plasticity, sprouting, and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury.
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Iobbi C, Korte M, Zagrebelsky M. Nogo-66 Restricts Synaptic Strengthening via Lingo1 and the ROCK2-Cofilin Pathway to Control Actin Dynamics. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:2779-2792. [PMID: 27166169 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo-A restricts long-term potentiation (LTP) at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 pathway in the adult hippocampus via 2 extracellular domains: Nogo-A-Δ20 and Nogo-66. Nogo-66 signals via Nogo Receptor 1 (NgR1) to regulate synaptic function. Whether the NgR1 coreceptors Lingo1 and p75NTR are involved in the signaling in this context is still not known. Moreover, the intracellular cascade mediating the activity of Nogo-66 in restricting LTP is unexplored. We combine electrophysiology and biochemistry in acute hippocampal slices and demonstrate that a loss of function for Lingo1 results in a significant increase in LTP levels at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 pathway, and that Lingo1 is the NgR1 coreceptor mediating the role of Nogo-66 in restricting LTP. Our data show that p75NTR is not involved in mediating the Nogo-66 effect on LTP. Moreover, loss of function for p75NTR and NgR1 equally attenuate LTD, suggesting that p75NTR might mediate the NgR1-dependent regulation of LTD, independently of Nogo-66. Finally, our results indicate that Nogo-66 signaling limits LTP via the ROCK2-Cofilin pathway to control the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. The present results elucidate the signaling pathway activated by Nogo-66 to control LTP and contribute to the understanding of how Nogo-A stabilizes the neural circuits to limit activity-dependent plasticity events in the mature hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Iobbi
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marta Zagrebelsky
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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The Adiponectin Homolog Osmotin Enhances Neurite Outgrowth and Synaptic Complexity via AdipoR1/NgR1 Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6673-6686. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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28
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Expression of Nogo receptor 1 in the regeneration process of the mouse olfactory epithelium. Neuroreport 2018; 27:717-23. [PMID: 27138950 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) is the most important Nogo-A receptor. By its interaction with myelin-associated inhibitory proteins, NgR1 inhibits the regeneration of axons and is extensively expressed in the central nervous system. However, the expression of NgR1 in regenerable neurons, such as olfactory neurons, and its expression in the regeneration progress of olfactory neurons have not been reported. In this study, we demonstrated that NgR1 was expressed in the cell bodies of certain mature olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) but was not expressed in immature ORNs in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of normal adult mice. On day 21 after OE injury, NgR1 was expressed not only in the cell bodies of mature ORNs but also in the cell bodies of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in the top and submucosal layers of the OE. On day 48 after model establishment, NgR1 expression decreased in the cell bodies of the GFAP-positive cells. On day 56 after model establishment, no NgR1 expression was found in the cell bodies of the GFAP-positive cells, and NgR1 was again expressed only in the mature ORNs. Our results demonstrated that NgR1 expression is upregulated in the OE after injury, which suggests that NgR1 might be involved in the regeneration of the OE.
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29
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Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide induces long-term, transcription-dependent plasticity and remodeling at autonomic synapses. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 85:170-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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MT3-MMP Promotes Excitatory Synapse Formation by Promoting Nogo-66 Receptor Ectodomain Shedding. J Neurosci 2017; 38:518-529. [PMID: 29196321 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0962-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface molecules are dynamically regulated at the synapse to assemble and disassemble adhesive contacts that are important for synaptogenesis and for tuning synaptic transmission. Metalloproteinases dynamically regulate cellular behaviors through the processing of cell surface molecules. In the present study, we evaluated the role of membrane-type metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) in excitatory synaptogenesis. We find that MT3-MMP and MT5-MMP are broadly expressed in the mouse cerebral cortex and that MT3-MMP loss-of-function interferes with excitatory synapse development in dissociated cortical neurons and in vivo We identify Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) as an MT3-MMP substrate that is required for MT3-MMP-dependent synapse formation. Introduction of the shed ectodomain of NgR1 is sufficient to accelerate excitatory synapse formation in dissociated cortical neurons and in vivo Together, our findings support a role for MT3-MMP-dependent shedding of NgR1 in regulating excitatory synapse development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this study, we identify MT3-MMP, a membrane-bound zinc protease, to be necessary for the development of excitatory synapses in cortical neurons. We identify Nogo-66 receptors (NgR1) as a downstream target of MT3-MMP proteolytic activity. Furthermore, processing of surface NgR1 by MT3-MMP generates a soluble ectodomain fragment that accelerates the formation of excitatory synapses. We propose that MT3-MMP activity and NgR1 shedding could stimulate circuitry remodeling in the adult brain and enhance functional connectivity after brain injury.
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31
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Pronker MF, Tas RP, Vlieg HC, Janssen BJC. Nogo Receptor crystal structures with a native disulfide pattern suggest a novel mode of self-interaction. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 73:860-876. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798317013791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Nogo Receptor (NgR) is a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored cell-surface protein and is a receptor for three myelin-associated inhibitors of regeneration: myelin-associated glycoprotein, Nogo66 and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein. In combination with different co-receptors, NgR mediates signalling that reduces neuronal plasticity. The available structures of the NgR ligand-binding leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain have an artificial disulfide pattern owing to truncated C-terminal construct boundaries. NgR has previously been shown to self-associateviaits LRR domain, but the structural basis of this interaction remains elusive. Here, crystal structures of the NgR LRR with a longer C-terminal segment and a native disulfide pattern are presented. An additional C-terminal loop proximal to the C-terminal LRR cap is stabilized by two newly formed disulfide bonds, but is otherwise mostly unstructured in the absence of any stabilizing interactions. NgR crystallized in six unique crystal forms, three of which share a crystal-packing interface. NgR crystal-packing interfaces from all eight unique crystal forms are compared in order to explore how NgR could self-interact on the neuronal plasma membrane.
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32
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Lee JY, Kim MJ, Li L, Velumian AA, Aui PM, Fehlings MG, Petratos S. Nogo receptor 1 regulates Caspr distribution at axo-glial units in the central nervous system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8958. [PMID: 28827698 PMCID: PMC5567129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Axo-glial units are highly organised microstructures propagating saltatory conduction and are disrupted during multiple sclerosis (MS). Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) has been suggested to govern axonal damage during the progression of disease in the MS-like mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here we have identified that adult ngr1 -/- mice, previously used in EAE and spinal cord injury experiments, display elongated paranodes, and nodes of Ranvier. Unstructured paranodal regions in ngr1 -/- mice are matched with more distributed expression pattern of Caspr. Compound action potentials of optic nerves and spinal cords from naïve ngr1 -/- mice are delayed and reduced. Molecular interaction studies revealed enhanced Caspr cleavage. Our data suggest that NgR1 may regulate axo-myelin ultrastructure through Caspr-mediated adhesion, regulating the electrophysiological signature of myelinated axons of central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- ToolGen, Inc., #1204, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Joung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Lijun Li
- Krembil Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander A Velumian
- Krembil Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pei Mun Aui
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Krembil Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
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Kimura H, Fujita Y, Kawabata T, Ishizuka K, Wang C, Iwayama Y, Okahisa Y, Kushima I, Morikawa M, Uno Y, Okada T, Ikeda M, Inada T, Branko A, Mori D, Yoshikawa T, Iwata N, Nakamura H, Yamashita T, Ozaki N. A novel rare variant R292H in RTN4R affects growth cone formation and possibly contributes to schizophrenia susceptibility. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1214. [PMID: 28892071 PMCID: PMC5611737 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticulon 4 receptor (RTN4R) plays an essential role in regulating axonal regeneration and plasticity in the central nervous system through the activation of rho kinase, and is located within chromosome 22q11.2, a region that is known to be a hotspot for schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recently, rare variants such as copy-number variants and single-nucleotide variants have been a focus of research because of their large effect size associated with increased susceptibility to SCZ and ASD and the possibility of elucidating the pathophysiology of mental disorder through functional analysis of the discovered rare variants. To discover rare variants with large effect size and to evaluate their role in the etiopathophysiology of SCZ and ASD, we sequenced the RTN4R coding exons with a sample comprising 370 SCZ and 192 ASD patients, and association analysis using a large number of unrelated individuals (1716 SCZ, 382 ASD and 4009 controls). Through this mutation screening, we discovered four rare (minor allele frequency <1%) missense mutations (R68H, D259N, R292H and V363M) of RTN4R. Among these discovered rare mutations, R292H was found to be significantly associated with SCZ (P=0.048). Furthermore, in vitro functional assays showed that the R292H mutation affected the formation of growth cones. This study strengthens the evidence for association between rare variants within RTN4R and SCZ, and may shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Kawabata
- Laboratory of Protein Informatics Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - C Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Okahisa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - I Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M Morikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Uno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan,Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - T Okada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - T Inada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - A Branko
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan,Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan. E-mail:
| | - D Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - T Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - N Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - H Nakamura
- Laboratory of Protein Informatics Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - N Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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34
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Neural Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Synaptic Specification. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:931-945. [PMID: 28743494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are a specialized class of lipid-associated neuronal membrane proteins that perform diverse functions in the dynamic control of axon guidance, synaptic adhesion, cytoskeletal remodeling, and localized signal transduction, particularly at lipid raft domains. Recent studies have demonstrated that a subset of GPI-anchored proteins act as critical regulators of synapse development by modulating specific synaptic adhesion pathways via direct interactions with key synapse-organizing proteins. Additional studies have revealed that alteration of these regulatory mechanisms may underlie various brain disorders. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of GPI-anchored proteins as key synapse organizers that aid in shaping the properties of various types of synapses and circuits in mammals.
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35
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Nogo Receptor 1 Confines a Disinhibitory Microcircuit to the Critical Period in Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11006-11012. [PMID: 27798181 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0935-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic of the developing mammalian visual system is a brief interval of plasticity, termed the "critical period," when the circuitry of primary visual cortex is most sensitive to perturbation of visual experience. Depriving one eye of vision (monocular deprivation [MD]) during the critical period alters ocular dominance (OD) by shifting the responsiveness of neurons in visual cortex to favor the nondeprived eye. A disinhibitory microcircuit involving parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons initiates this OD plasticity. The gene encoding the neuronal nogo-66-receptor 1 (ngr1/rtn4r) is required to close the critical period. Here we combined mouse genetics, electrophysiology, and circuit mapping with laser-scanning photostimulation to investigate whether disinhibition is confined to the critical period by ngr1 We demonstrate that ngr1 mutant mice retain plasticity characteristic of the critical period as adults, and that ngr1 operates within PV interneurons to restrict the loss of intracortical excitatory synaptic input following MD in adult mice, and this disinhibition induces a "lower PV network configuration" in both critical-period wild-type mice and adult ngr1-/- mice. We propose that ngr1 limits disinhibition to close the critical period for OD plasticity and that a decrease in PV expression levels reports the diminished recent cumulative activity of these interneurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Life experience refines brain circuits throughout development during specified critical periods. Abnormal experience during these critical periods can yield enduring maladaptive changes in neural circuits that impair brain function. In the developing visual system, visual deprivation early in life can result in amblyopia (lazy-eye), a prevalent childhood disorder comprising permanent deficits in spatial vision. Here we identify that the nogo-66 receptor 1 gene restricts an early and essential step in OD plasticity to the critical period. These findings link the emerging circuit-level description of OD plasticity to the genetic regulation of the critical period. Understanding how plasticity is confined to critical periods may provide clues how to better treat amblyopia.
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36
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Ukai H, Kawahara A, Hirayama K, Case MJ, Aino S, Miyabe M, Wakita K, Oogi R, Kasayuki M, Kawashima S, Sugimoto S, Chikamatsu K, Nitta N, Koga T, Shigemoto R, Takai T, Ito I. PirB regulates asymmetries in hippocampal circuitry. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179377. [PMID: 28594961 PMCID: PMC5464656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Left-right asymmetry is a fundamental feature of higher-order brain structure; however, the molecular basis of brain asymmetry remains unclear. We recently identified structural and functional asymmetries in mouse hippocampal circuitry that result from the asymmetrical distribution of two distinct populations of pyramidal cell synapses that differ in the density of the NMDA receptor subunit GluRε2 (also known as NR2B, GRIN2B or GluN2B). By examining the synaptic distribution of ε2 subunits, we previously found that β2-microglobulin-deficient mice, which lack cell surface expression of the vast majority of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) proteins, do not exhibit circuit asymmetry. In the present study, we conducted electrophysiological and anatomical analyses on the hippocampal circuitry of mice with a knockout of the paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB), an MHCI receptor. As in β2-microglobulin-deficient mice, the PirB-deficient hippocampus lacked circuit asymmetries. This finding that MHCI loss-of-function mice and PirB knockout mice have identical phenotypes suggests that MHCI signals that produce hippocampal asymmetries are transduced through PirB. Our results provide evidence for a critical role of the MHCI/PirB signaling system in the generation of asymmetries in hippocampal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Ukai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Aiko Kawahara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Hirayama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Matthew Julian Case
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Shotaro Aino
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miyabe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Wakita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Oogi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kasayuki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shihomi Kawashima
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunichi Sugimoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanako Chikamatsu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noritaka Nitta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Koga
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Shigemoto
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Toshiyuki Takai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Isao Ito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Porseryd T, Volkova K, Reyhanian Caspillo N, Källman T, Dinnetz P, Porsh Hällström I. Persistent Effects of Developmental Exposure to 17α-Ethinylestradiol on the Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Brain Transcriptome and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:69. [PMID: 28473760 PMCID: PMC5397488 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is an endocrine disrupting compound of concern due to its persistence and widespread presence in the aquatic environment. Effects of developmental exposure to low concentrations of EE2 in fish on reproduction and behavior not only persisted to adulthood, but have also been observed to be transmitted to several generations of unexposed progeny. To investigate the possible biological mechanisms of the persistent anxiogenic phenotype, we exposed zebrafish embryos for 80 days post fertilization to 0, 3, and 10 ng/L EE2 (measured concentrations 2.14 and 7.34 ng/L). After discontinued exposure, the animals were allowed to recover for 120 days in clean water. Adult males and females were later tested for changes in stress response and shoal cohesion, and whole-brain gene expression was analyzed with RNA sequencing. The results show increased anxiety in the novel tank and scototaxis tests, and increased shoal cohesion in fish exposed during development to EE2. RNA sequencing revealed 34 coding genes differentially expressed in male brains and 62 in female brains as a result of EE2 exposure. Several differences were observed between males and females in differential gene expression, with only one gene, sv2b, coding for a synaptic vesicle protein, that was affected by EE2 in both sexes. Functional analyses showed that in female brains, EE2 had significant effects on pathways connected to the circadian rhythm, cytoskeleton and motor proteins and synaptic proteins. A large number of non-coding sequences including 19 novel miRNAs were also differentially expressed in the female brain. The largest treatment effect in male brains was observed in pathways related to cholesterol biosynthesis and synaptic proteins. Circadian rhythm and cholesterol biosynthesis, previously implicated in anxiety behavior, might represent possible candidate pathways connecting the transcriptome changes to the alterations to behavior. Further the observed alteration in expression of genes involved in synaptogenesis and synaptic function may be important for the developmental modulations resulting in an anxiety phenotype. This study represents an initial survey of the fish brain transcriptome by RNA sequencing after long-term recovery from developmental exposure to an estrogenic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Porseryd
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn UniversityHuddinge, Sweden
| | - Kristina Volkova
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn UniversityHuddinge, Sweden.,Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro UniversityÖrebro, Sweden
| | - Nasim Reyhanian Caspillo
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn UniversityHuddinge, Sweden.,Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro UniversityÖrebro, Sweden
| | - Thomas Källman
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Dinnetz
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn UniversityHuddinge, Sweden
| | - Inger Porsh Hällström
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn UniversityHuddinge, Sweden
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38
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Karlsson TE, Wellfelt K, Olson L. Spatiotemporal and Long Lasting Modulation of 11 Key Nogo Signaling Genes in Response to Strong Neuroexcitation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:94. [PMID: 28442990 PMCID: PMC5386981 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of nerve growth and plasticity in the CNS is to a large part mediated by Nogo-like signaling, now encompassing a plethora of ligands, receptors, co-receptors and modulators. Here we describe the distribution and levels of mRNA encoding 11 key genes involved in Nogo-like signaling (Nogo-A, Oligodendrocyte-Myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1), NgR2, NgR3, Lingo-1, TNF receptor orphan Y (Troy), Olfactomedin, Lateral olfactory tract usher substance (Lotus) and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MT3-MPP)), as well as BDNF and GAPDH. Expression was analyzed in nine different brain areas before, and at eight time points during the first 3 days after a strong neuroexcitatory stimulation, caused by one kainic acid injection. A temporo-spatial pattern of orderly transcriptional regulations emerges that strengthens the role of Nogo-signaling mechanisms for synaptic plasticity in synchrony with transcriptional increases of BDNF mRNA. For most Nogo-type signaling genes, the largest alterations of mRNA levels occur in the dentate gyrus, with marked alterations also in the CA1 region. Changes occurred somewhat later in several areas of the cerebral cortex. The detailed spatio-temporal pattern of mRNA presence and kainic acid-induced transcriptional response is gene-specific. We reveal that several different gene alterations combine to decrease (and later increase) Nogo-like signaling, as expected to allow structural plasticity responses. Other genes are altered in the opposite direction, suggesting that the system prepares in advance in order to rapidly restore balance. However, the fact that Lingo-1 shows a seemingly opposite, plasticity inhibiting response to kainic acid (strong increase of mRNA in the dentate gyrus), may instead suggest a plasticity-enhancing intracellular function of this presumed NgR1 co-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrin Wellfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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39
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Translation in astrocyte distal processes sets molecular heterogeneity at the gliovascular interface. Cell Discov 2017; 3:17005. [PMID: 28377822 PMCID: PMC5368712 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2017.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes send out long processes that are terminated by endfeet at the vascular surface and regulate vascular functions as well as homeostasis at the vascular interface. To date, the astroglial mechanisms underlying these functions have been poorly addressed. Here we demonstrate that a subset of messenger RNAs is distributed in astrocyte endfeet. We identified, among this transcriptome, a pool of messenger RNAs bound to ribosomes, the endfeetome, that primarily encodes for secreted and membrane proteins. We detected nascent protein synthesis in astrocyte endfeet. Finally, we determined the presence of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus in astrocyte perivascular processes and endfeet, suggesting for local maturation of membrane and secreted proteins. These results demonstrate for the first time that protein synthesis occurs in astrocyte perivascular distal processes that may sustain their structural and functional polarization at the vascular interface.
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Knott EP, Assi M, Rao SNR, Ghosh M, Pearse DD. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors as a Therapeutic Approach to Neuroprotection and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E696. [PMID: 28338622 PMCID: PMC5412282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide diversity of perturbations of the central nervous system (CNS) result in structural damage to the neuroarchitecture and cellular defects, which in turn are accompanied by neurological dysfunction and abortive endogenous neurorepair. Altering intracellular signaling pathways involved in inflammation and immune regulation, neural cell death, axon plasticity and remyelination has shown therapeutic benefit in experimental models of neurological disease and trauma. The second messengers, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP), are two such intracellular signaling targets, the elevation of which has produced beneficial cellular effects within a range of CNS pathologies. The only known negative regulators of cyclic nucleotides are a family of enzymes called phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides into adenosine monophosphate (AMP) or guanylate monophosphate (GMP). Herein, we discuss the structure and physiological function as well as the roles PDEs play in pathological processes of the diseased or injured CNS. Further we review the approaches that have been employed therapeutically in experimental paradigms to block PDE expression or activity and in turn elevate cyclic nucleotide levels to mediate neuroprotection or neurorepair as well as discuss both the translational pathway and current limitations in moving new PDE-targeted therapies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Knott
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Mazen Assi
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Sudheendra N R Rao
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Mousumi Ghosh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Neuroscience Program, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Bruce Wayne Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Boghdadi AG, Teo L, Bourne JA. The Involvement of the Myelin-Associated Inhibitors and Their Receptors in CNS Plasticity and Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1831-1846. [PMID: 28229330 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The limited capacity for the central nervous system (CNS) to repair itself was first described over 100 years ago by Spanish neuroscientist Ramon Y. Cajal. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this failure in neuronal regeneration remain unclear and, as such, no effective therapeutics yet exist. Numerous studies have attempted to elucidate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that inhibit neuronal repair with increasing evidence suggesting that several inhibitory factors and repulsive guidance cues active during development actually persist into adulthood and may be contributing to the inhibition of repair. For example, in the injured adult CNS, there are various inhibitory factors that impede the outgrowth of neurites from damaged neurons. One of the most potent of these neurite outgrowth inhibitors is the group of proteins known as the myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs), present mainly on the membranes of oligodendroglia. Several studies have shown that interfering with these proteins can have positive outcomes in CNS injury models by promoting neurite outgrowth and improving functional recovery. As such, the MAIs, their receptors, and downstream effectors are valid drug targets for the treatment of CNS injury. This review will discuss the current literature on MAIs in the context of CNS development, plasticity, and injury. Molecules that interfere with the MAIs and their receptors as potential candidates for the treatment of CNS injury will additionally be introduced in the context of preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Boghdadi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Leon Teo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Emerging genotype-phenotype relationships in patients with large NF1 deletions. Hum Genet 2017; 136:349-376. [PMID: 28213670 PMCID: PMC5370280 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The most frequent recurring mutations in neurofibromatosis type 1
(NF1) are large deletions encompassing the NF1
gene and its flanking regions (NF1
microdeletions). The majority of these deletions encompass 1.4-Mb and are associated
with the loss of 14 protein-coding genes and four microRNA genes. Patients with
germline type-1 NF1 microdeletions frequently
exhibit dysmorphic facial features, overgrowth/tall-for-age stature, significant
delay in cognitive development, large hands and feet, hyperflexibility of joints and
muscular hypotonia. Such patients also display significantly more cardiovascular
anomalies as compared with patients without large deletions and often exhibit
increased numbers of subcutaneous, plexiform and spinal neurofibromas as compared
with the general NF1 population. Further, an extremely high burden of internal
neurofibromas, characterised by >3000 ml tumour volume, is encountered
significantly, more frequently, in non-mosaic NF1
microdeletion patients than in NF1 patients lacking such deletions. NF1 microdeletion patients also have an increased risk of
malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs); their lifetime MPNST risk is
16–26%, rather higher than that of NF1 patients with intragenic NF1 mutations (8–13%). NF1 microdeletion patients, therefore, represent a high-risk group for
the development of MPNSTs, tumours which are very aggressive and difficult to treat.
Co-deletion of the SUZ12 gene in addition to
NF1 further increases the MPNST risk in
NF1 microdeletion patients. Here, we summarise
current knowledge about genotype–phenotype relationships in NF1 microdeletion patients and discuss the potential role of the genes
located within the NF1 microdeletion interval
whose haploinsufficiency may contribute to the more severe clinical
phenotype.
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Xu J, He J, He H, Peng R, Xi J. Comparison of RNAi NgR and NEP1-40 in Acting on Axonal Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury in Rat Models. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8321-8331. [PMID: 27921243 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was intended to compare the therapeutic efficacies of NEP1-40 and SiNgR199 on treating spinal cord injury (SCI). Nogo-A, growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43), microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP-2), and amyloid βA4 precursor protein (APP) expressions were determined using western blot and quantitative PCR. Neurite outgrowth detected the growth of neurites, and BDA anterograde tracing was used to label the regenerated axonal. Rats' behavior was assessed with Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale (BBB). Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded to evaluate the recovery of the sensory and motor systems. Successful establishment of SCI model was verified by immunocytochemical analysis. The increased expression of APP, as well as the decreased expression of GAP-43 and MAP-2, was observed in the SCI model group, but the trends were reversed after the treatments of NEP1-40, siNgR199, and NEP1-40 + siNgR199. Compared with the SCI group, the average neurite length and the BDA-positive fibers were increased in the NEP1-40, siNgR199, and NEP1-40 + siNgR199 groups. The rats in the siNgR199 group and the NEP1-40 + siNgR199 group both showed significantly higher BBB scores than SCI model group and NEP1-40 group. Suggested by electrophysiological evaluation, both the latency and the amplitude of SEPs as well as MEPs had recovered in the NEP1-40, siNgR199, and NEP1-40 + siNgR199 groups after SCI. Both NEP1-40 and siNgR had repairing effects on SCI, suggesting their role in facilitating axonal regeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Otolaryngology Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Otolaryngology Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Huang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Renjun Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Jian Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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Shepherd DJ, Tsai SY, O'Brien TE, Farrer RG, Kartje GL. Anti-Nogo-A Immunotherapy Does Not Alter Hippocampal Neurogenesis after Stroke in Adult Rats. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:467. [PMID: 27803646 PMCID: PMC5067305 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of adult disability, including cognitive impairment. Our laboratory has previously shown that treatment with function-blocking antibodies against the neurite growth inhibitory protein Nogo-A promotes functional recovery after stroke in adult and aged rats, including enhancing spatial memory performance, for which the hippocampus is critically important. Since spatial memory has been linked to hippocampal neurogenesis, we investigated whether anti-Nogo-A treatment increases hippocampal neurogenesis after stroke. Adult rats were subject to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion followed 1 week later by 2 weeks of antibody treatment. Cellular proliferation in the dentate gyrus was quantified at the end of treatment, and the number of newborn neurons was determined at 8 weeks post-stroke. Treatment with both anti-Nogo-A and control antibodies stimulated the accumulation of new microglia/macrophages in the dentate granule cell layer, but neither treatment increased cellular proliferation or the number of newborn neurons above stroke-only levels. These results suggest that anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy does not increase post-stroke hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Shepherd
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences DivisionMaywood, IL, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA HospitalHines, IL, USA
| | - Shih-Yen Tsai
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital Hines, IL, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Brien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Loyola University Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert G Farrer
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital Hines, IL, USA
| | - Gwendolyn L Kartje
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences DivisionMaywood, IL, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA HospitalHines, IL, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences DivisionMaywood, IL, USA
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Korte M, Schmitz D. Cellular and System Biology of Memory: Timing, Molecules, and Beyond. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:647-93. [PMID: 26960344 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The storage of information in the mammalian nervous systems is dependent on a delicate balance between change and stability of neuronal networks. The induction and maintenance of processes that lead to changes in synaptic strength to a multistep process which can lead to long-lasting changes, which starts and ends with a highly choreographed and perfectly timed dance of molecules in different cell types of the central nervous system. This is accompanied by synchronization of specific networks, resulting in the generation of characteristic "macroscopic" rhythmic electrical fields, whose characteristic frequencies correspond to certain activity and information-processing states of the brain. Molecular events and macroscopic fields influence each other reciprocally. We review here cellular processes of synaptic plasticity, particularly functional and structural changes, and focus on timing events that are important for the initial memory acquisition, as well as mechanisms of short- and long-term memory storage. Then, we cover the importance of epigenetic events on the long-time range. Furthermore, we consider how brain rhythms at the network level participate in processes of information storage and by what means they participating in it. Finally, we examine memory consolidation at the system level during processes of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Korte
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroscience Research Centre, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroscience Research Centre, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Mironova YA, Lenk GM, Lin JP, Lee SJ, Twiss JL, Vaccari I, Bolino A, Havton LA, Min SH, Abrams CS, Shrager P, Meisler MH, Giger RJ. PI(3,5)P2 biosynthesis regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27008179 PMCID: PMC4889328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper development of the CNS axon-glia unit requires bi-directional communication between axons and oligodendrocytes (OLs). We show that the signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2] is required in neurons and in OLs for normal CNS myelination. In mice, mutations of Fig4, Pikfyve or Vac14, encoding key components of the PI(3,5)P2 biosynthetic complex, each lead to impaired OL maturation, severe CNS hypomyelination and delayed propagation of compound action potentials. Primary OLs deficient in Fig4 accumulate large LAMP1+ and Rab7+ vesicular structures and exhibit reduced membrane sheet expansion. PI(3,5)P2 deficiency leads to accumulation of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in LAMP1+perinuclear vesicles that fail to migrate to the nascent myelin sheet. Live-cell imaging of OLs after genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PI(3,5)P2 synthesis revealed impaired trafficking of plasma membrane-derived MAG through the endolysosomal system in primary cells and brain tissue. Collectively, our studies identify PI(3,5)P2 as a key regulator of myelin membrane trafficking and myelinogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13023.001 Neurons communicate with each other through long cable-like extensions called axons. An insulating sheath called myelin (or white matter) surrounds each axon, and allows electrical impulses to travel more quickly. Cells in the brain called oligodendrocytes produce myelin. If the myelin sheath is not properly formed during development, or is damaged by injury or disease, the consequences can include paralysis, impaired thought, and loss of vision. Oligodendrocytes have complex shapes, and each can generate myelin for as many as 50 axons. Oligodendrocytes produce the building blocks of myelin inside their cell bodies, by following instructions encoded by genes within the nucleus. However, the signals that regulate the trafficking of these components to the myelin sheath are poorly understood. Mironova et al. set out to determine whether signaling molecules called phosphoinositides help oligodendrocytes to mature and move myelin building blocks from the cell bodies to remote contact points with axons. Genetic techniques were used to manipulate an enzyme complex in mice that controls the production and turnover of a phosphoinositide called PI(3,5)P2. Mironova et al. found that reducing the levels of PI(3,5)P2 in oligodendrocytes caused the trafficking of certain myelin building blocks to stall. Key myelin components instead accumulated inside bubble-like structures near the oligodendrocyte’s cell body. This showed that PI(3,5)P2 in oligodendrocytes is essential for generating myelin. Further experiments then revealed that reducing PI(3,5)P2 in the neurons themselves indirectly prevented the oligodendrocytes from maturing. This suggests that PI(3,5)P2 also takes part in communication between axons and oligodendrocytes during development of the myelin sheath. A key next step will be to identify the regulatory mechanisms that control the production of PI(3,5)P2 in oligodendrocytes and neurons. Future studies could also explore what PI(3,5)P2 acts upon inside the axons, and which signaling molecules support the maturation of oligodendrocytes. Finally, it remains unclear whether PI(3,5)P2signaling is also required for stabilizing mature myelin, and for repairing myelin after injury in the adult brain. Further work could therefore address these questions as well. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13023.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya A Mironova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Guy M Lenk
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Jing-Ping Lin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States
| | - Ilaria Vaccari
- Human Inherited Neuropathies Unit, INSPE-Institute for Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bolino
- Human Inherited Neuropathies Unit, INSPE-Institute for Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Leif A Havton
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Sang H Min
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Charles S Abrams
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Peter Shrager
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Miriam H Meisler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
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Thomas RA, Ambalavanan A, Rouleau GA, Barker PA. Identification of genetic variants of LGI1 and RTN4R (NgR1) linked to schizophrenia that are defective in NgR1-LGI1 signaling. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2016; 4:447-56. [PMID: 27468420 PMCID: PMC4947863 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protein NgR1 is encoded by RTN4R, a gene linked to schizophrenia. We previously reported NgR1 as receptor for the epilepsy‐linked protein LGI1. NgR1 regulates synapse number and synaptic plasticity, whereas LGI1 antagonizes NgR1 signaling and promotes synapse formation. Impairments in synapse formation are common in neurological disease and we hypothesized that an LGI1–NgR1 signaling pathway may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Methods We screened two unrelated schizophrenic populations for variants in RTN4R and LGI1 using whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. We tested the ability of LGI1 to bind rare coding variants of NgR1 using a cell surface binding assays and the signaling ability of NgR1 using COS7 cell‐spreading assays. Results We observed a previously reported rare coding variant in RTN4R (c.1195C>T, pR399W). We report the first LGI1 mutations to be identified in individuals with schizophrenia. Three different LGI1 mutations were found, two missense mutations (c.205G>A, p.V69I) and (c.313G>A, V105M), and an intronic variant (g.897T>C) that likely leads to a protein truncation. We found NgR1R119W and NgR1277C have a reduced ability to bind LGI1 in a cell surface binding assay. COS7 cell‐spreading assays reveal that NgR1 mutants are impaired in their ability to mediate RhoA activation. Conclusion Variants in NgR1 and LGI1 may be associated with schizophrenia and variants in NgR1 found in schizophrenic patients have impaired LGI1–NgR1 signaling. Impaired LGI1–NgR1 signaling may contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhalena A Thomas
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University 3801 University Montreal Quebec H3A 2B4 Canada
| | - Amirthagowri Ambalavanan
- Department of Human Genetics McGill University 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue Montreal Quebec H3A 1B1 Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill University3801 UniversityMontrealQuebecH3A 2B4Canada; Department of Human GeneticsMcGill University1205 Dr Penfield AvenueMontrealQuebecH3A 1B1Canada
| | - Philip A Barker
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill University3801 UniversityMontrealQuebecH3A 2B4Canada; Department of BiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBC. V1V 1V7Canada
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Kellner Y, Fricke S, Kramer S, Iobbi C, Wierenga CJ, Schwab ME, Korte M, Zagrebelsky M. Nogo-A controls structural plasticity at dendritic spines by rapidly modulating actin dynamics. Hippocampus 2016; 26:816-31. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Kellner
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology; Zoological Institute; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Steffen Fricke
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology; Zoological Institute; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Stella Kramer
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Cristina Iobbi
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology; Zoological Institute; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Corette J. Wierenga
- Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science; Utrecht University Utrecht; Netherlands
| | - Martin E. Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology; Zoological Institute; Braunschweig Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Marta Zagrebelsky
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology; Zoological Institute; Braunschweig Germany
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Karlsson TE, Smedfors G, Brodin ATS, Åberg E, Mattsson A, Högbeck I, Wellfelt K, Josephson A, Brené S, Olson L. NgR1: A Tunable Sensor Regulating Memory Formation, Synaptic, and Dendritic Plasticity. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:1804-17. [PMID: 26838771 PMCID: PMC4785958 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) is expressed in forebrain neurons and mediates nerve growth inhibition in response to Nogo and other ligands. Neuronal activity downregulates NgR1 and the inability to downregulate NgR1 impairs long-term memory. We investigated behavior in a serial behavioral paradigm in mice that overexpress or lack NgR1, finding impaired locomotor behavior and recognition memory in mice lacking NgR1 and impaired sequential spatial learning in NgR1 overexpressing mice. We also investigated a role for NgR1 in drug-mediated sensitization and found that repeated cocaine exposure caused stronger locomotor responses but limited development of stereotypies in NgR1 overexpressing mice. This suggests that NgR1-regulated synaptic plasticity is needed to develop stereotypies. Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging analyses of NgR1 overexpressing brains did not reveal any major alterations. NgR1 overexpression resulted in significantly reduced density of mature spines and dendritic complexity. NgR1 overexpression also altered cocaine-induced effects on spine plasticity. Our results show that NgR1 is a negative regulator of both structural synaptic plasticity and dendritic complexity in a brain region-specific manner, and highlight anterior cingulate cortex as a key area for memory-related plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias E Karlsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Alvin T S Brodin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Åberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Present address: AstraZeneca R&D, AstraZeneca Translational Science Centre at Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna Mattsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Present address: The Swedish Council on Health Technology Assessment, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Högbeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katrin Wellfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Josephson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Brené
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Stephany CÉ, Frantz MG, McGee AW. Multiple Roles for Nogo Receptor 1 in Visual System Plasticity. Neuroscientist 2015; 22:653-666. [PMID: 26552866 DOI: 10.1177/1073858415614564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During the developmental critical period for visual plasticity, discordant vision alters the responsiveness of neurons in visual cortex. The subsequent closure of the critical period not only consolidates neural function but also limits recovery of acuity from preceding abnormal visual experience. Despite species-specific differences in circuitry of the visual system, these characteristics are conserved. The nogo-66 receptor 1 (ngr1) is one of only a small number of genes identified thus far that is essential to closing the critical period. Mice lacking a functional ngr1 gene retain developmental visual plasticity as adults and their visual acuity spontaneously improves after prolonged visual deprivation. Experiments employing conditional mouse genetics have revealed that ngr1 restricts plasticity within distinct circuits for ocular dominance and visual acuity. However, the mechanisms by which NgR1 limits plasticity have not been elucidated, in part because the subcellular localization and signal transduction of the protein are only partially understood. Here we explore potential mechanisms for NgR1 function in relation to manipulations that reactivate visual plasticity in adults and propose lines of investigation to address relevant gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céleste-Élise Stephany
- Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael G Frantz
- Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron W McGee
- Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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