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Chen J, Li C, Sheng Y, Zhang J, Pang L, Dong Z, Wu Z, Lu Y, Liu Z, Zhang Q, Guan X, Chen X, Huang J. Communication between the stem cell niche and an adjacent differentiation niche through miRNA and EGFR signaling orchestrates exit from the stem cell state in the Drosophila ovary. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002515. [PMID: 38512963 PMCID: PMC10986965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The signaling environment, or niche, often governs the initial difference in behavior of an adult stem cell and a derivative that initiates a path towards differentiation. The transition between an instructive stem cell niche and differentiation niche must generally have single-cell resolution, suggesting that multiple mechanisms might be necessary to sharpen the transition. Here, we examined the Drosophila ovary and found that Cap cells, which are key constituents of the germline stem cell (GSC) niche, express a conserved microRNA (miR-124). Surprisingly, loss of miR-124 activity in Cap cells leads to a defect in differentiation of GSC derivatives. We present evidence that the direct functional target of miR-124 in Cap cells is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and that failure to limit EGFR expression leads to the ectopic expression of a key anti-differentiation BMP signal in neighboring somatic escort cells (ECs), which constitute a differentiation niche. We further found that Notch signaling connects EFGR activity in Cap cells to BMP expression in ECs. We deduce that the stem cell niche communicates with the differentiation niche through a mechanism that begins with the selective expression of a specific microRNA and culminates in the suppression of the major anti-differentiation signal in neighboring cells, with the functionally important overall role of sharpening the spatial distinction between self-renewal and differentiation environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaosqun Li
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Sheng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Pang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Dong
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueqi Lu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qichao Zhang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Guan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, China
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Beumer J, Clevers H. Hallmarks of stemness in mammalian tissues. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:7-24. [PMID: 38181752 PMCID: PMC10769195 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
All adult tissues experience wear and tear. Most tissues can compensate for cell loss through the activity of resident stem cells. Although the cellular maintenance strategies vary greatly between different adult (read: postnatal) tissues, the function of stem cells is best defined by their capacity to replace lost tissue through division. We discuss a set of six complementary hallmarks that are key enabling features of this basic function. These include longevity and self-renewal, multipotency, transplantability, plasticity, dependence on niche signals, and maintenance of genome integrity. We discuss these hallmarks in the context of some of the best-understood adult stem cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Beumer
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Clevers
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Thaler R, Yoshizaki K, Nguyen T, Fukumoto S, Den Besten P, Bikle DD, Oda Y. Mediator 1 ablation induces enamel-to-hair lineage conversion in mice through enhancer dynamics. Commun Biol 2023; 6:766. [PMID: 37479880 PMCID: PMC10362024 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal cell fate is postulated to be primarily determined by the local tissue microenvironment. Here, we find that Mediator 1 (Med1) dependent epigenetic mechanisms dictate tissue-specific lineage commitment and progression of dental epithelia. Deletion of Med1, a key component of the Mediator complex linking enhancer activities to gene transcription, provokes a tissue extrinsic lineage shift, causing hair generation in incisors. Med1 deficiency gives rise to unusual hair growth via primitive cellular aggregates. Mechanistically, we find that MED1 establishes super-enhancers that control enamel lineage transcription factors in dental stem cells and their progenies. However, Med1 deficiency reshapes the enhancer landscape and causes a switch from the dental transcriptional program towards hair and epidermis on incisors in vivo, and in dental epithelial stem cells in vitro. Med1 loss also provokes an increase in the number and size of enhancers. Interestingly, control dental epithelia already exhibit enhancers for hair and epidermal key transcription factors; these transform into super-enhancers upon Med1 loss suggesting that these epigenetic mechanisms cause the shift towards epidermal and hair lineages. Thus, we propose a role for Med1 in safeguarding lineage specific enhancers, highlight the central role of enhancer accessibility in lineage reprogramming and provide insights into ectodermal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Keigo Yoshizaki
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Thai Nguyen
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satoshi Fukumoto
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Pamela Den Besten
- Department of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuko Oda
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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4
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Hall MWJ, Shorthouse D, Alcraft R, Jones PH, Hall BA. Mutations observed in somatic evolution reveal underlying gene mechanisms. Commun Biol 2023; 6:753. [PMID: 37468606 PMCID: PMC10356810 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly sensitive DNA sequencing techniques have allowed the discovery of large numbers of somatic mutations in normal tissues. Some mutations confer a competitive advantage over wild-type cells, generating expanding clones that spread through the tissue. Competition between mutant clones leads to selection. This process can be considered a large scale, in vivo screen for mutations increasing cell fitness. It follows that somatic missense mutations may offer new insights into the relationship between protein structure, function and cell fitness. We present a flexible statistical method for exploring the selection of structural features in data sets of somatic mutants. We show how this approach can evidence selection of specific structural features in key drivers in aged tissues. Finally, we show how drivers may be classified as fitness-enhancing and fitness-suppressing through different patterns of mutation enrichment. This method offers a route to understanding the mechanism of protein function through in vivo mutant selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Shorthouse
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Malet Place Engineering Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel Alcraft
- Advanced Research Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Benjamin A Hall
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Malet Place Engineering Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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5
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Moreno Acosta OD, Boan AF, Hattori RS, Fernandino JI. Notch pathway is required for protection against heat stress in spermatogonial stem cells in medaka. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:487-500. [PMID: 37126120 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gamete production is a fundamental process for reproduction; however, exposure to stress, such as increased environmental temperature, can decrease or even interrupt this process, affecting fertility. Thus, the survival of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is crucial for the recovery of spermatogenesis upon stressful situations. Here, we show that the Notch pathway is implicated in such survival, by protecting the SSCs against thermal stress. First, we corroborated the impairment of spermatogenesis under heat stress in medaka, observing an arrest in metaphase I at 10 days of heat treatment, an increase in the number of spermatocytes, and downregulation of ndrg1b and sycp3. In addition, at 30 days of treatment, an interruption of spermatogenesis was observed with a strong loss of spermatocytes and spermatids. Then, the exposure of adult males to thermal stress condition induced apoptosis mainly in spermatogenic and supporting somatic cells, with the exception of the germinal region, where SSCs are located. Concomitantly, the Notch pathway-related genes were upregulated, including the ligands (dll4, jag1-2) and receptors (notch1a-3). Moreover, during thermal stress presenilin enhancer-2 (pen-2), the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase complex of the Notch pathway was restricted to the germinal region of the medaka testis, observed in somatic cells surrounding type A spermatogonia (SGa). The importance of Notch pathway was further supported by an ex vivo approach, in which the inhibition of this pathway activity induced a loss of SSCs. Overall, this study supports the importance of Notch pathways for the protection of SSCs under chronic thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar D Moreno Acosta
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomus, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomus, Argentina
| | - Agustín F Boan
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomus, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomus, Argentina
| | - Ricardo S Hattori
- Salmonid Experimental Station at Campos Do Jordão, UPD-CJ, Sao Paulo Fisheries Institute (APTA/SAA), Campos Do Jordao, Brazil
| | - Juan Ignacio Fernandino
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomus, Argentina.
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomus, Argentina.
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6
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Levra Levron C, Watanabe M, Proserpio V, Piacenti G, Lauria A, Kaltenbach S, Tamburrini A, Nohara T, Anselmi F, Duval C, Elettrico L, Donna D, Conti L, Baev D, Natsuga K, Hagai T, Oliviero S, Donati G. Tissue memory relies on stem cell priming in distal undamaged areas. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:740-753. [PMID: 37081165 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells that participated in wound repair elicit a more efficient response to future injuries, which is believed to be locally restricted. Here we show that cell adaptation resulting from a localized tissue damage has a wide spatial impact at a scale not previously appreciated. We demonstrate that a specific stem cell population, distant from the original injury, originates long-lasting wound memory progenitors residing in their own niche. Notably, these distal memory cells have not taken part in the first healing but become intrinsically pre-activated through priming. This cell state, maintained at the chromatin and transcriptional level, leads to an enhanced wound repair that is partially recapitulated through epigenetic perturbation. Importantly wound memory has long-term harmful consequences, exacerbating tumourigenesis. Overall, we show that sub-organ-scale adaptation to injury relies on spatially organized memory-dedicated progenitors, characterized by an actionable cell state that establishes an epigenetic field cancerization and predisposes to tumour onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Levra Levron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Proserpio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Gabriele Piacenti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Lauria
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Stefan Kaltenbach
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Annalaura Tamburrini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Takuma Nohara
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Francesca Anselmi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlotta Duval
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Elettrico
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Donna
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Denis Baev
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tzachi Hagai
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Giacomo Donati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
- Molecular Biotechnology Center 'Guido Tarone', University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
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7
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Miroshnikova YA, Shahbazi MN, Negrete J, Chalut KJ, Smith A. Cell state transitions: catch them if you can. Development 2023; 150:dev201139. [PMID: 36930528 PMCID: PMC10655867 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The Company of Biologists' 2022 workshop on 'Cell State Transitions: Approaches, Experimental Systems and Models' brought together an international and interdisciplinary team of investigators spanning the fields of cell and developmental biology, stem cell biology, physics, mathematics and engineering to tackle the question of how cells precisely navigate between distinct identities and do so in a dynamic manner. This second edition of the workshop was organized after a successful virtual workshop on the same topic that took place in 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina A. Miroshnikova
- Stem Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marta N. Shahbazi
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jose Negrete
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Kevin J. Chalut
- Altos Labs, Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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8
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Wang X, Zhao J, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang X, Jia S, Shi N, Lu M, Su H, Zhang J, Jiang D. Bacterial cellulose membrane combined with BMSCs promotes wound healing by activating the notch signaling pathway. Front Surg 2023; 9:1027067. [PMID: 36726958 PMCID: PMC9885103 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1027067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The bacterial cellulose membrane (BCM) has been widely studied and applied as a new biomaterial for wound healing, but causes pain with frequent dressing changes. Local application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) requires a niche. Furthermore, the effect and mechanism of the BCM combined with BMSCs have not been reported. Methods Morphological and chemical identifications of BCMs were investigated by porosity analyses, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Biological wound dressings (BWDs) were prepared by the BCM in combination with BMSCs. The biological effects of BWDs on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and VEGF-A in human vascular endothelial cells (HuVECs) were detected in vitro, and the effect of BWDs on acute wounds in mice was detected in vivo. Collagen and angiogenesis were evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining. The expressions of COL-1 and VEGF-A and the activation of the Notch signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro were detected by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results The BCM had a nanoscale structure and provided a partial niche for the survival and proliferation of BMSCs. BWDs were successfully prepared and regulated the biological behaviors of wound healing-related cells in vitro and upregulated the expressions of COL-1 in HDF and VEGF-A in HuVECs. BWDs promoted wound healing by increasing collagen type I synthesis and angiogenesis in acute wounds in mice. Conclusions BWDs prepared by the combination of nanomaterial BCMs and BMSCs facilitated acute wound healing, which may be regulated by activating the Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wang
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Emergency Medicine Center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjuan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nian Shi
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meiqi Lu
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongxia Su
- Shandong Nameide Biotechnology Limited Company, Jinan, China
| | - Jixun Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China,Correspondence: Jixun Zhang Duyin Jiang
| | - Duyin Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China,Emergency Medicine Center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China,Correspondence: Jixun Zhang Duyin Jiang
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9
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Leśniak W, Filipek A. S100A6 as a Constituent and Potential Marker of Adult and Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2699-2708. [PMID: 35796891 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult or tissue stem cells are present in various tissues of the organism where they reside in a specific environment called the niche. Owing to their ability to generate a progeny that can proliferate and differentiate into specialized cell types, adult stem cells constitute a source of new cells necessary for tissue maintenance and/or regeneration. Under normal conditions they divide with a frequency matching the pace of tissue renewal but, following tissue damage, they can migrate to the site of injury and expand/divide intensively to facilitate tissue repair. For this reason much hope is being placed on the use of adult stem cells in regenerative therapies, including tissue engineering. Identification and characterization of tissue stem cells has been a laborious process due to their scarcity and lack of universal markers. Nonetheless, recent studies, employing various types of transcriptomic analyses, revealed some common trends in gene expression pattern among stem cells derived from different tissues, suggesting the importance of certain genes/proteins for the unique properties of these cells. S100A6, a small calcium binding protein, has been recognized as an important factor influencing cell proliferation and differentiation. Accumulating results show that S100A6 is a constituent of adult stem cells and, in some cases, may even be considered as their marker. Thus, in this review we summarize literature data concerning the presence of S100A6 in adult and cancer stem cells and speculate on its potential role and usefulness as a marker of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesława Leśniak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02- 093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Filipek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02- 093, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Fowler JC, Jones PH. Somatic mutation: What shapes the mutational landscape of normal epithelia? Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1642-1655. [PMID: 35397477 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial stem cells accumulate mutations throughout life. Some of these mutants increase competitive fitness and may form clones that colonize the stem cell niche and persist to acquire further genome alterations. After a transient expansion, mutant stem cells must revert to homeostatic behavior so normal tissue architecture is maintained. Some positively selected mutants may promote cancer development while others inhibit carcinogenesis. Factors that shape the mutational landscape include wild type and mutant stem cell dynamics, competition for the niche, and environmental exposures. Understanding these processes may give new insight into the basis of cancer risk and opportunities for cancer prevention.
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11
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Guido CB, Sosa LDV, Perez PA, Zlocoswki N, Velazquez FN, Gutierrez S, Petiti JP, Mukdsi JH, Torres AI. Changes of stem cell niche during experimental pituitary tumor development. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13051. [PMID: 34708474 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the putative stem cell/tumor stem cell (SC/TSC) niche contribution to hyperplasic/adenomatous pituitary lesions, we analyzed variation in the pituitary stem cell population during the development of experimental pituitary tumors. Pituitary tumors were induced in female F344 rats with estradiol benzoate for 5, 10, 20 and 30 days. Cells positive for GFRa2, Sox2, Sox9, Nestin, CD133 and CD44 were identified in the marginal zone and in the adenoparenchyma in both control and 30D groups, with predominant adenoparenchyma localization of GRFa2 and SOX9 found in tumoral pituitaries. GFRa2, Nestin, CD133 and CD44 were upregulated at the initial stages of tumor growth, whereas Sox9 significantly decreased at 5D, with Sox2 remaining invariable during the hyperplasic/adenomatous development. In addition, isolated pituispheres from normal and tumoral pituitary glands enriched in SC/TSC were characterized. Pituispheres from the 30D glands were positive for the above-mentioned markers and showed a significant increase in the proliferation. In conclusion, our data revealed pituitary SC pool fluctuations during hyperplastic/adenomatous development, with differential localization of the SC/TSC niche in this process. These findings may help to provide a better understanding of these cell populations, which is crucial for achieving advancements in the field of pituitary tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Beatriz Guido
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Del Valle Sosa
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Aníbal Perez
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natacha Zlocoswki
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabiola Noelia Velazquez
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gutierrez
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Petiti
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Humberto Mukdsi
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia Inés Torres
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
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12
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Reilein A, Kogan HV, Misner R, Park KS, Kalderon D. Adult stem cells and niche cells segregate gradually from common precursors that build the adult Drosophila ovary during pupal development. eLife 2021; 10:69749. [PMID: 34590579 PMCID: PMC8536258 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of proliferative follicle cells (FCs) and quiescent escort cells (ECs) by follicle stem cells (FSCs) in adult Drosophila ovaries is regulated by niche signals from anterior (cap cells, ECs) and posterior (polar FCs) sources. Here we show that ECs, FSCs, and FCs develop from common pupal precursors, with different fates acquired by progressive separation of cells along the AP axis and a graded decline in anterior cell proliferation. ECs, FSCs, and most FCs derive from intermingled cell (IC) precursors interspersed with germline cells. Precursors also accumulate posterior to ICs before engulfing a naked germline cyst projected out of the germarium to form the first egg chamber and posterior polar FC signaling center. Thus, stem and niche cells develop in appropriate numbers and spatial organization through regulated proliferative expansion together with progressive establishment of spatial signaling cues that guide adult cell behavior, rather than through rigid early specification events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Reilein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Helen V Kogan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Rachel Misner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Karen Sophia Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Daniel Kalderon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
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13
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Perspective: Why and How Ubiquitously Distributed, Vascular-Associated, Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Adult Body (vaPS Cells) Are the Next Generation of Medicine. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092303. [PMID: 34571951 PMCID: PMC8467324 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A certain cell type can be isolated from different organs in the adult body that can differentiate into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, providing significant support for the existence of a certain type of small, vascular-associated, pluripotent stem cell ubiquitously distributed in all organs in the adult body (vaPS cells). These vaPS cells fundamentally differ from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells in that the latter possess the necessary genetic guidance that makes them intrinsically pluripotent. In contrast, vaPS cells do not have this intrinsic genetic guidance, but are able to differentiate into somatic cells of all three lineages under guidance of the microenvironment they are located in, independent from the original tissue or organ where they had resided. These vaPS cells are of high relevance for clinical application because they are contained in unmodified, autologous, adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs). The latter can be obtained from and re-applied to the same patient at the point of care, without the need for further processing, manipulation, and culturing. These findings as well as various clinical examples presented in this paper demonstrate the potential of UA-ADRCs for enabling an entirely new generation of medicine for the benefit of patients and healthcare systems.
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14
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Alt E, Rothoerl R, Hoppert M, Frank HG, Wuerfel T, Alt C, Schmitz C. First immunohistochemical evidence of human tendon repair following stem cell injection: A case report and review of literature. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:944-970. [PMID: 34367486 PMCID: PMC8316863 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current clinical treatment options for symptomatic, partial-thickness rotator cuff tear (sPTRCT) offer only limited potential for true tissue healing and improvement of clinical results. In animal models, injections of adult stem cells isolated from adipose tissue into tendon injuries evidenced histological regeneration of tendon tissue. However, it is unclear whether such beneficial effects could also be observed in a human tendon treated with fresh, uncultured, autologous, adipose derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs). A specific challenge in this regard is that UA-ADRCs cannot be labeled and, thus, not unequivocally identified in the host tissue. Therefore, histological regeneration of injured human tendons after injection of UA-ADRCs must be assessed using comprehensive, immunohistochemical and microscopic analysis of biopsies taken from the treated tendon a few weeks after injection of UA-ADRCs.
CASE SUMMARY A 66-year-old patient suffered from sPTRCT affecting the right supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendon, caused by a bicycle accident. On day 18 post injury [day 16 post magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination] approximately 100 g of abdominal adipose tissue was harvested by liposuction, from which approximately 75 × 106 UA-ADRCs were isolated within 2 h. Then, UA-ADRCs were injected (controlled by biplanar X-ray imaging) adjacent to the injured supraspinatus tendon immediately after isolation. Despite fast clinical recovery, a follow-up MRI examination 2.5 mo post treatment indicated the need for open revision of the injured infraspinatus tendon, which had not been treated with UA-ADRCs. During this operation, a biopsy was taken from the supraspinatus tendon at the position of the injury. A comprehensive, immunohistochemical and microscopic analysis of the biopsy (comprising 13 antibodies) was indicative of newly formed tendon tissue.
CONCLUSION Injection of UA-ADRCs can result in regeneration of injured human tendons by formation of new tendon tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard Alt
- Chairman of the Board, Isarklinikum Munich, Munich 80331, Germany
| | - Ralf Rothoerl
- Department of Spine Surgery, Isarklinikum Munich, Munich 80331, Germany
| | - Matthias Hoppert
- Department for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Isarklinikum Munich, Munich 80331, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Frank
- Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Tobias Wuerfel
- Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Christopher Alt
- Director of Science and Research, InGeneron GmbH, Munich 80331, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
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15
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Retinal Stem Cell 'Retirement Plans': Growth, Regulation and Species Adaptations in the Retinal Ciliary Marginal Zone. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126528. [PMID: 34207050 PMCID: PMC8234741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate retina develops from a specified group of precursor cells that adopt distinct identities and generate lineages of either the neural retina, retinal pigmented epithelium, or ciliary body. In some species, including teleost fish and amphibians, proliferative cells with stem-cell-like properties capable of continuously supplying new retinal cells post-embryonically have been characterized and extensively studied. This region, termed the ciliary or circumferential marginal zone (CMZ), possibly represents a conserved retinal stem cell niche. In this review, we highlight the research characterizing similar CMZ-like regions, or stem-like cells located at the peripheral margin, across multiple different species. We discuss the proliferative parameters, multipotency and growth mechanisms of these cells to understand how they behave in vivo and how different molecular factors and signalling networks converge at the CMZ niche to regulate their activity. The evidence suggests that the mature retina may have a conserved propensity for homeostatic growth and plasticity and that dysfunction in the regulation of CMZ activity may partially account for dystrophic eye growth diseases such as myopia and hyperopia. A better understanding of the properties of CMZ cells will enable important insight into how an endogenous generative tissue compartment can adapt to altered retinal physiology and potentially even restore vision loss caused by retinal degenerative conditions.
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16
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Micewicz ED, Damoiseaux RD, Deng G, Gomez A, Iwamoto KS, Jung ME, Nguyen C, Norris AJ, Ratikan JA, Ruchala P, Sayre JW, Schaue D, Whitelegge JP, McBride WH. Classes of Drugs that Mitigate Radiation Syndromes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666776. [PMID: 34084139 PMCID: PMC8167044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported several vignettes on types and classes of drugs able to mitigate acute and, in at least one case, late radiation syndromes in mice. Most of these had emerged from high throughput screening (HTS) of bioactive and chemical drug libraries using ionizing radiation-induced lymphocytic apoptosis as a readout. Here we report the full analysis of the HTS screen of libraries with 85,000 small molecule chemicals that identified 220 "hits." Most of these hits could be allocated by maximal common substructure analysis to one of 11 clusters each containing at least three active compounds. Further screening validated 23 compounds as being most active; 15 of these were cherry-picked based on drug availability and tested for their ability to mitigate acute hematopoietic radiation syndrome (H-ARS) in mice. Of these, five bore a 4-nitrophenylsulfonamide motif while 4 had a quinoline scaffold. All but two of the 15 significantly (p < 0.05) mitigated H-ARS in mice. We had previously reported that the lead 4-(nitrophenylsulfonyl)-4-phenylpiperazine compound (NPSP512), was active in mitigating multiple acute and late radiation syndromes in mice of more than one sex and strain. Unfortunately, the formulation of this drug had to be changed for regulatory reasons and we report here on the synthesis and testing of active analogs of NPSP512 (QS1 and 52A1) that have increased solubility in water and in vivo bioavailability while retaining mitigator activity against H-ARS (p < 0.0001) and other radiation syndromes. The lead quinoline 057 was also active in multiple murine models of radiation damage. Taken together, HTS of a total of 150,000 bioactive or chemical substances, combined with maximal common substructure analysis has resulted in the discovery of diverse groups of compounds that can mitigate H-ARS and at least some of which can mitigate multiple radiation syndromes when given starting 24 h after exposure. We discuss what is known about how these agents might work, and the importance of formulation and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D. Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Robert D. Damoiseaux
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adrian Gomez
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keisuke S. Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael E. Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Josephine A. Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James W. Sayre
- Department of Biostatistics and Radiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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17
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Fresia R, Marangoni P, Burstyn-Cohen T, Sharir A. From Bite to Byte: Dental Structures Resolved at a Single-Cell Resolution. J Dent Res 2021; 100:897-905. [PMID: 33764175 PMCID: PMC8293759 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211001848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The systematic classification of the cells that compose a tissue or an organ is key to understanding how these cells cooperate and interact as a functional unit. Our capacity to detect features that define cell identity has evolved from morphological and chemical analyses, through the use of predefined genetic markers, to unbiased transcriptomic and epigenetic profiling. The innovative technology of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables transcriptional profiling of thousands of individual cells. Since its development, scRNA-seq has been extensively applied to numerous organs and tissues in a wide range of animal models and human samples, thereby providing a plethora of fundamental biological insights into their development, homeostasis, and pathology. In this review, we present the findings of 3 recent studies that employed scRNA-seq to unravel the complexity of cellular composition in mammalian teeth. These findings offer an unprecedented catalogue of cell types in the mouse incisor, which is a convenient model system for studying continuous tooth growth. These studies identified novel cell types in the tooth epithelium and mesenchyme, as well as new markers for known cell types. Computational analyses of the data also uncovered the lineage and dynamics of cell states during ameloblast and odontoblast differentiation during both normal homeostasis and injury repair. The transcriptional differences between the mouse incisor and mouse and human molars uncover species-specific as well as shared features in tooth cell composition. Here, we highlight these findings and discuss important similarities and differences between these studies. We also discuss potential future applications of scRNA-seq in dental research and dentistry. Together, these studies demonstrate how the rapidly evolving technology of scRNA-seq can advance the study of tooth development and function and provide putative targets for regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fresia
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - P Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - T Burstyn-Cohen
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A Sharir
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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18
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Otsu K, Ida-Yonemochi H, Ikezaki S, Ema M, Hitomi J, Ohshima H, Harada H. Oxygen regulates epithelial stem cell proliferation via RhoA-actomyosin-YAP/TAZ signal in mouse incisor. Development 2021; 148:dev.194787. [PMID: 33472844 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are maintained in specific niches that strictly regulate their proliferation and differentiation for proper tissue regeneration and renewal. Molecular oxygen (O2) is an important component of the niche microenvironment, but little is known about how O2 governs epithelial stem cell (ESC) behavior. Here, we demonstrate that O2 plays a crucial role in regulating the proliferation of ESCs using the continuously growing mouse incisors. We have revealed that slow-cycling cells in the niche are maintained under relatively hypoxic conditions compared with actively proliferating cells, based on the blood vessel distribution and metabolic status. Mechanistically, we have demonstrated that, during hypoxia, HIF1α upregulation activates the RhoA signal, thereby promoting cortical actomyosin and stabilizing the adherens junction complex, including merlin. This leads to the cytoplasmic retention of YAP/TAZ to attenuate cell proliferation. These results shed light on the biological significance of blood-vessel geometry and the signaling mechanism through microenvironmental O2 to orchestrate ESC behavior, providing a novel molecular basis for the microenvironmental O2-mediated stem cell regulation during tissue development and renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Otsu
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ida-Yonemochi
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Shojiro Ikezaki
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Jiro Hitomi
- Division of Human Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Harada
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
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19
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Rocchi C, Barazzuol L, Coppes RP. The evolving definition of salivary gland stem cells. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:4. [PMID: 33526786 PMCID: PMC7851389 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-020-00115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the salivary gland and irreversible hyposalivation are the main side effects of radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancer leading to a drastic decrease of the quality of life of the patients. Approaches aimed at regenerating damaged salivary glands have been proposed as means to provide long-term restoration of tissue function in the affected patients. In studies to elucidate salivary gland regenerative mechanisms, more and more evidence suggests that salivary gland stem/progenitor cell behavior, like many other adult tissues, does not follow that of the hard-wired professional stem cells of the hematopoietic system. In this review, we provide evidence showing that several cell types within the salivary gland epithelium can serve as stem/progenitor-like cells. While these cell populations seem to function mostly as lineage-restricted progenitors during homeostasis, we indicate that upon damage specific plasticity mechanisms might be activated to take part in regeneration of the tissue. In light of these insights, we provide an overview of how recent developments in the adult stem cell research field are changing our thinking of the definition of salivary gland stem cells and their potential plasticity upon damage. These new perspectives may have important implications on the development of new therapeutic approaches to rescue radiation-induced hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rocchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob P Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Capp JP, Laforge B. A Darwinian and Physical Look at Stem Cell Biology Helps Understanding the Role of Stochasticity in Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:659. [PMID: 32793600 PMCID: PMC7391792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell analysis allows biologists to gain huge insight into cell differentiation and tissue structuration. Randomness of differentiation, both in vitro and in vivo, of pluripotent (multipotent) stem cells is now demonstrated to be mainly based on stochastic gene expression. Nevertheless, it remains necessary to incorporate this inherent stochasticity of developmental processes within a coherent scheme. We argue here that the theory called ontophylogenesis is more relevant and better fits with experimental data than alternative theories which have been suggested based on the notions of self-organization and attractor states. The ontophylogenesis theory considers the generation of a differentiated state as a constrained random process: randomness is provided by the stochastic dynamics of biochemical reactions while the environmental constraints, including cell inner structures and cell-cell interactions, drive the system toward a stabilized state of equilibrium. In this conception, biological organization during development can be seen as the result of multiscale constraints produced by the dynamical organization of the biological system which retroacts on the stochastic dynamics at lower scales. This scheme makes it possible to really understand how the generation of reproducible structures at higher organization levels can be fully compatible with probabilistic behavior at the lower levels. It is compatible with the second law of thermodynamics but allows the overtaking of the limitations exhibited by models only based on entropy exchanges which cannot cope with the description nor the dynamics of the mesoscopic and macroscopic organization of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Capp
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, University of Toulouse, INSA, CNRS, INRAE, Toulouse, France
| | - Bertrand Laforge
- LPNHE, UMR 7585, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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21
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Liao D, Li H. Dissecting the Niche for Alveolar Type II Cells With Alveolar Organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:419. [PMID: 32582703 PMCID: PMC7287157 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danying Liao
- Department of Haematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaibiao Li
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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22
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McBride WH, Schaue D. Radiation-induced tissue damage and response. J Pathol 2020; 250:647-655. [PMID: 31990369 PMCID: PMC7216989 DOI: 10.1002/path.5389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Normal tissue responses to ionizing radiation have been a major subject for study since the discovery of X-rays at the end of the 19th century. Shortly thereafter, time-dose relationships were established for some normal tissue endpoints that led to investigations into how the size of dose per fraction and the quality of radiation affected outcome. The assessment of the radiosensitivity of bone marrow stem cells using colony-forming assays by Till and McCulloch prompted the establishment of in situ clonogenic assays for other tissues that added to the radiobiology toolbox. These clonogenic and functional endpoints enabled mathematical modeling to be performed that elucidated how tissue structure, and in particular turnover time, impacted clinically relevant fractionated radiation schedules. More recently, lineage tracing technology, advanced imaging and single cell sequencing have shed further light on the behavior of cells within stem, and other, cellular compartments, both in homeostasis and after radiation damage. The discovery of heterogeneity within the stem cell compartment and plasticity in response to injury have added new dimensions to the consideration of radiation-induced tissue damage. Clinically, radiobiology of the 20th century garnered wisdom relevant to photon treatments delivered to a fairly wide field at around 2 Gy per fraction, 5 days per week, for 5-7 weeks. Recently, the scope of radiobiology has been extended by advances in technology, imaging and computing, as well as by the use of charged particles. These allow radiation to be delivered more precisely to tumors while minimizing the amount of normal tissue receiving high doses. One result has been an increase in the use of schedules with higher doses per fraction given in a shorter time frame (hypofractionation). We are unable to cover these new technologies in detail in this review, just as we must omit low-dose stochastic effects, and many aspects of dose, dose rate and radiation quality. We argue that structural diversity and plasticity within tissue compartments provides a general context for discussion of most radiation responses, while acknowledging many omissions. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H McBride
- Departent of Radiation OncologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCAUSA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Departent of Radiation OncologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCAUSA
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Abstract
Aging manifests with architectural alteration and functional decline of multiple organs throughout an organism. In mammals, aged skin is accompanied by a marked reduction in hair cycling and appearance of bald patches, leading researchers to propose that hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are either lost, differentiate, or change to an epidermal fate during aging. Here, we employed single-cell RNA-sequencing to interrogate aging-related changes in the HFSCs. Surprisingly, although numbers declined, aging HFSCs were present, maintained their identity, and showed no overt signs of shifting to an epidermal fate. However, they did exhibit prevalent transcriptional changes particularly in extracellular matrix genes, and this was accompanied by profound structural perturbations in the aging SC niche. Moreover, marked age-related changes occurred in many nonepithelial cell types, including resident immune cells, sensory neurons, and arrector pili muscles. Each of these SC niche components has been shown to influence HF regeneration. When we performed skin injuries that are known to mobilize young HFSCs to exit their niche and regenerate HFs, we discovered that aged skin is defective at doing so. Interestingly, however, in transplantation assays in vivo, aged HFSCs regenerated HFs when supported with young dermis, while young HFSCs failed to regenerate HFs when combined with aged dermis. Together, our findings highlight the importance of SC:niche interactions and favor a model where youthfulness of the niche microenvironment plays a dominant role in dictating the properties of its SCs and tissue health and fitness.
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24
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Guan Y, Wang G, Fails D, Nagarajan P, Ge Y. Unraveling cancer lineage drivers in squamous cell carcinomas. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 206:107448. [PMID: 31836455 PMCID: PMC6995404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer hijacks embryonic development and adult wound repair mechanisms to fuel malignancy. Cancer frequently originates from de-regulated adult stem cells or progenitors, which are otherwise essential units for postnatal tissue remodeling and repair. Cancer genomics studies have revealed convergence of multiple cancers across organ sites, including squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), a common group of cancers arising from the head and neck, esophagus, lung, cervix and skin. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the molecular drivers of SCCs, including these five major organ sites. We especially focus our discussion on lineage dependent driver genes and pathways, in the context of squamous development and stratification. We then use skin as a model to discuss the notion of field cancerization during SCC carcinogenesis, and cancer as a wound that never heals. Finally, we turn to the idea of context dependency widely observed in cancer driver genes, and outline literature support and possible explanations for their lineage specific functions. Through these discussions, we aim to provide an up-to-date summary of molecular mechanisms driving tumor plasticity in squamous cancers. Such basic knowledge will be helpful to inform the clinics for better stratifying cancer patients, revealing novel drug targets and providing effective treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Danielle Fails
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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25
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Deniz AAH, Abdik EA, Abdik H, Aydın S, Şahin F, Taşlı PN. Zooming in across the Skin: A Macro-to-Molecular Panorama. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1247:157-200. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Vascular Wall as Source of Stem Cells Able to Differentiate into Endothelial Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31797283 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The traditional view of the vascular biology is changed by the discovery of vascular progenitor cells in bone marrow or peripheral blood Further complexity is due to the findings that the vessel walls harbor progenitor and stem cells, called vascular wall-resident vascular stem cells (VW-VSCs), able to differentiate to mature vascular wall cells. These immature stem/progenitor cell populations and multipotent mesenchymal lineage participate in postnatal neovascularization and vascular wall remodeling. Further studies are necessary to deepen the knowledge on characterization and biology of VW-VSCs, in particular of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in order to improve their use in clinical settings for regenerative approaches.
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27
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Sasaki T, Suzuki Y, Kakisaka K, Wang T, Ishida K, Suzuki A, Abe H, Sugai T, Takikawa Y. IL-8 induces transdifferentiation of mature hepatocytes toward the cholangiocyte phenotype. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:2105-2116. [PMID: 31651102 PMCID: PMC6886300 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian liver exhibits a remarkable regenerative capacity, with different modes of regeneration according to the type and extent of injury. Hepatocyte–cholangiocyte biphenotypic liver progenitor cell populations appear under conditions of excessive injury. It has been reported that mature hepatocytes can transdifferentiate toward a cholangiocyte phenotype and be a cellular source of progenitor cell populations. Here, we determined that among various plasma cytokines, interleukin (IL)‐8 levels were significantly elevated in acute liver failure and severe acute liver injury patients. In vitro assays revealed that administration of IL‐8 homologues increases the expression of Sry HMG box protein 9 (SOX9). In liver biopsies of acute liver injury patients, we observed the appearance of SOX9‐positive biphenotypic hepatocytes accompanied by elevation of plasma IL‐8 levels. Our results suggest that IL‐8 regulates the phenotypic conversion of mature hepatocytes toward a cholangiocyte phenotype. Interleukin (IL)‐8 treated mouse mature hepatocytes expressed Sry HMG box protein 9 (SOX9), a bile duct‐associated marker. In liver biopsies of acute liver injury patients, SOX9‐positive biphenotypic hepatocytes appeared in the liver parenchyma which is accompanied by elevation of plasma IL‐8 levels. Our results suggest that IL‐8 regulates the phenotypic conversion of mature hepatocytes toward a cholangiocyte phenotype.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokio Sasaki
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yuji Suzuki
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kakisaka
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Ting Wang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishida
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Abe
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sugai
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takikawa
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
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28
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Jimenez-Rojo L, Pagella P, Harada H, Mitsiadis TA. Dental Epithelial Stem Cells as a Source for Mammary Gland Regeneration and Milk Producing Cells In Vivo. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101302. [PMID: 31652655 PMCID: PMC6830078 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous growth of rodent incisors is ensured by clusters of mesenchymal and epithelial stem cells that are located at the posterior part of these teeth. Genetic lineage tracing studies have shown that dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs) are able to generate all epithelial cell populations within incisors during homeostasis. However, it remains unclear whether these cells have the ability to adopt alternative fates in response to extrinsic factors. Here, we have studied the plasticity of DESCs in the context of mammary gland regeneration. Transplantation of DESCs together with mammary epithelial cells into the mammary stroma resulted in the formation of chimeric ductal epithelial structures in which DESCs adopted all the possible mammary fates including milk-producing alveolar cells. In addition, when transplanted without mammary epithelial cells, DESCs developed branching rudiments and cysts. These in vivo findings demonstrate that when outside their niche, DESCs redirect their fates according to their new microenvironment and thus can contribute to the regeneration of non-dental tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Jimenez-Rojo
- Department of Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Pierfrancesco Pagella
- Department of Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Hidemitsu Harada
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University Yahaba, Morioka 020-0023, Japan.
| | - Thimios A Mitsiadis
- Department of Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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29
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Sharir A, Marangoni P, Zilionis R, Wan M, Wald T, Hu JK, Kawaguchi K, Castillo-Azofeifa D, Epstein L, Harrington K, Pagella P, Mitsiadis T, Siebel CW, Klein AM, Klein OD. A large pool of actively cycling progenitors orchestrates self-renewal and injury repair of an ectodermal appendage. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1102-1112. [PMID: 31481792 PMCID: PMC6935352 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The classical model of tissue renewal posits that small numbers of quiescent stem cells (SCs) give rise to proliferating transit-amplifying cells before terminal differentiation. However, many organs house pools of SCs with proliferative and differentiation potentials that diverge from this template. Resolving SC identity and organization is therefore central to understanding tissue renewal. Here, using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), mouse genetics and tissue injury approaches, we uncover cellular hierarchies and mechanisms that underlie the maintenance and repair of the continuously growing mouse incisor. Our results reveal that, during homeostasis, a group of actively cycling epithelial progenitors generates enamel-producing ameloblasts and adjacent layers of non-ameloblast cells. After injury, tissue repair was achieved through transient increases in progenitor-cell proliferation and through direct conversion of Notch1-expressing cells to ameloblasts. We elucidate epithelial SC identity, position and function, providing a mechanistic basis for the homeostasis and repair of a fast-turnover ectodermal appendage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Sharir
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rapolas Zilionis
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mian Wan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tomas Wald
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leo Epstein
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Kyle Harrington
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Virtual Technology and Design, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Pierfrancesco Pagella
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thimios Mitsiadis
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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30
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Vicent S, Lieshout R, Saborowski A, Verstegen MMA, Raggi C, Recalcati S, Invernizzi P, van der Laan LJW, Alvaro D, Calvisi DF, Cardinale V. Experimental models to unravel the molecular pathogenesis, cell of origin and stem cell properties of cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Int 2019; 39 Suppl 1:79-97. [PMID: 30851232 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive tumour entity arising from the biliary tree, whose molecular pathogenesis remains largely undeciphered. Over the last decade, the advent of high-throughput and cell-based techniques has significantly increased our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease while, at the same time, unravelling CCA complexity. In particular, it becomes clear that CCA displays pronounced inter- and intratumoural heterogeneity, which is presumably the consequence of the interplay between distinct tissues and cells of origin, the underlying diseases, and the associated molecular alterations. To better characterize these events and to design novel and more effective therapeutic strategies, a number of CCA experimental and preclinical models have been developed and are currently generated. This review summarizes the current knowledge and understanding of these models, critically underlining their translational usefulness and limitations. Furthermore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on cells of origin, cancers stem cells and their dynamic interplay within CCA tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvestre Vicent
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruby Lieshout
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Saborowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Raggi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Recalcati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center of Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, San Gerardo Hospita, l, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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31
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Solakoglu Ö, Götz W, Kiessling MC, Alt C, Schmitz C, Alt EU. Improved guided bone regeneration by combined application of unmodified, fresh autologous adipose derived regenerative cells and plasma rich in growth factors: A first-in-human case report and literature review. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:124-146. [PMID: 30842809 PMCID: PMC6397807 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel strategies are needed for improving guided bone regeneration (GBR) in oral surgery prior to implant placement, particularly in maxillary sinus augmentation (GBR-MSA) and in lateral alveolar ridge augmentation (LRA). This study tested the hypothesis that the combination of freshly isolated, unmodified autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs), fraction 2 of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-2) and an osteoinductive scaffold (OIS) (UA-ADRC/PRGF-2/OIS) is superior to the combination of PRGF-2 and the same OIS alone (PRGF-2/OIS) in GBR-MSA/LRA. CASE SUMMARY A 79-year-old patient was treated with a bilateral external sinus lift procedure as well as a bilateral lateral alveolar ridge augmentation. GBR-MSA/LRA was performed with UA-ADRC/PRGF-2/OIS on the right side, and with PRGF-2/OIS on the left side. Biopsies were collected at 6 wk and 34 wk after GBR-MSA/LRA. At the latter time point implants were placed. Radiographs (32 mo follow-up time) demonstrated excellent bone healing. No radiological or histological signs of inflammation were observed. Detailed histologic, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical analysis of the biopsies evidenced that UA-ADRC/PRGF-2/OIS resulted in better and faster bone regeneration than PRGF-2/OIS. CONCLUSION GBR-MSA with UA-ADRCs, PRGF-2, and an OIS shows effectiveness without adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Önder Solakoglu
- External Visiting Lecturer, Dental Department of the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
- Clinic for Periodontology and Implantology, Hamburg 22453, Germany.
| | - Werner Götz
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany
| | - Maren C Kiessling
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Eckhard U Alt
- InGeneron GmbH, Munich 80331, Germany
- InGeneron, Inc., Houston, TX 77054, United States
- Isar Klinikum Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany
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32
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Biomimetic microspheres for 3D mesenchymal stem cell culture and characterization. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 177:68-76. [PMID: 30711761 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells reside in niches, specialized microenvironments that sustain and regulate their fate. Extracellular matrix (ECM), paracrine factors or other cells are key niche regulating elements. As the conventional 2D cell culture lacks these elements, it can alter the properties of naïve stem cells. In this work we designed a novel biomimetic microenvironment for cell culture, consisting of magnetic microspheres, prepared with acrylates and acrylic acid copolymers and functionalized with fibronectin or hyaluronic acid as ECM coatings. To characterize cell proliferation and adhesion, porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were grown with the different microspheres. The results showed that the 3D environments presented similar proliferation to the 2D culture and that fibronectin allows cell adhesion, while hyaluronic acid hinders it. In the 3D environments, cells reorganize the microspheres to grow in aggregates, highlighting the advantages of microspheres as 3D environments and allowing the cells to adapt the environment to their requirements.
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33
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Wollenzien H, Voigt E, Kareta MS. Somatic Pluripotent Genes in Tissue Repair, Developmental Disease, and Cancer. SPG BIOMED 2018; 1. [PMID: 31172135 DOI: 10.32392/biomed.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into all cell types of the body. This pliable developmental state is achieved by the function of a series of pluripotency factors, classically identified as OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG. These pluripotency factors are responsible for activating the larger pluripotency networks and the self-renewal programs which give ES cells their unique characteristics. However, during differentiation pluripotency networks become downregulated as cells achieve greater lineage specification and exit the cell cycle. Typically the repression of pluripotency is viewed as a positive factor to ensure the fidelity of cellular identity by restricting cellular pliancy. Consistent with this view, the expression of pluripotency factors is greatly restricted in somatic cells. However, there are examples whereby cells either maintain or reactivate pluripotency factors to preserve the increased potential for the healing of wounds or tissue homeostasis. Additionally there are many examples where these pluripotency factors become reactivated in a variety of human pathologies, particularly cancer. In this review, we will summarize the somatic repression of pluripotency factors, their role in tissue homeostasis and wound repair, and the human diseases that are associated with pluripotency factor misregulation with an emphasis on their role in the etiology of multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wollenzien
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, and the Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.,Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St. Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Ellen Voigt
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, and the Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Michael S Kareta
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, and the Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.,Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St. Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, 1175 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
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34
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Suga H. Application of pluripotent stem cells for treatment of human neuroendocrine disorders. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:267-278. [PMID: 30078102 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine system is composed of many types of functional cells. Matured cells are generally irreversible to progenitor cells and it is difficult to obtain enough from our body. Therefore, studying specific subtypes of human neuroendocrine cells in vitro has not been feasible. One of the solutions is pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. These are unlimited sources and, in theory, are able to give rise to all cell types of our body. Therefore, we can use them for regenerative medicine, developmental basic research and disease modeling. Based on this idea, differentiation methods have been studied for years. Recent studies have successfully induced hypothalamic-like progenitors from mouse and human ES/iPS cells. The induced hypothalamic-like progenitors generated hypothalamic neurons, for instance, vasopressin neurons. Induction to adenohypophysis was also reported in the manner of self-formation by three-dimensional floating cultures. Rathke's pouch-like structures, i.e., pituitary anlage, were self-organized in accordance with pituitary development in embryo. Pituitary hormone-producing cells were subsequently differentiated. The induced corticotrophs secreted adrenocorticotropic hormone in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone. When engrafted in vivo, these cells rescued systemic glucocorticoid levels in hypopituitary mice. These culture methods were characterized by replication of stepwise embryonic differentiation. It is based on the idea of mimicking the molecular environment of embryogenesis. Thanks to these improvements, these days, we can generate hormone-secreting neuroendocrine cells from pluripotent stem cells. The next problems that need to be solved are improving differentiation efficiency even further and structuring networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
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35
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Chacón-Martínez CA, Koester J, Wickström SA. Signaling in the stem cell niche: regulating cell fate, function and plasticity. Development 2018; 145:145/15/dev165399. [PMID: 30068689 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate along multiple lineages, driving tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Paradigms of unidirectional, hierarchical differentiation trajectories observed in embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells have traditionally been applied to tissue-resident stem cells. However, accumulating evidence implicates stemness as a bidirectional, dynamic state that is largely governed by the niche, which facilitates plasticity and adaptability to changing conditions. In this Review, we discuss mechanisms of cell fate regulation through niche-derived cues, with a particular focus on epithelial stem cells of the mammalian skin, intestine and lung. We discuss a spectrum of niche-derived biochemical, mechanical and architectural inputs that define stem cell states during morphogenesis, homeostasis and regeneration, and highlight how these diverse inputs influence stem cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Andrés Chacón-Martínez
- Paul Gerson Unna Group 'Skin Homeostasis and Ageing', Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Janis Koester
- Paul Gerson Unna Group 'Skin Homeostasis and Ageing', Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Paul Gerson Unna Group 'Skin Homeostasis and Ageing', Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, D-50931 Cologne, Germany .,Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Ge Y, Fuchs E. Stretching the limits: from homeostasis to stem cell plasticity in wound healing and cancer. Nat Rev Genet 2018; 19:311-325. [PMID: 29479084 PMCID: PMC6301069 DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2018.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) govern tissue homeostasis and wound repair. They reside within niches, the special microenvironments within tissues that control SC lineage outputs. Upon injury or stress, new signals emanating from damaged tissue can divert nearby cells into adopting behaviours that are not part of their homeostatic repertoire. This behaviour, known as SC plasticity, typically resolves as wounds heal. However, in cancer, it can endure. Recent studies have yielded insights into the orchestrators of maintenance and lineage commitment for SCs belonging to three mammalian tissues: the haematopoietic system, the skin epithelium and the intestinal epithelium. We delineate the multifactorial determinants and general principles underlying the remarkable facets of SC plasticity, which lend promise for regenerative medicine and cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejing Ge
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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Silva MDA, Leite YKDC, de Carvalho CES, Feitosa MLT, Alves MMDM, Carvalho FADA, Neto BCV, Miglino MA, Jozala AF, de Carvalho MAM. Behavior and biocompatibility of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with bacterial cellulose membrane. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4656. [PMID: 29736332 PMCID: PMC5933324 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue engineering has been shown to exhibit great potential for the creation of biomaterials capable of developing into functional tissues. Cellular expansion and integration depends on the quality and surface-determinant factors of the scaffold, which are required for successful biological implants. The objective of this research was to characterize and evaluate the in vitro characteristics of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) associated with a bacterial cellulose membrane (BCM). We assessed the adhesion, expansion, and integration of the biomaterial as well as its ability to induce macrophage activation. Finally, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and toxicity of the BCM. METHODS Samples of rabbit bone marrow were collected. Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from medullary aspirates to establish fibroblast colony-forming unit assay. Osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation was performed. Integration with the BCM was assessed by scanning electron microscopy at 1, 7, and 14 days. Cytotoxicity was assessed via the production of nitric oxide, and BCM toxicity was assessed with the MTT assay; phagocytic activity was also determined. RESULTS The fibroblastoid colony-forming unit (CFU-F) assay showed cells with a fibroblastoid morphology organized into colonies, and distributed across the culture area surface. In the growth curve, two distinct phases, lag and log phase, were observed at 15 days. Multipotentiality of the cells was evident after induction of osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Regarding the BM-MSCs' bioelectrical integration with the BCM, BM-MSCs were anchored in the BCM in the first 24 h. On day 7 of culture, the cytoplasm was scattered, and on day 14, the cells were fully integrated with the biomaterial. We also observed significant macrophage activation; analysis of the MTT assay and the concentration of nitric oxide revealed no cytotoxicity of the biomaterial. CONCLUSION The BCM allowed the expansion and biointegration of bone marrow progenitor cells with a stable cytotoxic profile, thus presenting itself as a biomaterial with potential for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello de Alencar Silva
- Integrated Nucleus of Morphology and Stem Cell Research, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Matheus Levi Tajra Feitosa
- Integrated Nucleus of Morphology and Stem Cell Research, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bartolomeu Cruz Viana Neto
- Department of Physics/Advanced Microscopy Multiuser Laboratory/Laboratory of Physics Material, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Maria Angélica Miglino
- Departament of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Faustino Jozala
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Process, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sakashita A, Yeh YHV, Namekawa SH, Lin SP. Epigenomic and single-cell profiling of human spermatogonial stem cells. Stem Cell Investig 2018; 5:11. [PMID: 29782571 PMCID: PMC5945786 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2018.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Sakashita
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yu-Han V. Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Satoshi H. Namekawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shau-Ping Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University/Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Centre, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Stem cells possess the extraordinary capacity of self-renewal and differentiation to various cell types, thus to form original tissues and organs. Stem cell heterogeneity including genetic and nongenetic mechanisms refers to biological differences amongst normal and stem cells originated within the same tissue. Cell differentiation hierarchy and stochasticity in gene expression and signaling pathways may result in phenotypic differences of stem cells. The maintenance of stemness and activation of differentiation potential are fundamentally orchestrated by microenvironmental stem cell niche-related cellular and humoral signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Györgyi Műzes
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Immunology Division, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi u. 46., Budapest, 1088, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Sipos
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Immunology Division, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi u. 46., Budapest, 1088, Hungary
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Hu JKH, Du W, Shelton SJ, Oldham MC, DiPersio CM, Klein OD. An FAK-YAP-mTOR Signaling Axis Regulates Stem Cell-Based Tissue Renewal in Mice. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:91-106.e6. [PMID: 28457749 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis requires the production of newly differentiated cells from resident adult stem cells. Central to this process is the expansion of undifferentiated intermediates known as transit-amplifying (TA) cells, but how stem cells are triggered to enter this proliferative TA state remains an important open question. Using the continuously growing mouse incisor as a model of stem cell-based tissue renewal, we found that the transcriptional cofactors YAP and TAZ are required both to maintain TA cell proliferation and to inhibit differentiation. Specifically, we identified a pathway involving activation of integrin α3 in TA cells that signals through an LATS-independent FAK/CDC42/PP1A cascade to control YAP-S397 phosphorylation and nuclear localization. This leads to Rheb expression and potentiates mTOR signaling to drive the proliferation of TA cells. These findings thus reveal a YAP/TAZ signaling mechanism that coordinates stem cell expansion and differentiation during organ renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Kuang-Hsien Hu
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Samuel J Shelton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael C Oldham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - C Michael DiPersio
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Xin T, Greco V, Myung P. Hardwiring Stem Cell Communication through Tissue Structure. Cell 2016; 164:1212-1225. [PMID: 26967287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells across diverse organs self-renew and differentiate to maintain tissue homeostasis. How stem cells receive input to preserve tissue structure and function largely relies on their communication with surrounding cellular and non-cellular elements. As such, how tissues are organized and patterned not only reflects organ function, but also inherently hardwires networks of communication between stem cells and their environment to direct tissue homeostasis and injury repair. This review highlights how different methods of stem cell communication reflect the unique organization and function of diverse tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Xin
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
| | - Peggy Myung
- Department of Dermatology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
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Vaca AM, Guido CB, Sosa LDV, Nicola JP, Mukdsi J, Petiti JP, Torres AI. The expansion of adult stem/progenitor cells and their marker expression fluctuations are linked with pituitary plastic adaptation during gestation and lactancy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E367-79. [PMID: 27302752 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00077.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence has revealed variations in the number of hormone-producing cells in the pituitary gland, which occur under physiological conditions such as gestation and lactancy. It has been proposed that new hormone-producing cells differentiate from stem cells. However, exactly how and when this takes place is not clear. In this work, we used immunoelectron microscopy to identify adult pituitary stem/progenitor cells (SC/P) localized in the marginal zone (MZ), and additionally, we detected GFRa2-, Sox2-, and Sox9-positive cells in the adenoparenchyma (AP) by fluorescence microscopy. Then, we evaluated fluctuations of SC/P mRNA and protein level markers in MZ and AP during gestation and lactancy. An upregulation in stemness markers was shown at term of gestation (AT) in MZ, whereas there were more progenitor cell markers in the middle of gestation and active lactancy. Concerning committed cell markers, we detected a rise in AP at beginning of lactancy (d1L). We performed a BrdU uptake analysis in MZ and AP cells. The highest level of BrdU uptake was observed in MZ AT cells, whereas in AP this was detected in d1L, followed by a decrease in both the MZ and AP. Finally, we detected double immunostaining for BrdU-GFRa2 in MZ AT cells and BrdU-Sox9 in the AP d1L cells. Taken together, we hypothesize that the expansion of the SC/P niche took place mainly in MZ from pituitary rats in AT and d1L. These results suggest that the SC niche actively participates in pituitary plasticity during these reproductive states, contributing to the origin of hormone cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Maldré Vaca
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre Esq. Enrique Barros, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; and
| | - Carolina Beatriz Guido
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre Esq. Enrique Barros, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; and
| | - Liliana Del Valle Sosa
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre Esq. Enrique Barros, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; and
| | - Juan Pablo Nicola
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Mukdsi
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre Esq. Enrique Barros, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; and
| | - Juan Pablo Petiti
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre Esq. Enrique Barros, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; and
| | - Alicia Ines Torres
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre Esq. Enrique Barros, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; and
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Huch M, Dollé L. The plastic cellular states of liver cells: Are EpCAM and Lgr5 fit for purpose? Hepatology 2016; 64:652-62. [PMID: 26799921 PMCID: PMC4973669 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adult liver cells have been considered restricted regarding their fate and lineage potential. That is, hepatocytes have been thought able only to generate hepatocytes and duct cells, only duct cells. While this may be the case for the majority of scenarios in a state of quiescence or homeostasis, evidence suggests that liver cells are capable of interconverting between cellular states of distinct phenotypic traits. This interconversion or plasticity had been suggested by classical studies using cellular markers, but recently lineage tracing approaches have proven that cells are highly plastic and retain an extraordinary ability to respond differently to normal tissue homeostasis, to tissue repair, or when challenged to expand ex vivo or to differentiate upon transplantation. Stemness, as "self-renewal and multipotency," seems not to be limited to a particular cell type but rather to a cellular state in which cells exhibit a high degree of plasticity and can move back and forth in different phenotypic states. For instance, upon damage cells can dedifferentiate to acquire stem cell potential that allows them to self-renew, repopulate a damaged tissue, and then undergo differentiation. In this review, we will discuss the evidence on cellular plasticity in the liver, focusing our attention on two markers, epithelial cell adhesion molecule and leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5, which identify cells with stem cell potential. (Hepatology 2016;64:652-662).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Huch
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK‐Gurdon Institutethe Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, and Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Laurent Dollé
- Laboratory of Liver Cell BiologyDepartment of Basic Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and PharmacyFree University BrusselsBrusselsBelgium
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Barazzuol L, Jeggo PA. In vivo sensitivity of the embryonic and adult neural stem cell compartments to low-dose radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57 Suppl 1:i2-i10. [PMID: 27125639 PMCID: PMC4990107 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic brain is radiation-sensitive, with cognitive deficits being observed after exposure to low radiation doses. Exposure of neonates to radiation can cause intracranial carcinogenesis. To gain insight into the basis underlying these outcomes, we examined the response of the embryonic, neonatal and adult brain to low-dose radiation, focusing on the neural stem cell compartments. This review summarizes our recent findings. At E13.5-14.5 the embryonic neocortex encompasses rapidly proliferating stem and progenitor cells. Exploiting mice with a hypomorphic mutation in DNA ligase IV (Lig4(Y288C) ), we found a high level of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at E14.5, which we attribute to the rapid proliferation. We observed endogenous apoptosis in Lig4(Y288C) embryos and in WT embryos following exposure to low radiation doses. An examination of DSB levels and apoptosis in adult neural stem cell compartments, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) revealed low DSB levels in Lig4(Y288C) mice, comparable with the levels in differentiated neuronal tissues. We conclude that the adult SVZ does not incur high levels of DNA breakage, but sensitively activates apoptosis; apoptosis was less sensitively activated in the SGZ, and differentiated neuronal tissues did not activate apoptosis. P5/P15 mice showed intermediate DSB levels, suggesting that DSBs generated in the embryo can be transmitted to neonates and undergo slow repair. Interestingly, this analysis revealed a stage of high endogenous apoptosis in the neonatal SVZ. Collectively, these studies reveal that the adult neural stem cell compartment, like the embryonic counterpart, can sensitively activate apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Barazzuol
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN19RQ, UK
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN19RQ, UK
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Colom B, Jones PH. Clonal analysis of stem cells in differentiation and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 43:14-21. [PMID: 27472647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tracking the fate of individual cells and their progeny by clonal analysis has redefined the concept of stem cells and their role in health and disease. The maintenance of cell turnover in adult tissues is achieved by the collective action of populations of stem cells with an equal likelihood of self-renewal or differentiation. Following injury stem cells exhibit striking plasticity, switching from homeostatic behavior in order to repair damaged tissues. The effects of disease states on stem cells are also being uncovered, with new insights into how somatic mutations trigger clonal expansion in early neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.
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Signalling couples hair follicle stem cell quiescence with reduced histone H3 K4/K9/K27me3 for proper tissue homeostasis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11278. [PMID: 27080563 PMCID: PMC4835553 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of plasticity to acquire different cell fates are critical for adult stem cell (SC) potential, yet are poorly understood. Reduced global histone methylation is an epigenetic state known to mediate plasticity in cultured embryonic SCs and T-cell progenitors. Here we find histone H3 K4/K9/K27me3 levels actively reduced in adult mouse skin and hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) during G0 quiescence. The level of marks over specific gene promoters did not correlate to mRNA level changes in quiescent HFSCs. Skin hypomethylation during quiescence was necessary for subsequent progression of hair homeostasis (cycle). Inhibiting BMP signal, a known HFSC anti-proliferative factor, elevated HFSC methylation in vivo during quiescence prior to proliferation onset. Furthermore, removal of proliferation factors and addition of BMP4 reduced histone methylases and increased demethylases mRNAs in cultured skin epithelial cells. We conclude that signalling couples hair follicle stem cell quiescence with reduced H3 K4/K9/K27me3 levels for proper tissue homeostasis. Changes in global histone trimethylation have been linked to embryonic but not adult stem cell plasticity. Here, Lee et al. find H3 K4/K9/K27me3 levels actively reduced in adult mouse skin and hair follicle stem cells during quiescence (catagen) and link this to active bone morphogen protein signalling.
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Loza-Coll MA, Jones DL. Simultaneous control of stemness and differentiation by the transcription factor Escargot in adult stem cells: How can we tease them apart? Fly (Austin) 2016; 10:53-9. [PMID: 27077690 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2016.1176650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic turnover of adult organs and their regenerative capacity following injury depend on a careful balance between stem cell self-renewal (to maintain or enlarge the stem cell pool) and differentiation (to replace lost tissue). We have recently characterized the role of the Drosophila Snail family transcription factor escargot (esg) in testis cyst stem cells (CySCs) (1,2) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs). (3,4) CySCs mutant for esg are not maintained as stem cells, but they remain capable of differentiating normally along the cyst cell lineage. In contrast, esg mutant CySCs that give rise to a closely related lineage, the apical hub cells, cannot maintain hub cell identity. Similarly, Esg maintains stemness of ISCs while regulating the terminal differentiation of progenitor cells into absorptive enterocytes or secretory enteroendocrine cells. Therefore, our findings suggest that Esg may play a conserved and pivotal regulatory role in adult stem cells, controlling both their maintenance and terminal differentiation. Here we propose that this dual regulatory role is due to simultaneous control by Esg of overlapping genetic programs and discuss the exciting challenges and opportunities that lie ahead to explore the underlying mechanisms experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano A Loza-Coll
- a Department of Biology , California State University , Northridge , CA , USA
| | - D Leanne Jones
- b Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,c Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Yoshida S, Kato T, Kato Y. EMT Involved in Migration of Stem/Progenitor Cells for Pituitary Development and Regeneration. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5040043. [PMID: 27058562 PMCID: PMC4850466 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration are important processes in embryonic development of many tissues as well as oncogenesis. The pituitary gland is a master endocrine tissue and recent studies indicate that Sox2-expressing stem/progenitor cells actively migrate and develop this tissue during embryogenesis. Notably, although migration activity of stem/progenitor cells in the postnatal period seems to be reduced compared to that in the embryonic period, it is hypothesized that stem/progenitor cells in the adult pituitary re-migrate from their microenvironment niche to contribute to the regeneration system. Therefore, elucidation of EMT in the pituitary stem/progenitor cells will promote understanding of pituitary development and regeneration, as well as diseases such as pituitary adenoma. In this review, so as to gain more insights into the mechanisms of pituitary development and regeneration, we summarize the EMT in the pituitary by focusing on the migration of pituitary stem/progenitor cells during both embryonic and postnatal organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Takako Kato
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Yukio Kato
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
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Wei R, Hong T. Lineage Reprogramming: A Promising Road for Pancreatic β Cell Regeneration. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:163-176. [PMID: 26811208 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy is a promising method to restore pancreatic β cell function and cure diabetes. Distantly related cells (fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and muscle cells) and developmentally related cells (hepatocytes, gastrointestinal, and pancreatic exocrine cells) have been successfully reprogrammed into β cells in vitro and in vivo. However, while some reprogrammed β cells bear similarities to bona fide β cells, others do not develop into fully functional β cells. Here we review various strategies currently used for β cell reprogramming, including ectopic expression of specific transcription factors associated with islet development, repression of maintenance factors of host cells, regulation of epigenetic modifications, and microenvironmental changes. Development of simple and efficient reprogramming methods is a key priority for developing fully functional β cells suitable for cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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