1
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Yamaguchi K, Nakayama J, Yamamoto T, Semba K, Shirota T, Yamamoto Y. Collagen induction of immune cells in the mammary glands during pregnancy. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:128-135. [PMID: 37955336 PMCID: PMC11281812 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary glands are dynamic tissues affected by pregnancy-related hormones during the pregnancy-lactation cycle. Collagen production and its dynamics are essential to the remodeling of the mammary glands. Alterations of the mammary microenvironment and stromal cells during the pregnancy-lactation cycle are important for understanding the physiology of the mammary glands and the development of breast tumors. In this study, we performed an evaluation of collagen dynamics in the mammary fat pad during the pregnancy-lactation cycle. Reanalysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data showed the ectopic collagen expression in the immune cells and cell-cell interactions for collagens with single-cell resolution. The scRNA-Seq data showed that type I and type III collagen were produced not only by stromal fibroblasts but also by lymphoid and myeloid cell types in the pregnancy phase. Furthermore, the total cell-cell interaction score for collagen interactions was dramatically increased in the pregnancy tissue. The data presented in this study provide evidence that immune cells contribute, at least in part, to mammary collagen dynamics. Our findings suggest that immune cells, including lymphoid and myeloid cells, might be supportive members of the extracellular matrix orchestration in the pregnancy-lactation cycle of the mammary glands.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study evaluated mammary gland collagen dynamics during the pregnancy-lactation cycle using single-cell RNA-sequencing data. We found ectopic collagen expression in immune cells and an increase in collagen interactions during pregnancy. Type I and type III collagen were produced by lymphoid, myeloid, and stromal fibroblast cells during pregnancy. These findings suggest that immune cells, including lymphoid and myeloid cells, play a crucial role in supporting the extracellular matrix in mammary glands during pregnancy-lactation cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Oncogenesis and Growth Regulation, Research Institute, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shirota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Sumbal J, Sumbalova Koledova Z. Fibroblast-Epithelium Co-culture Methods Using Epithelial Organoids and Cell Line-Derived Spheroids. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2764:107-129. [PMID: 38393591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3674-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are an integral cell type of mammary gland stroma, which plays crucial roles in development, homeostasis, and tumorigenesis of mammary epithelium. Fibroblasts produce and remodel extracellular matrix proteins and secrete a plethora of paracrine signals, which instruct both epithelial and other stromal cells of the mammary gland through mechanisms, which have not been fully understood. To enable deciphering of the intricate fibroblast-epithelial interactions, we developed several 3D co-culture methods. In this chapter, we describe methods for establishment of various types of embedded 3D co-cultures of mammary fibroblasts with mammary epithelial organoids, mammary tumor organoids, or breast cancer spheroids to investigate the role of fibroblasts in mammary epithelial development, morphogenesis, and tumorigenesis. The co-culture types include dispersed, aggregated, and transwell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Zuzana Sumbalova Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Tissue Morphogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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3
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Sumbal J, Fre S, Sumbalova Koledova Z. Fibroblast-induced mammary epithelial branching depends on fibroblast contractility. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002093. [PMID: 38198514 PMCID: PMC10805323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial branching morphogenesis is an essential process in living organisms, through which organ-specific epithelial shapes are created. Interactions between epithelial cells and their stromal microenvironment instruct branching morphogenesis but remain incompletely understood. Here, we employed fibroblast-organoid or fibroblast-spheroid co-culture systems and time-lapse imaging to reveal that physical contact between fibroblasts and epithelial cells and fibroblast contractility are required to induce mammary epithelial branching. Pharmacological inhibition of ROCK or non-muscle myosin II, or fibroblast-specific knock-out of Myh9 abrogate fibroblast-induced epithelial branching. The process of fibroblast-induced branching requires epithelial proliferation and is associated with distinctive epithelial patterning of yes associated protein (YAP) activity along organoid branches, which is dependent on fibroblast contractility. Moreover, we provide evidence for the in vivo existence of contractile fibroblasts specifically surrounding terminal end buds (TEBs) of pubertal murine mammary glands, advocating for an important role of fibroblast contractility in branching in vivo. Together, we identify fibroblast contractility as a novel stromal factor driving mammary epithelial morphogenesis. Our study contributes to comprehensive understanding of overlapping but divergent employment of mechanically active fibroblasts in developmental versus tumorigenic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Zuzana Sumbalova Koledova
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Brno, Czech Republic
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4
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Githaka JM, Pirayeshfard L, Goping IS. Cancer invasion and metastasis: Insights from murine pubertal mammary gland morphogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130375. [PMID: 37150225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer invasion and metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer related mortality. A better understanding of the players that drive the aberrant invasion and migration of tumors cells will provide critical targets to inhibit metastasis. Postnatal pubertal mammary gland morphogenesis is characterized by highly proliferative, invasive, and migratory normal epithelial cells. Identifying the molecular regulators of pubertal gland development is a promising strategy since tumorigenesis and metastasis is postulated to be a consequence of aberrant reactivation of developmental stages. In this review, we summarize the pubertal morphogenesis regulators that are involved in cancer metastasis and revisit pubertal mammary gland transcriptome profiling to uncover both known and unknown metastasis genes. Our updated list of pubertal morphogenesis regulators shows that most are implicated in invasion and metastasis. This review highlights molecular linkages between development and metastasis and provides a guide for exploring novel metastatic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maringa Githaka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Leila Pirayeshfard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Ing Swie Goping
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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5
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Witschen PM, Elfstrum AK, Nelson AC, Schwertfeger KL. Characterization of Hyaluronan Localization in the Developing Mammary Gland and Mammary Tumors. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:1. [PMID: 36723776 PMCID: PMC9892096 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is biochemically and biomechanically important for the structure and function of the mammary gland, which undergoes vast structural changes throughout pubertal and reproductive development. Although hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan (GAG) of the mammary gland ECM, extensive characterization of HA deposition in the mammary gland is lacking. Understanding physiologic HA metabolism is critical as this tightly controlled system is often hijacked in cancer. In the current studies, we characterize HA regulation throughout mammary gland development to better understand subsequent dysregulation of HA in mammary tumors. Using immunofluorescence (IF) imaging, we demonstrate that organized HA-rich septa exist in the mammary gland stroma throughout puberty, pregnancy, and involution. Furthermore, we find heterogeneous HA deposition within two murine models of breast cancer. Using cell specific isolation techniques, we characterize expression of genes associated with HA binding, synthesis, and degradation within EpCAM + epithelial cells, CD90.2 + fibroblasts, and F4/80 + macrophages isolated from mammary glands and tumors. Most notably, we identify elevated levels of the hyaluronidases Hyal1 and Hyal2 in tumor-association macrophages (TAMs), suggesting a role for TAM-mediated turnover of HA in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Gene expression is supported functionally by in vitro experiments in which macrophages treated with tumor-cell conditioned media exhibit increased hyaluronidase activity. These findings link TAMs to the direct degradation of HA within the TME of mammary tumors, which has negative implications for patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice M Witschen
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexis K Elfstrum
- Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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6
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Cruz Walma DA, Chen Z, Bullock AN, Yamada KM. Ubiquitin ligases: guardians of mammalian development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:350-367. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Sumbal J, Gudjonsson T, Traustadottir GA, Koledova Z. An Organotypic Assay to Study Epithelial-Fibroblast Interactions in Human Breast. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2471:283-299. [PMID: 35175604 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2193-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-stromal interactions play an essential role in regulation of mammary gland development, homeostasis, and tumorigenesis. Fibroblasts constitute a substantial proportion of mammary gland stromal cells in human breast and have been recognized for their paracrine signaling and extracellular matrix production and remodeling roles during normal breast development as well as in breast cancer. However, our current knowledge on human breast fibroblast functions is incomplete. Here we provide a detailed protocol for an organotypic human breast assay to facilitate research in the roles of human breast fibroblasts in mammary epithelial morphogenesis and early tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali - University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Asta Traustadottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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8
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Ray A, Provenzano PP. Aligned forces: Origins and mechanisms of cancer dissemination guided by extracellular matrix architecture. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:63-71. [PMID: 34186415 PMCID: PMC8530881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organized extracellular matrix (ECM), in the form of aligned architectures, is a critical mediator of directed cancer cell migration by contact guidance, leading to metastasis in solid tumors. Current models suggest anisotropic force generation through the engagement of key adhesion and cytoskeletal complexes drives contact-guided migration. Likewise, disrupting the balance between cell-cell and cell-ECM forces, driven by ECM engagement for cells at the tumor-stromal interface, initiates and drives local invasion. Furthermore, processes such as traction forces exerted by cancer and stromal cells, spontaneous reorientation of matrix-producing fibroblasts, and direct binding of ECM modifying proteins lead to the emergence of collagen alignment in tumors. Thus, as we obtain a deeper understanding of the origins of ECM alignment and the mechanisms by which it is maintained to direct invasion, we are poised to use the new paradigm of stroma-targeted therapies to disrupt this vital axis of disease progression in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja Ray
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Paolo P Provenzano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA; University of Minnesota Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, USA; Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, USA.
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9
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Martínez-Chacón G, Yatkin E, Polari L, Deniz Dinç D, Peuhu E, Hartiala P, Saarinen N, Mäkelä S. CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) stimulates aromatase gene expression in mammary adipose tissue. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21536. [PMID: 33913559 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902485rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. Obesity-related inflammation upregulates aromatase expression, the rate-limiting enzyme for estrogen synthesis, in breast adipose tissue (BAT), increasing estrogen production and cancer risk. The regulation of aromatase gene (CYP19A1) in BAT is complex, and the mechanisms linking obesity and aromatase dysregulation are not fully understood. An obesity-associated factor that could regulate aromatase is the CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 2, a pro-inflammatory factor that also activates signaling pathways implicated in CYP19A1 transcription. By using human primary breast adipose stromal cells (ASCs) and aromatase reporter (hARO-Luc) mouse mammary adipose explants, we demonstrated that CCL2 enhances the glucocorticoid-mediated CYP19A1 transcription. The potential mechanism involves the activation of PI.4 via ERK1/2 pathway. We also showed that CCL2 contributes to the pro-inflammatory milieu and aromatase expression in obesity, evidenced by increased expression of CCL2 and CYP19A1 in mammary tissues from obese hARO-Luc mice, and subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese women. In summary, our results indicate that postmenopausal obesity may promote CCL2 production in BAT, leading to exacerbation of the menopause-related inflammatory state and further stimulation of local aromatase and estrogens. These results provide new insights into the regulation of aromatase and may aid in finding approaches to prevent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Martínez-Chacón
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Emrah Yatkin
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Central Animal Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Polari
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Defne Deniz Dinç
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,FICAN West Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Emilia Peuhu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,FICAN West Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauliina Hartiala
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital (TYS), Turku, Finland
| | - Niina Saarinen
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sari Mäkelä
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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10
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Githaka JM, Tripathi N, Kirschenman R, Patel N, Pandya V, Kramer DA, Montpetit R, Zhu LF, Sonenberg N, Fahlman RP, Danial NN, Underhill DA, Goping IS. BAD regulates mammary gland morphogenesis by 4E-BP1-mediated control of localized translation in mouse and human models. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2939. [PMID: 34011960 PMCID: PMC8134504 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of non-canonical protein functions can identify novel tissue homeostasis pathways. Herein, we describe a role for the Bcl-2 family member BAD in postnatal mammary gland morphogenesis. In Bad3SA knock-in mice, where BAD cannot undergo phosphorylation at 3 key serine residues, pubertal gland development is delayed due to aberrant tubulogenesis of the ductal epithelium. Proteomic and RPPA analyses identify that BAD regulates focal adhesions and the mRNA translation repressor, 4E-BP1. These results suggest that BAD modulates localized translation that drives focal adhesion maturation and cell motility. Consistent with this, cells within Bad3SA organoids contain unstable protrusions with decreased compartmentalized mRNA translation and focal adhesions, and exhibit reduced cell migration and tubulogenesis. Critically, protrusion stability is rescued by 4E-BP1 depletion. Together our results confirm an unexpected role of BAD in controlling localized translation and cell migration during mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maringa Githaka
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Namita Tripathi
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Raven Kirschenman
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Namrata Patel
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Vrajesh Pandya
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - David A. Kramer
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Rachel Montpetit
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Lin Fu Zhu
- grid.17089.37Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Richard P. Fahlman
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Nika N. Danial
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - D. Alan Underhill
- grid.17089.37Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Ing Swie Goping
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada ,grid.17089.37Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
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11
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Wang J, Song W, Yang R, Li C, Wu T, Dong XB, Zhou B, Guo X, Chen J, Liu Z, Yu QC, Li W, Fu J, Zeng YA. Endothelial Wnts control mammary epithelial patterning via fibroblast signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108897. [PMID: 33789106 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial and fibroblast niches are crucial for epithelial organs. How these heterotypic cells interact is of great interest. In this study, we reveal an axis of signaling in which fibroblasts relay Wnt signals from the endothelial niche to organize epithelial patterning. We generate an Axin2-membrane GFP (mGFP) reporter mouse and observe robust Wnt/β-catenin signaling activities in fibroblasts surrounding the mammary epithelium. To enable cell-type-specific gene manipulation in vitro, we establish an organoid system via coculture of endothelial cells (ECs), fibroblasts, and mammary epithelial cells. Deletion of β-catenin in fibroblasts impedes epithelium branching, and ECs are responsible for the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in fibroblasts. In vivo, EC deletion of Wntless inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity in fibroblasts, rendering a reduction in epithelial branches. These findings highlight the significance of the endothelial niche in tissue patterning, shedding light on the interactive mechanisms in which distinct niche components orchestrate epithelial organogenesis and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Wenqian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ruikai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chao Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao Bing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xizhi Guo
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qing Cissy Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Wen Li
- Center of reproductive medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Junfen Fu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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12
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Nerger BA, Jaslove JM, Elashal HE, Mao S, Košmrlj A, Link AJ, Nelson CM. Local accumulation of extracellular matrix regulates global morphogenetic patterning in the developing mammary gland. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1903-1917.e6. [PMID: 33705716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The tree-like pattern of the mammary epithelium is formed during puberty through a process known as branching morphogenesis. Although mammary epithelial branching is stochastic and generates an epithelial tree with a random pattern of branches, the global orientation of the developing epithelium is predictably biased along the long axis of the gland. Here, we combine analysis of pubertal mouse mammary glands, a three-dimensional (3D)-printed engineered tissue model, and computational models of morphogenesis to investigate the origin and the dynamics of the global bias in epithelial orientation during pubertal mammary development. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that a global bias emerges in the absence of pre-aligned networks of type I collagen in the fat pad and is maintained throughout pubertal development until the widespread formation of lateral branches. Using branching and annihilating random walk simulations, we found that the angle of bifurcation of terminal end buds (TEBs) dictates both the dynamics and the extent of the global bias in epithelial orientation. Our experimental and computational data demonstrate that a local increase in stiffness from the accumulation of extracellular matrix, which constrains the angle of bifurcation of TEBs, is sufficient to pattern the global orientation of the developing mammary epithelium. These data reveal that local mechanical properties regulate the global pattern of mammary epithelial branching and may provide new insight into the global patterning of other branched epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Nerger
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jacob M Jaslove
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hader E Elashal
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sheng Mao
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Andrej Košmrlj
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - A James Link
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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13
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Dawson CA, Visvader JE. The Cellular Organization of the Mammary Gland: Insights From Microscopy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:71-85. [PMID: 33835387 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in our knowledge of the cellular heterogeneity and molecular regulation of the mammary gland, how these relate to 3D cellular organization remains unclear. In addition to hormonal regulation, mammary gland development and function is directed by para- and juxtacrine signaling among diverse cell-types, particularly the immune and mesenchymal populations. Precise mapping of the cellular landscape of the breast will help to decipher this complex coordination. Imaging of thin tissue sections has provided foundational information about cell positioning in the mammary gland and now technological advances in tissue clearing and subcellular-resolution 3D imaging are painting a more complete picture. In particular, confocal, light-sheet and multiphoton microscopy applied to intact tissue can fully capture cell morphology, position and interactions, and have the power to identify spatially rare events. This review will summarize our current understanding of mammary gland cellular organization as revealed by microscopy. We focus on the mouse mammary gland and cover a broad range of immune and stromal cell types at major developmental stages and give insights into important tissue niches and cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A Dawson
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jane E Visvader
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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14
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Krishnan D, Menon RN, Gopala S. SHARPIN: Role in Finding NEMO and in Amyloid-Beta Clearance and Degradation (ABCD) Pathway in Alzheimer's Disease? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1267-1281. [PMID: 33400084 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SHANK- associated RH domain-interacting protein (SHARPIN) is a multifunctional protein associated with numerous physiological functions and many diseases. The primary role of the protein as a LUBAC-dependent component in regulating the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB accounts to its role in inflammation and antiapoptosis. Hence, an alteration of SHARPIN expression or genetic mutations or polymorphisms leads to the alteration of the above-mentioned primary physiological functions contributing to inflammation-associated diseases and cancer, respectively. However, there are complications of targeting SHARPIN as a therapeutic approach, which arises from the wide-range of LUBAC-independent functions and yet unknown roles of SHARPIN including neuronal functions. The identification of SHARPIN as a postsynaptic protein and the emerging studies indicating its role in several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease suggests a strong role of SHARPIN in neuronal functioning. This review summarizes the functional roles of SHARPIN in normal physiology and disease pathogenesis and strongly suggests a need for concentrating more studies on identifying the unknown neuronal functions of SHARPIN and hence its role in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Ramsekhar N Menon
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Srinivas Gopala
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, Kerala, India.
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15
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Integrin-mediated adhesion and mechanosensing in the mammary gland. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:113-125. [PMID: 33187835 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is dynamically remodelled during its postnatal development and the reproductive cycles. This inherent plasticity has been suggested to increase the susceptibility of the organ to carcinogenesis. Morphological changes in the mammary epithelium involve cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration which, in turn, are affected by cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrin adhesion receptors function in the sensing of the biochemical composition, patterning and mechanical properties of the ECM surrounding the cells, and strongly influence cell fate. This review aims to summarize the existing literature on how different aspects of integrin-mediated adhesion and mechanosensing, including ECM composition; stiffness and topography; integrin expression patterns; focal adhesion assembly; dynamic regulation of the actin cytoskeleton; and nuclear mechanotransduction affect mammary gland development, function and homeostasis. As the mechanical properties of a complex tissue environment are challenging to replicate in vitro, emphasis has been placed on studies conducted in vivo or using organoid models. Outright, these studies indicate that mechanosensing also contributes to the regulation of mammary gland morphogenesis in multiple ways.
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16
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Sumbal J, Belisova D, Koledova Z. Fibroblasts: The grey eminence of mammary gland development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:134-142. [PMID: 33158729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of mammary gland stroma in the regulation of mammary epithelial development, function, and cancer has long been recognized. Only recently, though, the functions of individual stromal cell populations have begun to become more clarified. Mammary fibroblasts have emerged as master regulators and modulators of epithelial cell behavior through paracrine signaling, extracellular matrix production and remodeling, and through regulation of other stromal cell types. In this review article, we summarize the crucial studies that helped to untangle the roles of fibroblasts in mammary gland development. Furthermore, we discuss the origin, heterogeneity, and plasticity of mammary fibroblasts during mammary development and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Belisova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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17
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Avagliano A, Fiume G, Ruocco MR, Martucci N, Vecchio E, Insabato L, Russo D, Accurso A, Masone S, Montagnani S, Arcucci A. Influence of Fibroblasts on Mammary Gland Development, Breast Cancer Microenvironment Remodeling, and Cancer Cell Dissemination. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1697. [PMID: 32604738 PMCID: PMC7352995 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The stromal microenvironment regulates mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. In normal mammary glands, the stromal microenvironment encompasses the ducts and contains fibroblasts, the main regulators of branching morphogenesis. Understanding the way fibroblast signaling pathways regulate mammary gland development may offer insights into the mechanisms of breast cancer (BC) biology. In fact, the unregulated mammary fibroblast signaling pathways, associated with alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and branching morphogenesis, drive breast cancer microenvironment (BCM) remodeling and cancer growth. The BCM comprises a very heterogeneous tissue containing non-cancer stromal cells, namely, breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (BCAFs), which represent most of the tumor mass. Moreover, the different components of the BCM highly interact with cancer cells, thereby generating a tightly intertwined network. In particular, BC cells activate recruited normal fibroblasts in BCAFs, which, in turn, promote BCM remodeling and metastasis. Thus, comparing the roles of normal fibroblasts and BCAFs in the physiological and metastatic processes, could provide a deeper understanding of the signaling pathways regulating BC dissemination. Here, we review the latest literature describing the structure of the mammary gland and the BCM and summarize the influence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EpMT) and autophagy in BC dissemination. Finally, we discuss the roles of fibroblasts and BCAFs in mammary gland development and BCM remodeling, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.F.); (E.V.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nunzia Martucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.F.); (E.V.)
| | - Luigi Insabato
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.I.); (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Russo
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.I.); (D.R.)
| | - Antonello Accurso
- Department of General, Oncological, Bariatric and Endocrine-Metabolic Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (S.M.)
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18
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Lerche M, Elosegui-Artola A, Kechagia JZ, Guzmán C, Georgiadou M, Andreu I, Gullberg D, Roca-Cusachs P, Peuhu E, Ivaska J. Integrin Binding Dynamics Modulate Ligand-Specific Mechanosensing in Mammary Gland Fibroblasts. iScience 2020; 23:100907. [PMID: 32106057 PMCID: PMC7044518 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between integrin activity regulation and cellular mechanosensing of tissue rigidity, especially on different extracellular matrix ligands, remains poorly understood. Here, we find that primary mouse mammary gland stromal fibroblasts (MSFs) are able to spread efficiently, generate high forces, and display nuclear YAP on soft collagen-coated substrates, resembling the soft mammary gland tissue. We describe that loss of the integrin inhibitor, SHARPIN, impedes MSF spreading specifically on soft type I collagen but not on fibronectin. Through quantitative experiments and computational modeling, we find that SHARPIN-deficient MSFs display faster force-induced unbinding of adhesions from collagen-coated beads. Faster unbinding, in turn, impairs force transmission in these cells, particularly, at the stiffness optimum observed for wild-type cells. Mechanistically, we link the impaired mechanotransduction of SHARPIN-deficient cells on collagen to reduced levels of collagen-binding integrin α11β1. Thus integrin activity regulation and α11β1 play a role in collagen-specific mechanosensing in MSFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lerche
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jenny Z Kechagia
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Georgiadou
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ion Andreu
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Emilia Peuhu
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine and Cancer Research Laboratory FICAN West, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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19
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Abstract
Integrins, and integrin-mediated adhesions, have long been recognized to provide the main molecular link attaching cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to serve as bidirectional hubs transmitting signals between cells and their environment. Recent evidence has shown that their combined biochemical and mechanical properties also allow integrins to sense, respond to and interact with ECM of differing properties with exquisite specificity. Here, we review this work first by providing an overview of how integrin function is regulated from both a biochemical and a mechanical perspective, affecting integrin cell-surface availability, binding properties, activation or clustering. Then, we address how this biomechanical regulation allows integrins to respond to different ECM physicochemical properties and signals, such as rigidity, composition and spatial distribution. Finally, we discuss the importance of this sensing for major cell functions by taking cell migration and cancer as examples.
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20
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Laukka M, Hoppela E, Salo J, Rantakari P, Gronroos TJ, Orte K, Auvinen K, Salmi M, Gerke H, Thol K, Peuhu E, Kauhanen S, Merilahti P, Hartiala P. Preperitoneal Fat Grafting Inhibits the Formation of Intra-abdominal Adhesions in Mice. J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 24:2838-2848. [PMID: 31823326 PMCID: PMC7674570 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhesion formation contributes to postoperative complications in abdominal and gynaecological surgery. Thus far, the prevention and treatment strategies have focused on mechanical barriers in solid and liquid form, but these methods are not in routine use. As autologous fat grafting has become popular in treatment of hypertrophic scars because of its immunomodulatory effects, we postulated that fat grafting could also prevent peritoneal adhesion through similar mechanisms. METHODS This was a control versus intervention study to evaluate the effect of fat grafting in the prevention on peritoneal adhesion formation. An experimental mouse model for moderate and extensive peritoneal adhesions was used (n = 4-6 mice/group). Adhesions were induced mechanically, and a free epididymal fat graft from wild type or CAG-DsRed mice was injected preperitoneally immediately after adhesion induction. PET/CT imaging and scaling of the adhesions were performed, and samples were taken for further analysis at 7 and 30 days postoperation. Macrophage phenotyping was further performed from peritoneal lavage samples, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines and mesothelial layer recovery were analysed from peritoneal tissue samples. RESULTS Fat grafting significantly inhibited the formation of adhesions. PET/CT results did not show prolonged inflammation in any of the groups. While the expression of anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic IL-10 was significantly increased in the peritoneum of the fat graft-treated group at 7 days, tissue-resident and repairing M2 macrophages could no longer be detected in the fat graft at this time point. The percentage of the continuous, healed peritoneum as shown by Keratin 8 staining was greater in the fat graft-treated group after 7 days. CONCLUSIONS Fat grafting can inhibit the formation of peritoneal adhesions in mice. Our results suggest that fat grafting promotes the peritoneal healing process in a paracrine manner thereby enabling rapid regeneration of the peritoneal mesothelial cell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Laukka
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland ,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Erika Hoppela
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jemiina Salo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tove J. Gronroos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katri Orte
- Genetics and Saske Tyks Laboratory Division, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Auvinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Gerke
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kerstin Thol
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Emilia Peuhu
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,FICAN West Cancer Laboratory, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Saila Kauhanen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Merilahti
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauliina Hartiala
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland ,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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21
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Myllymäki SM, Mikkola ML. Inductive signals in branching morphogenesis - lessons from mammary and salivary glands. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 61:72-78. [PMID: 31387017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a fundamental developmental program that generates large epithelial surfaces in a limited three-dimensional space. It is regulated by inductive tissue interactions whose effects are mediated by soluble signaling molecules, and cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Here, we will review recent studies on inductive signaling interactions governing branching morphogenesis in light of phenotypes of mouse mutants and ex vivo organ culture studies with emphasis on developing mammary and salivary glands. We will highlight advances in understanding how cell fate decisions are intimately linked with branching morphogenesis. We will also discuss novel insights into the molecular control of cellular mechanisms driving the formation of these arborized ductal structures and reflect upon how distinct spatial patterns are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu-Marja Myllymäki
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, P.O.B. 56, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, P.O.B. 56, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Chatterjee SJ, Halaoui R, Deagle RC, Rejon C, McCaffrey L. Numb regulates cell tension required for mammary duct elongation. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.042341. [PMID: 31036751 PMCID: PMC6550071 DOI: 10.1242/bio.042341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes extensive expansion of a ductal network through the stroma during puberty and is an excellent model for understanding epithelial tube morphogenesis. To investigate a role for Numb, a multifaceted adapter protein, in epithelial tube morphogenesis, we conditionally deleted it from the mammary epithelium. We report that Numb-depletion results in altered extracellular-matrix organization, reduced cell tension, altered cell shape, and increased cell packing density, which results in a 50% reduction in mammary duct elongation. Using laser ablation in vitro and geometric-based cell force inference in vivo, we determined that Numb-deficient cells have altered cortical tension. Duct elongation defects were associated with altered E-cadherin distribution, but were independent of proliferation, apoptosis in ducts or end buds. This highlights a critical role for Numb in a mechanical mechanism that is required to maintain cell packing density during epithelial tube elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa June Chatterjee
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ruba Halaoui
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Rebecca Catherine Deagle
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.,Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Carlis Rejon
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada .,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3T2, Canada
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23
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Siitonen R, Peuhu E, Autio A, Liljenbäck H, Mattila E, Metsälä O, Käkelä M, Saanijoki T, Dijkgraaf I, Jalkanen S, Ivaska J, Roivainen A. 68Ga-DOTA-E[c(RGDfK)] 2 PET Imaging of SHARPIN-Regulated Integrin Activity in Mice. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1380-1387. [PMID: 30850498 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.222026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank-associated RH domain-interacting protein (SHARPIN) is a cytosolic protein that plays a key role in activation of nuclear factor κ-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells and regulation of inflammation. Furthermore, SHARPIN controls integrin-dependent cell adhesion and migration in several normal and malignant cell types, and loss of SHARPIN correlates with increased integrin activity in mice. Arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD), a cell adhesion tripeptide motif, is an integrin recognition sequence that facilitates PET imaging of integrin upregulation during tumor angiogenesis. We hypothesized that increased integrin activity due to loss of SHARPIN protein would affect the uptake of αvβ3-selective cyclic, dimeric peptide 68Ga-DOTA-E[c(RGDfK)]2, where E[c(RGDfk)]2 = glutamic acid-[cyclo(arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid-D-phenylalanine-lysine)], both in several tissue types and in the tumor microenvironment. To test this hypothesis, we used RGD-based in vivo PET imaging to evaluate wild-type (wt) and SHARPIN-deficient mice (Sharpin cpdm , where cpdm = chronic proliferative dermatitis in mice) with and without melanoma tumor allografts. Methods: Sharpin cpdm mice with spontaneous null mutation in the Sharpin gene and their wt littermates with or without B16-F10-luc melanoma tumors were studied by in vivo imaging and ex vivo measurements with cyclic-RGD peptide 68Ga-DOTA-E[c(RGDfK)]2 After the last 68Ga-DOTA-E[c(RGDfK)]2 peptide PET/CT, tumors were cut into cryosections for autoradiography, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Results: The ex vivo uptake of 68Ga-DOTA-E[c(RGDfK)]2 in the mouse skin and tumor was significantly higher in Sharpin cpdm mice than in wt mice. B16-F10-luc tumors were detected 4 d after inoculation, without differences in volume or blood flow between the mouse strains. PET imaging with 68Ga-DOTA-E[c(RGDfK)]2 peptide at day 10 after inoculation revealed significantly higher uptake in the tumors transplanted into Sharpin cpdm mice than in wt mice. Furthermore, tumor vascularization was increased in the Sharpin cpdm mice. Conclusion: Sharpin cpdm mice demonstrated increased integrin activity and vascularization in B16-F10-luc melanoma tumors, as demonstrated by RGD-based in vivo PET imaging. These data indicate that SHARPIN, a protein previously associated with increased cancer growth and metastasis, may also have important regulatory roles in controlling the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilia Peuhu
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,FICAN West Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Autio
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Mattila
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Metsälä
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Meeri Käkelä
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Ingrid Dijkgraaf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland .,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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24
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Huang T, Deng CX. Current Progresses of Exosomes as Cancer Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1-11. [PMID: 30662342 PMCID: PMC6329932 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.27796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer related exosomes are nano-size membrane vesicles that play important roles in tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence indicates that exosomes can load unique cargoes, including proteins and nucleic acids that reflect the condition of tumor. Therefore, exosomes are being used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for various cancers. In this review, we describe the current progresses of cancer related exosomes, including their biogenesis, molecular contents, biological functions, sources where they are derived from, and methods for their detection. We will also discuss the current exosomal biomarkers and the utilization of them for early diagnosis and prognostics in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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25
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Koledova Z, Sumbal J. FGF signaling in mammary gland fibroblasts regulates multiple fibroblast functions and mammary epithelial morphogenesis. Development 2019; 146:dev.185306. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.185306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is crucial for mammary gland development. While multiple roles for FGF signaling in the epithelium were described, the function of FGF signaling in mammary stroma has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated FGF signaling in mammary fibroblasts. We found that mammary fibroblasts express FGF receptors FGFR1 and FGFR2 and respond to FGF ligands. In particular, FGF2 and FGF9 induce sustained ERK1/2 signaling and promote fibroblast proliferation and migration in 2D. Intriguingly, only FGF2 induces fibroblast migration in 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) through regulation of actomyosin cytoskeleton and promotes force-mediated collagen remodeling by mammary fibroblasts. Moreover, FGF2 regulates production of ECM proteins by mammary fibroblasts, including collagens, fibronectin, osteopontin, and matrix metalloproteinases. Finally, using organotypic 3D co-cultures we show that FGF2 and FGF9 signaling in mammary fibroblasts enhances fibroblast-induced branching of mammary epithelium by modulating paracrine signaling and that knockdown of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in mammary fibroblasts reduces branching of mammary epithelium. Our results demonstrate a pleiotropic role for FGF signaling in mammary fibroblasts with implications for regulation of mammary stromal functions and epithelial branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
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26
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Ojo D, Wu Y, Bane A, Tang D. A role of SIPL1/SHARPIN in promoting resistance to hormone therapy in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:735-745. [PMID: 29248549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIPL1 inhibits PTEN function and stimulates NF-κB signaling; both processes contribute to resistance to hormone therapy in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer (ER+ BC). However, whether SIPL1 promotes tamoxifen resistance in BC remains unclear. We report here that SIPL1 enhances tamoxifen resistance in ER+ BC. Overexpression of SIPL1 in MCF7 and TD47 cells conferred tamoxifen resistance. In MCF7 cell-derived tamoxifen resistant (TAM-R) cells, SIPL1 expression was upregulated and knockdown of SIPL1 in TAM-R cells re-sensitized the cells to tamoxifen. Furthermore, xenograft tumors produced by MCF7 SIPL1 cells but not by MCF7 empty vector cells resisted tamoxifen treatment. Collectively, we demonstrated a role of SIPL1 in promoting tamoxifen resistance in BC. Increases in AKT activation and NF-κB signaling were detected in both MCF7 SIPL1 and TAM-R cells; using specific inhibitors and unique SIPL1 mutants to inhibit either pathway significantly reduced tamoxifen resistance. A SIPL1 mutant defective in activating both pathways was incapable of conferring resistance to tamoxifen, showing that both pathways contributed to SIPL1-derived resistance to tamoxifen in ER+ BCs. Using the Curtis dataset of breast cancer (n=1980) within the cBioPortal database, we examined a correlation of SIPL1 expression with ER+ BC and resistance to hormone therapy. SIPL1 upregulation strongly associates with reductions in overall survival in BC patients, particularly in patients with hormone naïve ER+ BCs. Taken together, we provide data suggesting that SIPL1 contributes to promote resistance to tamoxifen in BC cells through both AKT and NF-κB actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Ojo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; the Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anita Bane
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; the Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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27
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Conway JRW, Vennin C, Cazet AS, Herrmann D, Murphy KJ, Warren SC, Wullkopf L, Boulghourjian A, Zaratzian A, Da Silva AM, Pajic M, Morton JP, Cox TR, Timpson P. Three-dimensional organotypic matrices from alternative collagen sources as pre-clinical models for cell biology. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16887. [PMID: 29203823 PMCID: PMC5715059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotypic co-cultures bridge the gap between standard two-dimensional culture and mouse models. Such assays increase the fidelity of pre-clinical studies, to better inform lead compound development and address the increasing attrition rates of lead compounds within the pharmaceutical industry, which are often a result of screening in less faithful two-dimensional models. Using large-scale acid-extraction techniques, we demonstrate a step-by-step process to isolate collagen I from commercially available animal byproducts. Using the well-established rat tail tendon collagen as a benchmark, we apply our novel kangaroo tail tendon collagen as an alternative collagen source for our screening-ready three-dimensional organotypic co-culture platform. Both collagen sources showed equal applicability for invasive, proliferative or survival assessment of well-established cancer models and clinically relevant patient-derived cancer cell lines. Additional readouts were also demonstrated when comparing these alternative collagen sources for stromal contributions to stiffness, organization and ultrastructure via atomic force microscopy, second harmonic generation imaging and scanning electron microscopy, among other vital biological readouts, where only minor differences were found between the preparations. Organotypic co-cultures represent an easy, affordable and scalable model to investigate drug responses within a physiologically relevant 3D platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R W Conway
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Aurélie S Cazet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Lena Wullkopf
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Alice Boulghourjian
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew M Da Silva
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Thomas R Cox
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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28
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Erdogan B, Ao M, White LM, Means AL, Brewer BM, Yang L, Washington MK, Shi C, Franco OE, Weaver AM, Hayward SW, Li D, Webb DJ. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote directional cancer cell migration by aligning fibronectin. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3799-3816. [PMID: 29021221 PMCID: PMC5674895 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201704053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are major components of the carcinoma microenvironment that promote tumor progression. However, the mechanisms by which CAFs regulate cancer cell migration are poorly understood. In this study, we show that fibronectin (Fn) assembled by CAFs mediates CAF-cancer cell association and directional migration. Compared with normal fibroblasts, CAFs produce an Fn-rich extracellular matrix with anisotropic fiber orientation, which guides the cancer cells to migrate directionally. CAFs align the Fn matrix by increasing nonmuscle myosin II- and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-mediated contractility and traction forces, which are transduced to Fn through α5β1 integrin. We further show that prostate cancer cells use αv integrin to migrate efficiently and directionally on CAF-derived matrices. We demonstrate that aligned Fn is a prominent feature of invasion sites in human prostatic and pancreatic carcinoma samples. Collectively, we present a new mechanism by which CAFs organize the Fn matrix and promote directional cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Erdogan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Mingfang Ao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Lauren M White
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Anna L Means
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Bryson M Brewer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Donna J Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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29
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Kaukonen R, Jacquemet G, Hamidi H, Ivaska J. Cell-derived matrices for studying cell proliferation and directional migration in a complex 3D microenvironment. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:2376-2390. [PMID: 29048422 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2D surfaces offer simple analysis of cells in culture, yet these often yield different cell morphologies and responses from those observed in vivo. Considerable effort has therefore been expended on the generation of more tissue-like environments for the study of cell behavior in vitro. Purified matrix proteins provide a 3D scaffold that better mimics the in vivo situation; however, these are far removed from the complex tissue composition seen in vivo. Cell-derived matrices (CDMs) offer a more physiologically relevant alternative for studying in vivo-like cell behavior in vitro. In the protocol described here, fibroblasts cultured on gelatin-coated surfaces are maintained in the presence of ascorbic acid to strengthen matrix deposition over 1-3 weeks. The resulting fibrillar CDMs are denuded of cells, and other cells are subsequently cultured on them, after which their behavior is monitored. We also demonstrate how to use CDMs as an in vivo-relevant reductionist model for studying tumor-stroma-induced changes in carcinoma cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riina Kaukonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Guillaume Jacquemet
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Hellyeh Hamidi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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30
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Minchin JEN, Rawls JF. Elucidating the role of plexin D1 in body fat distribution and susceptibility to metabolic disease using a zebrafish model system. Adipocyte 2017; 6:277-283. [PMID: 28792859 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1356504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer were responsible for 68% of all deaths worldwide in 2012. The regional distribution of lipid deposited within adipose tissue (AT) - so called body fat distribution (BFD) - is a strong risk factor for NCDs. BFD is highly heritable; however, the genetic basis of BFD is almost entirely unknown. Genome-wide association studies have identified several loci associated with BFD, including at Plexin D1 (PLXND1) - a gene known to modulate angiogenesis. We recently demonstrated that zebrafish homozygous for a null mutation in plxnd1 had a reduced capacity to store lipid in visceral AT (VAT) leading to altered BFD. Moreover, we found that type V collagens were upregulated in plxnd1 mutants, and mediated the inhibitory effect of Plxnd1 on VAT growth. These results strengthen evidence that Plxnd1 influences BFD in human populations, and validate zebrafish as a model to study BFD. However, many pertinent questions remain unanswered. Here we outline potential Plxnd1 mechanisms of action in AT, and describe the genetic architecture at human PLXND1 that is associated with BFD and NCD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. N. Minchin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John F. Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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31
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Peuhu E, Virtakoivu R, Mai A, Wärri A, Ivaska J. Epithelial vimentin plays a functional role in mammary gland development. Development 2017; 144:4103-4113. [PMID: 28947532 DOI: 10.1242/dev.154229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the mammary gland, vimentin intermediate filaments are expressed in stromal cells and in basal epithelial cell populations, including gland-reconstituting mammary stem cells, with largely undefined functions. Here, we have studied how vimentin deficiency affects mouse mammary gland development. We find that, in adult vimentin knockout mice (Vim-/- ), mammary ductal outgrowth is delayed. The adult Vim-/- glands display dilated ducts and a reduced basal-to-luminal mouse mammary epithelial cell (MMEC) ratio indicative of altered progenitor cell activity. Accordingly, isolated Vim-/- MMECs form fewer mammospheres and basal-like organoids in vitro than their wild-type counterparts. Importantly, reduced basal MMEC number translates into defects in Vim-/- mammary gland regeneration in vivo Global gene expression profiling of basal MMECs reveals that lack of vimentin alters multiple pathways, including adhesion, cancer and Wnt signalling. Furthermore, vimentin contributes to stem-like cell properties in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, wherein vimentin depletion reduces tumoursphere formation and attenuates expression of breast cancer stem cell-associated surface markers. Together, our findings identify vimentin as a positive regulator of stemness in the developing mouse mammary gland and in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Peuhu
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Anja Mai
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anni Wärri
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland .,Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
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32
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Ojo D, Seliman M, Tang D. Signatures derived from increase in SHARPIN gene copy number are associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. BBA CLINICAL 2017; 8:56-65. [PMID: 28879097 PMCID: PMC5582379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report three signatures produced from SHARPIN gene copy number increase (GCN-Increase) and their effects on patients with breast cancer (BC). In the Metabric dataset (n = 2059, cBioPortal), SHARPIN GCN-Increase occurs preferentially or mutual exclusively with mutations in TP53, PIK3CA, and CDH1. These genomic alterations constitute a signature (SigMut) that significantly correlates with reductions in overall survival (OS) in BC patients (n = 1980; p = 1.081e − 6). Additionally, SHARPIN GCN-Increase is associated with 4220 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). These DEGs are enriched in activation of the pathways regulating cell cycle progression, RNA transport, ribosome biosynthesis, DNA replication, and in downregulation of the pathways related to extracellular matrix. These DEGs are thus likely to facilitate the proliferation and metastasis of BC cells. Additionally, through forward (FWD) and backward (BWD) stepwise variate selections among the top 160 downregulated and top 200 upregulated DEGs using the Cox regression model, a 6-gene (SigFWD) and a 50-gene (SigBWD) signature were derived. Both signatures robustly associate with decreases in OS in BC patients within the Curtis (n = 1980; p = 6.16e − 11 for SigFWD; p = 1.06e − 10, for SigBWD) and TCGA cohort (n = 817; p = 4.53e − 4 for SigFWD and p = 0.00525 for SigBWD). After adjusting for known clinical factors, SigMut (HR 1.21, p = 0.0297), SigBWD (HR 1.25, p = 0.0263), and likely SigFWD (HR 1.17, p = 0.062) remain independent risk factors of BC deaths. Furthermore, the proportion of patients positive for these signatures is significantly increased in ER −, Her2-enriched, basal-like, and claudin-low BCs compared to ER + and luminal BCs. Collectively, these SHARPIN GCN-Increase-derived signatures may have clinical applications in management of patients with BC. SHARPIN genomic increase correlates with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients SHARPIN genomic increase associates with enrichment of mutations in TP53 and others SHARPIN genomic increases occur along with many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) These DEGs enhance breast cancer cell proliferation and reduces extracellular matrix Enriched mutations and DEGs strongly associate with reductions in overall survival
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Ojo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Seliman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Damu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author at: St. Joseph's Hospital, T3310, 50 Charlton Ave East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada.St. Joseph's HospitalT3310, 50 Charlton Ave EastHamiltonOntarioL8N 4A6Canada
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33
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Rittinger K, Ikeda F. Linear ubiquitin chains: enzymes, mechanisms and biology. Open Biol 2017; 7:170026. [PMID: 28446710 PMCID: PMC5413910 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a versatile post-translational modification that regulates a multitude of cellular processes. Its versatility is based on the ability of ubiquitin to form multiple types of polyubiquitin chains, which are recognized by specific ubiquitin receptors to induce the required cellular response. Linear ubiquitin chains are linked through Met 1 and have been established as important players of inflammatory signalling and apoptotic cell death. These chains are generated by a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex called the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) that is thus far the only E3 ligase capable of forming linear ubiquitin chains. The complex consists of three subunits, HOIP, HOIL-1L and SHARPIN, each of which have specific roles in the observed biological functions of LUBAC. Furthermore, LUBAC has been found to be associated with OTULIN and CYLD, deubiquitinases that disassemble linear chains and counterbalance the E3 ligase activity of LUBAC. Gene mutations in HOIP, HOIL-1L and OTULIN are found in human patients who suffer from autoimmune diseases, and HOIL-1L mutations are also found in myopathy patients. In this paper, we discuss the mechanisms of linear ubiquitin chain generation and disassembly by their respective enzymes and review our current understanding of their biological functions and association with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rittinger
- Molecular Structure of Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Fumiyo Ikeda
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Dr Bohr-gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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34
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Peuhu E, Kaukonen R, Lerche M, Saari M, Guzmán C, Rantakari P, De Franceschi N, Wärri A, Georgiadou M, Jacquemet G, Mattila E, Virtakoivu R, Liu Y, Attieh Y, Silva KA, Betz T, Sundberg JP, Salmi M, Deugnier MA, Eliceiri KW, Ivaska J. SHARPIN regulates collagen architecture and ductal outgrowth in the developing mouse mammary gland. EMBO J 2016; 36:165-182. [PMID: 27974362 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
SHARPIN is a widely expressed multifunctional protein implicated in cancer, inflammation, linear ubiquitination and integrin activity inhibition; however, its contribution to epithelial homeostasis remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of SHARPIN in mammary gland development, a process strongly regulated by epithelial-stromal interactions. Mice lacking SHARPIN expression in all cells (Sharpincpdm), and mice with a stromal (S100a4-Cre) deletion of Sharpin, have reduced mammary ductal outgrowth during puberty. In contrast, Sharpincpdm mammary epithelial cells transplanted in vivo into wild-type stroma, fully repopulate the mammary gland fat pad, undergo unperturbed ductal outgrowth and terminal differentiation. Thus, SHARPIN is required in mammary gland stroma during development. Accordingly, stroma adjacent to invading mammary ducts of Sharpincpdm mice displayed reduced collagen arrangement and extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness. Moreover, Sharpincpdm mammary gland stromal fibroblasts demonstrated defects in collagen fibre assembly, collagen contraction and degradation in vitro Together, these data imply that SHARPIN regulates the normal invasive mammary gland branching morphogenesis in an epithelial cell extrinsic manner by controlling the organisation of the stromal ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Peuhu
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riina Kaukonen
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Martina Lerche
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Saari
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Anni Wärri
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Elina Mattila
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Yuming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (LOCI), University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Youmna Attieh
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Timo Betz
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, Institute of Cell Biology, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (LOCI), University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland .,Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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