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Karuntu JS, Klouwer FCC, Engelen M, Boon CJF. Systematic study of ophthalmological findings in 10 patients with PEX1-mediated Zellweger spectrum disorder. Ophthalmic Genet 2024; 45:351-362. [PMID: 38664000 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2024.2330389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This cross-sectional study describes the ophthalmological and general phenotype of 10 patients from six different families with a comparatively mild form of Zellweger spectrum disorder (ZSD), a rare peroxisomal disorder. METHODS Ophthalmological assessment included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), perimetry, microperimetry, ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging. Medical records were reviewed for medical history and systemic manifestations of ZSD. RESULTS Nine patients were homozygous for c.2528 G > A (p.Gly843Asp) variants in PEX1 and one patient was compound heterozygous for c.2528 G>A (p.Gly843Asp) and c.2097_2098insT (p.Ile700TyrfsTer42) in PEX1. Median age was 22.6 years (interquartile range (IQR): 15.9 - 29.9 years) at the most recent examination, with a median symptom duration of 22.1 years. Symptom onset was variable with presentations of hearing loss (n = 7) or nyctalopia/reduced visual acuity (n = 3) at a median age of 6 months (IQR: 1.9-8.3 months). BCVA (median of 0.8 logMAR; IQR: 0.6-0.9 logMAR) remained stable over 10.8 years and all patients were hyperopic. Fundus examination revealed a variable retinitis pigmentosa (RP)-like phenotype with rounded hyperpigmentations as most prominent feature in six out of nine patients. Electroretinography, visual field measurements, and microperimetry further established the RP-like phenotype. Multimodal imaging revealed significant intraretinal fluid cavities on SD-OCT and a remarkable pattern of hyperautofluorescent abnormalities on FAF in all patients. CONCLUSION This study highlights the ophthalmological phenotype resembling RP with moderate to severe visual impairment in patients with mild ZSD. These findings can aid ophthalmologists in diagnosing, counselling, and managing patients with mild ZSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Karuntu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Femke C C Klouwer
- Department of Paediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Paediatric Neurology/Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Morito K, Ali H, Kishino S, Tanaka T. Fatty Acid Metabolism in Peroxisomes and Related Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38811487 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
One of the functions of peroxisomes is the oxidation of fatty acids (FAs). The importance of this function in our lives is evidenced by the presence of peroxisomal disorders caused by the genetic deletion of proteins involved in these processes. Unlike mitochondrial oxidation, peroxisomal oxidation is not directly linked to ATP production. What is the role of FA oxidation in peroxisomes? Recent studies have revealed that peroxisomes supply the building blocks for lipid synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitate intracellular carbon recycling for membrane quality control. Accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which are peroxisomal substrates, is a diagnostic marker in many types of peroxisomal disorders. However, the relationship between VLCFA accumulation and various symptoms of these disorders remains unclear. Recently, we developed a method for solubilizing VLCFAs in aqueous media and found that VLCFA toxicity could be mitigated by oleic acid replenishment. In this chapter, we present the physiological role of peroxisomal FA oxidation and the knowledge obtained from VLCFA-accumulating peroxisome-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Morito
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hanif Ali
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
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3
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Wang J, Kunze M, Villoria-González A, Weinhofer I, Berger J. Peroxisomal Localization of a Truncated HMG-CoA Reductase under Low Cholesterol Conditions. Biomolecules 2024; 14:244. [PMID: 38397481 PMCID: PMC10886633 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, HMGCR) is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the mevalonate pathway required for cholesterol biosynthesis. It is an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but has occasionally been described in peroxisomes. By co-immunofluorescence microscopy using different HMGCR antibodies, we present evidence for a dual localization of HMGCR in the ER and peroxisomes in differentiated human monocytic THP-1 cells, primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and human primary skin fibroblasts under conditions of low cholesterol and statin treatment. Using density gradient centrifugation and Western blot analysis, we observed a truncated HMGCR variant of 76 kDa in the peroxisomal fractions, while a full-length HMGCR of 96 kDa was contained in fractions of the ER. In contrast to primary human control fibroblasts, peroxisomal HMGCR was not found in fibroblasts from patients suffering from type-1 rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, who lack functional PEX7 and, thus, cannot import peroxisomal matrix proteins harboring a type-2 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS2). Moreover, in the N-terminal region of the soluble 76 kDa C-terminal catalytic domain, we identified a PTS2-like motif, which was functional in a reporter context. We propose that under sterol-depleted conditions, part of the soluble HMGCR domain, which is released from the ER by proteolytic processing for further turnover, remains sufficiently long in the cytosol for peroxisomal import via a PTS2/PEX7-dependent mechanism. Altogether, our findings describe a dual localization of HMGCR under combined lipid depletion and statin treatment, adding another puzzle piece to the complex regulation of HMGCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Kumar R, Islinger M, Worthy H, Carmichael R, Schrader M. The peroxisome: an update on mysteries 3.0. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:99-132. [PMID: 38244103 PMCID: PMC10822820 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic, oxidative organelles with key metabolic functions in cellular lipid metabolism, such as the β-oxidation of fatty acids and the synthesis of myelin sheath lipids, as well as the regulation of cellular redox balance. Loss of peroxisomal functions causes severe metabolic disorders in humans. Furthermore, peroxisomes also fulfil protective roles in pathogen and viral defence and immunity, highlighting their wider significance in human health and disease. This has sparked increasing interest in peroxisome biology and their physiological functions. This review presents an update and a continuation of three previous review articles addressing the unsolved mysteries of this remarkable organelle. We continue to highlight recent discoveries, advancements, and trends in peroxisome research, and address novel findings on the metabolic functions of peroxisomes, their biogenesis, protein import, membrane dynamics and division, as well as on peroxisome-organelle membrane contact sites and organelle cooperation. Furthermore, recent insights into peroxisome organisation through super-resolution microscopy are discussed. Finally, we address new roles for peroxisomes in immune and defence mechanisms and in human disorders, and for peroxisomal functions in different cell/tissue types, in particular their contribution to organ-specific pathologies.
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Grants
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung
- German Research Foundation
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg
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Affiliation(s)
- Rechal Kumar
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Centre for Translational Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harley Worthy
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ruth Carmichael
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Michael Schrader
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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5
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Liu L, Lu L, Qiu M, Han N, Dai S, Shi S, He S, Zhang J, Yan Q, Chen S. Comprehensive modular analyses of scar subtypes illuminate underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Int Wound J 2024; 21:e14384. [PMID: 37697692 PMCID: PMC10784627 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological scarring resulting from traumas and wounds, such as hypertrophic scars and keloids, pose significant aesthetic, functional and psychological challenges. This study provides a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of these conditions, aiming to illuminate underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. We employed a co-expression and module analysis tool to identify significant gene clusters associated with distinct pathophysiological processes and mechanisms, notably lipid metabolism, sebum production, cellular energy metabolism and skin barrier function. This examination yielded critical insights into several skin conditions including folliculitis, skin fibrosis, fibrosarcoma and congenital ichthyosis. Particular attention was paid to Module Cluster (MCluster) 3, encompassing genes like BLK, TRPV1 and GABRD, all displaying high expression and potential implications in immune modulation. Preliminary immunohistochemistry validation supported these findings, showing elevated expression of these genes in non-fibrotic samples rich in immune activity. The complex interplay of different cell types in scar formation, such as fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, keratinocytes and mast cells, was also explored, revealing promising therapeutic strategies. This study underscores the promise of targeted gene therapy for pathological scars, paving the way for more personalised therapeutic approaches. The results necessitate further research to fully ascertain the roles of these identified genes and pathways in skin disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutics. Nonetheless, our work forms a strong foundation for a new era of personalised medicine for patients suffering from pathological scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lantian Lu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaAustralia
| | - Min Qiu
- Hangzhou Neoantigen Therapeutics Co., LtdHangzhouChina
| | - Ning Han
- Hangzhou AI‐Nano Therapeutics Co., Ltd.HangzhouChina
| | - Shijie Dai
- School of Life SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shuiping Shi
- Hangzhou Neoantigen Therapeutics Co., LtdHangzhouChina
| | - Shanshan He
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shuqing Chen
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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6
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Iwaya C, Suzuki A, Iwata J. Loss of Sc5d results in micrognathia due to a failure in osteoblast differentiation. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00395-8. [PMID: 38086515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in genes related to cholesterol metabolism, or maternal diet and health status, affect craniofacial bone formation. However, the precise role of intracellular cholesterol metabolism in craniofacial bone development remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine how cholesterol metabolism aberrations affect craniofacial bone development. METHODS Mice with a deficiency in Sc5d, which encodes an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis, were analyzed with histology, micro computed tomography (microCT), and cellular and molecular biological methods. RESULTS Sc5d null mice exhibited mandible hypoplasia resulting from defects in osteoblast differentiation. The activation of the hedgehog and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways, which induce expression of osteogenic genes Col1a1 and Spp1, was compromised in the mandible of Sc5d null mice due to a failure in the formation of the primary cilium, a cell surface structure that senses extracellular cues. Treatments with an inducer of hedgehog or WNT/β-catenin signaling or with simvastatin, a drug that restores abnormal cholesterol production, partially rescued the defects in osteoblast differentiation seen in Sc5d mutant cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that loss of Sc5d results in mandibular hypoplasia through defective primary cilia-mediated hedgehog and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Iwaya
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Mu M, Zhang Q, Li J, Zhao C, Li X, Chen Z, Sun X, Yu J. USP51 facilitates colorectal cancer stemness and chemoresistance by forming a positive feed-forward loop with HIF1A. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:2393-2407. [PMID: 37816999 PMCID: PMC10657471 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we have shown that USP51 promotes colorectal cancer stemness and chemoresistance, and high expression of USP51 predicts survival disadvantage in colorectal cancer patients. Mechanically, USP51 directly binds to Elongin C (ELOC) and forms a larger functional complex with VHL E3 ligase (USP51/VHL/CUL2/ELOB/ELOC/RBX1) to regulate the ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of HIF1A. USP51 efficiently deubiquitinates HIF1A and activates hypoxia-induced gene transcription. Conversely, the activation of HIF1A under hypoxia transcriptionally upregulates the expression of USP51. Thus, USP51 and HIF1A form a positive feedback loop. Further, we found that the SUMOylation of ELOC at K32 inhibits its binding to USP51. SUMO-specific protease 1 (SENP1) mediates the deSUMOylation of ELOC, promoting the binding of USP51 to ELOC and facilitating the deubiquitination and stabilization of HIF1A by USP51. Importantly, USP51 plays a crucial role in promoting the HIF1A and SENP1-dependent proliferation, migration, stemness, and chemoresistance under hypoxia in colorectal cancer. Together, our data revealed that USP51 is an oncogene stabilizing the pro-survival protein HIF1A, offering a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Mu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenye Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zilu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Junhui Yu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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8
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Zhang J, Yang Y, Li X, Li G, Mizukami T, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xu G, Roder H, Zhang L, Yang ZJ. PDLIM3 supports hedgehog signaling in medulloblastoma by facilitating cilia formation. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1198-1210. [PMID: 36813922 PMCID: PMC10154305 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of PDLIM3 expression are frequently detected in sonic hedgehog (SHH) group of medulloblastoma (MB). However, the possible role of PDLIM3 in MB tumorigenesis is still unknown. Here, we found that PDLIM3 expression is necessary for hedgehog (Hh) pathway activation in MB cells. PDLIM3 is present in primary cilia of MB cells and fibroblasts, and such cilia localization is mediated by the PDZ domain of PDLIM3 protein. Deletion of PDLIM3 significantly compromised cilia formation and interfered the Hh signaling transduction in MB cells, suggesting that PDLIM3 promotes the Hh signaling through supporting the ciliogenesis. PDLIM3 protein physically interacts with cholesterol, a critical molecule for cilia formation and hedgehog signaling. The disruption of cilia formation and Hh signaling in PDLIM3 null MB cells or fibroblasts, was significantly rescued by treatment with exogenous cholesterol, demonstrating that PDLIM3 facilitates the ciliogenesis through cholesterol provision. Finally, deletion of PDLIM3 in MB cells significantly inhibited their proliferation and repressed tumor growth, suggesting that PDLIM3 is necessary for MB tumorigenesis. Our studies elucidate the critical functions of PDLIM3 in the ciliogenesis and Hh signaling transduction in SHH-MB cells, supporting to utilize PDLIM3 as a molecular marker for defining SHH group of MB in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Pediatric Cancer Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yijun Yang
- Cell Signaling and Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xinhua Li
- Pediatric Cancer Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gen Li
- Pediatric Cancer Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Takuya Mizukami
- Molecular Therapeutic Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Pediatric Cancer Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Heinrich Roder
- Molecular Therapeutic Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Pediatric Cancer Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Cell Signaling and Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Kimura S, Morita T, Hosoba K, Itoh H, Yamamoto T, Miyamoto T. Cholesterol in the ciliary membrane as a therapeutic target against cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1160415. [PMID: 37006607 PMCID: PMC10060879 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1160415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilium is a non-motile, antenna-like structure that develops in the quiescent G0 phase-cell surface. It is composed of an array of axonemal microtubules polymerized from the centrosome/basal body. The plasma membrane surrounding the primary cilium, which is called the ciliary membrane, contains a variety of receptors and ion channels, through which the cell receives extracellular chemical and physical stimuli to initiate signal transduction. In general, primary cilia disappear when cells receive the proliferative signals to re-enter the cell cycle. Primary cilia thus cannot be identified in many malignant and proliferative tumors. In contrast, some cancers, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and other malignancies, retain their primary cilia. Importantly, it has been reported that the primary cilia-mediated oncogenic signals of Hedgehog, Wnt, and Aurora kinase A are involved in the tumorigenesis and tumor progression of basal cell carcinoma and some types of medulloblastoma. It has also been demonstrated that cholesterol is significantly more enriched in the ciliary membrane than in the rest of the plasma membrane to ensure Sonic hedgehog signaling. A series of epidemiological studies on statin drugs (cholesterol-lowering medication) demonstrated that they prevent recurrence in a wide range of cancers. Taken together, ciliary cholesterol could be a potential therapeutic target in primary cilia-dependent progressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotai Kimura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Tomoka Morita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hosoba
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Program of Mathematical and Life Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Program of Mathematical and Life Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tatsuo Miyamoto,
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Sailer SA, Burkhalter MD, Philipp M. Cholesterol and Phosphoinositides in Cilia Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:121-142. [PMID: 36988879 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that can be found on virtually every cell. They appear as hair-like structures emanating from the cellular surface either as single or as bundles of cilia. There, they sense external stimuli and translate them into intracellular signals. Motile cilia beat for the generation of locomotion of unicellular organisms or fluid flow in certain body cavities of vertebrate organisms. Defects in cilia are detrimental and account for the development of ciliopathies, one of the fastest-growing family of afflictions. In the past decade, membrane lipids, such as cholesterol and phosphoinositides, have emerged as essential elements in both the signal transduction via cilia and the building of cilia itself. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the impact of cholesterol and phosphoinositides on cilium biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen-Alexander Sailer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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11
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Hibbard JVK, Vázquez N, Wallingford JB. Cilia proteins getting to work - how do they commute from the cytoplasm to the base of cilia? J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259444. [PMID: 36073764 PMCID: PMC9482345 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are multifunctional organelles that originated with the last eukaryotic common ancestor and play central roles in the life cycles of diverse organisms. The motile flagella that move single cells like sperm or unicellular organisms, the motile cilia on animal multiciliated cells that generate fluid flow in organs, and the immotile primary cilia that decorate nearly all cells in animals share many protein components in common, yet each also requires specialized proteins to perform their specialized functions. Despite a now-advanced understanding of how such proteins are transported within cilia, we still know very little about how they are transported from their sites of synthesis through the cytoplasm to the ciliary base. Here, we review the literature concerning this underappreciated topic in ciliary cell biology. We discuss both general mechanisms, as well as specific examples of motor-driven active transport and passive transport via diffusion-and-capture. We then provide deeper discussion of specific, illustrative examples, such as the diverse array of protein subunits that together comprise the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system and the multi-protein axonemal dynein motors that drive beating of motile cilia. We hope this Review will spur further work, shedding light not only on ciliogenesis and ciliary signaling, but also on intracellular transport in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78751, USA
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12
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Nguyen TD, Truong ME, Reiter JF. The Intimate Connection Between Lipids and Hedgehog Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:876815. [PMID: 35757007 PMCID: PMC9222137 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.876815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling is an intercellular communication pathway involved in directing the development and homeostasis of metazoans. HH signaling depends on lipids that covalently modify HH proteins and participate in signal transduction downstream. In many animals, the HH pathway requires the primary cilium, an organelle with a specialized protein and lipid composition. Here, we review the intimate connection between HH signaling and lipids. We highlight how lipids in the primary cilium can create a specialized microenvironment to facilitate signaling, and how HH and components of the HH signal transduction pathway use lipids to communicate between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi D. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa E. Truong
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy F. Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Jeremy F. Reiter,
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13
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Dutta P, Ray K. Ciliary membrane, localised lipid modification and cilia function. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2613-2631. [PMID: 35661356 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cilium, a tiny microtubule-based cellular appendage critical for cell signalling and physiology, displays a large variety of receptors. The composition and turnover of ciliary lipids and receptors determine cell behaviour. Due to the exclusion of ribosomal machinery and limited membrane area, a cilium needs adaptive logistics to actively reconstitute the lipid and receptor compositions during development and differentiation. How is this dynamicity generated? Here, we examine whether, along with the Intraflagellar-Transport, targeted changes in sector-wise lipid composition could control the receptor localisation and functions in the cilia. We discuss how an interplay between ciliary lipid composition, localised lipid modification, and receptor function could contribute to cilia growth and signalling. We argue that lipid modification at the cell-cilium interface could generate an added thrust for a selective exchange of membrane lipids and the transmembrane and membrane-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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14
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Xiao H, Zhang T, Li CJ, Cao Y, Wang LF, Chen HB, Li SC, Guan CB, Hu JZ, Chen D, Chen C, Lu HB. Mechanical stimulation promotes enthesis injury repair by mobilizing Prrx1+ cells via ciliary TGF-β signaling. eLife 2022; 11:73614. [PMID: 35475783 PMCID: PMC9094755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper mechanical stimulation can improve rotator cuff enthesis injury repair. However, the underlying mechanism of mechanical stimulation promoting injury repair is still unknown. In this study, we found that Prrx1+ cell was essential for murine rotator cuff enthesis development identified by single-cell RNA sequence and involved in the injury repair. Proper mechanical stimulation could promote the migration of Prrx1+ cells to enhance enthesis injury repair. Meantime, TGF-β signaling and primary cilia played an essential role in mediating mechanical stimulation signaling transmission. Proper mechanical stimulation enhanced the release of active TGF-β1 to promote migration of Prrx1+ cells. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling eliminated the stimulatory effect of mechanical stimulation on Prrx1+ cell migration and enthesis injury repair. In addition, knockdown of Pallidin to inhibit TGF-βR2 translocation to the primary cilia or deletion of Ift88 in Prrx1+ cells also restrained the mechanics-induced Prrx1+ cells migration. These findings suggested that mechanical stimulation could increase the release of active TGF-β1 and enhance the mobilization of Prrx1+ cells to promote enthesis injury repair via ciliary TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Jun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Feng Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Bin Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng Can Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Biao Guan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Zhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Di Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Orthopedic, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Bin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Olkkonen VM, Ikonen E. Cholesterol transport in the late endocytic pathway: Roles of ORP family proteins. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 216:106040. [PMID: 34864207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) homologues, designated ORP or OSBPL proteins, constitute one of the largest families of intracellular lipid-binding/transfer proteins (LTP). This review summarizes the mounting evidence that several members of this family participate in the machinery facilitating cholesterol trafficking in the late endocytic pathway. There are indications that OSBP, besides acting as a cholesterol/phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) exchanger at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-trans-Golgi network (TGN) membrane contact sites (MCS), also exchanges these lipids at ER-lysosome (Lys) contacts, increasing Lys cholesterol content. The long isoform of ORP1 (ORP1L), which also targets ER-late endosome (LE)/Lys MCS, has the capacity to mediate cholesterol transport either from ER to LE or in the opposite direction. Moreover, it regulates the motility, positioning and fusion of LE as well as autophagic flux. ORP2, the closest relative of ORP1, is mainly cytosolic, but also targets PI(4,5)P2-rich endosomal compartments. Our latest data suggest that ORP2 transfers cholesterol from LE to recycling endosomes (RE) in exchange for PI(4,5)P2, thus stimulating the recruitment of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) on the RE and cell adhesion. FAK activates phosphoinositide kinase on the RE to enhance PI(4,5)P2 synthesis. ORP2 in turn transfers PI(4,5)P2 from RE to LE, thus regulating LE tubule formation and transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Miyamoto T, Hosoba K, Akutsu SN, Matsuura S. Imaging of the Ciliary Cholesterol Underlying the Sonic Hedgehog Signal Transduction. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2374:49-57. [PMID: 34562242 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1701-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like structures that develop on the surface of quiescent G0-phase cells and receive extracellular signals including sonic hedgehog (Shh) for embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. In mammalian cells, cholesterol activates the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened to transduce the Shh signal. Germline mutations of the DHCR7 gene encoding the cholesterol biogenesis enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase cause Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome with ciliopathy-related symptoms such as polycystic kidney and polydactyly, implying that cholesterol is indeed involved in ciliary functions. Notably, it has been reported that the cholesterol in ciliary membranes is significantly more abundant than that in the rest of the plasma membrane. However, several studies have failed to image the enriched ciliary cholesterol. Here, we propose a set of protocols for the sensitive imaging of ciliary cholesterol using the fluorescent small compound Filipin III and the green fluorescent protein tagged Domain 4 of the exotoxin Perfringolysin O derived from the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens. These cholesterol probes should be powerful tools for understanding the physiological and pathological roles of ciliary cholesterol in the context of Shh signaling in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Hosoba
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Silvia Natsuko Akutsu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuura
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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17
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Velardi P, Madeddu L. Aim in Genomics. Artif Intell Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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High-efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene targeting to establish cell models of ciliopathies. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 175:85-95. [PMID: 36967147 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like structures developed on the cell surface of mammalian cells during the quiescent G0 phase. Primary cilia in mammalian cells receive extracellular signals for early development and cell tissue homeostasis. Ciliopathies characterized with congenital anomalies such as cerebellar hypoplasia, polycystic kidney and polydactyly are caused by germline mutations of ciliary structure- and function-related genes. Gene knock-out techniques in ciliated cultured cells with the uniformed genetic background are useful to evaluate the pathophysiological roles of ciliopathy-related gene products. Genome editing technology has been applied into the gene knock-out in many types of cultured cell lines. However, the frequency of genome editing varies according to cell species and cycle because of dependency on error-free homology-directed repair (HDR) activity. The human telomerase reverse transcriptase-immortalized retinal pigmented epithelial cell line (hTERT-RPE1) is well known for its suitability in cilia research. However, the efficacy of the HDR-mediated knock-out clone isolation was low. Here, we introduce the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-obligate ligation-gated recombination (CRISPR-ObLiGaRe) system, which is a nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated gene targeting method, to generate the knock-out clones effectively even in the lower-HDR activity cell lines including hTERT-RPE1 cell. This CRISPR-ObLiGaRe system is a powerful tool for establishing ciliopathy model cell libraries and identifying each gene function in cilia-related phenotypes.
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19
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NBS1 I171V variant underlies individual differences in chromosomal radiosensitivity within human populations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19661. [PMID: 34608183 PMCID: PMC8490386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic information is protected against a variety of genotoxins including ionizing radiation (IR) through the DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair machinery. Genome-wide association studies and clinical sequencing of cancer patients have suggested that a number of variants in the DNA DSB repair genes might underlie individual differences in chromosomal radiosensitivity within human populations. However, the number of established variants that directly affect radiosensitivity is still limited. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing of 29 Japanese ovarian cancer patients and detected the NBS1 I171V variant, which is estimated to exist at a rate of approximately 0.15% in healthy human populations, in one patient. To clarify whether this variant indeed contributes to chromosomal radiosensitivity, we generated NBS1 I171V variant homozygous knock-in HCT116 cells and mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Radiation-induced micronucleus formation and chromosomal aberration frequency were significantly increased in both HCT116 cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with knock-in of the NBS1 I171V variant compared with the levels in wild-type cells. These results suggested that the NBS1 I171V variant might be a genetic factor underlying individual differences in chromosomal radiosensitivity.
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20
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Lovera M, Lüders J. The ciliary impact of nonciliary gene mutations. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:876-887. [PMID: 34183231 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding centriolar or ciliary proteins cause diseases collectively known as 'ciliopathies'. Interestingly, the Human Phenotype Ontology database lists numerous disorders that display clinical features reminiscent of ciliopathies but do not involve defects in the centriole-cilium proteome. Instead, defects in different cellular compartments may impair cilia indirectly and cause additional, nonciliopathy phenotypes. This phenotypic heterogeneity, perhaps combined with the field's centriole-cilium-centric view, may have hindered the recognition of ciliary contributions. Identifying these diseases and dissecting how the underlying gene mutations impair cilia not only will add to our understanding of cilium assembly and function but also may open up new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lovera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Das Y, Swinkels D, Baes M. Peroxisomal Disorders and Their Mouse Models Point to Essential Roles of Peroxisomes for Retinal Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084101. [PMID: 33921065 PMCID: PMC8071455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are multifunctional organelles, well known for their role in cellular lipid homeostasis. Their importance is highlighted by the life-threatening diseases caused by peroxisomal dysfunction. Importantly, most patients suffering from peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, even those with a milder disease course, present with a number of ocular symptoms, including retinopathy. Patients with a selective defect in either peroxisomal α- or β-oxidation or ether lipid synthesis also suffer from vision problems. In this review, we thoroughly discuss the ophthalmological pathology in peroxisomal disorder patients and, where possible, the corresponding animal models, with a special emphasis on the retina. In addition, we attempt to link the observed retinal phenotype to the underlying biochemical alterations. It appears that the retinal pathology is highly variable and the lack of histopathological descriptions in patients hampers the translation of the findings in the mouse models. Furthermore, it becomes clear that there are still large gaps in the current knowledge on the contribution of the different metabolic disturbances to the retinopathy, but branched chain fatty acid accumulation and impaired retinal PUFA homeostasis are likely important factors.
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22
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Duong Phu M, Bross S, Burkhalter MD, Philipp M. Limitations and opportunities in the pharmacotherapy of ciliopathies. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107841. [PMID: 33771583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a family of rather diverse conditions, which have been grouped based on the finding of altered or dysfunctional cilia, potentially motile, small cellular antennae extending from the surface of postmitotic cells. Cilia-related disorders include embryonically arising conditions such as Joubert, Usher or Kartagener syndrome, but also afflictions with a postnatal or even adult onset phenotype, i.e. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The majority of ciliopathies are syndromic rather than affecting only a single organ due to cilia being found on almost any cell in the human body. Overall ciliopathies are considered rare diseases. Despite that, pharmacological research and the strive to help these patients has led to enormous therapeutic advances in the last decade. In this review we discuss new treatment options for certain ciliopathies, give an outlook on promising future therapeutic strategies, but also highlight the limitations in the development of therapeutic approaches of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Duong Phu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bross
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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23
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From observing to controlling: Inducible control of organelle dynamics and interactions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 71:69-76. [PMID: 33706236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics and interactions of cellular organelles underlie many aspects of cellular functioning. Until recently, assessment of organelle dynamics has been primarily observational or required whole-cell perturbations to assess the implications of altered organelle motility and positioning. However, thanks to recently developed and optimized intervention strategies, we now have the ability to control organelles in their unperturbed state, altering organelle positioning, membrane trafficking pathways, as well as organelle interactions. This can be performed both globally and locally, giving fine control over the range, reversibility, and extent of organelle dynamics. Here, we describe how these tools are currently used for controlling organelles and give insight into the exciting future of this emerging field.
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24
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Guha S, Pujol A, Dalfo E. Anti-oxidant MitoQ rescue of AWB chemosensory neuron impairment in a C. elegans model of X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 33474532 PMCID: PMC7812386 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a neurometabolic disorder caused by a defective peroxisomal ABCD1 transporter of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). We have characterized a nematode model of X-ALD with loss of the pmp-4 gene, the worm orthologue of ABCD1. These mutants recapitulated the key hallmarks of X-ALD and importantly mitochondria targeted antioxidant MitoQ prevented axonal degeneration and locomotor disability. In this study, we further demonstrated that the AWB chemosensory neuron of the pmp-4 mutant worm is defective, both in morphology and function. Interestingly, MitoQ could rescue both the phenotypes. Collectively, our results suggest that C. elegans’ chemosensation might provide a novel setting for exploring peroxisomal disease related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Guha
- University of Rochester, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Rochester, NY
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esther Dalfo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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25
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Hitching a ride to the top: peroxisomes fuel cilium with cholesterol. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:478-481. [PMID: 33420924 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Aim in Genomics. Artif Intell Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58080-3_76-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Kobayashi Y, Okada T, Miki D, Sekino Y, Koganezawa N, Shirao T, Diniz GB, Saito Y. Properties of primary cilia in melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1-bearing hippocampal neurons in vivo and in vitro. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104902. [PMID: 33197527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a solitary organelle that organizes a sensitive signaling hub in a highly ordered microenvironment. Cilia are plastic structures, changing their length in response to bioactive substances, and ciliary length may be regulated to ensure efficient signaling capacity. Mammalian brain neurons possess primary cilia that are enriched in a set of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the feeding-related melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor 1 (MCHR1). We previously demonstrated a novel biological phenomenon, ciliary MCHR1-mediated cilia length shortening through Gi/o and Akt signaling, using a simple cell culture model of human retinal pigmented epithelial RPE1 cells exogenously expressing MCHR1. In the present study, we characterized the properties of endogenous MCHR1-expressing primary cilia in hippocampal neurons in rodents. Using cultured dissociated rat hippocampal neurons in vitro, we showed that MCH triggered cilia length reduction involved in MCHR1-Gi/o and -Akt signaling. In rat hippocampal slice cultures with preservation of the cytoarchitecture and cell populations, ciliary MCHR1 was abundantly located in the CA1 and CA3 regions, but not in the dentate gyrus. Notably, treatment of slice cultures with MCH induced Gi/o- and Akt-dependent cilia shortening in the CA1 region without influencing cilia length in the CA3 region. Regarding the in vivo mouse brain, we observed higher levels of ciliary MCHR1 in the CA1 and CA3 regions as well as in slice cultures. In the starved state mice, a marked increase in MCH mRNA expression was detected in the lateral hypothalamus. Furthermore, MCHR1-positive cilia length in the hippocampal CA1 region was significantly shortened in fasted mice compared with fed mice. The present findings focused on the hippocampus provide a potential approach to investigate how MCHR1-driven cilia shortening regulates neuronal activity and physiological function toward feeding and memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Tomoya Okada
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Yuko Sekino
- Endowed Laboratory of Human Cell-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Noriko Koganezawa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shirao
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan; AlzMed,Inc., UT South Clinical Research Building, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8485, Japan
| | - Giovanne B Diniz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
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28
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Covill-Cooke C, Toncheva VS, Kittler JT. Regulation of peroxisomal trafficking and distribution. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1929-1941. [PMID: 33141311 PMCID: PMC7966214 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles that perform a wide range of essential metabolic processes. To ensure that peroxisomes are optimally positioned in the cell, they must be transported by both long- and short-range trafficking events in response to cellular needs. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms by which the cytoskeleton and organelle contact sites alter peroxisomal distribution. Though the focus of the review is peroxisomal transport in mammalian cells, findings from flies and fungi are used for comparison and to inform the gaps in our understanding. Attention is given to the apparent overlap in regulatory mechanisms for mitochondrial and peroxisomal trafficking, along with the recently discovered role of the mitochondrial Rho-GTPases, Miro, in peroxisomal dynamics. Moreover, we outline and discuss the known pathological and pharmacological conditions that perturb peroxisomal positioning. We conclude by highlighting several gaps in our current knowledge and suggest future directions that require attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktoriya S Toncheva
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Lange Y, Steck TL. Active cholesterol 20 years on. Traffic 2020; 21:662-674. [PMID: 32930466 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the following hypotheses, some well-supported and some speculative. Almost all of the sterol molecules in plasma membranes are associated with bilayer phospholipids in complexes of varied strength and stoichiometry. These complexes underlie many of the material properties of the bilayer. The small fraction of cholesterol molecules exceeding the binding capacity of the phospholipids is thermodynamically active and serves diverse functions. It circulates briskly among the cell membranes, particularly through contact sites linking the organelles. Active cholesterol provides the upstream feedback signal to multiple mechanisms governing plasma membrane homeostasis, pegging the sterol level to a threshold set by its phospholipids. Active cholesterol could also be the cargo for various inter-organelle transporters and the form excreted from cells by reverse transport. Furthermore, it is integral to the function of caveolae; a mediator of Hedgehog regulation; and a ligand for the binding of cytolytic toxins to membranes. Active cholesterol modulates a variety of plasma membrane proteins-receptors, channels and transporters-at least in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lange
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodore L Steck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Miyamoto T, Hosoba K, Itabashi T, Iwane AH, Akutsu SN, Ochiai H, Saito Y, Yamamoto T, Matsuura S. Insufficiency of ciliary cholesterol in hereditary Zellweger syndrome. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103499. [PMID: 32368833 PMCID: PMC7298307 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna‐like organelles on the surface of most mammalian cells that receive sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis. Cellular cholesterol functions as a direct activator of a seven‐transmembrane oncoprotein called Smoothened (Smo) and thereby induces Smo accumulation on the ciliary membrane where it transduces the Shh signal. However, how cholesterol is supplied to the ciliary membrane remains unclear. Here, we report that peroxisomes are essential for the transport of cholesterol into the ciliary membrane. Zellweger syndrome (ZS) is a peroxisome‐deficient hereditary disorder with several ciliopathy‐related features and cells from these patients showed a reduced cholesterol level in the ciliary membrane. Reverse genetics approaches revealed that the GTP exchange factor Rabin8, the Rab GTPase Rab10, and the microtubule minus‐end‐directed kinesin KIFC3 form a peroxisome‐associated complex to control the movement of peroxisomes along microtubules, enabling communication between peroxisomes and ciliary pocket membranes. Our findings suggest that insufficient ciliary cholesterol levels may underlie ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hosoba
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- Laboratory for Cell Field Structure, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko H Iwane
- Laboratory for Cell Field Structure, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Silvia Natsuko Akutsu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ochiai
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Life and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuura
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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